aero | astro ARCHITECTURE

~ the hybridizing frontier of emergent industries ~

by

Jonathan Yuen-Fung Lim

A thesis
presented to the University of Waterloo
in fulfilment of the
thesis requirement for the degree of
Master of Architecture

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013

© Jonathan Yuen-Fung Lim 2013

 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any
AUTHOR’S required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners.
DECLARATION
I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

iii
 Architectural designers often need to strike an uneasy balance between idealism and reality. Under most
circumstances, architects are restricted by clients, budgets, and available technologies. However, divorced from
traditional constraints, visionary concepts of new dwellings, new cities, and new “worlds” will spark greater
forms of innovation and drive creativity for future generations. The exploration of new spatial boundaries
and conceptual environments for design will irrevocably alter the human experience while adapting new
challenging roles for future architects.

Architecture can be understood in part as the art of organizing spaces through the manipulation of
materials and forms. Designed spaces are arranged to provide unique sensory reactions for their occupants
while emotionally and physically orientating them on Earth. As a catalyst towards the awareness of one’s
surroundings, architecture has always had to contend with the many limiting factors imposed by the forces on
Earth. These include, but are not limited to, gravity and climate. On Earth, structurally sound construction
is limited by the forces of gravity as it influences design capabilities by standardizing forms, functions, and
structural elements of architectural spaces. New design challenges and opportunities arrive when we look to
create structures outside of Earth’s boundaries.

ABSTRACT This thesis proposes a futuristic model of an efficient and unique passenger transport system
that connects Earth-based hybrid air/space ports with an outer space orbital infrastructural hub. This modern
intervention will allow for new outer space industries, such as transit, tourism, and hospitality, which
will provide unique opportunities for the future of humanity. Additionally, the thesis studies the positive
architectural and experiential potentials for the future living occupancy of outer space. In recognizing the
financial and logistical limitations of current space constructions, such as the International Space Station,
the thesis looks beyond the limitations of current technologies and towards designs that are driven by the
fulfillment of human experiences in space. Life in space, the thesis envisions, will spark new human experiences
and rituals while necessitating new forms and designs in architecture. Weightlessness and its related spatial
disorientations, in addition to the many other unique conditions in this unfamiliar territory, will inspire a new
conceptual language for architecture and human cultures. The thesis will demonstrate that spaces designed
for extraterrestrial experiences can be innovatively dynamic as they respond to new cultures and activities
that evolve as a reaction to extreme conditions. Introducing humans to the environs of orbital space will be
the initial stage in a long-term phasing tactic to colonize and commercialize beyond the expanse of Earth,
eventually extending humanity to the remote neighbouring planets of the universe.

v
 This dissertation would not have been achievable without the assistance and guidance support of numerous
individuals who in one way or another have contributed and extended their valuable innovative wisdom and
vigor in the preparation and completion of this architectural thesis. I would like to sincerely thank and show
my honorific appreciation by acknowledging these inspiringly supportive individuals who frankly paved every
step of the way for my thesis from an imagination into a reality.

First and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Eric Haldenby, O’Donovan
Director of the University of Waterloo’s School of Architecture whose sincerity and encouragements I will
never forget. Professor Haldenby has been motivationally inspiring as he led me through the many obstacles
in the completion of my research work. I would like to also thank the committee members of Continuing
Lecturer Andrew Levitt for his insightful lessons on the Inner Studio in which I was enlightened with the concept
that the psychological essence of the body and mind has direct correlations with the creative processes of
design. To Associate Professor Terri Boake, Associate Director, for all the unique modern ideas on the use
of technologies and inspirations from popular screenplay. Finally, to Professor Lola Sheppard who guided
me throughout the initial developments of a feasible thesis directive during the design studio based inception
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of my thesis hypothesis.

Last but not least, I am gracefully indebted to the many colleagues who have conveyed interest and enthusiasm
while accompanying me along the way throughout this majestic journey in completing my thesis research. To
all my close companions and friends who believed and respected in my vision who have made my master’s
voyage full of hope, laughter, and happiness. Without this endless energy from these wonderful people, I
would not have had the strength to carry on till the ultimate conclusion.

Finally, I would like to specially express my heartfelt appreciation to my family who has kept my spirits high
with love and perpetual care in spite of the many obstacles I have encountered throughout my mission in
completing this thesis. To my loving parents, Margy and Rackie, who nurtured me with continual support and
kept me focused when I was led astride on my path to success.

Thank you all with love!

Jonathan Lim Yuen Fung

vii
 In sincere dedication to the past, present, and future visionary designers who define and represent the emergent
DEDICATION discipline of Space Architecture.

ix
 iii C0.1 Author’s Declaration
v C0.2 Abstract
the PRELIMS vii C0.3 Acknowledgements
ix C0.4 Dedication
xi C0.5 Table of Contents
xiii C0.6 List of Illustrations

2 C1.0 Inception Overview

the MISSION 12 C1.1 Amalgamations of the Arts and Sciences: Architecture
18 C1.2 Flight and Space Expedition: Aeronautics|Astronautics
24 C1.3 The Onset of an Emerging Industry: Space Architecture

30 C2.0 Individual Explorations in a Collective Challenge

38 C2.1 Shaping of a Transnational Perspective
46 C2.2 Feasibility of Resource Investments
the LAUNCH 60 C2.3 Terrestrial Familiarities
68 C2.4 Extraterrestrial Disparities
80 C2.5 Physical Disruptions of the Human Body
TABLE OF CONTENTS 90 C2.6 Psychological Dysfunctions of the Human Mind

108 C3.0 Integration of Unique Systems

114 C3.1 Operations and Maintenance
the TRANSIT 124 C3.2 Sensory Rehabilitation Amenities and Programs
146 C3.3 Preparing for Physical and Psychological Symptoms
160 C3.4 Life Support and Systems Management

166 C4.0 Design Intervention: AERO|ASTRO

178 C4.1 Terrestrial Domain Selection for Air/Space-port Retrofit
192 C4.2 Extraterrestrial Site Selection for Infrastructural Transit Hub
the re-ENTRY 198 C4.3 The Kit-of-Parts to the Modern Grapheme of Space Architecture
228 C4.4 Extraterrestrial Infrastructure for Contemporary Transit/Tourism
258 C4.5 Living in Space: The Experience of Unique Daily Rituals
300 C4.6 Experiential Reflections on AERO|ASTRO

314 C5.0 Epilogue

the LANDING
321 Bibliography

xi
 [1.0.1] - By Author
Collage of hypothesized flight apparatuses throughout the history of aerospace
<http://www.arthursclipart.org/transport/air/leonardos%20flying%20machine.gif>
<http://repulnijo.hu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/buran2_22.jpg>
<http://www.wrightbrothers.org/Information_Desk/Help_with_Homework/Wright_Models/Wright_
Models_images/1903_Flyer_Blueprints_Plate_2.jpg>

[1.0.2] - By Author
The timeline of transportation developments derived from various encyclopedia sources
(e.g. Britannica, Encarta, Answers.com, Wikepedia.com, Encyclopedia.com)

[1.0.3]- By Author
Infographic on emergent industry focus with respect to the total workforce. Data source by
<http://workforce.org/industry-reports>

[1.0.4]
<http://www.thepartneringgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/sectors-consumer-products.jpg>

[1.1.1a]
<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OagNw66N6AA/TkVgIQCs8XI/AAAAAAAAAgw/
LvaKmkCADH0/s1600/Burial+Chamber%252C+Anglesey.jpg>

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS [1.1.1b]

<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-I8W8y1LA-x8/T6w6N_UwbiI/AAAAAAAAEKQ/
gpBTtAD6nEo/s1600/Ancient+Egyptian+Pyramids+8.jpg>

[1.1.1c]
<http://www.globeimages.net/data/media/182/athens_acropolis_photo.jpg>

[1.1.1d] - By Author
The Roman Colliseum, Rome, Italy

[1.1.1e]
<http://wallpaper.goodfon.com/image/273407-1920x1206.jpg>

[1.1.1f]
<http://pervegalit.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/pages-from-confidential-concepts-gotische-
kunst-08-2011.jpg>

[1.1.1g] - By Author
Toree Pendente di Pisa in Piazza del Duomo, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy

[1.1.1h]
<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5tHPuaYoUc0/T5rBr8y9_1I/AAAAAAAAXsY/veuyCXSgAm8/
s1600/DSC_0575_DxO.jpg>

xiii
[1.1.1i] [1.1.1w]
<http://www.4kingdoms.com/saint_peters_7.jpg> <http://sharelike.me/image/pics/SurfaceconcertPics1LnesUfxyPGJDNM.jpg>

[1.1.1j] - By Author [1.1.1x]

Prado Museum in Madrid, Spain <http://www.globalvillagedirectory.info/Uploads/Images/-1_eden-pic.JPG>

[1.1.1k] [1.1.1y]
<http://www.fabuloussavers.com/new_wallpaper/Eureka_California_ <http://www.swinertonbuildstomorrow.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Moon-Rendering-NASA.
freecomputerdesktopwallpaper_1600.jpg> jpg>

[1.1.1l] - By Author [1.1.1z]

Union Station, Toronto, Ontario, Canada <http://cubicalmember.deviantart.com/art/Moon-interior-final-V1-243192412>

[1.1.1m] - By Author [1.2.1]

Basilica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain <http://www.press.galacticsuite.com/brochure/2012/[email protected]>
<http://www.press.galacticsuite.com/release/2012/[email protected]>
[1.1.1n]
<http://archipressone.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/archigramw.gif> [1.3.1]
“Out of this World - the new field of space architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood, page 5,
[1.1.1o] 2009
<http://arstyle.org/uploads/posts/2009-12/1262279419_1242936856_17.jpg>
[1.3.2]
[1.1.1p] - By Author <http://www.martinstenmark.se/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/the-architect-watch.jpg>
The Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain
[1.3.3] - By Author
[1.1.1q] Collage of Bjarke Ingels with a make believe Space Helmet
<http://artmagonline.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/dscn1533.jpg> <https://www.audi-mediaservices.com/publish/ms/storage/default/fotos/public/2011/12/02/
AL110124.-download.gid-oeffentlichkeit.acq/qual-PhotoStorage.Single.ImageLarge/AL110124_large.
[1.1.1r] jpg>
<http://www.stuffaverylikes.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/falling-water-fall-house-L.jpg>

[1.1.1s]
<http://kamonohashikamo.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/chrysler-building-296507.jpeg>

[1.1.1t]
<http://www.viahouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Villa-Savoye-French-Villa-Architectural-
by-Le-Corbusier.jpg>

[1.1.1u]
<http://betterarchitecture.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/portland-building-michael-graves.jpg>

[1.1.1v]
<http://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/hong_kong/hong_kong_bank_foster_ianlambot7.jpg>

xiv
[2.0.1] [2.1.2a] - By Author
<http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2008/58/> Dot density map of integrated R&D trends on investments and spendings translated onto
a Mercator world base map.
[2.0.2]
<http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/images/content/589229main_s65-22203_full.jpg> [2.1.2b] - By Author
Dot density map of R&D investment trends translated onto both Equirectangular and
[2.1.1a] Robinson world base maps.
<http://www.nasa.gov/about/highlights/bolden_bio.html>
[2.1.2c] - By Author
[2.1.1b] Dot density map of R&D spending trends translated onto both Equirectangular and
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_MacLean.jpg> Robinson world base maps.

[2.1.1c] [2.1.2d] - By Author

<http://www.defense.gov/dodcmsshare/photoessay/2007-04//hires_070423-D-7203T-002.JPG> Radar web diagram and dot density map of GNI relationships with infrastructure trends
translated onto an Equirectangular base map.
[2.1.1d]
<http://nikeinc.com/news/kobesystem-launch/show_assets> [2.1.2e] - By Author
Radar web diagram and dot density map of GNI relationships with innovation trends
[2.1.1e] translated onto an Equirectangular base map.
<http://ww1.sinaimg.cn/mw600/ac6dce2agw1dva87oajbbj.jpg>
[2.1.2f] - By Author
[2.1.1f] Radar web diagram and dot density map of GNI relationships with productivity trends
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_and_CEO-_Eric_Anderson.jpg> translated onto an Equirectangular base map.

[2.1.1g] [2.1.2g] - By Author

<http://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed/data/corporate/photo/stevens-high.jpg> Radar web diagram and dot density map of GNI relationships with technology trends
translated onto an Equirectangular base map.
[2.1.1h]
<http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/sEgsxOqPHv1/Texas+Rally+Welcomes+George+Bush+Back+ [2.2.1]
Lone/OokhdbPO8YD> “Budget of NASA” by WSpaceport and contributors to Wikipedia, 2012
Collage of data filters, graphs, and texts are by the author.
[2.1.1i]
<http://img.pte.at/photo_db/hi_res/hires2642.jpg> [2.2.2a]
<http://www.w3ins.com/Images/technology.jpg>
[2.1.2] - By Author
R&D trends on investments and its spendings translated onto various world base maps [2.2.2b]
using different mapping methods. Data sources collected from Central Intelligence Agency <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg>
(CIA) World Factbook <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/>, United
Nations (UN) Statistics Division <http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm>, Organisation for [2.2.2c]
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) <http://www.oecd.org/>, and Nation Master <http://www.bluewatertech.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Telemedicine.jpg>
Statistics Database <http://www.nationmaster.com/>. Base map sources from Natural Earth
Vectors <http://www.naturalearthdata.com/> and OpenStreetMap <http://planet.openstreetmap. [2.2.2d]
org/>. Maps generated with the integration of data and base maps using ArcGIS mapper <cdncontent.solarnovus.com/images/stories/UofToronto_CQD_cell_hz.jpg>
and Python scripts.

xv
[2.2.2e] [2.2.3e] - By Author
<http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/mggd.gif> Dot density choropleth map of network subscriber trends translated onto both
Equirectangular and Robinson world base maps.
[2.2.2f]
<http://kalyangautham.wordpress.com/> [2.2.3f] - By Author
Dot density choropleth map of integrated media use trends on radio and television usages
[2.2.2g] translated onto a Azimuthal Equidistant world base map.
<http://www.swinerton.com/uploads/article/602/photo/NASA%20Sustainability%20Base%20
130107.jpg> [2.2.4] - By Author
Telecom trends on invested values and return on investments translated onto various world
[2.2.2h] base maps using different mapping methods. Data sources collected from Central Intelligence
<http://images.thetruthaboutcars.com/2012/04/carbon-fiber-frame-lg.jpg> Agency (CIA) World Factbook <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/>,
United Nations (UN) Statistics Division <http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm>, Organisation
[2.2.2i] for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) <http://www.oecd.org/>, and Nation Master
<www.memoryfoammattresstopper.cc/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Blueflex-Gel-Memory-Foam- Statistics Database <http://www.nationmaster.com/>. Base map sources from Natural Earth
Mattress-Topper-Pic-21.jpg> Vectors <http://www.naturalearthdata.com/> and OpenStreetMap <http://planet.openstreetmap.
org/>. Maps generated with the integration of data and base maps using ArcGIS mapper
[2.2.3] - By Author and Python scripts.
Media trends on supply and demand translated onto various world base maps using
different mapping methods. Data sources collected from Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) [2.2.4a] - By Author
World Factbook <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/>, United Nations Dot density choropleth map of integrated telecom trends on its invested evaluations
(UN) Statistics Division <http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm>, Organisation for Economic Co- translated onto a Mercator world base map.
operation and Development (OECD) <http://www.oecd.org/>, and Nation Master Statistics Database
<http://www.nationmaster.com/>. Base map sources from Natural Earth Vectors <http://www. [2.2.4b] - By Author
naturalearthdata.com/> and OpenStreetMap <http://planet.openstreetmap.org/>. Maps generated Dot density choropleth map of telecom investment trends translated onto both
with the integration of data and base maps using ArcGIS mapper and Python scripts. Equirectangular and Robinson world base maps.

[2.2.3a] - By Author [2.2.4c] - By Author

Dot density map of integrated media use trends on radio and television usages translated Dot density choropleth map of telecom revenue trends translated onto both
onto a Mercator world base map. Equirectangular and Robinson world base maps.

[2.2.3b] - By Author [2.2.4d] - By Author

Dot density map of radio usage trends translated onto both Equirectangular and Robinson Choropleth map of private participations in telecom trends translated onto both
world base maps. Equirectangular and Robinson world base maps.

[2.2.3c] - By Author [2.2.4e] - By Author

Dot density map of television usage trends translated onto both Equirectangular and Choropleth map of workforce employment numbers in telecom trends translated onto
Robinson world base maps. both Equirectangular and Robinson world base maps.

[2.2.3d] - By Author [2.2.4f] - By Author

Dot density choropleth map of network provider trends translated onto both Dot density choropleth map of integrated telecom participation and employment trends
Equirectangular and Robinson world base maps. translated onto four global world quadrant base map.

xvi
[2.2.5] - By Author [2.3.2] - By Author
Telephone trends on mobile communications translated onto various world base maps A collage of information about the typical Circadian Cycle illustrated on a wheel around
using different mapping methods. Data sources collected from Central Intelligence Agency the Vitruvian Man (the perfect being). Technical notes referenced from encyclopedia
(CIA) World Factbook <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/>, United resources and also the Qi Clock as illustrated in <http://www.traditionalmedicine.net.au/images/
Nations (UN) Statistics Division <http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm>, Organisation for diurnal_cycle.jpg>
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) <http://www.oecd.org/>, and Nation Master
Statistics Database <http://www.nationmaster.com/>. Base map sources from Natural Earth [2.4.1] - By Author
Vectors <http://www.naturalearthdata.com/> and OpenStreetMap <http://planet.openstreetmap. A flowchart that underlines the various problems that draws out symptoms and the current
org/>. Maps generated with the integration of data and base maps using ArcGIS mapper solutions to preventing or resolving these issues.
and Python scripts.
[2.4.2] - By Author
[2.2.5a] - By Author A flowchart categorizing the various types of hypoxia with respect to the various stages of
Dot density map of integrated mobile versus landline telephone usage trends translated this health problem in accordance to the changes in altitude. All terminology referenced
onto four global world quadrant base map. from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_%28medical%29>

[2.2.5b] - By Author [2.4.3]

Dot density map of mobile usage trends translated onto both Equirectangular and <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_useful_consciousness>
Robinson world base maps.
[2.4.4] - By Author
[2.2.5c] - By Author Graphing various “times of useful consciousness” (i.e. effective performance time) shows
Dot density map of landline usage trends translated onto both Equirectangular and the relationship for the various hypoxic stages with respect to the duration of time for
Robinson world base maps. survival under prolonged vacuum exposures.

[2.2.5d] - By Author [2.4.5a]

Choropleth map of mobile service coverage trends translated onto both Equirectangular Screen captured film sequence of fictional maneuvering and one’s survival under direct
and Robinson world base maps. exposure of the vacuum in outer space. “Titan AE” (2000) at 0:20:13 to 0:20:43

[2.2.5e] - By Author [2.4.5b]

Dot density map of mobile subscription trends translated onto both Equirectangular and Screen captured film sequence of the suctioning effects of sudden depressurization and
Robinson world base maps. its capacity to catapult objects out of the pressurized unit into the vacuum of outer space.
“Sunshine” (2007) at 1:01:50 to 1:02:30
[2.2.5f] - By Author
Dot density choropleth map of integrated mobile coverage versus subscriber trends [2.4.5c]
translated onto four global world quadrant base map. Screen captured film sequence of hypoxic effects to the skin when exposed briefly in the
vacuum of outer space without the protection of a space suit. “Sunshine” (2007) at 1:02:35
[2.3.1a] - By Author to 1:03:35
Photograph of a tree with mini specks of plantations spiraled around its trunk somewhere
near a residence on the peak at Hong Kong, SAR, China [2.4.5d]
Screen captured film sequence of the quick death in outer space as one is fully exposed to
[2.3.1b] - By Author the vacuum. “Sunshine” (2007) at 1:02:38 to 1:03:18
Photograph of Le Cento Fontane at Villa d’Este in Tivoli, Italy
[2.4.5d]
[2.3.1c] Screen captured film sequence of a highly realistic depiction of the time of consciousness
<http://www.visionforfood.com/images/Corn.jpg> when exposed in the vacuum of outer space and the re-pressurization procedures for
survival. “2001: A Space Odyssey” (1968) at 1:49:00 to 1:49:27

xvii
[2.4.6] - By Author [2.6.2]
A flowchart describing the flow of oxygenated to deoxygenated blood in the human body <http://wallpaper.goodfon.com/image/313095-1920x1200.jpg>
system simplified from the detailed anatomy described in <http://visual.merriam-webster.com/
human-being/anatomy/blood-circulation/schema-circulation.php> [2.6.3] - By Author
A manipulated screen capture from Hollywood film “Inception” (2010) at 1:38:41 displaying
[2.4.7] the disorienting visual effects due to our understanding judgments for what’s up is the
<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C-p4fHtBfco/UGkwt5ggU4I/AAAAAAACi9k/F6-umrdE2qA/ ceiling and down is the floor.
s1600/Vm6mV.jpg>
[2.6.4]
[2.5.1] <http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1281.html>
<http://goldensuperstarpe.blogspot.ca/2011/02/ped-356-breakdancing-with-lazylegz.html>
[2.6.5] - By Author
[2.5.2a] Linear graph mapped to distinguish the chance of survival with respect to exposure time in
<http://wallres.saiswa.com/bg/saiyine/a/110-Astronauts-working-as-a-pair.jpg> a vacuum environment. Refer to [2.4.2], [2.4.3], and [2.4.4] for related details.

[2.5.2b] [2.6.6] - By Author

<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P99P3bh181w/TpttvMtJBhI/AAAAAAAACKY/163HuQpohME/ Infographic describing the varying energy levels throughout the 24 hour day in a 7 week
s1600/s131e010038.jpg cycle. All data are estimates and reflects a typical lifestyle of a person with a day job
Monday through Friday from 9am to 6pm.
[2.5.3] - By Author
A flowchart describing the fight or flight response system according to the various [2.6.7a] - By Author
stages and its nervous system controls in conjunction with its reactionary symptoms. Real-time orbital tracks (created by opensource GPredict satellite tracking software) of global
It also describes the activation process and neural judgments created throughout the positioning satellites in Geosynchronous Earth Orbits (GEO) and Lower Earth Orbits
responsive phases. All technical flows in terminology are referenced from <http://www. (LEO) on November 4, 2010 at 2:05am (local time of Cambridge, Ontario)
thebodysoulconnection.com/EducationCenter/fight.html> and <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-
flight_response> [2.6.7b] - By Author
Real-time orbital tracks (created by opensource GPredict satellite tracking software) of Lower Earth
[2.5.4] Orbit (LEO) satellites on November 4, 2010 at 2:05am (local time of Cambridge, Ontario)
<http://lifespa.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Stressed-in-Front-of-Laptop.jpg>
[2.6.8a]
[2.5.5a] <http://www.imdb.com/media/rm931436800/tt0162222>
<http://archive.org/download/nasahqphoto-7485782534/nasahqphoto-7485782534.jpg>
[2.6.8b]
[2.5.5b] <http://www.imdb.com/media/rm2668728064/tt0362227>
<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UtEg3U7Ho4I/T_FLOnJsxiI/AAAAAAAAPvU/
X1NUQkQba6w/s1600/k.jpg> [2.6.8c]
<http://www.imdb.com/media/rm1309194496/tt0112384>
[2.5.5c]
<http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8012/7485770420_c0cfdc5b88_b.jpg> [2.6.9]
<http://www.sengpielaudio.com/TableOfSoundPressureLevels.htm>
[2.6.1]
<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7aOc2B0yk-Y/TZ5PI45sClI/AAAAAAAADUc/z3JDF8ZcrDQ/ [2.6.10]
s1600/The+Right+Stuff163.jpg> <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NniDRKSxpJE/TpQ6HhxzS-I/AAAAAAAABrs/R-
uCAXnxLdA/s1600/LIPRRF-00004749-001.jpg>

xviii
[2.6.11] [3.0.1a]
<http://www.futuremorph.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/MP9004244271.jpg> <http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-10/hires/iss010e13569.jpg>

[3.0.1b]
<http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/113083main_jsc2005e08315hires.jpg>

[3.0.1c] - By Author
Photograph of Alan Shepard’s EVA life support spacesuit used on the Apollo 14 mission
at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex’s Apollo/Saturn V Center, Merritt Island,
Florida, USA

[3.0.1d]
<http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m8tebtlIzZ1qf71bqo1_500.jpg>

[3.0.1e]
<http://s3.amazonaws.com/estock/fspid10/23/01/82/7/fisheye-nikon-home-2301827-o.jpg>

[3.0.1f]
<http://www.techguru.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Room-With-a-View-Window-on-the-
World.jpg>

[3.0.1g] - By Author
Photograph of an iPhone display showing various downloaded social network apps

[3.0.1h]
<http://www.openlettersmonthly.com/stevereads/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/enterprise-bridge.jpg>

[3.0.1i]
<http://www.travelstaff.fi/custom/j0400552.jpg>

[3.0.1j] - By Author
Rendered visualization of an early development for AERO|ASTRO’s conceptual design.

[3.1.1]
<http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/HIGH/0005604.jpg>

[3.1.2a]
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A7L_plss.jpg>

[3.1.2b]
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_portable_life_support_system.jpg>

xix
[3.1.3] - By Author [3.2.3b]
A flowchart of many currently used outer space technological life support systems with the The physics of a particle hopping in artificial gravity. Concept and terminology reference
proposed future developments to close the loop with regenerative resources by creating an from “Out of this World - the new field of space architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood,
artificial biome condition in the space station. page 141, 2009

[3.1.4] [3.2.3c]
<http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7178/6793661854_bbf5885002_z.jpg> The physics of a particle dropped in artificial gravity. Concept and terminology reference
from “Out of this World - the new field of space architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood,
[3.1.5] page 140, 2009
<http://www.inverca.es/web/images/stories/dsc03387.jpg>
[3.2.4a] - By Author
[3.1.6] A variation of the Hill and Schnitzer 1962 rotational parameter’s comfort chart used
Screen captured still from Hollywood film, “Sunshine” (2007) at 0:06:53 to calculate the appropriate sizes for modules that produces artificial gravity. The
understanding of the artificial gravity concept references from “Out of this World - the new
[3.1.7] field of space architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood, page 134-138, 2009
<http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/MEDIUM/7776898.jpg>
[3.2.4b] to [3.2.4h]
[3.1.8a] Artificial gravity depicted at various points on the Hill and Schnitzer comfort zone chart.
<http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/images/recherche/images/9efd8b45-2630-4db3-a010-0f152f51bbd3.jpg> “Out of this World - the new field of space architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood, page
142-144, 2009
[3.1.8b]
<http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/engineering/multimedia/LSS_GalleryAsset9.html> [3.2.4b]
The typical diagram showing the normal situation with Earth conditions.
[3.1.8c]
<http://www.aviationspectator.com/files/images/Space-Shuttle-Endeavour-STS-126-084.preview.jpg> [3.2.4c]
Diagram showing conditions at “A” on chart.
[3.2.1] - By Author
Cardinal directions viably diagramed for a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) parti in parallel with [3.2.4d]
AERO|ASTRO’s design intentions. Concept and terminology reference from “Out of this Diagram showing conditions at “B” on chart.
World - the new field of space architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood, page 153-167, 2009
[3.2.4e]
[3.2.2] Diagram showing conditions at “C” on chart.
Configuration parti diagrams for revolving artificial gravity modules. Concept and
terminology reference from “Out of this World - the new field of space architecture” by A. Scott [3.2.4f]
Howe and Brent Sherwood, page 153-167, 2009 Diagram showing conditions at “D” on chart.

[3.2.3a] - By Author [3.2.4g]

A module section that denotes the basic concept of centrifugal designs describing the Diagram showing conditions at “E” on chart.
human relations with the station under artificial gravity conditions. The understanding
of the artificial gravity concept references from “Out of this World - the new field of space [3.2.4h]
architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood, page 133-152, 2009 Diagram integrating all options showing the extremes of the disparate conditions.

xx
[3.2.5a] [3.2.10] - By Author
Accessibility design to artificial gravity transferring from weightless conditions to an Rendered visualization looking out the window of a suggested spacecraft or space station
artificial gravity environment. Concept can also be conducted with mechanical systems towards the planet Earth with a backdrop of the universe beyond.
such as elevators or escalators, but is denoted using a ladder for simplicity. “Out of this
World - the new field of space architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood, page 146-150, 2009 [3.2.11a]
<http://www.canonrumors.com/forum/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=7691.0;attach=21776;ima
[3.2.5b] ge>
Screen captured still of an occupant entering the artificial gravity module using a ladder
from the highly realistic film, “2001: A Space Odyssey” (1968) at 0:57:49 [3.2.11b]
<http://newsinphoto.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/s134e009351.jpg-
[3.2.5c] 4288%D0%93%E2%80%942848-700x464.jpg>
Screen captured still of an occupant jogging in the artificial gravity module from the highly
realistic film, “2001: A Space Odyssey” (1968) at 0:56:49 [3.2.11c]
<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_KE-1BxjdxA8/TPGDWwid-FI/
[3.2.6a], [3.2.6c], and [3.2.6d] AAAAAAAACqY/31d9zYX0m_A/s1600/photog.jpg>
<http://archinect.com/firms/project/6790084/astronauts-memorial/7024377>
[3.2.11d]
[3.2.6b] - By Author <http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/245952main_nyberg_full.jpg>
Photograph of the Dignity Memorial Plaque at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex,
Merritt Island, Florida [3.2.11e]
<chronowerx.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/ss-100204-issphoto-01-ss_full.jpg>
[3.2.7a]
<http://www.bundpic.com/upload/images/25/558ffc97ca682b60cee3899aa28fdeef.jpg> [3.2.11f]
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson_in_Cupola_ISS.jpg>
[3.2.7b]
<http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Columbia_STS-107_launch.jpg> [3.2.12a]
<http://dreamwall1.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/emphasis-10.jpg>
[3.2.7c]
<http://livedoor.blogimg.jp/cat_1970_0624-kura/imgs/b/5/b5aadf57-s.jpg> [3.2.12b]
<http://dreamwall1.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/web-18.jpg>
[3.2.7d]
<http://clikhear.palmbeachpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/challengerexplode.jpg> [3.2.12c]
<http://www.dspusa.net/news/CEILING/files/attach/images/71/501/IMG_7208.JPG>
[3.2.7e]
<http://0.tqn.com/d/history1900s/1/0/r/V/challenger10.jpg> [3.2.12d]
<http://dreamwall1.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/web-17.jpg>
[3.2.8] - By Author
Social health is important and one of the ways of modern times and most likely projected [3.2.12e]
for the future is through digital social medias such as “Facebook” as denoted by the dense <http://c1038.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/group1/building5151/media/04_Supreme188.jpg>
collage of profile pictures from a bunch of close friends and family in my (Jonathan Lim)
account. [3.2.12f]
<http://dreamwall1.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/web-2.jpg>
[3.2.9]
<http://whatsfab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/230809549622222590_Iit6Fhl9_c.jpg> [3.2.12g]
<http://images.wisegeek.com/acoustic-foam-for-soundproofing.jpg>

xxi
[3.2.12h] [3.3.3b]
<http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00ivdEQmGJCHoT/Acoustic-Panel-28-4-4-.jpg> <http://www.hengao.com.cn/uploadimg/contents/20100205102243303.jpg>

[3.2.12i] [3.3.3c]
<http://iconic3dpanel.com/images/En/En_BG02.jpg> <http://www.jneuroengrehab.com/content/4/1/1/figure/F1?highres=y>

[3.2.12j] [3.3.3d]
<http://furnitursite.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/elegant-line-of-acoustic-wall-panels-3.jpg> <http://www.hengao.com.cn/uploadimg/contents/20100205102132791.jpg>

[3.2.13] [3.3.4a] - By Author

<http://www.itdunya.com/attachments/225114d1273086147-aerial-view-cn-tower-toronto-canada. Modified patent drawings for resistance band training apparatus and tethering anchor
jpg> points. Original base drawing source from <http://www.strutpatent.com/patent/08002681/
resistance-training-tool>
[3.3.1a]
<http://www.buyfloatationtank.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Floatation-Open-Pool1.jpg> [3.3.4b]
<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yLLa_Ekn65M/T0Mgm_i9rgI/AAAAAAAAAHY/7_QhMCo-
[3.3.1b] 1c8/s1600/bowflex-pr1000-cheap.jpg>
<http://www.floatshoppe.com/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Open-Float-Tank-Neil-04-noglare.
jpg> [3.3.4c]
<http://best-home-gyms-reviews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Bowflex-Xtreme-2-SE-Home-
[3.3.1c] gym1.jpeg>
<http://www.i-sopod.com/wp-content/gallery/studioshots/i-sopod-with-girl-floating.png>
[3.3.4d]
[3.3.1d] <http://www.freestylernetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/weight-training-routines-for-women32.jpg>
<http://www.float-spa.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/spa-setting-solo.jpg>
[3.3.5a]
[3.3.1e] <http://factspy.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/41_Thagard_Exercise.jpg>
<http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4043/4362380611_25bcd3dcc5_z.jpg>
[3.3.5b]
[3.3.2a] <http://www.sciencer.ru/img/5686661134406902-0.jpeg>
<http://www.alterg.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Ivan_SkyPT.jpg>
[3.3.5c]
[3.3.2b] <http://i.space.com/images/i/1377/iFF/h_spaceislandgroup_02.jpg?1292263870>
<http://www.alterg.com/treadmill-training-rehab/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/091016_AGp200_
BGSide_A4_F1_Cack.jpg> [3.3.5d]
<http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/235791main_image_1098_946-710.jpg>
[3.3.2c]
<http://www.azinews.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/treadmill.jpg> [3.3.5e]
<http://img.ffffound.com/static-data/assets/6/32efbbf1274af76238e3e86007c78fbc3f773fde_m.jpg>
[3.3.2d]
<http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/648047main_alterg_2_full.jpg> [3.3.5f]
<http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/131.jpg>
[3.3.3a]
<http://www.runnersworld.com/sites/default/files/files/2012/08/LightSpeed.jpg> [3.3.5g]
<http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/images/zero_gravity_sports_centers.3.jpg>

xxii
[3.3.5h] [3.4.1b]
<http://msnbcmedia2.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/120615- <http://ucdavis.edu/local_resources/images/hpbg/2012/july/robinson.jpg>
AstroPhoto-hmed-0130p_files.grid-7x2.jpg>
[3.4.1c]
[3.3.5i] <http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/493648main_sc2010e014044_hires_full.jpg>
<http://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/station_golf.jpg>
[3.4.1d]
[3.3.6a] <http://www.spaceoffice.nl/blobs/persberichten/NSO09093001.jpg>
“The Playboy Club in Space” by A.J. Baime and Jason Harper, Playboy Magazine, page 72-73, March
2012

[3.3.6b]
“The Playboy Club in Space” by A.J. Baime and Jason Harper, Playboy Magazine, page 75, March
2012

[3.3.6c]
<http://orbitaltechnologies.ru/en/images-of-the-commercial-space-station.html>

[3.3.6d]
<https://picasaweb.google.com/galacticsuiteresort>

[3.3.6e]
“The Playboy Club in Space” by A.J. Baime and Jason Harper, Playboy Magazine, page 75, March
2012

[3.3.6f]
<http://orbitaltechnologies.ru/en/images-of-the-commercial-space-station.html>

[3.3.6g]
<https://picasaweb.google.com/galacticsuiteresort>

[3.3.6h]
“The Playboy Club in Space” by A.J. Baime and Jason Harper, Playboy Magazine, page 74, March
2012

[3.3.6i]
<http://orbitaltechnologies.ru/en/images-of-the-commercial-space-station.html>

[3.3.6j]
<http://astrowright.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/spaceshiptwoastronaut.jpg?w=510>

[3.4.1a]
<http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/493648main_sc2010e014044_hires_full.jpg>

xxiii
[4.0.1] [4.0.6] - By Author
<http://gazou-navi.angry.jp/Photo/images/20080929184926.jpg> Original Space Shuttle and external fuel tank elevations traced over original 3D models
provided at <http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/3d_resources/models.html> and scaled according
[4.0.2] - By Author to original Space Shuttle drawings from <http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/diagrams/shuttle/
Graph diagram indicating the ranges of average commuter transit times sourced from shuttle-diagram.htm>. External tank sections are original drawings basing from traced
data collected by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Factbook <https://www.cia.gov/library/ elements from the elevations and referencing from sources from NASA and diagrams such
publications/the-world-factbook/>, United Nations (UN) Statistics Division <http://unstats.un.org/ as <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sts_et_cutaway.jpg> and <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
unsd/default.htm>, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) <http://www. File:Sts_et_ecographic.jpg>. The detachable concepts depicted by the external tank section are
oecd.org/>, and Nation Master Statistics Database <http://www.nationmaster.com/> *not to scale original as the proposed joints and details are conceived by the author.
represented as estimates.
[4.0.7a]
[4.0.3] - By Author <http://up-ship.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/alsv1.jpg>
Great circle flight route diagrams overlay onto a heat map of estimated travel times to
major cities are generated to give several examples of the distance between cities (selection [4.0.7b]
of Toronto as a consistent point of comparison) and identify the travel times required <http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/maks15.jpg>
using various methods of travel. The base map is sourced at <http://spatial-analyst.net/
wiki/index.php?title=Image:Gaccessm.png> while great circle diagrams are generated with [4.0.7c]
the integration of data collected from <http://openflights.org/data.html> and basemaps <http://www.3dtotal.com/admin/new_cropper/interview_content_images/28_tid_04.jpg>
from <http://www.naturalearthdata.com/> using ArcGIS mapper and Python scripts. The
distance between the cities are estimates retrieved from <http://www.timeanddate.com/ [4.0.8a]
worldclock/distance.html> while the times for travel are calculated according to the <http://s3images.coroflot.com/user_files/individual_files/original_204062_
various distances with respect to the estimated velocities pertaining to each method of HuGwH0t8t6AFlyPLOb6fW75Vt.jpg>
transit.
[4.0.8b]
[4.0.4] - By Author <http://ianott.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/ss-091204-spaceshiptwo-07.jpg>
Great circle flight route diagram generated to show the congestion in the air space. Great
circle diagrams are generated with the integration of 58,541 data points collected by [4.0.8c]
<http://openflights.org/data.html> and basemaps from <http://www.naturalearthdata.com/> <http://www.architectureandvision.com/av/051.html>
using ArcGIS mapper and Python scripts.
[4.1.1] - By Author
[4.0.5a] A flowchart diagram expressing current passenger experiences when taking air transit
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg> connecting through airports. It also incorporates statistics for elite status passenger travel
trends (noted from “The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011 - Beyond the Downturn” by
[4.0.5b] Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, World Economic Forum, 2011) as well as the proposal of the
<www.bigfloridacountry.com/spaceshuttles/spaceshuttleendeavour/Space_Shuttle_Transit.jpg> future space transit experiences through the introduction of an elite spacefaring class to the
current model.
[4.0.5c]
<http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/images/content/300901main_ECN-6887_full.jpg> [4.1.2a]
GDP and premium passengers by country pairs
[4.0.5d] “The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011 - Beyond the Downturn” by Jennifer Blanke and
<http://www.trbimg.com/img-1348264688000/turbine/la-look-up-m-001> Thea Chiesa, World Economic Forum, page 54, 2011

xxiv
[4.1.2b] - By Author [4.1.5] - By Author
Manipulated graph showing premium passenger arrivals from selected countries. Original Passenger and tourist arrival and departure trends translated onto various world base
top50 graph is referenced from “The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011 - Beyond the maps using different mapping methods. Data sources collected from Central Intelligence
Downturn” by Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, World Economic Forum, page 54, 2011 Agency (CIA) World Factbook <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/>,
United Nations (UN) Statistics Division <http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm>, Organisation
[4.1.3] for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) <http://www.oecd.org/>, and Nation Master
<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_4mhfyNwc3bE/TPOINdkfy9I/AAAAAAAAABo/rr-Vscr-67s/ Statistics Database <http://www.nationmaster.com/>. Base map sources from Natural Earth
s1600/Australian+aircraft+charters.jpg> Vectors <http://www.naturalearthdata.com/> and OpenStreetMap <http://planet.openstreetmap.
org/>. Maps generated with the integration of data and base maps using ArcGIS mapper
[4.1.4] - By Author and Python scripts.
Population and growth with respect to national economic trends translated onto various
world base maps using different mapping methods. Data sources collected from Central [4.1.5a] - By Author
Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Factbook <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- Dot density map of integrated local and foreign passenger arrival trends translated onto a
factbook/>, United Nations (UN) Statistics Division <http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm>, Transverse Mercator world base map.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) <http://www.oecd.org/>, and
Nation Master Statistics Database <http://www.nationmaster.com/>. Base map sources from [4.1.5b] - By Author
Natural Earth Vectors <http://www.naturalearthdata.com/> and OpenStreetMap <http://planet. Dot density map of local passenger arrivals translated onto both Equirectangular and
openstreetmap.org/>. Maps generated with the integration of data and base maps using Robinson world base maps.
ArcGIS mapper and Python scripts.
[4.1.5c] - By Author
[4.1.4a] - By Author Dot density map of foreign passenger arrivals translated onto both Equirectangular and
Dot density map of integrated population and growth trends translated onto a Polyconic Robinson world base maps.
world base map.
[4.1.5d] - By Author
[4.1.4b] - By Author Dot density map of international tourist arrivals translated onto both Equirectangular and
Dot density choropleth map of population evaluations translated onto both Robinson world base maps.
Equirectangular and Robinson world base maps.
[4.1.5e] - By Author
[4.1.4c] - By Author Dot density map of international tourist departures translated onto both Equirectangular
Dot density map of population growth trends translated onto both Equirectangular and and Robinson world base maps.
Robinson world base maps.
[4.1.5f] - By Author
[4.1.4d] - By Author Dot density map of integrated international tourist arrival and departure trends translated
Dot density choropleth map of gross national income evaluations translated onto both onto a Mercator world base map.
Equirectangular and Robinson world base maps.
[4.1.6] - By Author
[4.1.4e] - By Author Great circle flight route diagrams generated to show the air traffic produced by the
Dot density map of financial infrastructure trends translated onto both Equirectangular busiest airports in the world suggesting its importance as an international transit hub. The
and Robinson world base maps. selection of these airports is a result of the analysis made by various versions of “World
Airport Traffic Reports” by Airports Council International (ACI), Canada. Great circle diagrams
[4.1.4f] - By Author are generated with the integration of 58,541 data points collected by <http://openflights.org/
Dot density choropleth map of financial economic trends translated onto a Sinusoidal data.html> and basemaps from <http://www.naturalearthdata.com/> using ArcGIS mapper
world base map. and Python scripts.

xxv
[4.1.7] - By Author [4.3.1c]
A proposal diagram of selected countries with the potential capabilities to provide retrofit <3.bp.blogspot.com/-PyBnNkUvPDA/T-r7lHAxZHI/AAAAAAAAHqE/QpAUTvlXq10/
opportunities to support AERO|ASTRO’s future launch capabilities. The points and lines s1600/13.jpg>
are only suggestive to point at the selected countries and does not represent routing of any
sorts. The translated overlay of an orbital track (an example of the International Space Station’s [4.3.1d]
coverage over Earth) suggests accessibility from these proposed airport hubs which makes it <http://tunnellingjournal.com/files/2012/06/TTC-TYSSEImage10-0800.jpg>
suitable for the selection.
[4.3.1e]
[4.2.1] - By Author <http://onlyhdwallpapers.com/wallpaper/trains_subway_tunnel_train_stations_desktop_2272x1704_
Conceptual diagram that explains how an object is launched and stays in an Earth orbit wallpaper-115504.jpeg>
using Sir Isaac Newton’s hypothesis of shooting a cannonball out of a cannon. With
excessive velocities, an object will generate enough counteracting force with respect to the [4.3.1f]
gravitational pull of Earth, and therefore, the object will stay in an elliptical path of the <http://anthonyfavero.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/img_2187e.jpg>
orbital track.
[4.3.2] - By Author
[4.2.2] Conceptual diagrams of the original external fuel tank and its retrofit section in a
<http://www.astrium.eads.net/media/image/metop_sun-synchronous.jpg> sectional cut out perspective. These diagrams provide a foundation for the rest of the
AERO|ASTRO designs in the following chapters.
[4.2.3] - By Author
A transit phase diagram explaining the conceptual transit durations for commuting from [4.3.3] - By Author
point A on Earth to the transiting infrastructure in outer space (AERO|ASTRO). Proposed kit-of-parts designed specifically for AERO|ASTRO.

[4.2.4a] - By Author [4.3.3a] - By Author

A suggestive diagram of the available orbital tracks that is currently present around Earth. Type 1 modules are designed as typical primitives (majority of the components will be designed so
similarly suit the fittings for these pieces).
[4.2.4b]
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_ [4.3.3b] - By Author
orbits.svg/2000px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png> Type 2 modules are designed as secondary primitives that are used for auxiliary circulations
and module connections.
[4.2.5] - By Author
The proposed transit system and its potential commute durations in accordance with [4.3.3c] - By Author
[4.2.3]. The diagram proposes the commuter spacecraft to be launched from a point A on Type 3 modules are designed for the turning of corners encountered in the arrangement of
Earth to arrive shortly at a parking orbit until it reaches the docking of AERO|ASTRO’s AERO|ASTRO. These pieces are designed with a 60o angle corner to simulate an overall
transit station. From there, passengers will transfer to another spacecraft (if they don’t plan hexagonal shape, forming a “near circular” path for the internal circulation.
on staying to use the other facilities on AERO|ASTRO) and will depart the orbital infrastructure
and return back to Earth to point B. All of this makes “going around the world in 80 days” [4.3.3d] - By Author
into a new saying of “going around the world in 80 or so minutes”. Type 4 modules are designed mainly to assist Type 2 [4.3.3b] connector modules in
securing a perfect air tight bond. It also introduces another connecting adaptor that is used
[4.3.1a] to connect the artificial gravity modules onto a revolving mechanism that generates the
<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G8jVqgYd6Vk/T-r7hI1xpUI/AAAAAAAAHp0/IoOrR8aOj1w/ necessary centrifugal forces.
s1600/11.jpg>
[4.3.3e] - By Author
[4.3.1b] Type 5 modules are designed in a clover shaped section used only for the artificial gravity
<2.bp.blogspot.com/--mc1VFGLc_Y/T-r5XACEKpI/AAAAAAAAHpg/tTb4islfitM/ modules.
s1600/27.jpg>

xxvi
[4.3.3f] - By Author [4.5.1] - By Author
Type 6 modules are designed specially for the amenity spaces that will host unique A modified variation of the personal space diagrams introduced by Edward Twitchell Hall
extraterrestrial activities such as sports (e.g. Astroball, gyms, etc.), observation modules on in 1966. This version reflects the two-dimensional qualities of one’s personal space on
swivels, chapels, etc. Earth.

[4.3.3g] - By Author [4.5.2] - By Author

Type 7 modules are designed as the living pods that are found throughout the residence A modified adaptation of the personal space diagrams introduced by Edward Twitchell
block of AERO|ASTRO. These spherical shaped living units have a potential to also Hall in 1966. This version reflects the three-dimensional aspects of one’s personal space in
function doubly as escape pods (this concept will require further study on its technicalities). outer space as a “personal bubble” surrounding oneself.

[4.3.3h] - By Author [4.5.3] - By Author

Type 8 modules are designed for the back of house programs and supportive systems. A heat mapped representation of the overlapping conditions of one’s personal space
These include the power generation systems that operate with solar array structures. boundaries in a space on Earth (the Milwaukee Art Museum). The base image was modified
from <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6C7HHAbCvak/UEIn4LCsDjI/AAAAAAAABxw/
[4.3.4] - By Author ebUtBqjTN-k/s1600/museum-crowd.jpg>
Parti drawings of various archetypal interior configurations that are possibly fitted into the
gutted external tanks as mentioned in [4.3.2]. This acts as a general concept in conjunction [4.5.4] - By Author
with the kit-of-parts from [4.3.3]. Diagram showing the general proximity/reach of one’s personal space (typically within arm’s
reach).
[4.3.5] - By Author
A detailed representation of the archetypal interior configurations as mentioned in [4.3.4] [4.5.5] - By Author
with a detail sectional rendering displaying all the components of circulation and back of A diagram showing the possible relationship of overlapped personal spaces on Earth.
house spaces while developing a sense of scale to these volumes in a rendered visualization
looking in from the center of the space. [4.5.6] - By Author
Rendered diagram of the personal space bubble in outer space reflecting its relationship
[4.3.6] - By Author with others and the interior spaces as generated by the archetypal configurations for
Detailed illustrations and drawings of two optional paneling types (as samples and are not AERO|ASTRO.
limited to only these) proposed to be used throughout AERO|ASTRO.
[4.5.7a]
[4.4.−] - By Author <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fd6QfdJFmn0/T4j19--nwBI/AAAAAAAABgM/rgr_7UspiZ0/
All drawings (details, plans, elevations, sections, etc.), diagrams (project phasing, program s1600/100_0802.JPG>
partis, etc.), and rendered still visualizations are designed and generated solely for the
purpose of representing a sample variation of what the kit-of-parts mentioned earlier [4.5.7b]
can produce. The spaces expressed in this section of Chapter 4.4 sets the stage for the <http://d6673sr63mbv7.cloudfront.net/archive/x1350020287/
following section in the descriptions on ritualistic experiences that are presented in a g0000000000000000006afa488b57f1ad777633689b14a58aa89f4a8be5.jpg>
weightless culture of outer space.
[4.5.7c]
[4.4.1] <http://www.scottsaccess.co.uk/images/uploads/Gall027.jpg>
<http://www.slate.com/blogs/behold/2012/12/07/nasa_s_ames_research_center_space_colony_
images_from_the_1970s.html> [4.5.7d]
<http://blog.therohogroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Disabled-Sports-Bi-skier-Zach.jpg>
[4.4.2]
<http://pbmo.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/torus-city.jpg> [4.5.7e]
<http://blogs.gonomad.com/wake-and-wander/files/2012/06/Porta-Ledge-Bridge_Panorama2111.
jpg>

xxvii
[4.5.7f] [4.5.12c] - By Author
<http://www.ketterersrescueproducts.com/Images/RescuePics/IceRescue2.jpg> A rendered perspective section of the Piazza del Campo. The model of the piazza
references the basic massing model of the piazza from “Google Earth”.
[4.5.8]
<http://www.sparqtraining.com/> [4.5.13] - By Author
A variation of the Nolli map represented for AERO|ASTRO illustrating the various public
[4.5.9] - By Author open and private enclosed spaces throughout the station.
Designed merchandise for AERO|ASTRO that doubles to function as the tethering
apparatus used for the mobility and stability of the occupants in the space station. [4.5.14a]
<http://wallpapersfor.me/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/prometheus-hologram-movie-ridley-scott-alien-
[4.5.10] - By Author science-fiction-2012.jpg>
Designed fashion (spacesuits) that supports the various daily functions with various anchor
points for tethering opportunities. All components are compliant with the handheld [4.5.14b]
devices and industrial designed accessory merchandises. Screen captured still from promotional video by Corning Incorporated, “A Day Made of Glass
2 - Same Day, Expanded Vision” (2012) at 0:04:20
[4.5.10a] - By Author
Pajama type spacesuit assists unfamiliar occupants to adapt to the sleeping conditions [4.5.14c]
under weightlessness. Screen captured still from promotional video by Microsoft Office Labs, “Concept of How 2019
will Look Like” (2010) at 0:03:15
[4.5.10b] - By Author
Multipurpose type spacesuit assists occupants in activity specific functions as it provides [4.5.15] - By Author
additional padding support and several tethering opportunities using Velcro, magnetic, and Rendered perspective of an interior space in the Nexus corridor of AERO|ASTRO.
typical anchor apparatuses.
[4.5.16] - By Author
[4.5.10c] - By Author Rendered perspective of an interior space looking towards the space piazza of
Casual type spacesuits are the general outfits that allows flexible movements and simple AERO|ASTRO.
tethering opportunities with shoulder anchor connectors.
[4.5.17a]
[4.5.11] - By Author <http://www.hoteloceanasantamonica.com/uploads/backgrounds/home_accomodation_dining_ocean-
Rendered plans, sections, and perspectives of a conceptual apparatus, the AERO|ASTRO suite-bed_1656_1090x1095.jpg>
Bubble. It is designed as a furnishing for the space station that provides anchoring
connectors for occupants to tether to and allows one to thrust off of to propel them [4.5.17b]
throughout the interior volumes of the space station. The bubble also provides an <http://dietcenterdenver.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/holiday-dinner1.jpg>
opportunity for a point of interaction and resting as “seating” areas are supplied.
[4.5.17c]
[4.5.12a] - By Author <http://steelcloset.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/poster-dinner-party.jpg>
Traced Nolli map of Piazza del Campo. Original source was a screen capture of the area
with “Google map”. [4.5.17d]
<http://www.101loseweightfast.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/eat-less-to-lose-weight.jpg>
[4.5.12b] - By Author
A rendered interior perspective of the Piazza del Campo. The model of the piazza [4.5.17e]
references the basic massing model of the piazza from “Google Earth”. <http://www.lascasitasvillage.com/var/plain_site/storage/images/media/images/internal-header-
images/dining/dining-image-1/2211-3-eng-US/Dining-Image-1_home_header_image.jpg>

xxviii
[4.5.17f] [4.5.19j]
<http://aruba-daily.com/newspaper/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/La-Vista-Family-Dinner.jpg> <http://blestphotography.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/spoon.jpg>

[4.5.18a] [4.5.20] - By Author

Typical seating arrangement diagram as depicted by image <http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/ Sectional drawings for the interior planning of the various dining space module types
files/2011/02/obamaSVdinner.jpg> proposed for AERO|ASTRO.

[4.5.18b] [4.5.21a]
Hierarchical seating arrangement diagram as depicted by image <http://mojoguangzhou.files. <http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_eoa7aTS35vI/TKEUYAWIBuI/AAAAAAAAAwU/fR2nJVpv_
wordpress.com/2010/11/erin11.jpg> J8/s1600/PeggyFood.jpg>

[4.5.18c] [4.5.21b]
Informal (casual) scattered seating arrangement diagram as depicted by image <http://4. <http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Expedition_20_crew_members_
bp.blogspot.com/-MrtllJ1sgJM/Tj7U2kmHLuI/AAAAAAAAPKU/Z4gG9oKKFOk/s1600/ share_a_meal_at_a_galley_in_the_Unity_node_of_the_International_Space_Station_-_20090731.
IMG_+5471_hudson_diner.jpg> jpg>

[4.5.19a] [4.5.21c]
<http://davidideas.com/images/uploads/11_09_DEwhaf-10.jpg> <http://metronewsca.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/spacefood_amber.jpg?w=618&h=408&crop=1>

[4.5.19b] [4.5.22]
<http://blestphotography.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/fork.jpg> Screen captured film sequence of a playful way of eating in outer space as depicted by
Homer Simpson’s ignorance and clumsiness. “The Simpsons - Season 5 Episode 15: Deep Space
[4.5.19c] Homer” (1994) at 0:15:00 to 0:16:30
<http://glow-magazine-bce0cbed.s3.amazonaws.com/Images/FastFood.jpg>
[4.5.23] - By Author
[4.5.19d] Rendered exterior perspective of the residence block as seen on the approach from Earth
<http://blestphotography.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/fork.jpg> to AERO}ASTRO’s docking ports.

[4.5.19e] [4.5.24] - By Author

<http://blestphotography.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/knife.jpg> 3D models generated to remap the various individual and couple paired sleeping positions
typically found on Earth. Data source and terminology from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
[4.5.19f] Sleeping_positions> and <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3112170.stm>
<http://cdn2.reebonz.com/sites/all/files/TGFORKCHOPSUTENSILS_1.jpg?d>
[4.5.25] - By Author
[4.5.19g] Sleeping positions rendered in its variations found in outer space inside a proposed
<http://blestphotography.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/knife.jpg> sleeping pod with unique “bedding” apparatuses.

[4.5.19h] [4.5.26] - By Author

<http://blestphotography.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/spoon.jpg> Sectional renderings of the living pod that hosts the basic functions for sleeping, toiletry,
and living.
[4.5.19i]
<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Lu4mlxa1fyw/S_rwRrlPa2I/AAAAAAAAAsg/Wz2ZXIW1Wag/ [4.5.27a]
s1600/eco2.jpg> <http://www.audioadvice.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/1-Savant-Light.jpg>

xxix
[4.5.27b] [5.0.1]
Screen captured still from promotional video by Corning Incorporated, “A Day Made of Glass <http://explorationdayusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/moonboot.gif>
2 - Same Day, Expanded Vision” (2012) at 0:00:25
[5.0.2]
[4.5.27c] <http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m7l2i1u74c1qmjh2qo1_1280.jpg>
<http://www.umbilicaldesign.se/>
[5.0.3]
[4.5.28] - By Author <http://www.free-hdwallpapers.com/wallpapers/space/170404.jpg>
Rendered sectional perspective that describes the various quadrants found in the living pod.

[4.5.28a] - By Author
Rendered casing and sliding glass door for the sleeping pod used in a quadrant of the living
pod.

[4.5.28b] - By Author
Rendered inflatable room pocket that expands in the sleeping pod space to provide the
many customizations available to suit the occupant’s sleeping ritual needs.

[4.5.28c] - By Author
Rendered “bed” used in the sleeping pod with belt binding and anchor connectors for the
option of grounding one’s sleep position or attach their sleep cocoons to (sleeping bags).

[4.5.29] - By Author
Rendered perspective looking into the residential living pod towards the electro-chromic
glazed windows that overlook Earth.

[4.5.30] - By Author
Rendered perspective looking back at the entry hatch and main components of the
residential living pod.

xxx
the MISSION
1 inception overview

1
 On Earth, humans have always experienced the environment as consisting of two essential elements:
the architecture surrounding us, and the sky above us. We have instinctively adopted a curious fascination
with the potentials beyond our current proximity to the cosmos. This inclination to reach the unknown has
radically revolutionized the human species. It has inspired us to explore unfamiliar realms and expand into
uncharted territories, with the visionary objective of advancing human knowledge for the benefit of all while
returning with technological innovations for practical, earthly applications.

Adventurous explorations have always been an instinctive motive for survival. Whether moving away
from our origin points to broaden our scientific knowledge or to expand culturally in conquering greater
boundaries of real estate, each one of us is ultimately a passenger on the Spaceship Earth.1 However, mankind is
drawn to the heavens for the same reason we were once drawn into unknown lands and across the open sea. So let us [as homo
sapiens] continue the journey2 to fulfill our duty to future generations and their quest to ensure the survival of the human species.3
Through contemporary research and the development of extraterrestrial applications and sciences, visionary
designs will motivate and support explorers to enter new realms, extending human experiences, cultures, and
the species itself into uncharted territories. Additionally, inspired by this visionary research, future designers
such as architects specialized in outer space applications will eventually be able to provide sound environments
for the future occupation of the cosmos.

1 Buckminster Fuller, Operating Manual for the

Spaceship Earth, 1969

2 George W. Bush, speech at NASA Headquarters,

January 14, 2004

3 Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, on the 37th Anniversary of the

Apollo 11 Landing, July 2006

right “The Art of Travel” by Alain de Botton, page 107,

2002

2
“Humboldt’s early biographer, F.A. Schwarzenberg,
subtitled his life of Humboldt ‘What May be
Accomplished in a Lifetime”, and summarized
the areas of his extraordinary curiosity: ‘1. The
knowledge of the earth and its inhabitants. 2. The
discovery of the higher laws of nature, which govern
the universe, men, animals, plants, and minerals. 3.
The discovery of new forms of life. 4. The discovery
of territories hitherto but imperfectly known, and
their various productions. 5. The acquaintance with
new species of the human race—their manners,
language and historical traces of their culture.’
What may be accomplished in a lifetime—and
seldom or never is.”

“The Art of Travel” by Alain de Botton

3
 our future
the science

the dream

[1.0.1] The many ancient dreams of human flight has inspired modern aviational
4 sciences that will only motivate for future crafts to the cosmos.
 In ancient times, explorers traveling by foot or on the backs of animals spent countless decades
migrating through the vast landscapes of the Earth, far beyond the vicinity they called “home.” It was only
within the last few centuries that innovative solutions allowed humans to commute with comfort and efficiency
from their familiar surroundings to new, desirable destinations. With the mid-18th century invention and early-
20th century commercialization of a self-propelled mechanical vehicle,4 the automobile, people were for the first time
able to travel far beyond their immediate environment quickly and safely. As well, such advancements directed
scientists and engineers into the booming automotive industry, creating further opportunities for research and
development. In the early 20th century, the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright5 fabricated the first successfully
operational aircraft, making the fantasy of manned flight a reality. As a result of this innovative breakthrough,
the contemporary field of aeronautical design has grown into a multi-billion-dollar aerial transportation
industry, making air travel a convenient way for modern people and businesses to travel globally.

Finally, in the mid to late 20th century, the race to outer space was implemented into the homeland
security agendas of two major global powerhouses of the time: the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
and the United States of America (USA). It was this pursuit for technological and ideological supremacy, in
conjunction with emerging new markets in the private sector that accelerated further advancements in human
research and technological innovations.
4 The earliest successful invention of an automobile
by French inventor, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in about
1769. This steam-powered tricycle was heavily
disputed against Ferdinand Verbiest’s design of a
65cm long scale model toy given to the Chinese
Emperor during his 1672 Jesuit mission in China.

5 As described by the accompanying label description

of the original Wright Flyer at the National Air and
Space Museum:

“The original Wright brothers aeroplane. The

world’s first power-driven heavier-than-air machine
in which man made free, controlled, and sustained
flight. Invented and built by Wilbur and Orville
Wright. Flown by them at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
December 17, 1903. By original scientific research
the Wright brothers discovered the principles of
human flight. As inventors, builders, and flyers they
further developed the aeroplane, taught man to fly,
and opened the era of aviation”

left [1.0.1] The designs of human flight

next [1.0.2] Timeline of transportation developments

5
 [1.0.2] The history and future forecasts in the development of transportation
historic timeline of
transportation

canoe
8200BC
assembly line Wright Brothers zeppelin
1908AD airplane 1900AD
1903AD

cable car motorcycle

1871AD 1867AD

hydrofoil boats
1908AD

Apollo Moon NASA

Mission Space Shuttle
1969AD 1981AD

helicopter supersonic jet jumbo jet

1940AD 1947AD 1970AD

bullet train
1964AD

hovercraft
1956AD

6
 saddle - stirrup
700-500BC

wheel horse first wheelbarrow the

3500BC 2000BC 234-181BC flying machine
1492AD

hot air balloon

1783AD

steampowered steampowered bicycle public bus system

railroad road locomotive 1790AD 1662AD
1814AD 1801AD

steamboat submarine
1783AD 1620AD

international orbital launch space island commercialized

space station vehicle project space habitats
1998AD ~2016AD ~2020AD ~2069 AD +

aerocraft cities in the sky

~2018AD ~2038AD

spaceport for aerospaceports

public tourism 2025AD
2011AD

aqua habitats
~2033AD

7
 Although the idea of reaching towards the heavens is an ancient concept, it is only recently that we
have had the technology to potentially turn this flight of the imagination into an impending reality. Current
migrating global trends indicate two significant factors for industry and market leaders to consider when
forecasting high-profile investment strategies for serious developments such as space habitations: the recognition
and developments of emerging markets, and the ownership-taking of the modern consumer.6 For this reason, architectural
practice structured only for the basic design build sectors of construction will not suffice as its own entity in
the competitive market of integrative industries. The prevailing global architectural design leaders of the 21st
century will need to strategically hybridize into specialized integrated sectors, such as the serious undertaking
of space architecture, to initiate new models of architecture suitable for the amalgamation of various emerging
markets.

This thesis proposes a futuristic model of an efficient and unique passenger transport experience
that connects Earth-based hybrid air/space ports with an outer space orbital infrastructure hub. This modern
intervention will allow for new outer space industries, such as transit, tourism, and hospitality, which will
provide unique opportunities for the future of humanity. Introducing humans to the environs of orbital space 6 “Industry boundaries are blurring and so are
those of the organizations that compete in them.
will be the initial stage in a long-term phasing tactic to colonize and commercialize beyond the expanse of Value spaces are increasingly being defined
by consumers, not firms ... As boundaries blur
and everything becomes mobile, players are
Earth, eventually extending humanity to the remote neighbouring planets of the universe. In the following increasingly interdependent, having to balance
how they compete and cooperate with others,
sections, the migration of fundamental features of Architecture, Aerospace, and Astronautics will define the potentially fulfilling multiple roles in a network or
across industries. This extends to interactions with
society, where new forms of networks and smart
rudimentary language of an emergent specialization: Space Architecture. partnerships are emerging, to deliver commercial
and societal benefits simultaneously.

With more consumers globally with more wealth,

choice and desire to get involved in co-creation, the
fight is on to own the new consumer–a consumer
that wants more involvement and personalization,
that wants it all anywhere, anytime, and wants it to
be cheap and chic as the climate of frugality bites
... As consumers increasingly demand experiences
and solutions, this fight may evolve into new,
creative forms of cooperation between firms and
others.”

“10 Key Trends to Watch” by Tracey Keys and

Thomas Malnight, globaltrends, 2010

right [1.0.3] Infographic on emergent industry focus with

respect to the total workforce

[1.0.4] Collage of industries offered to the global

workforce

8
 [1.0.3]
EMERGENT INDUSTRY FOCUS FOR THE
Defense
MODERN CONSUMERS
Creative

Chemical
Processing

Specialized Emergent Industries

IT and Digital
Media

Spendings
Consumer
Modern
Oil and Gas

Retail

Leisure and
Tourism

Construction
INDUSTRIES

Engineering and
Manufacturing

Health and
Social Care

WORKFORCE POPULATION
* all data plotted is only an estimated representation
of the relative comparison for each emergent industry

9 [1.0.4] Diversity of specialized fields are the basis of integration for the emergent workforce.
1.1 amalgamations of the arts and sciences : architecture

11
 Architects tend to operate under the two opposing influences of reality and idealism. Under most
realistic circumstances, Architects work within tight constrictions imposed by clients, budgets, market
trends, municipal regulations, and available technologies. However, in the ideal realm of designers, visionary
conceptions of new dwellings, new cities, and new worlds spark greater forms of innovation and creativity
for future generations. Encounters with new boundaries and conceptualized environments will result in the
evolution of human experience. To turn one’s vision into a reality through the marriage of these two parallel
universes is what an Architect lives and dreams for.

Originating as vernacular constructions7 and tending towards the individualized needs of shelter and
security, the practice of architecture has evolved from the trial-and-error method of building into a formalized
craftsmanship and professional practice based upon cultural and technological advancements. In modern
studios, the architectural practice is streamlined to develop through interdisciplinary design to construction
workflow. The architect can be conceived as the maestro of a symphony, directing engineers, consultants, and
designers (mechanical, electrical, and structural) to collaborate with their vision. Through this process, the
schematic models of building designs and development strategies become a physical reality.

7 “Historically, people have always been modifying

the internal environment in which they were living.
Caves and other primitive types of dwellings
were used in prehistoric times for protection
from the external environment like rain, wind and
earthquakes. These have developed later to
simple artificial enclosures as civilization continued
developing, and, in this way, different types and
styles of identifiable dwellings started to appear
around the world, depending on the climate,
technologies and available local materials of the
place. Therefore, the term vernacular architecture
evolved, and is used to relate to these different
styles of building around the world.”

“Earthships as an Affordable, Sustainable Part of

Vernacular Architecture” by Nikolaos Meintanis,
University of Sussex, Earthzine - Fostering Earth
Observation & Global Awareness, November 6,
2010

right “10 Books on Architecture” by Vitruvius, translated

by Morris Hicky Morgan, Book I : Chapter 1 - The
Education of the Architect, 15BC

12
 “1. The architect should be equipped with
knowledge of many branches of study and varied
kinds of learning, for it is by his judgement that
all work done by the other arts is put to test. This
knowledge is the child of practice and theory.
Practice is the continuous and regular exercise of
employment where manual work is done with any
necessary material according to the design of a
drawing. Theory, on the other hand, is the ability
to demonstrate and explain the productions of
dexterity on the principles of proportion.

2. It follows, therefore, that architects who have

aimed at acquiring manual skill without scholarship
have never been able to reach a position of authority
to correspond to their pains, while those who relied
only upon theories and scholarship were obviously
hunting the shadow, not the substance. But those
who have a thorough knowledge of both, like men
armed at all points, have the sooner attained their
object and carried authority with them.”

“10 Books on Architecture” by Vitruvius

13
[1.1.1a] [1.1.1b] [1.1.1c] [1.1.1d] [1.1.1e]
neolithic ancient egyptian ancient greek roman byzantine

[1.1.1f] [1.1.1g] [1.1.1h] [1.1.1i] [1.1.1j]

gothic romanesque renaissance baroque neoclassical

[1.1.1k] [1.1.1l] [1.1.1m] [1.1.1n] [1.1.1o]

victorian beaux-arts art nouveau futurism expressionism

[1.1.1p] [1.1.1q] [1.1.1r] [1.1.1s] [1.1.1t]

modernism bauhaus organicism art deco international

[1.1.1v]
[1.1.1u] structural [1.1.1w] [1.1.1x]
14 [1.1.1y] [1.1.1z]
postmodernism expressionism deconstructivism blobitecture sustainable extraterrestrial architecture
 Architecture8 is fabricated by the coexistence of artistic acuity and scientific rationale within the diverse
functions of our earthly resources. Spaces are designed to stimulate our senses while providing essential
sheltering protection. Constructed areas provide for unique sensory reactions while orienting one in space. It
is through architecture that one experience predefined lighting conditions and framed perspectives of Earth’s
visual landscapes. Artistically, designers envision forms and gestures that strive to captivate one’s awareness with
the manipulation of materials, textures, colours, and other elemental attributes. Through numerous scientific
disciplines, these anticipated schematics of conceptualized space are assessed, developed, and represented as
an erected installment within a manufactured landscape. Ultimately, architecture is an apparatus in which one
lives and operates, where unique perceptions of physical surroundings are formed. Architecture is a catalyst
for the expression of personal awareness of one’s surroundings.

8 “All these [architecture] must be built with due

reference to durability, convenience, and beauty.
Durability will be assured when foundations are
carried down to the solid ground and materials
wisely and liberally selected; convenience, when
the arrangement of the apartments is faultless and
presents no hindrance to use, and when each class
of building is assigned to its suitable and appropriate
exposure; and beauty, when the appearance of the
work is pleasing and in good taste, and when its
members are in due proportion according to correct
principles of symmetry.”

“10 Books on Architecture” by Vitruvius, translated

by Morris Hicky Morgan, Book I : Chapter 3 - The
Departments of Architecture, 15BC

left [1.1.1] The various styles of architecture from

different eras

15
1.2 flight and space expedition : aeronautics | astronautics

17
 The allure of occupying and moving through aerial space, similar to those of the avifauna specie,9 is 9 The general scientific classifications of the most
speciose class of tetrapod vertebrate animals, Birds
derived from an ancient aspiration that encouraged the promotion and evolution of aviation sciences. From [Aves]. These feathered bipedal creatures are
equipped with wings which separates them from
all other vertebrate classes of animals as they can
myths and legends to primitive hypotheses of kites, balloons, and gliders, the inquisitiveness of humankind uniquely mobilize through their primary means of
locomotion of flight.
has pushed us off the ground. Over the last century, humans took flight for the first time in state-of-the- One of the earliest form of biomimicry or bio-
inspiration have been through the study of the
art machines that were developed and manufactured by pioneering aeronautical engineers. With these initial avifauna specie of birds to enable the developments
of human flight.
prototypes, the common ancestral objective of flight was accomplished. The emergence of a complex thriving “Wilbur and Orville Wright weren’t alone—nor
were they the first—to dream, wonder, and debate
industry in aeronautical engineering has enticed human curiosity to greater ambitions. about how humans could take flight. The earliest
humans were born into a world already full of flyers.
The world’s first people undoubtedly watched
with envy when birds, bees, and bats magically
lifted themselves into the air. Written evidence of
As the field of aeronautics grew, simultaneous developments were underway in the exploration of humanity’s fascination with flying dates back many
thousands of years ... Since before recorded history,
new frontiers for human advancements. It was not long before the novelty of flight slowly faded away as watching birds has inspired people to wonder how
we could join them in flight. Nearly every early
pioneer of human flight—from Leonardo da Vinci to
ambitious programs conducted in rocketry sciences sparked new human desires to reach further beyond the the Wright brothers—marveled at how our feathered
friends made flying look so easy.”
confines of the sky and into the universe. With this new target for the expansion of humanized territory, “The Wright Brothers for Kids: How They Invented
the Airplane” by Mary Kay Carson, page 21-22,
early space programs involving astronautics took inspiration from aeronautical progress to assist in the 2003

necessary advancement of scientific knowledge and understanding of humankind and the universe beyond 10 “Chuck Yeager, byname of Charles Elwood Yeager
(born February 13, 1923, Myra, West Virginia, U.S.),
American test pilot and U.S. Air Force officer who
Earth. Motivated by important milestones such as the first flight exceeding the speed of sound10 and the was the first man to exceed the speed of sound in
flight....On October 14, 1947, over Rogers Dry Lake
Apollo missions to the moon,11 the aeronautic and astronautic industries operating within the integrated field in southern California, he rode the X-1, attached to
a B-29 mother ship, to an altitude of 25,000 feet
(7,600 metres). The X-1 then rocketed separately
of aerospace design and engineering offer future generations the opportunity to explore beyond the native to 40,000 feet (12,000 metres), and Yeager became
the first man to break the sound barrier, which was
bounds of Earth and into foreign worlds of outer space. approximately 662 miles (1,066 km) per hour at that
altitude. The feat was not announced publicly until
June 1948.”

“Chuck Yeager” by Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012

11 “The Apollo program was designed to land humans

on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth.
Six of the missions (Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and
17) achieved this goal. Apollos 7 and 9 were Earth
orbiting missions to test the Command and Lunar
Modules, and did not return lunar data. Apollos 8
and 10 tested various components while orbiting
the Moon, and returned photography of the lunar
surface. Apollo 13 did not land on the Moon due to a
malfunction, but also returned photographs. The six
missions that landed on the Moon returned a wealth
of scientific data and almost 400 kilograms of lunar
samples.”

“The Apollo Program (1963 - 1972)” by NASA, 2008

right “Metamorphoses” by Ovid, translated by Rolfe

Humphries, Book VIII : Line 183-235 - The Story of
Daedalus and Icarus, 8AD

18
 “... Daedalus said, ‘surely the sky is open, and
that’s the way we’ll go. Mino’s dominion does not
include the air.’ He turned his thinking towards the
unknown arts, changing the laws of nature ... He laid
out feathers in order, first the smallest, a little larger
next it, and so continued, the way that pan-pipes
rise in gradual sequence. He fastened them with
twine and wax, at middle, at bottom, so, and bent
them, gently curving, so that they looked like wings
of birds, most surely ... His cheeks were wet with
tears, and his hands trembled. He kissed his son
(Good-bye, if he had known it), rose on his wings,
flew on ahead, as fearful as any bird launching the
little nestlings out of high nest into thin air. Keep
on, keep on, he signals, follow me! He guides him
in flight—O fatal art!—and the wings move and the
father looks back to see the son’s wings moving ...
And the boy thought ‘This is wonderful!’”

“Metamorphoses” by Ovid

19
[1.2.1]
OUT OF THE ORDINARY LIFESTYLE UNIQUE EXPERIENCE
BOUTIQUE LIFESTYLE CHIC HOSPITABLE TRAVEL

20
 It is the mid-21st century. The aerospace industry is facing pressure from tourism, hospitality, and
transportation industries to develop technologies that will move humankind into the cosmos. Emerging as the
industry of the future, this diverse study has already evolved over the past half century from a privatized entity
into an international public presence. As a global enterprise in the modern world, the ambitions of aerospace
investments have been significantly altered. Over the past half century, space programs were initially deployed
to support the race for national authority in a military arms race. The US versus USSR space race has given
way to the current global joint ventures of futuristic infrastructures, operating as a collaborated transit hub
hosting human research and development science laboratories. For future market prospects12 and emerging
lifestyle trends, the aerospace industry may be able to provide the general public with cost-effective and
convenient methods of accessing the cosmos while ushering in a new era of commercialization in a versatile
transitional zone of outer space. In due course, the potentials offered by the birth of the aerospace industry
could generate many emergent industries that will individually be sustained by pioneering economies scattered
throughout the planet and universe.

12 “Emerging markets represent an opportunity for the

Canadian aerospace industry because domestic
demand in emerging markets for aerospace
products will outstrip domestic supply leaving a
net opportunity for Canada if aggressive emerging
market strategies are adopted. It is expected that
developed countries will drive their future revenue
growth from the differential between passenger
growth and aircraft manufacturing growth in
developing marketing. This gap represents an
opportunity for the Canadian aerospace industry
and a basis for shaping trade policies.”

“The Strategic and Economic Impact of the

Canadian Aerospace Industry” by Deloitte & Touche
LLP, 4.7.3 Emerging markets will be an opportunity
for Canada if the Canadian aerospace industry can
reconfigure itself to capture this growth, 2010

left [1.2.1] Future consumer lifestyle experience

potentials as depicted by Galactic Resort

21
1.3 the onset of an emerging industry : space architecture

23
 With the advent of an efficiently networked infrastructure, unique luxury experiences have become a
booming global industry. However, to this date, the luxurious “out of this world” adventures into outer space
have only been reserved for the small financially wealthy or intellectually wise population. It was only in the
recent decades that opportunities involving emergent sectors of aerospace design and engineering began to
13 “The description astronaut, cosmonaut, spationaut,
work their way into the imaginations of other commonly known professional practices such as architecture and taikonaut are terms generally reserved for
professional space travelers, trained by a human
and hospitality. With the future market trend of hybridized industries, space transit and residences will be spaceflight program provided by a government
space agency such as the Russian Federal Space
Agency, NASA, or ESA, to serve as a crewmember
popular subjects amongst a collaboration of worldwide innovative interests. With the launch of suborbital of a spacecraft. Until the birth of the orbital
space business in 2001, with the flight of Dennis
space tourism13 programs developed by private investors in recent years, statistics show that the future of public Tito, professional space travelers were trained
exclusively by government agencies, but Tito’s flight
created a new category of space traveler. Following
space travel is very promising. Unfortunately, at its initial stages, space tourism opportunities are still only his pioneering flight, Tito was described by the
press as a commercial astronaut, a space tourist,
available for the wealthy, as the technology and infrastructural deployments required are promising to be a civilian astronaut, a pseudo-astronaut, a private
space explorer, and a spaceflight participant...
The attractiveness and exclusivity of traveling into
extremely expensive. However, with the integration of ideas and concepts from an elite group of visionary space are two powerful driving forces that may, in
the near future, turn space tourism into the multi-
architects and aerospace specialists under the emerging industry of Space Architecture,14 future prospects for billion dollar business predicted by several market
research surveys...Space has always made an
incredible impression on those who have ventured
space travel have the potential to be highly efficient, feasible, and economical, not only for the very wealthy, there and it is unlikely that this will ever change.
The humbling awareness of the vastness of space
but for members of the general public who carry similar evolutionary curiosities of inhabiting outer space. will be a profound experience for everyone who
has the opportunity to view Earth as a ‘pale blue
dot’. The first spaceflight participants will inevitably
be those aforementioned adventure tourists, who
often perceive themselves as being closer to
explorers, usually traveling to places where little
or no tourism infrastructure exists, as is the case
with space tourism today. Eventually, however, the
space tourism industry will evolve and the ranks of
spaceflight participants will grow...space tourism will
be operating as a fully fledged commercial industry
capable of offering you any number of ‘trips of a
lifetime’ and truly opening the frontier of space.”

“Tourists in Space - a practical guide” by Erik

Seedhouse, page 1-2, 305-306, 2008

14 This new field should present itself as a professional

resource for humanity’s future in space. The
integration of technical responsibility and humanistic
sensibility that is unique to architecture is essential
for shaping a safe, productive, and ennobling
physical human environment in outer space.
Therefore, “Space Architecture is the theory
and practice of designing and building inhabited
environments in outer space.”

“The Millenium Charter” by the World Space

Congress Symposium of 46 professionals
(architects, engineers, industrial designers,
aerospace managers, technologists, and
researchers, 2002

right “The Architecture of Happiness” by Alain de Botton,

page 248-249, 2006

24
 “The failure of architects to create congenial
environments mirrors our inability to find happiness
in other areas of our lives. Bad architecture is
in the end as much a failure of psychology as
of design. It is an example expressed through
materials of the same tendency which in other
domains will lead us to marry the wrong people,
choose inappropriate jobs and book unsuccessful
holidays: the tendency not to understand who
we are and what will satisfy us...The places we
call beautiful are, by contrast, the work of those
rare architects with the humility to interrogate
themselves adequately about their desires and the
tenacity to translate their fleeting apprehensions of
joy into logical plans—a combination that enables
them to create environments that satisfy needs we
never consciously knew we even had.”

“The Architecture of Happiness” by Alain de Botton

25
 [1.3.2] Stereotypical fashion and traditional tools for an architect.

[1.3.1]

TRADITIONAL ROLES ADDITIONAL ROLES

terrestrial disciplines subjects for space
ARCHITECTURE
Human activity analysis and programming Mission operations planning
Psychology of remote isolation and sensory
Psychology and sociology
deprivation
Comparative historical analysis (precedents)
Abstract and representational modeling
Aerospace structures and mechanisms, including
Structural Engineering
pressure containment and vacuum tribology
Materials development and testing Aerospace materials and space environments
Environmental control engineering Life support systems
Design for sustainability
Planetology including alien engineering geology,
Site engineering weather, atmospheres, chemical environments,
diurnal cycles, and gravity
Landscaping
Construction engineering, safety, and quality inspection
Interior design
Color and lighting design
Fire safety
Power generation, management, and distribution
Acoustic engineering Vibrations and noise control
Environmental impact and wilderness management
Furniture design
Industrial design
Art
Economics and finance
Negotiation and contracting
Construction management Aerospace project management
Astrodynamics; attitude control; and guidance,
navigation, and control
Propulsion, launch and docking
n/a Vacuum thermal management
Command and data handling
Autonomy
Reliability, safety, and mission assurance

26 [1.3.3] Re-styled architect, Bjarke Ingels, with rendered space helmet.

 Architecture has always had to contend with the many limitations imposed by the forces on Earth.
Gravity has always been a determining factor for design and construction processes. It defines what one is
capable of sculpting on Earth, standardizing forms and the practical nature of architectural spaces. New
challenges and flexibilities will arise when designing habitable spaces in an anti-gravitational environment such
as outer space. Many architectural elements in terms of furnishings and system integrations will have to adapt
to future lifestyles and comply with precautionary safety measures necessitated by this foreign environment.

15 “Architects and engineers shape the human

environment by building, and so they will shape our
future on Earth and in space...Space architecture
Conceptualizing an architectural project in outer space will encounter many issues of economics,
is a fascinating field, replete with high technology
and limitless boundaries...Today’s space architects politics, and social ethics, as well as physiological and psychological challenges. For designers of the future
are at the forefront of the evolutionary step where
architecture breaks free of terrestrial limits to
explore how humankind will settle space and other
who have engaged with the complicated task of exploring the relationships between architecture and human
planets...Space architects are uniquely positioned
to participate in the development of approaches experience in outer space, these conflicting issues will have to be noted and resolved in order to successfully
for solving tough problems of human spaceflight, to
integrate those solutions into comfortable, attractive,
safe, and productive human environments for space
campaign humanity into the cosmos. However, this dissertation will focus on a rather idealistic approach in
missions, and then to see how those solutions
can be adapted to benefit indigent populations designing sound spaces that offer healthily amplified experiences, as opposed to the many variables pertaining
and compromised environments on Earth...The
architect’s most fundamental motivation—to use
good design to improve the world—has never been
to financial costs and social politics.
needed more.”

“Out of this World - the new field of space

architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood,
page 20, 404, 2009
In order to ensure the healthy wellbeing of future space occupants, it is crucial that ample studies and
left [1.3.1] Table identifying the additional considerations research are conducted on the physiological and psychological impacts of extraterrestrial environments on
and roles an architect must undertake when
designing for outer space constructions. the human body and mind. This knowledge will be crucial for space architects as they understand and prepare
“We can speculate that decades hence, perhaps
in the second half of the 21st century, when large future thinking design solutions for spaces that will embrace and satisfy the physical and mental needs of
numbers of people are traveling, working, and living
in space, architects might evolve to a more central
role. By then, the technically challenging issues that
their occupants. It is the role of the space architect15 to envision concepts that go beyond the component systems
dominate design and operation of habitable space
systems today will have been largely solved and established on Earth while visualizing solutions for the challenging issues posed by the extreme conditions of
reduced to practice. As a result, and as spacefaring
populations grow, more atavistic human needs
will come to the fore. The discipline of aerospace
outer space.
engineering could then become subsumed into
the panoply of subjects architects have historically
coordinated.”

“Out of this World - the new field of space

architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood,
page 6, 2009

[1.3.2] The traditional architect’s essential tools and

fashion

[1.3.3] The modern futurist architect’s fashionable

apparatus

27
the LAUNCH
2 individual explorations in a collective challenge

29
 The complex mission of expanding human civilization and technologies beyond the boundaries of
Earth presents many obstacles at both the micro and macro levels of society. Since the mid-20th century,
contributing nations have begun to take initiative in abandoning their agendas of aggression and supremacy
1 “With the growing importance of space activities
in favour of a collaborative mission to make space travel available to ordinary citizens. With this project- in daily life also the number of launching sites and
countries offering launching services is steadily
rising. In addition, the emerging market for space
specific truce, a collaboration of resources, intelligence, and financial funding will safeguard a successful tourism and space related services like space
funerals fosters the idea of establishing commercial
global endeavour for the prospering future of humanity and the pioneering spacefaring citizens of outer spaceports, particularly within the USA where two
completely private spaceports already exist. Outside
the USA several private and/or governmental
space colonies. Once this global alliance is assembled with a common interest in advancing human life, we can spaceports are planned, often in collaboration with
space travel agencies...At the moment sufficient
guarantee that the outer space frontier will be a single universal entity driven not by territorial states or military returns on investment are not expected soon, but
in a long term it is supposed that costs will fall and
that launch services will be profit-making...Also the
authority, but rather for the benefit of mankind in sustaining human evolution for future generations. officials of (inter)governmental organisations like
NASA and ESA meanwhile realised the economic
potential of the launching business and that they
must not shut their minds to this development
by remaining hostile towards private initiatives...
By defining a globally profitable market for the emerging space travel industry1 through both public and private Altogether, the (inter)governmental organisations
will feel impelled to ever more open up to private
interests, research and development will diversify as innovation escalates throughout the world. Although initiatives as well as expertise. Therefore, also the
number of PPPs and other, very different kinds
of collaboration agreements beteween (inter)
this collaborative mission is cost and resource intensive, as a united directive between the individual and governmental organisations and private actors will
increase considerably in the future.
the collective it has the potential to facilitate cost-effective and sustainable prospects for such a complex Co-operation between the private and public
sector is very varying as regards future projects.
investment. With the awareness of the global economy’s capacity to sufficiently fund and practically produce Many of them still are initiated by governmental
organisations like NASA, ESA, Roskosmos, or
such an ambitious enterprise, the academic mass can focus on inventing and developing product solutions JAXA, but inevitably private actors are involved...it
can be said, that in space activities a general shift
from the public to the private sector is noticeable...
for the many intricate system details introduced by the mission program in such extreme extraterrestrial site Privatisation and commercialisation of outer space
are under way. The role of the private actors is
conditions. growing whereas governments more and more
withdraw from activities attractive for commercial
use and confine themselves to tasks of strategic
importance and to those securing the safety of
space ‘travel’. Altogether the future may resemble
the development of the airline business in the 20th
century...A general framework [legislation] would
furnish the business with sufficient legal certainty
and would accelerate the process of privitisation
and commercialisation of outer space. This need
for legislation becomes particularly obvious when
talking about space tourism which together with
industrial production is one of the main incentives for
private activities in outer space. First space tourists
and the existence of several companies specialised
in space tourism prove that this new era has already
begun.”

“Recht Politik Wirtschaft Dynamische Perspektiven -

chapter: Space Transportation in the Future: Public
Private Partnership” by Christian Brünner, page 78-
79 and 84-85, 2008

right “The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the

American Dream” by Barack Obama, page i, 2006

30
 “In response, I would usually smile and nod and
say that I understood the skepticism, but that there
was­—and always had been—another tradition to
politics, a tradition [of politics] that stretched from
the days of the country’s founding to the glory of
the civil rights movement, a tradition based on the
simple idea that we have a stake in one another,
and that what binds us together is greater than
what drives us apart, and that if enough people
believe in the truth of that proposition and act on
it, then we might not solve every problem, but we
can get something meaningful done [for the people
with whom we share this Earth].”

“The AudacityDream”
of Hope: Thoughtsth on Reclaiming
United States, Barack Obama President of the
the American by the 44

31
[2.0.1] The Earth is very old—4.5 billion years or
more according to scientific estimates. Most of
the evidence for an ancient Earth is contained in
the rocks that form the Earth’s crust. The rock layers
themselves—like pages in a long and complicated
history—record the events of the past, and buried within
them are the remains of life—the plants and animals that
evolved from organic structures that existed 3 billion years
ago.

Also contained in rocks once molten are radioactive elements

whose isotopes provide Earth with an atomic clock. Within
these rocks, “parent” isotopes decay at a predictable rate to
form “daughter” isotopes. By determining the relative amounts
of parent and daughter isotopes, the age of these rocks can be
calculated.

Thus, the scientific evidence from rock layers, from

fossils, and from the ages of rocks as measured
by atomic clocks attests to a very old Earth.

32
 Multi-cellular organisms such as human beings have been through approximately one billion years of
evolution since the Proterozoic era of the 4.5-billion-year-old Earth. Throughout this period of acclimatization,
human evolution has passed along genes that determine the ways in which our bodies and minds naturally
operate and adapt under the changing conditions of our Earth. This biological development has embedded in
our minds a geographical imagination2 of familiar landscapes and conditional behaviors in which our bodies feel
genuinely comfortable and satisfied. However, as innovations and technologies push human existence beyond
its natural threshold and into the celestial realm of outer space, travelers will be engaging with foreign and
unorthodox conditions that will certainly be physiologically damaging and psychologically challenging to our
bodies and minds. Therefore, it will be extremely important to develop technical knowledge of these harsh
conditions in order to prepare the proper measures. Modified conditions must be sufficiently incorporated
into extraterrestrial environment designs to ensure healthy conditions for the next generation of explorers
who will inhabit outer space.

2 “Another set of principles is brought into play - about

the right of movement perhaps, or about how this
Inhabiting outer space has been the exclusive enterprise of very few skillfully prepared and talented
planet, after all, belongs to all of us. And behind
those other principles lies another, very different, individuals (mainly pilots, payload specialists, doctors, biologists, and engineers) who have been carefully
equally particular, geographical imagination - this
time of a world which is, essentially, without borders. selected by mission administrators and conditioned to become astronauts, sailor[s] in space3. Very few people
It is probably now well accepted, though it is still
important to argue, that a lot of our ‘geography’ is have ever had an extraterrestrial experience. The majority of the human race would be ill prepared to travel to
in the mind. That is to say, we carry around with us
mental images, of the world, of the country in which
we live (all those images of the North/South divide),
or exist in a space-based environment because their physiological and psychological systems are only attuned
of the street next door. The New Yorker’s mental
map of the USA, Ronald Reagan’s imagination of to an Earth-based scenario. The thesis thus looks to increase the level of academic knowledge about and
the world, became popular posters. All of us carry
such images; they may sometimes be in conflict or
even be the cause of conflict, and digging these
solutions to cosmic conditions to better prepare for the future survival and expansion of our race when space
things up and talking about them is one good way
in to beginning to examine what it means to think colonization becomes a feasible reality for the general public.
‘geographically’...in this age of globalisation of
course boundaries and borders must fall, is to
imagine space as, first and foremost, a space of
flows.”

“Secondary Geographical Handbook” by David

Balderstone, page 47-48, 2006

3 “Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach, page 165, 2010

left [2.0.1] Earth’s geological time spiral of the evolution

of species

“The Geologic Time Spiral - A Path to the Past” by

Joseph Graham, William Newman, and John Stacy,
USGS - Science for a Changing World, 2008

33
 By investigating the unique elements and factors that harsh outer space applications are required to
reckon with, designers such as space architects can establish varied design opportunities by developing a dialect
of original expression that harmonizes human issues with those presented by the absence of gravity and
oxygen, as well as issues of monotony due to the inability to perceive time of day or time of year. Additionally,
designers will have to focus on innovating human-friendly spaces, finishes, and cultural experiences that build
on existing and future technologies as advised by consulting parties in specialized fields.

Designs and construction for complex infrastructures in outer space that will be networked to Earth-
based centres cannot tolerate any mistakes, from conception to fabrication and into launch and operational
stages. The space environment is completely unforgiving; unlike the Earth environment where buildings can
perform “less well” and still be acceptable, any mistakes will ultimately conclude as a tragic fatality. {Remember
the famous quote of Gene Kranz from the movie Apollo 13: “Failure is not an option!”?}4 The industry of space architecture
ought to belong to an elite category of hybridized fields of studies, enlisting a diversified intellectual group of
individuals to resolve intricately complex problems regarding the wellbeing of humankind.
4 “As far as the expression ‘Failure is not an option”,
you are correct that Kranz never used that term.
In preparation for the movie, the script writers, Al
Reinart and Bill Broyles, came down to Clear Lake
to interview me on “What are the people in Mission
Control really like?” One of their questions was
“Weren’t there times when everybody, or at least a
few people, just panicked?” My answer was “No,
when bad things happened, we just calmly laid out
all the options, and failure was not one of them. We
never panicked, and we never gave up on finding
a solution.” I immediately sensed that Bill Broyles
wanted to leave and assumed that he was bored
with the interview. Only months later did I learn
that when they got in their car to leave, he started
screaming, “That’s it! That’s the tag line for the
whole movie, Failure is not an option. Now we just
have to figure out who to have say it.” Of course,
they gave it to the Kranz character, and the rest is
history.”

Explanation by Jerry C. Bostick, Flight Dynamics

Officer (FDO) of Apollo 13, www.spaceacts.com

“We’ve never lost an American in space and we’re

sure as hell not gonna lose one on my watch!
Failure is not an option!”

Hollywood movie, “Apollo 13” screenplay of Eugene

Francis Kranz, 1995

right [2.0.2] Eugene (Gene) Francis Kranz at NASA

headquarters

34
 [2.0.2] Francis Eugene “Gene” Kranz, NASA Flight Director, is shown at his console on May
30, 1965, in the Mission Operations Control Room during a Gemini-Tita IV simulation to
35 prepare for a four-day, 62-orbit flight.
2.1 shaping of a transnational perspective

37
 The ancient traditions of human exploration and expansion5 are fueled by the need to assemble territories
that generally follows increases in population and urban development. In the case of the “Scramble for 5 “Historians may well be accused of adding a rather
sombre note to a debate that takes the necessity
(but not the inevitability) of space discovery and
Africa” during the New Imperialism period of the last quarter of the 19th century, European powers raced explorations for granted...Among historians of
the early Atlantic world, such as myself - let alone
to colonize Africa in a process of invasion, occupation, and annexation. These invasions were in part a result anthropologists, ethnologists, and political scientists
- discovery and exploration have recently become
unfashionable, if not altogether disreputable,
of the global market declines stimulated by the Long Depression (1873-1896), as Africa was the last land subjects of study among historians. Even the
term “discovery” and its apparently more correct
untouched by informal imperialism and possessed many attractive human and economic resources. Similarly, substitute, “encounter” have fallen into disgrace,
because such terms allegedly give only a European
point of view...This very sociological emphasis on
a parallel interest can be seen in the launch of the space race in the mid to late 20th century. Initially an the meeting of communities, as opposed to races,
peoples, or nations, has now completely replaced
economic and military competition between nations, this period of the Cold War expanded rivalry tensions the genres of national epic and even scientific
reportage that had been the hallmark of discovery
and exploration studies...Yet humankind, in the past,
in global supremacy with the new trend of technological aggression that extended control beyond the has proved to be able to survive, through sometimes
at great costs, through adjustment, adaptation, and
boundaries of the Earth. All of these examples have been efforts by ancient social groups or contemporary compromise. We trust that will happen again, when
the time comes, although at what cost, no one is
able to foresee.”
nation-states. However, these individualized models will not suffice in the developments for outer space
“Humans in Outer Space - Interdisciplinary
explorations as individual nations will not be able to afford the financial and resource demands of such Odysseys” by Luca Codignola and Kai-Uwe Schrogl,
page 14-21, 2009
ambitious programming. This collaborative need can be understood through the example of the design and “The origins of this shift from discovery and
exploration to contact studies can be traced back
construction process of the Cupula observatory module that is found on the International Space Station (ISS) today.
6 to the late 1960s...The concepts of discovery and
exploration should be applied only to places where
no human being had ever set foot prior to the arrival
Although the ISS is already a joint venture between many nations globally, most function-specific modules of the discoverers and the explorers. This narrow
definition leaves us with Antarctica, much of the
are designed and constructed by individual nations. In the case of the Cupula project that was started by Arctic region, previously inaccessible mountain and
desert areas, and, finally, outer space.”
NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and Boeing, it was eventually put to a halt “North American Discovery and Exploration
Historiography, 1993-2001: From Old Fashioned
as budget constraints and cuts made it impossible for the project to commence. However, in 1998, under Anniversaries to the Tall Order of Global History?”
by Luca Codignola, page 185-206, 2002
a barter agreement between NASA and the European Space Association (ESA), development was able to 6 “Components of the Cupola were initially fabricated
in California, and the windows in New York in the
recommence. Therefore, from previous experiences, space programs and initiatives of the modern era have late 1980s. But as budgets were cut, the Cupola
was a favorite target. Several times it was fought
back into the program only to be cut again as
slowly adapted to be worldwide collaborative ventures while the occupation of outer space environments not technically required. More than once the
responsibilities for fabrication were bartered to one
by global space law settles for an international territory that contains no boundaries. With such distinctive international partner and then another in exchange
for Shuttle launch services and resources that the
US would provide on board the station in orbit. The
universal governance, all of the predicaments concerning racism, discrimination, the fear of unknown projects Cupola made the rounds to Brazil and then finally
wound up with ESA and the Italians in 1998, who
conducted by aggressive nations, and other negative social dynamics can positively be disregarded amongst did complete it back in 2003. Even then the launch
of the Cupola was repeatedly delayed until it finally
made it into orbit in February, 2010.”
development team members and end user occupants for these outer space habitats.
“Cupula (ISS module)” by contributers to wikipedia
sources, 2012

right “Humans in Outer Space - Interdisciplinary

Odysseys” by Luca Codignola and Kai-Uwe Schrogl,
page 171-174, 2009

38
 “My name is ποιμήν (the shephard). I was
born in Herakleion and I have never left Crete
since ... There’s not much grass, and it tends to
be salty, but at ploughing time there’s not much
good grazing to be found anywhere else; even the
sheep seem to know that and don’t complain ...
I’m constantly on the go with my flock. We have
to cover a lot of ground to always be on a good
pasture at the right season. In the trade we call
that transhumance: here today, gone tomorrow.
Our hero, for us pastoral shephards, is Ulysses: on
the one hand, a ship to cross the seas and having
exciting adventures; on the other, a wife waiting at
home ... I reckon keeping watch over sheep is a lot
easier than keeping watch over people ... And don’t
forget, we’ve always got one eye on the heavens,
watching the Evening Star.”

“Humans inby Outer Space - Interdisciplinary

Odysseys” Luca Codignola and Kai-Uwe
Schrogl

39
 Metaprinciples for space
explorations are recognized
that international cooperation
adds layers of complexity to
the design and management
of programmes, and also
affects successful budget
and schedule performance.
Furthermore, states generally
[2.1.1a] [2.1.1b] [2.1.1c]
cooperate when it benefits their
Charles F. Bolden JR Steven G. MacLean Vladimir Popovkin self interests and therefore,
partners may be pursuing
common programmatic goals,
but for different reasons...
In this context, since not all
countries regard international
cooperation equally and pursue
collaborative endeavours for
the same motives, enduring
space exploration architectures
require, as underlined by Correll
and Peter, that metaprinciples
for international exploration
programmes be followed.

[2.1.1d] [2.1.1e] [2.1.1f] The exploration strategy

therefore needs to be
Sir Richard Branson Elon Musk Eric C. Anderson multifaceted and inspirational
to involve a broad stakeholder
community. Following the
likelihood of the changing
geopolitical future, any long
term exploration programme
will need to rely on international
partnerships as no one has the
means to do it alone. Therefore,
international cooperation must
become an anchor of any long-
term strategy.

[2.1.1g] [2.1.1h] [2.1.1i]

40
Robert J. Stevens George W. Bush James McNerney
7 “The blending of high technology with a new forensic Modern intellectual resources7 regarding space developments have already been collectively pooled together
code of conduct on hitherto uncharted territory has
brought to bear the need for the community of
nations to formulate a sustainable legal theory that
through the many public service agencies of NASA, CSA (Canadian Space Agency), ESA, JAXA (Japan
would ensure non-exploitation of space resources
by individuals or States, while at the same time Aerospace Exploration Agency), ROSCOSMOS (Russian Federal Space Agency), AEB (Brazilian Space
incorporating the element of responsibility and
liability for individual and State conduct in outer
space.
Agency), as well as other, smaller agencies. In addition to the global dynamics of these innovative nations, the gradual
As mentioned earlier, the basic principle of space acceptance of the stipulation of merging public and private sectors in this specialized field to pool resources as a global partnership
law is the ‘common interest’ (or common heritage)
principle which emerged as a result of the first
specific Resolution on space law of the United
is an emerging intellectual and economic strategy.8 This strategy has many important benefits, as such alliances can pool
Nations General Assembly in 1958. The ‘common
interest’ principle has since been incorporated in the resource diversity of intelligence, finances, and subvention essentials necessary for overcoming the many
subsequent multilateral treaties, particularly the
Outer Space Treaty of 1967, Article 1(1) which
provides:
challenges pending in the mission to colonize outer space. Many non-government commissioned research
[T]he exploration and use of outer space, including scientists, designers, and developers from private corporate visionary agencies such as Richard Branson’s
the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried
out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries,
irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific
Virgin Galactic, Elon Musk’s Space X (Space Explorations Technologies Corporation), Eric Anderson’s Space
development, and shall be the province of all
mankind. Adventures, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and many others work to cross-reference the fast-growing stream
The transfer of technology and its symbiotic
application, particularly in the sharing of technology
of data and information in order to achieve maximum accuracy and efficiency in the development of such
among outer space faring nations of the world
is critical to the progress of outer space activity. ambitious concepts.
Therefore, as any other activity involving intellectual
property rights, space law can attenuate for its basic
principles the establishment of the World Intellectual

Property Organization (WIPO) which was set up as
a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1974.” In order to prepare for the celebratory milestone that will mark the beginning of a new era of space
“Space Security Law” by Ruwantissa Abeyratne,
page 86-92, 2011
culture, visionary investors and national contributions must generously operate together as a whole in the
8 “The benefits of international cooperation are construction of a transit infrastructure hub in outer space. This transnational connection of stakeholders in
numerous and well documented. Among others,
they include improving capability, sharing costs
and building common interests and increasing the
the private and public sector is more than just a social philosophy; rather, it is necessary for developing the
total level of available resources, eliminating the
duplication of efforts, and improving international singular common goal of developing a prospective space station for spacefaring citizens of the future. These
relationships. International cooperation in space
activities allows rationalizing and optimizing
resources and mounting missions that would
citizens will be offered a socially healthy atmosphere in a revolutionary design inspired by the lessons learned
otherwise not be possible. This expansion of
resources made available through cooperation from the International Space Station and other spacecrafts built to date.
is not only just financial, but also scientific and
technological.”

“Humans in Outer Space - Interdisciplinary

Odysseys” by Luca Codignola and Kai-Uwe Schrogl,
page 114, 2009

left [2.1.1] Stakeholders who have already made and

has potential impacts on the future progress to the
commercialization of outer space industries.

“Humans in Outer Space - Interdisciplinary

Odysseys” by Luca Codignola and Kai-Uwe Schrogl,
page 115, 2009

next [2.1.2] Statistical maps of R&D capable nations

41
 FINLAND
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
USA
JAPAN

R&D INVESTMENT

low high

[2.1.2b]
[2.1.2a]

SWEDEN

r&d investment
SOUTH
KOREA
JAPAN
ISRAEL

The amount of funding for creative work undertaken on a systematic

TOGO
basis to provide industries and companies with stock knowledge of

man, culture, and society in order to develop new applications for the

global population.

r&d spending
The relative amount of expenditure as a percentage of the gross

domestic product in the research and developments of new

R&D SPENDING
innovations and technogies.

low high
[2.1.2c]
42
 FINLAND
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
USA

[2.1.2d]
INFRASTRUCTURE
Australia
100
90
infrastructure
Extent to which basic technological,
80
70
60
United States of America 50 Canada

AUSTRALIA
scientific and human resources meet the
40
30
20
10
0

needs of daily lifestyles and business

Switzerland Sweden
operations.
FINLAND
UNITED KINGDOM
GERMANY Finland

USA
[2.1.2e]
INNOVATION
30
Japan innovation
Extent to which inventive developments
29

28

United States of America 27 Canada

26

25
are being established in correspondance
24
AUSTRALIA to the infrastructural basis and support of
Finland Sweden
major business and research nations.

[2.1.2f]

productivity
Switzerland

BELGIUM PRODUCTIVITY
LUXEMBOURG Luxembourg

ITALY 90000

USA 80000

IRELAND
70000
60000
50000
Extent to which a nation is able to harness
Norway United States of America
40000
30000
20000 and efficiently allocate its human and
10000
0

physical resources to generate economic

Belgium Ireland
growth through the development of

Italy
innovations and technologies.

[2.1.2g]

FINLAND
TECHNOLOGY
United States of America
6.4
technology
SWEDEN
6.2
6
5.8
Extent to which innovative ideas are
Denmark 5.6 Taiwan

JAPAN
produced through its original conceptions,
5.4
5.2
5

TAIWAN 4.8

developing new tools, techniques,

Japan Finland
systems, or methods of organizations to

Sweden
resolve specific problems and tasks.

[2.1.2]

43
2.2 feasibility of resource investments

45
 The sophisticated progression of human advancement in an age of enhanced innovative technologies
will not only require the affiliation of a globally unified organization of academic intellects. The success in such
developments will also rely on the collective economic financing and resource availability for the associated
members to manipulate. With the commercialization of outer space and its public tourist adventures counterpart in its
matured state forecasted to become a multi-trillion-dollar sector,9 it is only logical that public and private investors grant
generous budget allowances and resource support to the industry’s research and development agencies. By
supporting these agencies with the necessary funding for their design and manufacturing teams, prototyping
timelines will be shortened and, most importantly, earlier public launch dates can be instigated for a sooner
return on investment to all supportive stakeholders.
9 “...as services increase, technology improves
and infrastructure develops (and prices drop like
a meteor), Space Tourism may reach a multi-
trillion dollar industry by 2030, with up to five
Unfortunately, objectives such as receiving appropriate and essential funding have met fierce resistance million passenger rides annually...At the end of
2007, there were already 42 certified space travel
in the aerospace development industry, as people and organizations perceive extraterrestrial ventures with agencies. Business, of course, won’t stay in dry-
dock: Imagine the UPS and FedEx’s of the near-
future delivering packages around the world - in just
current technology to be high risk. Hence, investors have been reluctant to generously support early research a few hours, or minutes. Imagine buzzing over to
Tokyo for a power meeting; getting in a round of golf
into projects that are as new and ambitious as space travel requires. However, the concern of high-risk investing and being home that evening on the East Coast
in time to catch your favorite programming on the
boob-tube.
is slowly diminishing as stakeholding investors and the public are gradually realizing the opportunities that
Like Nano and Bio, space tourism and space
space travel has to offer to the world. commerce will be chock full of careers catering to
entertainment and lodging, vehicle design and lunar
mining equipment, ‘space history’, trainers (welcome
to zero-gravity), couriers, etc. Virgin Galactic,
owned by the intrepid Richard Branson, has even
hinted at a Galactic Idol program for aspiring
astronauts (far out!). Naturally any endeavors in the
great ‘up there’ will necessitate medical specialists,
PR folks and product liability legal staff...and by the
way, referring back to nanotechnology, imagine the
world’s skinniest ‘straw’ - a glorified elevator shaft
or ‘silo’ extending miles into space for transporting
people adn delivering supplies. Supposedly, the
plans already exist...(flying cars, too, but that’s
another story).

What we do know is that there is sound scientific

basis and development infrastructure already for
many of these Jules Verne-like industries. And once
more, young professionals in the decade from 2010
to 2020 will have unprecedented opportunities to
‘get in on the ground floor’ and create worlds we can
barely imagine.”

“10 Global Trends Impacting the Careers of the 21st

Century” by Stephen Banick, page 19, 2009

right “The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and

their Impact on Mainstream Tourism” by Alexis
Papathanassis, page 97, 2011

46
 “In order to realise such revenues, it is most
likely that the so-called skimming price strategy
will be made use of (Goehlich, 2005) - a fairly
straightforward pricing approach explained as
follows: “...by sequentially lowering price over
time, capturing incremental customers with every
price drop, price skimming allows a company to
charge each customer their reservation price”
(Gebhardt, 2009). (The ‘reservation price’ refers to
the highest price a customer is willing to spend on
the product.) In the beginning, tickets will be sold to
the very rich, who will have to contact a space travel
agency and enquire about making a trip to space.
Over time, the tickets will become cheaper and
accessible for the mass market (Goehlich, 2005).
It has been predicted that passenger numbers will
climb to 1,000,000 per year when the ticket price is
down to $10,000 (Aldrin et al, 2002). According to
market surveys, people from many countries are
already prepared to go on space adventures now -
despite the high prices and physical risks.”

“The Long Tail ofMainstream

Tourism: Holiday Niches and
their Impact on Tourism” by Alexis
Papathanassis

47
[2.2.1] A prosperous field that faces a lack in political confidence and support in terms of budget distributions.

NASA BUDGET NASA BUDGET

YEAR Nominal in % of Federal 2007 Constant YEAR Nominal in % of Federal 2007 Constant
$-Millions Budget Million Dollars $-Millions Budget Million Dollars
1958 89 0.1% 488 1988 9,092 0.85% 14,454
1959 145 0.2% 1,841 1989 11,036 0.96% 16,734
1960 401 0.5% 3,205 1990 12,429 0.99% 18,019
1961 744 0.9% 6,360 1991 13,878 1.05% 19,686
1962 1,257 1.18% 12,221 1992 13,961 1.01% 15,310
1963 2,552 2.29% 24,342 1993 14,305 1.01% 18,582
1964 4,171 3.52% 33,241 1994 13,695 0.94% 18,053
1965 5,092 4.31% 33,514 1995 13,378 0.88% 16,915
1966 5,933 4.41% 32,106 1996 13,881 0.89% 16,457
1967 5,425 3.45% 29,696 1997 14,360 0.90% 15,943
1968 4,722 2.65% 26,139 1998 14,194 0.86% 15,521
1969 4,251 2.31% 21,376 1999 13,636 0.80% 15,357
1970 3,752 1.92% 18,768 2000 13,428 0.75% 14,926
1971 3,382 1.61% 15,717 2001 14,095 0.76% 15,427
1972 3,423 1.48% 15,082 2002 14,405 0.72% 15,831
1973 3,312 1.35% 14,303 2003 14,610 0.68% 16,021
1974 3,255 1.21% 11,494 2004 15,152 0.66% 15,559
1975 3,269 0.98% 11,131 2005 15,602 0.63% 16,016
1976 3,671 0.99% 11,640 2006 15,125 0.57% 16,085
1977 4,002 0.98% 11,658 2007 15,861 0.58% 15,861
1978 4,164 0.91% 11,411 2008 17,318 0.60% 17,138
1979 4,380 0.87% 11,404 2009 17,782 0.57% 17,186
1980 4,959 0.84% 11,668 2010 18,724 0.52% 17,804
1981 5,537 0.82% 11,248 2011 18,448 0.53% 17,005
1982 6,155 0.83% 11,766 2012
17,770 0.48% 16,014
1983 6,853 0.85% 13,051 (estimate)
1984 7,055 0.83% 13,561 2013
17,711 N/A N/A
(projection)
1985 7,251 0.77% 13,218
1986 7,403 0.75% 13,421 NASA’s budget peaked in the period 1964-1966, during the
height of construction efforts leading up to the first moon landing
1987 7,591 0.76% 13,735 under Project Apollo.

48
 Appreciative of the complexities involved in developing applications for outer space, the public’s
perception of the national budgeting for space developments has been overestimated10 at an exceedingly high average of
about 20 percent of a national account’s federal budget. On the contrary, ever since the beginning of galactic
10 “The economic benefits of NASA’s programs
are greater than generally realized. The main
research, the confidentially formed government agencies of NASA, ROSCOSMOS, JAXA, and CSA have
beneficiaries (the American public) may not even
realize the source of their good fortune...” been vitally disregarded, with an inappropriate split of the pie from their respective federal budgets that is
“Nature (355) - International Weekly Journal of
Science” by Roger H. Bezdek and Robert M.
much lower than the perceived percentage.
Wendling, Article: “Sharing out NASA’s spoils”,
page 105-106, January 1992

“Chase Econometric Associates conducted a

second econometric investigation of the relationship
The annual budgets from the most substantially funded and currently largest government space
between NASA expenditures and the U.S. economy.
The first phase of the Chase study employed the agency, NASA (USA), have been fluctuating for over half a century. Yet every year their budgets have been
185 interindustry input-output model developed
at the University of Maryland to analyze the short-
run economic impact of NASA R&D expenditures.
proportionally held below the mid-20th-century average of approximately 1.15 percent of the USA’s annual
Simulations of the input-output model were
undertaken assuming that $1 billion of federal federal budgets. This average value was so great due to the initial six to eight years of competitive developments
expenditure was transferred (proportionately)
from other nondefense programs to NASA with no
change in the size of the federal budget. Chase
during the Cold War’s space race, when government spending provided a generous but temporary dedication
estimated that the $1 billion transfer would increase
manufacturing output in 1975 by 0.1 percent, or towards space directives and missions. It is evident that over the years, significant events such as the Cold
$153 billion (measured in 1971 dollars), and would
increase 1975 manufacturing employment by
20,000 workers...The second phase of the Chase
War and the space race that proceeded have been responsible for sudden escalations and declines in federal
study considered the long-run effects of NASA R&D
expenditures. Using a production function which funding for these national space agencies. The national devotion to global supremacy in space explorations led
related NASA R&D expenditures to the productivity
growth rate in the U.S. economy from 1960 to 1974,
Chase concluded that society’s rate of return on
NASA to their peaking budget in 1966 at approximately 4.41 percent of the federal budget. However, it has
NASA R&D expenditures was 43 percent (MRI’s
estimated social rate of return was 33 percent). The been proven through national records that with its diversity of expertise, the aerospace production industry
Chase second phase also estimated the effects of
changes in NASA R&D expenditures on economic
growth and stability. Overall, these long-term
pertaining to research and development has kept national economies from deteriorating during economic
estimates confirmed the significant positive effects
of NASA R&D expenditures on national productivity downturns or global recessions. Developing NASA technologies has benefited national economies with
and employment levels.

What is the economic value of NASA’s technical

decently funded job opportunities while providing innovative products for the general public’s consumption
“acceleration effect?” Drawing on four case studies
(gas turbines, cryogenic multilayer insulation, in other industries.
computer simulation, and integrated circuits),
Mathematica, Inc. concluded that the economic
benefits that result from NASA’s acceleration of
technology are very large. The value of a speedup
in technology in those four fields was estimated
to be between $2.3 billion and $7.6 billion in 1974
dollars. Mathematica’s “most probable” estimate is
that the four case studies alone produced savings
equal to 6 percent of all NASA R&D expenditures
since 1958 (on a discounted value basis)”

“The Economic Impacts of the U.S. Space Program”

by Jerome Schnee, 1983

left [2.2.1] Table hilighting the peak extremes of NASA’s

annual budget since its start up in 1958

49
 From an economic standpoint, research breakthroughs and innovative technologies by space agencies
also benefit and support other industries. For example, experiments conducted to determine the influence of
outer space conditions on the human body and mind provide scientists on Earth with new medical knowledge
and hypotheses. Also, the innovative principles in design and building materials for spacecrafts and station
modules ultimately provide designers on Earth with an insight on efficient planning and sustainability in
managing resources. In most cases, the sustainable resources used for space applications are unique variations
of those on Earth, but the specialized developments of these new forms of materials, systems, and treatments 11 “Space missions have become increasingly
ambitious, calling for ever-more rigorous
can be transferred to contemporary architecture in the promotion of “green” sustainable design. technologies to ensure functionality, survival and
safety. The necessity for highly accurate, reliable
and advanced technologies in space science and
manned spaceflight has resulted in impressive
advances in imaging, new materials and computer
Clearly, a project like the outer space transit infrastructural hub could be a feasible endeavour as a technologies. These advances have in turn
been spun-off for application in medicine, a field
that similarly demands highly precise, durable
function of diversified contributions of resources. Financially, investment in this development will be beneficial equipment....Meanwhile, the need to understand
human adaptation and physiological response in the
for the economy, as employment will be steady throughout the duration of the mission’s life. In addition, harsh space environment has spawned an immense
pool of research on the subject, the knowledge of
which has also been applied towards understanding
the greater the early investments, the earlier the return on investments will be through public use of the disease processes, treatments and management
strategies on Earth...Special attention is given to
proposed system. Taking precedent from previous spaceflight research and developments that triggered sub- telemedicine and its spinoffs, owing to its potential to
address issues of healthcare accessibility and global
developments...Ultimately, space technologies are
sector startup industries in telecommunications, satellites, nanotechnologies, microelectronics, regenerative shown to be highly relevant and beneficial in day-to-
day medicine on Earth, and continue to advance the
materials, sustainability modeling and so on, innovative technologies will ultimately be a natural by-product limits of accuracy, efficiency and survival on Earth.

Medical technologies have come a longway in the

of such an ambitious and complex project. These technologies will not only support the projects initiated for twenty-first century, due in no small part to advances
in other areas of science, from laser technology to
its outer space purpose, but Earth-based applications will also receive beneficial breakthroughs11 as efficient building materials engineering: automatic insulin pumps,
portable x-ray devices, ataract surgery tools, high-
tech imagers, implantable heart aids - they’ve all
strategies and original exploitation of materials will assist designers with sustainable designs for contemporary come from space.”

terrestrial architecture. “Space Technologies for the Benefit of Human

Society and Earth” by Phillip Olla, page 123-128,
2009

right [2.2.2] Various everyday materials and technologies

that humans use on Earth that was influenced
or developed due to the developments in human
spaceflight

“NASA news release 10-81AR” by Ruth Dasso

Marlaire, September 2010

next [2.2.3] Statistical maps of global leading telecom

providers and services

[2.2.4] Statistical maps of national public/private

contributions to technological investments

[2.2.5] Statistical maps of worldwide end users of

invested technologies

50
NASA’s Sustainability Base, a
candidate for the Leadership
in Energy and Environmental
Design platinum certified office
building being constructed
at NASA’s Ames Research
Center is the winner of this
year’s U.S. General Services
Administration Real Property
Award in the category of Green
Innovation... Sustainability
[2.2.2a] [2.2.2b] [2.2.2c]
Base will use NASA developed
software systems that have Printed Circuitry - Microprocessor Telecommunications Telemedicine
been repurposed into a building
environment. These NASA
technologies were originally
developed for everything from
aircraft control systems to
mission planning for the Mars
rovers, Opportunity and Spirit...
Temperature, humidity, carbon
dioxide, light levels, noise
levels, energy consumption,
energy production, and
the building’s system and
subsystem health status will
be monitored and evaluated to
continuously balance occupant
[2.2.2d] [2.2.2e] [2.2.2f]
comfort and energy efficiency...
This new building will be zero Solid State Technologies Remote Sensing Imagery Medical Imaging
net energy consuming and will
use 90 percent less potable
water than a conventional
building of equivalent size...
To reduce water consumption,
NASA will repurpose its water
recovery system, originally
designed as a sustainable,
closed loop system on long
term space missions... Finally,
the energy efficiency features
in Sustainability Base can be
widely replicated.

[2.2.2g] [2.2.2h] [2.2.2i]

51
Sustainability Base, NASA Carbon Fibre Epoxy Tempurpedic Memory Foam
 UNITED KINGDOM

USA CHINA JAPAN

INDIA

RADIO RECEIVER

low high

[2.2.3b]
[2.2.3a]

RUSSIA

radio receiver USA CHINA JAPAN

Total amount of electronic circuit receivers including: consumer audio INDIA

receivers (high fidelity/AV), communication receivers, satellite TV

and communication receivers, and other measuring and scanning

electromagnetic receivers. Of these, telecommunication services

also use and require radio receivers for daily operations.

television receiver
The total amount of television receivers for consumer and surveillance

needs. These include radio frequency (F connector) tuners, digital TELEVISION RECEIVER

tuners, HDMI and other wave frequency receivers.

low high
[2.2.3c]
52
 GERMANY

USA JAPAN
CHINA
INDIA

NETWORK PROVIDERS

low high

[2.2.3d] each dot represents

[2.2.3f]

ICELAND
SWEDEN
LUXEMBOURG
network provider
ITALY Information and communication technology providers for personal
HONG KONG and industry operations. These include services for information

technology consultation, computer and systems integrations,

web hosting, data processing and storage services, voice and

data communication services, wired/wireless telecommunication

networks, and the Internet.

network subscriber
Total population of subscribers to personal entertainment/

NETWORK SUBSCRIBERS communication and other business, educational, and surveillance

research/communications networks. The majority of these are

low high internet and mobile network connections.

[2.2.3e]
53
 ANDORRA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC LAOS

RWANDA
SOLOMON
ISLAND

INVESTMENT as % of revenue

low high

[2.2.4b]
[2.2.4a]

telecom investment FINLAND

UNITED KINGDOM

Telecommunications investment refers to the expenditure associated USA

with acquiring the ownership of telecommunication equipment

infrastructure (including supporting land, space, and buildings and

intellectual and non-tangible property such as computer software).

AUSTRALIA
These include expenditure on initial installations and on additions to
NEW
existing installations. ZEALAND

telecom revenue
The overall income received by telecom enterprises for setting up

infrastructure and providing services for the general population of the REVENUE as % of GDP

world. The values analyzed refers to the gross profit as a percentage

of the GDP. low high

[2.2.4c]
54
 RUSSIA

TURKEY
SAUDI ARABIA
INDIA

BRAZIL

PARTICIPATION

low high

[2.2.4d]

[2.2.4f]

FINLAND
NORWAY

USA
IRELAND
private participation
Investment in telecom projects with private participation covers

infrastructure projects in telecommunications that have reached

financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the public. These

commitments are the sum of investments in facilities and investments

AUSTRALIA

in government assets. The types of projects included are operations

and management contracts, operations and management contracts

with major capital expenditure, greenfield projects, and divestitures.

EMPLOYMENT
telecom employment
Employment rates as a share percentage of the national employment

rate of those employed in telecom services.

low high
[2.2.4e]
55
 RUSSIA

USA CHINA JAPAN

INDIA

MOBILELINE SUBSCRIBER

low high

[2.2.5b]

[2.2.5a]

RUSSIA

mobile users
CHINA JAPAN
Mobile phone subscribers refer to users of portable telephones
INDIA

subscribing to an automatic public mobile telephone service using

cellular technology that provides access to the public switched

telephone network.

landline users
Fixed lines are telephone mainlines connecting a customer’s

equipment to the public switched telephone network. These

networks are integrated into all developed infrastructures of urban

LANDLINE SUBSCRIBER
and suburban communities along with other telecommunication

services provided by the networking hubs around town.

low high
[2.2.5c]
56
 LITHUANIA

BAHRAIN
PUERTO RICO
CAYMAN ISLAND

CHILE

MOBILE COVERAGE as a %

low high

[2.2.5d]

[2.2.5f]

RUSSIA
mobile coverage
USA CHINA JAPAN The population covered by mobile telephony is the percentage of
INDIA people within the range of a mobile cellular signal regardless of

whether they are subscribers. It is typical to find major financial cities

to host the greatest coverage of this service.

mobile subscribers
Mobile phone subscribers refer to users of portable telephones

subscribing to an automatic public mobile telephone services.

People and businesses operating within districts of economic power

MOBILE SUBSCRIBER and developed cities are usually subscribed to mobile services which

nowadays include teleconferencing, vocal/video communications,

low high and text messaging capabilities.

[2.2.5e]
57
2.3 terrestrial familiarities

59
 Throughout many generations of adaptation, the human body and mind have evolved to become
accustomed to many unique conditions within the bounds of Earth. This basic tie to the immediate
environment has ingrained many fundamental desires and necessities that are compulsory for sustenance12 in the vast
body of the planet. As a living organism with an apparent standard of living, humans rely on many resources
uniquely originated on Earth. The longevity of humanity relies immensely on natural resources provided by
the planet over artificial supplements that are only becoming available as technology develops to adapt to the
increasing needs of a resource-demanding world.

12 “There is no simple definition that encapsulates the

essence of what it means to say that something
is alive. We know at the very least that life is
tenacious, and on Earth it thrives, or at least can
survive, in any environment where liquid water
exists. This includes places where the temperature
ranges from freezing point of water to its boiling
point and incorporates locations from the highest
mountaintops to the claustrophobic depths of the
deepest mines and the oppressive darkness of
the abyssal sea. Certainly, life as we know it on
Earth is a series of aqueous chemical reactions,
and accordingly we take something to be alive if it
satisfies the following list of criteria:

1 It is chemical in essence.
2 It exploits thermodynamic disequilibrium.
3 It takes advantage of the covalent boding
properties of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and sulfur.
4 It is able to reproduce.
5 It undergoes Darwinian evolution.

All life on Earth is derived from a (last) common

ancestor that first appeared some 3.8 billion years
ago...The cyanobacteria are one of the oldest life
forms on Earth, and they generate their energy
by photosynthesis, releasing oxygen into the
atmosphere in the process. It was the appearance
of such oxygen-producing organisms that caused
Earth’s original atmosphere to slowly change from
a reducing one to an oxidizing one. This dramatic
change in the Earth’s atmospheric composition took
place between 3 and 2.5 billion years ago.”

“Terraforming: The Creating of Habitable Worlds” by

Martin Beech, page 37-39, 2009

right “Space Enterprise: Living and Working Offworld in

the 21st Century” by Philip Robert Harris, page 407,
2009

60
 “Although the human species required over
three and a half billion years to evolve, George
Robinson, a space philosopher and attorney,
observed that in the past 50 years we have moved
beyond Earth to penetrate near space, deep space,
and other planets. In the process of transforming
our perceptions of humanity, space law scholars
speculate that Homo spatialis or spacekind will
develop as a new species altered in time from
Homo sapiens, physically, psychologically, and
socially. In contemplating the human occupation of
outer space, issues related to its industrialization
and settlement may be viewed as problems or
challenges. Preferring the latter approach, there are
indeed numerous multidimensional challenges: the
first are technological, biological, and financial.”

“Space
the 21stEnterprise:
Century” byLiving
Philipand Working Offworld in
Robert Harris

61
[2.3.1a] The landscapes on Earth have been sculpted by this valuable resource where
through the process of photosynthesis, it provides humans with the essential by-
product of oxygen.

[2.3.1b] The most common use for water is for hydration as a great fraction of the human
body is made of this resource. It is also found throughout our planet and used in
architectural designs to provide environments that provokes meditative qualities.

[2.3.1c] Food is cultivated throughout the planet. Without this cultivational aspect, humans
will not be able harvest the necessary edible products for human ingestion that
provides the necessary nutrients and energies for a healthy physical conditioning.

62
 The atmosphere surrounding the Earth hosts many layers of important gases retained by Earth’s
gravitational pull. These layers in the atmosphere protect life from the sun’s direct ultraviolet radiation,
the greenhouse gas effect, and the significant reduction of temperature extremes throughout daily cyclical
conditions. Aside from this, Earth’s atmosphere provides aerobic organisms such as humans with the essential
resource of air, necessary in one’s primary respiratory system. It is through the process of photosynthesis
that we have the fresh air that we breathe in our lungs. Without this, humans and other aerobes13 would cease
to exist. Among the essential gases captured within Earth’s atmosphere, in two parts hydrogen and one part
oxygen, is water, the second most valuable resource for living organisms on Earth. This chemical substance,
sometimes referred to as the fuel of life, carries out important functions as vital nourishment for all forms of
life. Water covers 70.9 percent of Planet Earth’s surface while it circulates at approximately an equivalent
percentage throughout our bodies. Distributed globally by the hydrological cycle, fresh purified water is still
a rare commodity as it only accounts for 2.5 percent of the world’s water resources. In addition to providing
sustenance, water is relied upon for personal hygiene, wellbeing, refreshment, as well as particular meditative
cravings.

13 “An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism

For human beings to stay healthy, the cultivation of edible products is vital. Food is the major nutritional
that can survive and grow in an oxygenated
environment. Facultative anaerobes grow and support for our bodies as it provides the essential nutrients necessary to produce energy and to maintain the
survive in an oxygenated environment and so do
aerotolerant anaerobes.” healthy conditioning of one’s life. Therefore, human culture and colonization efforts have been principally
Obligate aerobes require oxygen for aerobic
cellular respiration. In a process known as cellular connected with arable land suitable to provide agricultural opportunities for the people. Not only do plants
respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize
substrates (for example sugars and fats) in order to
obtain energy.
contain the nutritional values for sustenance, but they also have the ability to cleanse and freshen systems in
Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen, but also the environment and within one’s bodies. For example, plants can break down into various aspects as edible
have anaerobic methods of energy production.

Microaerophiles are organisms that may use

food products for energy consumption, provide air generation through photosynthesis, and provide desirable
oxygen, but only at low concentrations.
aromatic scents to enhance emotional and sensory levels in a terrestrial life support system.
Aerotolerant organisms can survive in the presence
of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they do
not use it as a terminal electron acceptor.”

“Aerobic Organisms” by wikipedia author,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism

left [2.3.1] Basic necessities for sustenance includes

plants used in photosynthesis, water to hydrate
oneself, and cultivatable resources for nutritional
ingestion

63
 The only known environment in the solar system that can provide air, water, and food, critical for
human survival, is Earth. Humans must also undergo daily rhythmic cycles of conscious and unconscious
states of mind according to the circadian cycle. 14 We are active during the day when the sun is out, and we rest
and rejuvenate at night when it is dark. During these cycle changeovers, physiological rejuvenation takes place
as many organic systems harness the latter unconscious period of the daily cycles to cleanse and build up
personal immunities in the system.

Human body compositions have developed in such a way that they function best within the Earth’s
gravitational field. Body functions become more difficult when humans experience a dramatic increase or
decrease in gravitational strength in comparison to the standard average of g = 9.81m/s2 on Earth. Under
prolonged exposure to these new conditions, physiological problems with circulation, digestion, and muscle
development will ultimately arise. This gravitational pull is very important for orientation on Earth as it
delineates the basic point of reference of up and down, directing the vestibular system with vital information
for balancing the body relative to the ground plane. Aside from this notion of grounding oneself, physical
muscular buildup and customary Earth-based activities require this resisting force of gravity for basic
conventional functioning needs.

14 “For the first 2 decades of human spaceflight,

issues of sleep and circadian rhythms in space did
not get much attention...the effects of the space
environment on the circadian system of humans
and processes of sleep regulation remained largely
unexplored. However, this situation has changed. It
has become recognized that sleep disturbances and
fatigue, as well as alterations of circadian rhythms
in astronauts, are among the most important factors
contributing to impaired wellbeing, alertness, and
performance during space missions...Optimizing
the work-rest schedules of astronauts, as well as
monitoring them for fatigue, are viewed as important
factors in maintaining behavioral health and
performance efficiency in space [Flynn, 2005; Mallis
and DeRoshia, 2005].”

“Space Psychology and Psychiatry” by Nick Kanas

and Dietrich Manzey, page 27, 2008

right [2.3.2] The Vitruvian Man transposed into a

generalized circadian rhythm wheel

64
 THE HEALTH WHEEL
[2.3.2]

noon A 24-HOUR CONDITIONING IN LIFE

12:00
high alertness
highest testosterone
10:00 best coordination
secretion 14:30
09:00 fastest reaction time
likely bowel movement
08:30 15:30
melatonin secretion
stops diurnal cycle greatest
07:30 cardiovascular
efficiency and
sharpest rise in muscular strength
blood pressure 15:30
06:45

06:00 18:00
18:30 highest
blood
pressure
19:00
highest body
04:30 temperature
lowest body
temperature

21:00
melatonin secretion starts
02:30
deepest sleep 22:30
00:00 bowel movements suppressed
midnight

65
2.4 extraterrestrial disparities

67
 Space environments pose significant challenges to human existence, being devoid of air, water, and
food, as well as the area and materials necessary to generate these resources. Space travel to this date has shown
that humans have a limited ability to adjust to life in space. Even if provided with a breathable environment
and engineered supply of food, the lack of gravity places severe stress on all human systems. Under these
circumstances, physiological and psychological human behaviours will have to adjust to various contradicting
emotional and sensory reactions as one’s body and mind are estranged from the conventional patterns that
are naturally tendered for Earth-like environments. It is necessary to acknowledge the major symptoms and
consequences in order to propose countermeasure systems15 in artificial innovations of life support that will
relieve these physiological and psychological stressors. Finally, aspects of architectural design will be greatly
important for maintaining one’s physiological and psychological soundness under these extraneous conditions.
It is felt that the development of space station and spacecraft architecture to date has not gone far enough in
15 “Faced with the necessity to maintain astronauts’
addressing the human condition in space, beyond survival for restricted periods of time. Therefore, the focus health during periods of exposure to microgravity
and other extreme conditions of spaceflight, NASA
has pursued the development of preventive and
of the thesis design in the later chapters will look to making human experience in space more pleasurable by counteracting measures to guard against or reverse
potential patho-physiological effects of space travel.
focusing on issues that are typically encountered in the daily routines of living. A variety of countermeasures have been used
in longer-duration spaceflights (Mikhailove et al.,
1984; Bungo et al., 1985; Greenleaf et al., 1989;
Fortney, 1991; Arbeille et al., 1992; Cavanagh et
al., 1992; Charles and Lathers, 1994; Hargens,
1994; Convertino, 1996b)...Some examples
of countermeasures that had been developed
as of 2000 include subcutaneous injections of
erythropoietin to prevent decreases in erythrocyte
mass and vigorous in-flight exercise regimens to
reduce loss of bone mineral density.

NASA’s general approach to development of

countermeasures was presented to the IOM
committee at the Johnson Space Center (Paloski,
2000; Sawin, 2000). The rationale outlined a
number of steps that have been incorporated into
NASA’s Countermeasure Evaluation and Validation
Project, which can be summarized as follows:

1. conduct research to understand the basic nature

of the physiological problem,
2. formulate a countermeasure strategy based upon
that phyisiological understanding,
3. test the countermeasure and demonstrate its
efficacy on the ground, and
4. validate the countermeasure in space.”

“Safe Passage - Astronaut Care for Exploration

Missions” by John R. Ball and Charles H. Evans Jr.,
page 40-41, 2001

right “Humanizing Outer Space: Architecture, Habitability,

and Behavioral Health” by Albert A. Harrison, Acta
Astronautica, page 890-891, 2009

68
 “Psychologists and architects are natural allies,
joined by their search to support people in their
varied endeavors. To be sure, there are some
differences, in that psychologists characteristically
emphasize picking the right people for the
environment while architects mold environments
to fit their occupants. But these distinctions are
somewhat arbitrary because many psychologists
share architects’ interest in environment design
and architects seek to understand a structure’s
future occupants and their activities before
undertaking a preliminary design...Human factors,
architecture, habitability, and behavioral health are
highly interrelated. Human factors and ergonomics
are roughly equivalent terms...Narrow views
of human factors limit to anatomy, physiology,
biomechanics, perception and cognition are giving
way to enlarged views that include emotions,
attitudes, personality, interpersonal relations,
group and organizational dynamics and culture.
Also, contemporary human factors extend beyond
work to self-maintenance (sleeping, eating,
personal hygiene) and leisure time activities...A
broad view of human factors is essential to protect
spacefarers from an accumulation of stresses that
could lead to performance lapses, interpersonal
strife, and possible psychiatric breakdowns.”

“Humanizing Outer Space: Architecture,

Habitability, and Behavoral Health” by Albert A.
Harrison

69
 nothing less than

100% is acceptable
[2.4.1] “FAILURE IS NOT
AN OPTION!”
human health and is critical for mission success
performance in space in deep space

is challenged by

near zero-gravity isolation long term stress maintaining artificial external hazards
environments environment

results can requires include

in induce

decreased reduced cardiac psychological safe shelter protects from radiation hazards sickness
immune function function problems
impaired decision
vision problems skeletal bone loss muscle atrophy low productivity adequate nutrition vacuum injury
making

extreme
possibly are are mitigated air quality control are
temperatures
caused by addressed by by addressed by

increased research effective recreation and dust, microbes, needs to medical care and
intracranial simulating near communication entertainment contaminants consider treatment
pressure zero-gravity
psychological variances of tasks is supported
artificial gravity support to/from and challenging
effective exercise water oxygen by
systems crew and family work

effective
is achieved can be may be
function by medications
from recycled from produced by
remote and
cardio strength centripetal crew onboard medical
station rotation humidity greenhouse plants
activity training environments waste advice

physical/chemical
is provided are recycled
needs processing
by through

resistive exercise
treadmill bike ergometer device

70
 Based on primitive knowledge of the universe, most people perceive outer space as an alien place
that one does not belong to, but also a place that one needs to explore to improve and expand knowledge
beyond the fringes of Earth. The experience in an extraterrestrial environment is generally viewed as
a graceful space where one can float freely in the absence of gravity while being able to hear the most
pleasant sounds of silence. Hence, we can categorize our occupancy of outer space in terms of “being out
in space confined by the universe” or “being within space confined by the architecture.” It is important to
acknowledge this key difference in orienting oneself in outer space as they both conform to a similar setting,
but both psychologically address humans in unique and differing ways. The effects of weightlessness, lack of
atmosphere, and cyclical disorientation are considered psycho-physiological stressors, while symptoms pertaining to
proprioception in sensory mechanisms and kinaesthetics are psycho-environmental stressors. Although many of the
psycho-physiological stressors are inevitable due to the fact that our selected destination is outer space, we as
architects and future space architects can eliminate other psycho-environmental stressors by exploring the deeper messages that these
symptoms are offering, and designing healthier spaces that acknowledge these psychological issues to minimize the overall psychical
effects.16

16 “The failure of architects to create congenial

environments mirrors our inability to find happiness
in other areas of our lives. Bad architecture is in the
end as much a failure of psychology as of design. It
is an example expressed through materials of the
same tendency which in other domains will lead us to
marry the wrong people, choose inappropriate jobs
and book unsuccessful holidays: the tendency not to
understand who we are and what will satisfy us...The
places we call beautiful are, by contrast, the work of
those rare architects with the humility to interrogate
themselves adequately about their desires and the
tenacity to translate their fleeting apprehensions of
joy into logical plans—a combination that enables
them to create environments that satisfy needs we
never consciously knew we even had.”

“The Architecture of Happiness” by Alain de Botton,

page 248-249, 2006

left [2.4.1] Flowchart of factors and symptoms affecting

the physical and psychological performance of an
astronaut

71
 Unlike the highly habitable environment on Earth, outer space is a vacuum, which by definition is a
volume empty of matter where atmospheric pressures and frictions do not exist. The environment of outer
space is in such perfect vacuum that the direct exposure by an astronaut in this empty void will be fatal due
to depressurization and harmful levels of radiation from the unfiltered sun. Humans cannot survive when
exposed to a vacuum environment as they would lose consciousness in a matter of seconds and eventually
die of hypoxia, a pathological condition in which the body (generalized hypoxia) or a region of the body (tissue
hypoxia) is deprived of adequate amounts of oxygen. In addition, there is no water or oxygen within the
void of the celestial space. Even if outer space could provide us with oxygen, without water, the second 17 “Human beings can survive quite a wide range of
natural terrestrial environmental conditions. Their
optimal conditions for well being, comfort, and safe,
most important source for life, no living organism will be able to exist in the unprotected emptiness of the outer space efficient, work, however, form a more limited range.
Conditions inside a spacecraft are largely man-
environment.17 Not only is water crucial for hydration, other hygienic concerns will arise, especially for extended made, and control over most aspects is technically
feasible. There are generally two ranges applicable
for any environmental condition. The wider range
occupancies in this extremely hostile environment. Furthermore, the cosmic barrenness does not have any is that in which a human being can survive; the
narrower range is that in which a human being is
potential for cultivating food products. comfortable and can work well.

Optimizing the human factors of a spacecraft

consists of matching what the human needs from
an environment with what the spacecraft provides.
The spacecraft must protect the human from the
extremes of vacuum, heat, cold, and radiation
that characterize the natural space environment.
On top of that, the spacecraft must not expose
human to excessive levels of noise, vibration, and
acceleration which result from the spacecraft’s
activities and mission. And with increasingly longer
missions, spacecraft must ensure that the human
being is in a comfortable social and psychological
environment. Weightlessness, the factor that is
most obvious in space flight, is an issue but should
not be given excessive importance—certainly not at
the expense of the other factors mentioned above.

“The Standard Handbook for Aeronautical and

Astronautical Engineers” by Mark Davies, section
15, part 7 - Human Factors, sub 15.33 - Health Care,
page 1527, 2003

right [2.4.2] Categorizing hypoxia according to altitude

variances

[2.4.3] Table of the effective performance time, a

period of consciousness under hypoxic conditions
prior to blacking out

[2.4.4] Graph visually indicates critical altitudes

near vacuum environments

next [2.4.5] The means of surviving in a vacuum

environment and depressurization scenarios as
depicted in flim

[2.4.6] Diagram of the oxygenation process of blood

flow in a body

72
 [2.4.4]

acute anemia fulminant hypoxemic histotoxic

IN THE VACUUM
ENVIRONMENT OF
categories 20000 OUTER SPACE
hypoxia [2.4.2]

15000
stages

indifferent compensatory disturbance CRITICAL

12500
0 to 1.5km 1.5 to 3.5km 3.5 to 5.5km above 5.5km

altitudes of
occurrence 10000
[2.4.3]

EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE TIME

(under hypoxic conditions)
Altitude in Altitude in Altitude in Time of Useful 7500
Flight Level Feet Meter Consciousness
FL 150 15,000 4,572 30 min. or more
CRITICAL
FL 180 18,000 5,486 20 to 30 min.

ALTITUDE (m)
CRITICAL 5000
FL 220 22,000 6,705 5 to 10 min.
FL 250 25,000 7,620 3 to 6 min. disturbance stage
FL 280 28,000 8,534 2.5 to 3 min.
FL 300 30,000 9,144 1 to 3 min. 2500
FL 350 35,000 10,668 30 to 60 sec. compensatory stage
FL 400 40,000 12,192 15 to 20 sec.
FL 430 43,000 13,106 9 to 15 sec. 0 TIME (sec) indifferent stage
FL 500 50,000 15,240 6 to 9 sec.
beyond FL 500 beyond 50,000 beyond 15,240 6 to 9 sec. 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
TIME TO LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

73
 The partial pressure of
O2 in the lungs and in the
pulmonary vessels in
the arterial and venous
bloodstream (PaO and
PvO2, respectively)2 are
[2.4.5a]
problem identified anxietic reactions any good ideas? time running out BREATHE and hold...
equal to 96 and 40 hPa,
such that O2 will flow
from the lungs to the
blood cells. Upon rapid
decompression, PaO
plummets so drastically2
and so quickly that it
becomes lower than
PvO2.

brain
holding one’s breath in vacuum is a viable concept, but in reality, one’s lungs would rupture due to the “explosive” decompression

lungs

heart
[2.4.5b]
the problem: only pressure suited [2.4.5c]
disconnected hatches floating through space astronaut catches on 1of2 non-suited astronauts make it into the hatch
internal organs

liver digestive tract

gut
Icarus II’s hatch closes pressurization equalise unprotected result of deoxygenated skin

peripheral
circulation
deoxygenated oxygenated blood
blood flow in veins flow in arteries
legend

[2.4.6]
[2.4.5d]
74
1of2 non-suited astronauts failed to reach Icarus II’s hatch and results in ultimate death by hypoxic respiratory arrest
Dr. David Bowman
(astronaut) prepares
himself for a
depressurization launch
maneuver to get him
from an EVA pod into the
pressureless air-lock of
a space station in 2001: A
Space Odyssey. [2.4.5e]
1:49:00 1:49:01 1:49:03 1:49:05 1:49:07
Depressurization
activated as the hatch of
the EVA pod blasts open,
launching Dr. Bowman
towards the open air-lock.
Exposed to the vacuum
space environment, the
countdown for the time
of useful consciousness
begins.
exposure <10 sec. @ 4 sec. 1:49:07 1:49:08 1:49:09 1:49:10 1:49:11

With the short opening

for survival, Dr. Bowman
scrambles to reorient
himself and locate the
emergency hatch closure
handle (quick reflexes of the
fictional astronaut reacts and
activates mechanism in a quick 4
seconds.)
exposure < 10 sec. @ 8 sec. 1:49:14 1:49:15 1:49:16 1:49:17 1:49:18

Holding on to his life,

Dr. Bowman reaches the
humanly limit and begins
to lose consciousness
as the hatch closes
down behind him (normal
physiological peaking limit of
the body in vacuum exposure is
around 9-11sec.)
exposure >10 sec. @ 12 sec. 1:49:19 1:49:20 1:49:21 1:49:22 LIMIT 1:49:23 CRITICAL!

Air-lock hatch closes in

due time, repressurizing
the module to 100% as Dr.
Bowman luckily regains
consciousness as he re-
oxygenates under the
pressurized environment
(any longer in the vacuum space
environment would have been
fatal) 75
1:49:23 1:49:24 1:49:25 1:49:26 1:49:27
[2.4.7] Physicist Stephen Hawking floats in weightlessness on with Zero Gravity Corp.’s Peter Diamandis looking on from the right.

“World-famous physicist Stephen Hawking experienced 8 rounds of weightlessness during a better-than-expected airplane flight that he saw as the first step toward a trip in space. “It was amazing,” Hawking told reporters afterward, using his well-known
computerized voice. “The zero-G part was wonderful, and the high-G part was no problem. I could have gone on and on.” “Space, here I come,”...the flight served an initial test run to see if Hawking had the “Right Stuff” for an even more ambitious journey: a
rocket-powered rise to the edge of outer space, perhaps aboard the spaceship now being developed for Virgin Galactic...“I have long wanted to go into space, and the zero-gravity flight is the first step toward space travel,” he said before the flight. Hawking
said he hoped his flight would provide a boost for commercial spaceflight, in line with his oft-expressed belief that humanity’s future depended on moving beyond Earth. He said he believed “life on earth is at an ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a
disaster such as sudden global warming, nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus or other danger.” As long as humanity is confined to one planet, the existence of our species will be in question, he told NBC News during a preflight interview. “I think that
getting a portion of the human race permanently off the planet is imperative for our future as a species. It will be difficult to do this with the slow, expensive and risk-averse nature of government space programs,” Hawking said, working in a veiled reference
to NASA. “We need to engage the entrepreneurial engine that has reduced the cost of everything from airline tickets to personal computers.” He said tourism could represent a future mass market for space-oriented services, “and zero-gravity flights are the
first, most affordable step in that direction.” “I am hopeful that if we can engage this mass market, the cost of spaceflight will drop,” Hawking said, “and we will be able to gain access to the resources of space, and also spread humanity beyond just the earth.””

“Hawking goes zero-G: ‘Space, here I come’” by Alan Boyle, MSNBC, April 26, 2007

76
 Without the three primary resources that human beings rely on for survival (air, water, and food),
it is obvious that the creation of habitation in outer space will raise colossal challenges for designers and
developers. Besides this, other features of this environment tend to drive negative human performance
and functions. In outer space, the absence of gravity18 may be experientially unique and conceptually amusing,
but this weightless reality establishes many disconcerting problems that hinder the way the human body
maneuvers while performing simple tasks. In addition, due to the lack of physical grounding and gravitational
resistances, deficiencies in exteroceptivity of one’s perception and orientations towards the outside world
18 “Humans don’t belong in space. Everything about
us evolved for life on Earth. Weightlessness is an
exhilarating novelty, but floaters soon begin to dream
and interoceptivity of one’s perception of inner pains and cravings will gradually escalate into unhealthy
of walking. Earlier Laveikin told us, “Only in space
do you understand what incredible happiness it is dysfunctions. These dysfunctional symptoms may cause stress overloads amongst inexperienced occupants,
just to walk. To walk on Earth.”...EVA [extravehicular
activity] height vertigo is not a phobia, but a normal
response to the novel and terrifying cognitive reality
while spawning health issues that pose difficulty for recovery upon returning to Earth.
of falling through space at 17,500 miles per hour...
Zero gravity presents a uniquely perplexing sensory
conflict. On Earth, when you’re upright, gravity
brings your otoliths to rest on the hair cells along the
bottom of the inner ear. When you lie down on your
Therefore, as the thesis commences to propose an initial development phase of a publicly hospitable
side, they come to rest on the hairs on that side.
During weightlessness, the otiliths, in both situations, destination in outer space, it is crucial the designs thoroughly investigate the novelty of weightlessness and
just float around in the middle. Now if you suddenly
turn your head, they are free to richochet back and
forth off the walls. “So your inner ear says you just
its negative effects to occupants under prolonged exposure. In doing so, the design should encompass
laid down and stood up and laid down and stood up,”
says Cowings. Until your brain learns to reinterpret programmed spaces and activities that ensure a pleasurable and entertaining environment, exploiting these
the signals, the contradictions can be sick-making...
Astronauts have to deal with the mother of all
sensory conflicts: the visual reorientation illusion.
unique conditions while also having pockets of decompressive zones where one can escape when this lifestyle
This is where up, without warning, becomes down...
It happens most readily in spaces with no obvious novelty becomes overwhelming. Additionally, other aspects such as orbital track selections will be crucial to
visual clues as to which is the floor and which the
ceiling or wall.” providing a healthy setting for the occupants and a sound foundation for the station. For convenience of re-
“Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach, page 58, 71 and
112-114, 2010 supplying and maintenance by terrestrial support, it will be mandatory that the station is situated within the
19 “At night, the airport emerged as a home of
nomadic spirits, types who could not commit to
proximity of the lower Earth orbits. Given that orbital periods are usually less than the typical 24 hours of
any one country, who shied from tradition and were
suspicious of settled community, and who were the Earth-based diurnal cycle, inhabitants of the space station will have to adjust their rhythmic patterns19 to suit
therefore nowhere more comfortable than in the
intermediate zones of the modern world, landscapes
gashed by kerosene storage tanks, business parks
their new sense of the passage of time. Phases beyond this particular establishment within Earth’s proximity
and airport hotels. Because the arrival of night
typically pulls us back towards the hearth, there will face even greater challenges as projects stretch deeper into the universe and away from Earth’s orbits.
seemed something especially brave about travellers
who were preparing to entrust themselves to the
darkness, to be carried in a craft navigated by
In these projects, an absence of natural cycles will occur as endless exposures will be present without the
instruments alone and to surrender to sleep, finally,
only over Azerbaijan or the Kalahari Desert. protecting shade of a planet’s mass.
“A Week at the Airport” by Alain de Botton, page 83,
2009

left [2.4.7] Stephen Hawkings under weightlessness on

a parabolic flight conducted by Zero-G

77
2.5 physical disruptions of the human body

79
 When the human body is exposed to unfamiliar conditions, instinctively, one’s physiological conditions
gradually adjust to synchronize their personal physique with the necessary performance factors within these
extraneous settings. New muscle adaptations will be essential due to the inaugural stresses introduced under
regular extraterrestrial operations, while other parts of the body will inevitably atrophy through lack of use.
One of the major concerns for current astronauts is the ability to maintain a healthy, strong physical build
within the weightless abyss of outer space. On top of this, it is of high priority to prevent any physical 20 “The third system that is significantly affected by
the loss of gravitational force in space is the system
deterioration for spacefaring passengers who transit through outer space, as it is crucial that routine bodily involving muscles and bones. During evolution,
this system has been shaped to support the weight
functioning remains regular upon return to the surface of the Earth. of humans induced by gravity, as well as to allow
for an upright posture and movement against the
mechanical impact of the gravitational force. In fact,
more than half of all muscles in the human body are
involved in dealing with gravity. In particular, this
Of the seemingly exotic attractions of space, weightlessness poses the most dramatic challenges for holds for most skeletal muscles in the legs and lower
back. Similarly, the main weight-bearing bones of
the legs and the lower spine are mostly loaded by
human physiology. Weightlessness is defined as the condition that exists on an object or person when they gravitational force.

experience little or no acceleration that defines their inertial trajectory or the trajectory of pure free-fall. In During spaceflight, microgravity progressively leads
to a significant decrease of muscle volume and
strength (i.e., muscle atrophy), as well as a reduction
other words, this can be considered the zero-gravity-like (zero-g) effect on an object or person mingling in the of fatigue resistance, particularly in those muscles
that are required to oppose gravity [Jaweed, 1994].
environment of outer space. Without gravity, there is no sense of grounding oneself as one floats in space. In addition, hypoactivity due to confinement in a
comparatively small living environment contributes
to these effects. Muscle atrophy can be observed
No longer is one compressed by gravity and, therefore, one’s physical form will elongate. This stretching of after the first few days in space. If no appropriate
countermeasures are applied (see Section 2.2.4),
one’s physical form also straightens and extends internal components such as spinal nerve roots and tendons astronauts can lose up to 20% of muscle mass
during short-term missions and up to 50% during
long-term missions.
which can at length generate back pains and other musculo-skeletal dysfunctions.20
The similarity of bone demineralization in space to
the aging processes and to osteoporosis has made
this effect of microgravity an interesting topic for
physiological and medical research. However, not
all of this research needs to be conducted during
actual space missions. Instead, so called “bed rest”
studies can be used to study these effects on Earth.
During bed rest studies, individuals are kept in a
horizontal position for several days or even weeks or
months, usually combined with a 6° head-down bed
tilt. This leads to physiological effects that resemble
those of microgravity (e.g., hypoactivity, decreased
mechanical force on weight-bearing muscles and
bones, absence of a hydostatic pressure gradient
along the head-foot axis). Accordingly, this approach
not only has been used to study effects analogous
to those in space on muscles and bones, but also
on the cardiovascular system in an Earth-bound
setting.

“Space Psychology and Psychiatry” by Nick Kanas

and Dietrich Manzey, page 23-24, 2008

right “Architectural Design Vol 70 No 2 - Space

Architecture” by Maggie Toy and Rachel Armstrong,
page 51-52, March 2000

80
 “On Earth the relationship between the body and
the environment is dominated by gravity, which
is tracked by both proprioceptive and vestibular
sensing. The relationship between the sensations
and the movements of the body allow for the
understanding of the conditions that are inhabited.
Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela describe
the organism as an essentially closed system that
brings forth an understanding of both itself and of
its media by means of a structural coupling with
the media. The covariance of the dynamics of
sensor states in relation to the dynamics of effector
states forms the foundation for this distinction.
The drastic reduction of gravity removes much
of this correlation and results in a kind of motion
sickness, which is the result of the decoupling...
Once an adjustment to the absence of gravity has
been made, a process that takes several weeks,
the remaining sense of spatial organisation is
dependent upon visual cues in relation to the
body...‘It turns out that you carry with you your
own body-oriented world, independent of anything
else, in which up is over your head, down is below
your feet, right is this way and left is that way; and
you take this world around with you everywhere
you go.’ - cited from Henry Cooper’s ‘A House in
Space’”

“Architectural
Architecture” byDesign Vol and
70 Rachel
No 2 Armstrong
- Space
Maggie Toy

81
[2.5.1] Luca Patuelli a.k.a. “Lazylegz” is a Canadian b-boy with muscle atrophy that affects his legs.

[2.5.2a]
manoeuvring massive equipment with ease

[2.5.2]

[2.5.2b]
ease in carrying someone twice your size
82
 Cardiovascular variances will occur upon liftoff, arrival, and the duration of stay in outer space; anxiety
21 “The ‘fight or flight response’ is our body’s primitive,
automatic, inborn response that prepares the body
and other cerebral reactions to weightlessness and the foreign environment will increase one’s heart rate
to ‘fight’ or ‘flee’ from perceived attack, harm or
threat to our survival. and blood pressure. Later, when the body establishes an acquaintance with the living environments under
By its very design, the fight or flight response leads us
to fight or to flee—both creating immense amounts
weightlessness, one’s heart rate, blood pressure, and the variability of the two tend to decrease as one is
of muscle movement and physical exertion. This
physical activity effectively metabolizes the stress relieved from the stresses of conventional resilient forces. Therefore, an overall decrease will be evident in the
hormones released as a result of the activation of
our fight or flight response. Once the fighting is over,
and the threat—which triggered the response—has
activity of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response nervous system,21 an important bodily response system responsible
been eliminated, our body and mind return to a state
of calm.” for the up and down regulating of many homeostatic mechanisms in living organisms that mediate and prime
“The Body/Soul Connection - Health and Healing for
the Mind, Body & Spirit” by Dr. Neil F. Neimark,
the body for reactionary decisions and actions in response to threats and hazards.
www.thebodysoulconnection.com, 2010

left [2.5.1] Muscular atrophic patient

[2.5.2] Operations under the weightless condition

Additionally, as a result of the zero-gravity-like experience, tasks that are tedious on Earth due to
allows tedious operations to be done at ease
muscular strength limitations can be performed simply in the weightless environment of outer space. The lack
next [2.5.3] Flowchart of things that trigger the fight-or-
flight response of pressure on one’s joints and muscles alleviates one from the many strict postures required on Earth, and one
“To produce the fight-or-flight response, the
hypothalamus activates two systems: the may move freely without having to cope with natural resistances. However, over time, this effortlessness of
sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-
cortical system. The sympathetic nervous system
uses nerve pathways to initiate reactions in the
corporal functions will eventually weaken muscles and potentially disable typical buildup of general muscular
body, and the adrenal-cortical system uses the
bloodstream. The combined effects of these two mass. This progressive weakening of muscular strength is an indicator of partial or complete muscle atrophy,
systems are the fight-or-flight response.

When the hypothalamus tells the sympathetic

which will ultimately affect one’s ability to exert necessary force under natural or artificial resistances. As a
nervous system to kick into gear, the overall
effect is that the body speeds up, tenses up and health concern, one’s quality of life will suffer immensely from the failure to perform certain basic errands
becomes generally very alert. If there’s a burglar
at the door, you’re going to have to take action --
and fast. The sympathetic nervous system sends
while worsening accidental risk factors when performing straightforward tasks such as walking and lifting
out impulses to glands and smooth muscles and
tells the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine heavy objects. Muscular atrophy increases the risk of falling in conditions such as inclusion body myositis and,
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
into the bloodstream. These “stress hormones”
cause several changes in the body, including an
in some cases, bodily deformations will transpire as weakened portions of the body shrink. This physiological
increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
breakdown process will be problematic as occupants under these muscular atrophic circumstances will not be
At the same time, the hypothalamus releases
corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) into the pituitary
gland, activating the adrenal-cortical system. The
suited to return into the normal terrestrial conditions that host many pressures of natural resistances.
pituitary gland (a major endocrine gland) secretes
the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
ACTH moves through the bloodstream and
ultimately arrives at the adrenal cortex, where it
activates the release of approximately 30 different
hormones that get the body prepared to deal with a
threat.”

“How Fear Works” by Julia Layton,

science.howstuffworks.com, 1998-2012

[2.5.4] Typical rresponse of a headache/migraine

under stress of the fight-or-flight response

83
 bodily response arousal
emotional conscious feelings
stimulus
on switch off switch cognitive assessment context

sympathetic parasympathetic strong

nervous system nervous system pleasant physiological arousal similar to F-or-F
emotions
on
controls release of stress hormones to fight or flight
off
respiration release of adrenaline
autonomic increases in blood pressure epinephrine adrenaline
nervous
system heart rate glucocorticoids cortisol
[2.5.3] blood glucose level provides energy to brain

lungs
fight or flight response fight
prepare for threat leg muscles
run away
arousal survive immediate threat
stages internal organs
autonomic nervous
controlled by system glands
short term long term
(primary) (secondary) digestion

reproduction
energy
sympathetic hypothalamic diverted from immune system
adreno medullary pituitary adreno
(SAM) cortical (HPAC) sensation skin touch receptors
trigger

chronic
pain suppression
hormonal legs
influences to large muscles in
nervous impulses energy arms
diverted to reflexes
perception
pupil dilate
awareness

84
 hypothalamus

activation of

CRF:
sympathetic nervous adrenal-cortical system corticotrophin
system (SNS) (release of CRF hormone) releasing factor

activates
pituitary gland secretes ACTH:
ACTH hormone adrenocorticotropic

adrenal medulla

glands and smooth muscles ACTH arrives at adrenal

through nervous impulses cortex and releases
releases approximately 30 hormones

norepinephrine epinephrine
(C8H11NO3) (C9H13NO3)

bloodstream

neural activity combines

with hormones in the
bloodstream to constitute
fight-or flight response

The sudden flood of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dozens of

other hormones causes changes in the body that include:
heart rate and blood pressure increase, pupils dilate to receive as
much light as possible, veins in skin constrict to send more blood
to major muscle groups, blood-glucose level increase, muscular
tension energized by adrenaline and glucose, smooth muscle
relaxes in order to allow more oxygen into the lungs, nonessential
systems (digestion/immune) shut down to allow more energy for
emergency functions, and troubled focus on simple tasks.

[2.5.4]
Stress build up causing headache migraines
85
 The many physiological problems posed by outer space occupancy will have serious health
consequences. One’s initial response upon returning to Earth’s gravitational conditions will be awkward and difficult.22
Coordinating one’s movements will be difficult due to diminished peripheral vascular capabilities. This
extended immobility causes the human brain to forget how to activate the sympathetic nervous system as a
response to the forces of gravity and hypotension, which will cause many sudden health impediments. Upon
return to Earth, spacefarers will have learned many new ways of doing things. This would include going
around corners without the reliance of a pivotal contact with the ground, or catching things that do not have
the tendency to fall, or even new defining perceptions for the orientations of up and down. This new adapted 22 “The sum of these stressors renders the current
extraterrestrial experience potentially overwhelming
to the human psyche. The psychological imbalances
sense of extraterrestrial awareness will typically cause lack of coordination on Earth while impairing motor and dysfunctions that manifest themselves in
humans during spaceflight include boredom, lack
control and abnormal baroreflexes. of motivation, loneliness, withdrawal, depression,
and paranoia. These negative psychological effects
lead to interpersonal conflicts as well as impaired
judgement and decision-making, all of which
jeopardizes the safety of the crew, the success of
the mission and the validity of any research that is
conducted during the mission.

The extraterrestrial experience is so challenging

and exhausting that upon their return from a
space mission, all astronauts and cosmonauts are
provided a protracted absence from their normal
duties in order to recover. Dr. Albert W. Holland, the
Chief Psychologist at NASA, stated that after post-
flight debriefing and depending on the individual’s
needs, all astronauts are given about 1 week for
rest, emotional recovery and physical rehabilitation
for every month in orbit. The RASA provide even
more time off for its cosmonauts. Depending on the
mission’s rigors and the particular circumstances of
the individual, some astronauts remain emotionally
drained for several months more and take some time
off after all the post-flight medical tests, experiment
data collection and media events are done, before
returning to office duties or flight status.

Significant progress has been made to improve

the live/work condition in outer space, but it has
been a slow process due to budget restrictions and
cutbacks. Clearly, much more needs to be done
to improve the situation in light of the increasingly
longer space missions that humans face in the years
ahead.”

“Acta Astronautica 56” by Angel Marie Seguin, page

982, 2005

right [2.5.5] The team Expedition 31 of NASA astronaut

Don Pettit of NASA, ESA astronaut André Kuipers,
and RSA Astronaut Oleg Kononenko landed safely
near Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan at 08:14 GMT after
193 days in space. As a result of such long duration
in space, the astronauts are all physically inadapt
to the Earthly conditions such as the pressures of
gravitational forces on their bodies.

86
[2.5.5a] [2.5.5b] [2.5.5c]
Don Pettit André Kuipers Oleg Kononenko
87
2.6 psychological dysfunctions of the human mind

89
 “The Right Stuff ”23 has been the dominant archetype for astronaut selections for many years, since 23 “As to just what this ineffable quality was...well it
obviously involved bravery. But it wasn’t bravery
the initiation of the space race and the beginnings of major space programs. The media and general public in its simplest sense of being willing to risk your
life. The idea seemed to be that any fool could do
that, if that was all that was required, just as any
considered it folly to conduct any psychological analysis of astronauts and their reactions to outer space, as fool could throw away his life in the process. No...
the idea here (in the all-enclosing fraternity) seemed
they were imagined to be more than just typical human beings. Instead, astronauts were selected as brave, to be that a man should have the ability to go up in
a hurtling piece of machinery and put his hide on
the line and then have the moxie, the reflexes, the
strong, and perfect men who had the uncritical willingness to face danger—those who, in short, had the right experience, the coolness, to pull it back in the last
yawning moment—and then go up again the next
stuff. For this reason of negative publicity,24 research on human spaceflight psychology and behavioural factors day, and the next day, and every next day, even if
the series should prove infinite—and, ultimately, in
its best expression, do so in a cause that means
have been held back about twenty to thirty years in comparison to other fields of sciences that mandate for something to thousands, to a people, a nation, to
humanity, to God...to prove at every foot of the way
a successfully engineered and fabricated module for astronauts and test subjects (e.g. monkeys, test pilots/ up the pyramid that you were one of the elected and
anointed ones who had the right stuff and could
move higher and higher and even—ultimately, God
astronauts themselves, etc.) prior to entrance into the cosmos. willing, one day—that you might be able to join
that special few at the very top, that elite who had
the capacity to bring tears to men’s eyes, the very
Brotherhood of the Right Stuff itself.”

“The Right Stuff” by Tom Wolfe, page 17-298, 1979

24 “...for this period of minimal involvement in the

space program suggest that the “right stuff” image
worked against the field until the mid-1990s, when
space station expeditions brought the challenges of
long-duration missions into focus...Since there were
practically no studies of astronauts, researchers
relied heavily on studies conducted in Antarctica,
submarines, and research submersibles, and
simulators...Today, NASA has shown increased
recognition of shared perspectives, privacy, leisure-
time activity, family separation and reunification,
cultural awareness, the satisfying properties of
windows and view ports, and many other topics
that were formerly overlooked if not seen as
irrelevant or frivolous. From NASA’s perspective,
the significance of these factors is less in the fact
that they can help people “feel good” rather than
leaving potential impact on risk and performance of
their missions...For decades, expanding the role of
psychology in the US space program was an uphill
battle with psychologists’ pleas generally falling
on deaf ears. The socialogist Charles Perrow has
discussed how resistance to human factors within
complex organizations has strong structural and
cultural underpinnings and is not overcome easily...
at least in memory, heroes did not disappoint.
Psychological research or, worse yet, the faintest
possibility that a mission would be comprised by
psychological factors could be a public relations
nightmare...For astronauts, the stereotype of the
right stuff helps maintain flight status. After all,
part of the heroic myth is that under the greatest of
adversities, people with the right stuff can still get
the job done!”

“Psychology of Space Exploration: Contemporary

Research in Historical Perspective” by Douglas A.
Vakoch, page 17-24, 2011

right “Footprints on Clouds” by K.O. Eckland, 1976

90
 “Within all of us is a varying amount of space lint
and star dust, the residue from our creation. Most
are too busy to notice it, and it is stronger in some
than others. It is strongest in those of us who
fly and is responsible for an unconscious, subtle
desire to slip into some wings and try for the elusive
boundaries of our origin.”

“Footprint on Clouds” by K.O. Eckland

91
[2.6.1] Seven of the bravest men were recruited amongst an elite group of military test pilots who
possessed “the Right Stuff” to take on the adventurous undertakings of the pioneering astronaut.

92
 As the pioneering establishment to human spaceflight, minimal precedents were available in terms
of psychology and physiology on astronauts during the original administration of the space program. It was
not until a collective effort by physicians and psychologists who came together to form in collaboration a
25 “Our leap into space was a significant
accomplishment of the past 30 years and the
Committee on Space Biology and Medicine that indications of significant importance began to surface in
ergonomic findings that helped bring it about
have enriched our profession in countless ways... this academic field for spaceflight commissions. The earliest initiations were notably the interests in the 1930s
Generally, NASA has limited the access to
astronauts by social science researchers, even by
its own psychiatrists and psychologists; the agency
regarding the effects of high altitude flight on the mind and body, which soon evolved into the dedicated
has failed to capitalize on the data it collected that
could improve spaceflight and living for others field of space and aviation medicine in the 1940s. However, it was not until the 1980s that the severity of
to follow...For years, she wrote, psychology
played a minimal role in astronaut selection, and
because the assessment of individual astronaut
psychological impacts and behaviours on those who linger for long durations in outer space were realized. In
performance was prohibited, it was not possible to
collect normative data for test validation and other the mid-1990s, it finally became apparent the “right stuff ” image had been conspicuously working against the developments
purposes...those disciplines that are rooted in
biology, engineering, and experimental psychology
have found greater acceptance within the space
of healthy spaceflight programs.25 As missions began to expand and commissions for longer durations were
program than disciplines rooted in personality,
social, and organizational psychology.” introduced with the help of space stations and space laboratories, it was understood that more research was
“Psychology of Space Exploration: Contemporary
Research in Historical Perspective” by Douglas A.
required. By 1998, the whole perspective of the space program had shifted to address heightened research
Vakoch, page 5-7, 2011
requirements with the announcement of a proposed Mars program for near future missions involving long
26 ““The 1998 Committee’s recommendations
included studying the effects of the physical
and psychosocial environment of spacecraft on
hauls of astronautic space travel. At the start of the new millennium, topics such as habitability, physical and psychological
cognitive, psychophysiological, and affective
measures of behavior and performance; the confinement, deprivations (sensory, sexual, sleep, etc.), cumulative fatigue from a confused circadian cycle, isolation, loneliness,
development and evaluation of countermeasures
for mitigating adverse effects of the physical and
social environments on individual and group
disorientation, radiation, weightlessness, microgravity, and biological dysfunctions under the pressures of the extreme conditions
performance; in-flight studies of the characteristics
of sleep during long-duration missions; ground- that are natural in outer space but foreign in human nature, are all topics that cannot be ignored in the development of modern-
based studies of change and stability in individual
psychophysiological patterns in response to
psychosocial and environmental stressors; the
day space sciences.26
effects of individual differences on cognitive,
psychophysiological, and affective measures of
behavior and performance; improved methods
for assessing interpersonal relations and crew
compatibility; and improved training [didactic and
experiential] in psychological and social adaptation
to space. The Committee also urged exploring
the effects of crew composition on crew tension,
cohesion, and performance; factors affecting
ground-crew communication and interactions; and
conditions that affect the distribution of authority,
decision-making, and task assignments between
space crews and ground control.”

“Psychology of Space Exploration: Contemporary

Research in Historical Perspective” by Douglas A.
Vakoch, page 5-7, 2011

left [2.6.1] Scene from 1983 film, “The Right Stuff”

depicting the brave rare men who are conceived
to be the only ones capable in surviving the
extraterrestrial missions in the new territory of
human spaceflight

93
 Psycho-physiological stressors are the most common type of stressors in our lifestyles, and are major
27 ““Everything one takes for granted on Earth must
influencing factors in causing psychosomatic illnesses. The major stimulants of such stresses in outer space be rethought, relearned, rehearsed...People
can’t anticipate how much they’ll miss the natural
world until they are deprived of it. Separation
are derived from the three unique conditions of the extreme environment that are exotic for our bodies and from the earth with all of its unconscious symbolic
significance for man...might in theory at least be
minds to adapt to: 1. the body in weightlessness at a constant free-fall; 2. the vacuum of space with the expected...to produce—even in a well-selected
and trained pilot—something akin to the panic of
schizophrenia...The breakaway effect appears
absence of an atmosphere; 3. cyclical disorientation with a non-synchronized circadian rhythm. Feeling detached to have been repackaged as “earth-out-of-view
phenomenon”: In the history of human beings, no
and separated from our roots on Earth, one’s sense of belonging re-justifies27 over prolonged exposure to such exotic one has ever been in a situation when Mother Earth,
and all of her associated nurturing and comforting
aspects...has been reduced to insignificance in
surroundings as psycho-physiological stressor symptoms emerge. the sky...It seems possible that it will induce some
state of internal uncoupling from the Earth. Such
a state might be associated with a broad range of
individual maladaptive responses, including anxiety
and depressive reactions, suicidal intentions, or
As a major distress indication to psycho-physiological stressors, the novelty of weightlessness in outer space even psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or
delusions. In addition, a partial or complete loss of
has huge impacts upon both our minds and bodies.28 While in the absence of gravity, bodily fluids are directed commitment to the usual (Earth-bound) system of
values and behavioral norms may occur.”
to the upper portions of the body, causing a metamorphosis to the physical appearance. In addition, the “Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach, page 16, 57, 66
and 72, 2010
redistribution of bodily fluids and transmutations can obstruct one’s performance in routine functions. This 28 “Humans don’t belong in space. Everything about
us evolved for life on Earth. Weightlessness is an
will also have an effect on the senses of smell and taste. Finally, as one floats around in space, one loses track exhilarating novelty, but floaters soon begin to dream
of walking. Earlier Laveikin told us, “Only in space
of up and down. This sense of disorientation may eventually cause other sensory dysfunctions that lead to do you understand what incredible happiness it is
just to walk. To walk on Earth.”...EVA [extravehicular
activity] height vertigo is not a phobia, but a normal
perceptive malfunctioning as the sense of sight becomes obscured. response to the novel and terrifying cognitive reality
of falling through space at 17,500 miles per hour...
Zero gravity presents a uniquely perplexing sensory
conflict. On Earth, when you’re upright, gravity
brings your otoliths to rest on the hair cells along the
bottom of the inner ear. When you lie down on your
side, they come to rest on the hairs on that side.
During weightlessness, the otiliths, in both situations,
just float around in the middle. Now if you suddenly
turn your head, they are free to richochet back and
forth off the walls. “So your inner ear says you just
laid down and stood up and laid down and stood up,”
says Cowings. Until your brain learns to reinterpret
the signals, the contradictions can be sick-making...
Astronauts have to deal with the mother of all
sensory conflicts: the visual reorientation illusion.
This is where up, without warning, becomes down...
It happens most readily in spaces with no obvious
visual clues as to which is the floor and which the
ceiling or wall.”

“Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach, page 58, 71 and

112-114, 2010

right [2.6.2] Everyday ritualistic tasks and routines will be

altered under the weightless environment of outer
space

[2.6.3] The sense of up and down will be disoriented

as there will be no grounding forces for one to
reference off of in outer space. Similarly the concept
of disorientation is depicted in the film, “Inception”.

94
 [2.6.2] The extreme chaos of daily routines under weightlessness, such as morning cleansing rituals.

95 [2.6.3] What is up is actually down in the disorienting concept portrayed in the movie “Inception”.
[2.6.4] The Space Power Facility at NASA
Glenn Research Center’s Plum
Brook Station in Sandusky, [2.6.5]
Ohio, houses the world’s
largest vacuum chamber.
It measures 100 feet THE DEADLY CONDITIONS
OF VACUUM SPACE
in diameter and is
a towering 122
feet tall. The
facility was in DEATH CERTIFIED
operations 90
Spring of
2010.

80

WINDOW OF HOPE IF REOXYGENATION OCCURS IN TIME

very

covery
late reoxygenation reco

ation re
70

oxygen
60

early re
50

40

30
rapid decrease in heart rate

20
TIME (sec)
loss of consciousness
CRITICAL
10

HYPOXIA
0 SURVIVAL RATE (%)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LIKELIHOOD OF SURVIVAL

96
 A vacuum, by definition, is a volume or a space that is empty of matter in which atmospheric pressures
29 “Only someone who has drifted free in the unlimited
stretch of the universe could understand that burial
and friction do not exist. The environment of outer space is in a perfect vacuum with no atmosphere; hence,
in space, like the sailor’s burial at sea, holds not
disrespect, but honor...To prove that a suit was safe direct exposure by an astronaut in space results in harm due to depressurization and radiation from the
for a man, we were going to test it on a chimp, but to
prove the suit was safe for a chimp, we had to test
it on a man. U.S. Spacesuits coauthor Joe McMann
unfiltered sun. Humans cannot survive when exposed to a vacuum environment29 as they will lose consciousness in a
said in an email. That was a mind boggler.”
matter of seconds and eventually die of hypoxia,30 a condition where the body is deprived of adequate amounts
“Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach, page 19 and
156, 2010 of oxygen. Although spacesuits and pressurized module vessels are available for astronauts, a more challenging
30 “Within the lungs the alveola provide the interface
between air and blood. The blood which is returned problem persists: the fear of death that arises in this situation, where the instinctual “what if ” question
from the body tissue into the alveolae has given
away most of its oxygen so that the oxygen partial
pressure in the lungs is higher than in the arriving
persists. What if the life support system on board the space station or my spacesuit fails and depressurization
blood. A process of diffusion then drives oxygen
through the thin alveolar wall into the blood. occurs? This suspicion of technical failure is naturally embedded in the minds of extraterrestrial travelers.
The most important parameters for the oxygen
diffusion process are the oxygen percentage and
Space architecture is a man-made product, and these are historically known to be fraught with defects as
barometric ambient pressure. Changing these
parameters changes immediately the oxygen human error is inevitable. In addition, the structures deployed into space consist of millions of components,
saturation level in blood and with it the oxygen
supply to the body tissue. Unfortunately, there is
no significant storage of oxygen in the human body,
making the potential of error substantial. Therefore, astronauts have always been selected as daredevils and
unlike many other chemical substances necessary
to maintain life. The blood is the only storehouse for have been trained with the mental preparations for potential failures. Virgil I. “Gus” Grissom expressed his
oxygen, and its capacity is very limited. Hence, the
human body lives only a hand-to-mouth existence
with its oxygen supply.
safety concerns at an interview in December of 1966, only one month prior to his death during a ground test
As the pressure of air in the atmosphere decreases as the commanding pilot of the catastrophic Apollo 1 mission (AS-204): “You sort of have to put that [accidents]
with increasing altitude, the partial pressure of
oxygen in the air reduces and with it the diffusion
of oxygen into the body. Reduction of oxygen
out of your mind. There’s always a possibility that you can have a catastrophic failure, of course; this can happen on any flight;
availability in the body results in loss of functions
ranging from slight impairment up to death. It is it can happen on the last one as well as the first one. So, you just plan as best you can to take care of all these eventualities, and
the nervous system, in particular in the higher
centres of the brain, and the eyes which have a high
metabolism with no oxygen reserve. These are most
you get a well-trained crew and you go fly.”31
sensitive to oxygen depletion and therefore are the
first to be affected by a reduced oxygen supply.

The effects of reduced oxygen supply to the body

(hypoxia) vary between persons, depending on
health, physical fitness, age, activity level and
statistical scatter with the population. Pilots and
flight attendants usually require more oxygen during
an emergency than healthy, seated passengers and
might therefore suffer earlier from hypoxia effects.”

“FAST 38 - Airbus Technical Magazine” by Kenneth

Johnson, page 21, July 2006

31 “CBS Interview of Gus Grissom” by Nelson Benton

of CBS, December 1966

left [2.6.4] One of the world’s largest vacuum chambers

at NASA

[2.6.5] Graph illustrating the survival rate dependent

on the duration of vacuum exposure

97
 Rhythm, in regards to the human psyche, refers to a synchronized lifestyle commonly embedded
in the evolved being that undergoes cyclical patterns and schedules throughout the day. This circadian
rhythm, regulated by the planet’s rotations, is the approximate 24-hour rejuvenation cycle for the biochemical,
physiological, and behavioural processes involved in a person’s sleeping (unconscious) and waking (conscious)
states of awareness. Dependent on the orbit or trajectory of the architecture that one resides in within outer
space, this rhythm will be altered according to the number of sunrise and sunset occurrences within a 24-hour
period. For example, the International Space Station in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) orbits the Earth approximately
sixteen times in a 24-hour day cycle. In a situation like this, one will eventually lose track of time and enter
into a free cycle, which will disorder many immune functions within the human body. These symptoms will
include a dysfunctional sleep schedule, depriving the necessary sleep patterns32 that help with one’s metabolism, hormone
productions, and other mental alerting systems. The reduced performance and receptive levels of astronauts,
if not treated, will result in psychological disorders. Therefore, it is a challenge in architectural design under
these conditions of irregular patterns to integrate visual cues of shading and lighting system treatments that
will create an illusion of familiar patterns of the passage of time. “The human organism is built for tension and
relaxation, work and sleep. The principle of life is rhythm.”33

32 “At night, the airport emerged as a home of

nomadic spirits, types who could not commit to
any one country, who shied from tradition and were
suspicious of settled community, and who were
therefore nowhere more comfortable than in the
intermediate zones of the modern world, landscapes
gashed by kerosene storage tanks, business parks
and airport hotels. Because the arrival of night
typically pulls us back towards the hearth, there
seemed something especially brave about travellers
who were preparing to entrust themselves to the
darkness, to be carried in a craft navigated by
instruments alone and to surrender to sleep, finally,
only over Azerbaijan or the Kalahari Desert.”

“A Week at the Airport” by Alain de Botton, page 83,

2009

33 “Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach, page 75-76,

2010

right [2.6.6] Infographic of a weekly rhythm of one’s

sense of alertless throughout their daily 24 hour
circadian cycles

[2.6.7] Various orbital tracks on LEO that circles the

Earth multiple times in 24 hours, generating irregular
rhythmic cycles for the foreign traveler

98
 [2.6.6]

sunday
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

monday
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

tuesday
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

wednesday
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

thursday
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

friday
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

saturday
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

[2.6.7a] Various orbital tracks of satellites around Earth. 99 [2.6.7b] Orbital tracks overlayed onto the global plane shows the daily coverage of a satellite in Low Earth Orbit.
[2.6.8a] Depicted as Chuck Noland, Tom Hanks was isolated off on an island after a plane crash and battles for
survival as he’s tested against mental, physical, and emotional challenges.

[2.6.8b] Depicted as Viktor Navorski, Tom Hanks, an eastern immigrant finds himself stranded at JFK International
Airport as he lost his identity due to a war crisis at home. He takes temporary residence at the airport
while adapting to communication challenges as his English wasn’t very proficient.

[2.6.8c] Depicted as Jim Lovell, Tom Hanks, an astronaut in the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission to the moon
encounters various life and death decisions as he struggles for survival, stranded in a crippled space
capsule (205,000 miles away from Earth) with two other astronauts, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert. 100
 Psycho-environmental stressors can cause dysfunction of one’s psyche through sensory deprivation

34 “I was spurred on by an uncertain longing to be

and dissatisfaction. Space environments, as they seem to be currently designed with the limitations of realistic
transported from a boring daily life to a marvellous
world...There is an almost quaint correlation budgets, payloads, and construction constraints, do not properly address the human psyche, inevitably causing
between what is in front of our eyes and the
thoughts we are able to have in our heads: large
thoughts at times requiring large views, new
psychological disorders and mental illnesses. Major symptoms include: 1. the sense of confinement; 2. sensory
thoughts new places...’When I consider...the small
space I occupy and which I see swallowed up in the deprivations and overloads; 3. social tedium of crews. Some of these symptoms are a result of poorly planned and
infinite immensity of spaces of which I know nothing
and which know nothing of me [‘l’infinie immensité
des espaces que j’ignore et qui m’ignorent’], I take
designed interiors of modern-age space stations, as they provide astronauts with a small, confining, and bland environment to
fright and am amazed to see myself here rather
than there: there is no reason for me to be here operate in with very minimal private space.34 Because of such dullness, astronauts lose the motivation to function at
rather than there, now rather than then. Who put me
here?’—Pascal, Penseé, 68” a high capacity.
“The Art of Travel” by Alain de Botton, page 57, 159
and 253, 2002

35 “On entering a new space, our sensitivity is Confinement, similar to imprisonment, is a feeling that one has in small, enclosed, and cramped spaces
directed towards a number of elements, which we
gradually reduct in line with the function we find for
the space...I forced myself to obey a peculiar kind as they lack freedom of movement. Humans strive for a sense of freedom35 and desire to choose environments
of mental command: to look around me as though
I had never been in this place before. And slowly,
my travels began to fruit...the pleasure we derive
that are suitable to their varying states of mind and emotions. For example, depending on one’s emotional
from journeys is perhaps dependent more on the
mindset with which we travel than on the destination state, one may want to be in privacy for personal reflection, while in other situations; one may reach for public
we travel to...Receptivity might be said to be its
chief characteristic. We approach new places with
humility. We carry with us no rigid ideas about what
spaces to socially connect with the energies of others. For long durations in secluded isolation within confined spaces,
is interesting. We irritate locals because we stand on
traffic islands and in narrow streets and admire what dysfunctional psychological states will develop36, with experiences of cabin fever and other mood disorders of anxiety,
they take to be strange small details.”

“The Art of Travel” by Alain de Botton, page 246-

depression, and withdrawal. Therefore, for a serious proposition as conducted in this thesis, these issues
251, 2002
regarding program dynamics must be addressed accordingly in a generous reflection to the mission’s funding.
36 “A few astronauts have described some of the
behavioral challenges that they encountered in
space: maintaining high performance in the face
of extreme danger, loneliness, and minor conflicts
with other crewmembers. On the debit side of the
balance sheet, members of isolated and confined
groups frequently report sleep disturbances, somatic
complaints (aches, pains, and a constellation of flu-
like symptoms sometimes known as the “space
crud”), heart palpitations, anxiety, mood swings
including mild depression, inconsistent motivation,
and performance decrements. Cremembers
sometimes withdraw from one another, get into
conflicts with each other, or get into disputes with
Mission Control...Soyuz 21 (1976), Soyuz T-14
(1985), and Soyuz TM-2 (1987) were shortened
because of mood, performance, and interpersonal
issues.”

“Psychology of Space Exploration: Contemporary

Research in Historical Perspective” by Douglas A.
Vakoch, page 26, 2011

left [2.6.8] Tom Hanks in “Cast Away”, “The Terminal”,

and “Apollo 13”, depicts various roles under different
forms of confinement

101
 Deprivation is a process of attenuation to the state of mind in which there is an absence of normal
conditions that are essential for both the physiological and psychological wellbeing of an individual’s nervous
37 “Human Health and Performance Risks of Space
system. Aside from the deprivations of cyclic rhythms which in time evolve into sleep deprivation, other Exploration Missions” by NASA Human Research
Program, page 85-116, 2012
monotonous symptoms of boredom and amnesia may appear as sensory deprivations that can lead to serious 38 “Solitary confinement is the confinement of “a
prisoner alone in a cell for all, or nearly all, of a day
instabilities in the human psyche. On Earth, chronic sleep loss has shown cognitive impairment after a 17-hour with minimal stimulation and minimal opportunity
for social interaction.” It has “long been known
duration of wakefulness. Through actigraphy and self-reporting by current astronauts to flight surgeons, it has that severe restriction of environmental and social
stimulation has a profound deleterious effect on
mental functioning” (Grassian, 2006)...The effects
been determined that most astronauts sleep only an average of 5.6 hours for each 24-hour cycle onboard in space, compared of solitary confinement on the mental faculties
of detainee José Padilla offers an excellent case
to the typical 7.9 hours on Earth.37 This reduction in the quantity of sleep eventually affects the quality, and this study into sensory deprivation, psychology, and the
law...as court filings indicate, Padilla was allegedly
subjected to sleep deprivation, stress positions and
can ultimately lead to reduced reaction times and erratic performances. Other symptoms that occur include extreme temperatures. Worse, he was held without
human contact, without a clock or even natural light
short-term memory loss and the assumption of a multiple personality. The extreme form of sensory deprivation can with no way to know how quickly or slowly time
was passing...Psychologists have long reported
that extreme sensory deprivation is one of the
be so incapacitating and destructive within the unconscious that this has been used as a torturing technique in federal and military quickest ways to drive people mad and make them
willing to confess to anything...Sleep deprivation,
interrogations for secret information under the process of solitary confinements.38 physiological stress, and repeated questioning only
exacerbate the traumatic nature of the experience.
Mr. Padilla believed he was going to die on a number
of occasions during his detention...Dr. Hegarty is
candid and in her professional judgment concludes
Overloads are instances when excessive and repetitive conditions act upon the human senses over that Padilla “was not the same man he was in 2002
and whatever happened to him during his solitary
confinement has radically changed him” (Richey,
an extended period of time. Although it is logical to believe that these overloads are counteracting factors 2007)”

to sensory deprivation, these two sensory effects do not balance out. In addition, sensory and mission objective “Bad Bad Juju - Sensory Deprivation and Solitary
Confinement” by Gary I. Wilson, March 2009
overloads add to the psychological stresses39 that already affect the occupant in the extreme environment. The major 39 “Along with the considerable stress of confinement,
sleep deprivation, language and cultural gaps,
source for this sensory overload is typically the constant rumbling noises and vibrations that travel throughout and lack of privacy, more subtle torments plagued
the crew...You’re sleep deprived, and you have to
perform perfectly or else you don’t fly anymore. As
a space station in the vacuum environment, as the mechanical systems and onboard equipment generate high soon as you’re done with something, ground control
is telling you something else to do. The bathroom
levels of residual sounds. This eventually causes fatigue in the occupants as they are constantly kept awake. stinks, and you have noise all the time. You can’t
open a window. You can’t go home, you can’t be
with your family, you can’t relax. And you’re not
The instinctual “what if ” and claustrophobic effects can also be increased through constant contemplation well paid. Can you get a worse job than that?...
The researchers soon began to realize that sensory
of the potential failure of mechanical devices, thus stimulating psycho-reactive responses to such acoustical deprivation was a poor approximation of spaceflight.
Space is black, but there’s plenty of sunlight, and
the capsules would be lighted. Radio contact would
provocations. be possible much of the time. Claustrophobia and
solitude were the more salient concerns, especially
on a longer mission.”

“Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach, page 48, 53 and

62, 2010

right [2.6.9] Table of various sound levels and the

acceptable tolerances

[2.6.10] Loud undesirable noises are irritating

physically and mentally

102
[2.6.9] The irritations of “noise” can influence physical
and psychological distress in oneself.
SOUND LEVELS (L) [2.6.10]
(loudness)
Sound Pres-
Sound Pressure Sound Intensity
sure (p) N/m2 =
Source of Sound Level (Lp) or (I) W/m2 sound
Pa sound field
(dB SPL) energy quantity
quantity
jet aircraft @ 50m away 140 200 100
THRESHOLD OF PAIN 130 63.2 10
THRESHOLD OF DISCOMFORT 120 20 1
chainsaw @ 1m distance 110 6.3 0.1
disco @ 1m from speakers 100 2 0.01
diesel truck @ 10m away 90 0.63 0.001
curbside of busy intersection @ 5m 80 0.2 0.0001
vacuum cleaner @ 1m 70 0.063 0.00001
conversational speech @ 1m 60 0.02 0.000001
average home 50 0.0063 0.0000001
quiet library 40 0.002 0.00000001
quiet bedroom at night 30 0.00063 0.000000001
background noise in TV studio 20 0.0002 0.0000000001
rustling of leaves in the distance 10 0.000063 0.00000000001
THRESHOLD OF HEARING 0 0.00002 0.000000000001

THRESHOLD OF PAIN PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE TIME

Sound Sound Sound Pressure Permissible
Sound Pressure
Pressure Level Pressure Level Exposure Time
140 dB SPL 200 Pa 115 dB 11.2 Pa 30 sec
137.5 dB SPL 150 Pa 112 dB 7.96 Pa 1 min
134 dB SPL 100 Pa 109 dB 5.64 Pa 2 min
130 dB SPL 63 Pa 106 dB 3.99 Pa 4 min
120 dB SPL 20 Pa 103 dB 2.83 Pa 7.5 min
100 dB 2.00 Pa 15 min
94 dB 1.42 Pa 30 min
94 dB 1.00 Pa 1 hr
91 dB 0.71 Pa 2 hr
88 dB 0.50 Pa 4 hr

103
[2.6.11] To avoid seclusion in a social environment, the sense of inclusion must be initiated within oneself, ignoring any opinionated indifferences that one may have with others socially, culturally, politically, etc.

104
 Social tedium, in its most basic definition, is interaction with a limited society in confined conditions.
Being in such high social densities on a continuous basis can cause a heightened sense of awareness, which
ultimately migrates into fatigue and other mental frustrations. This condition causes wear and tear on a
person’s psychological state, which eventually becomes a psychic dysfunction as one becomes withdrawn from
interpersonal engagements. It is a crucial prerequisite for life as much as for the people engaging in extreme environments
to have an open social mindset bonding one another40 to create a positive atmosphere within the limited confines of
the livable environments in outer space. Additionally, from an architectural perspective, spatial diversity can
aid with this chaotic condition as people tend to need some variety of experiences or else they will become
stressed and claustrophobic. Therefore, strategically programmed designs can offer a variety of activities in
public interactive volumes while also providing private escape zones where one can decompress.

40 “Astronauts have to be people who play well with

others. NASA’s recommended astronaut attribute
list includes an Ability to Relate to Others with
Sensitivity, Regard, and Empathy. Adaptability,
Flexibility, Fairness. Sense of Humor. An Ability
to Form Stable and Quality Interpersonal
Relationships...Suppressing one’s feelings too
tightly for too long takes a toll. You either explode
or implode...’Boris, there are people who are your
relatives due to blood connection. But there are
also people who are your relatives due to things you
do together. Now you are closer to me than your
brother or sister. We landed. We are alive. The prize
is life.’”

“Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach, page 32-33 and

76, 2010

left [2.6.11] Healthy social interactions require one

to have a sense of inclusion amongst their peers
and not to be felt left out secluded of place in
awkwardness

105
 3
the TRANSIT integration of unique systems

107
 The apparent preconditions of an extreme extraterrestrial setting require designers to source and specify complex and
innovative technologies to create environments and spaces that provide a basic similarity to prerequisites for life as found on
Earth.1 System failures in materials and design will be perilous to occupants, as it would be impossible for
a human being to survive in outer space without the aid of these highly specialized systems. Therefore,
it is critical that extraterrestrial designs include innovative sustainable life support systems and secondary
backup procedures in the event of emergency situations and system failures. Additionally, design intentions
have to simultaneously innovate, provide for supporting systems, and pay heed to potential physiological and
psychological dysfunctions. 1 “Extreme environments can only be made habitable
by implementing technologies that mitigate the
hostile physical conditions. Historically, exploration
has extended the range of environments in which
habitation is possible and has led to technical
innovation. The aerospace and defence industries
are currently developing a range of technologies
that attempt to instill biological capabiltiies into
synthetic material systems by integrating sensing
actuation and control strategies into the structure of
the craft.

The objective of research into intelligent material

systems and structures is commonly and explicitly
biomimetic. This approach seeks to duplicate
the functioning of biological materials and living
systems in sythetic artefacts. There is a growing
recognition that the standard engineering practice of
optimising the use of materials or systems of stable
characteristics does not allow for the interdynamics
that often occur in complex systems. In addition,
designing for ‘worst case’ contingencies in an
effort to accommodate the unforeseen (an obvious
contradiction) results in inefficiencies in material,
use and economy and limits the capacities of the
systems in question.

The technological systems that will be implemented

in extreme environments will encompass a full
range of intelligent media and material systems.
According to NASA: Future Space missions will
employ extensive automation as well as extensive
on-line resources. Automation systems may include
rovers, robots, tele-operators of control, piloting and
fault management systems. Information systems
may include image, video and audio databases,
medical databases, video monitoring systems,
piloting systems, and electronic documentation
for troubleshooting, repair, maintenance and
training. Ensuring flexible intuitive safe interfaces
to information and automation for both flight and
ground crew is a fundamental challenge of Space
Human Factors.”

“Architectural Design Vol 70 No 2 - Space

Architecture” by Maggie Toy and Rachel Armstrong,
page 50-51, March 2000

right “There is No North Arrow in Outer Space” by Sara

Hart, page 153, 2002

108
 “While conceding that space architecture is
a rarefied specialty within the profession, the
work under way at this moment should prompt
earthbound architects to think outside the ozone
in several areas:

Sustainability - In space, obsolete structures will

be disassembled and their components reused.
On Earth, buildings are typically demolished and
dispatched to landfills.

Cost - In space, the lighter and more portable

the load, the more economical the launch and
deployment. On Earth, lighter is more economical,
but portability, whether in the form of manufactured
components or prefabricated systems, remains a
fledgling industry.

Life safety - In space, life safety literally means

survival. Egress to the outside to escape fire
or smoke is not an option. On Earth, life safety
translates, in most building codes, to acceptable
risk determined by a rating system for materials
and assemblages.

Life cycle - In space, because even routine

maintenance can be logistically problematic, life-
cycle issues are a major part of the design process.
On Earth, besides attention to surface finishes and
access to equipment, postoccupancy mitigation,
as required, is the norm.”

“There
Hart is No North Arrow in Outer Space” by Sara

109
[3.0.1a] [3.0.1b] [3.0.1c]
Availability of Visionary Opportunities Artificial Gravity Environments Life Support Systems

[3.0.1d] [3.0.1e] [3.0.1f]

Exercise and Sport Activities Connectivity with “HOME” Viewports for Earth Reflections

[3.0.1g] [3.0.1h] 110 [3.0.1i] [3.0.1j]

Societal Culture and Community Operational Confidence Unique Itinerary and Work Schedules Endless Design Challenges
 With an understanding of the many impending symptomatic challenges for spacefaring occupants as
previously mentioned, the planning and programming stages for the networked framework of infrastructural
modules will be highly important for the physiological maintenance and sociological conditioning of their
occupants. Via intricate program-specific spatial planning, unique social interactions and familiar forms can be
designed as preventative measures against prospective physio-psycho health dysfunctions caused by prolonged
exposure in an extraterrestrial environment. The creation of both public social spaces and private solitary
spaces can encourage a healthier emotional status for the people on board.

Onboard operators and staff with extensively committed schedules will be the ones mostly affected
by space habitation. Short-duration exposures in artificial outer space atmospheres, as experienced by future
2 “On two occasions, I have had the privilege of being
a crewmember on an HST servicing mission (SM- travelers, do not engender as much damage physiologically and psychologically as those rendered through
1 and SM-3A). The perfect combination of remote
control from the ground (for normal scientific
operations) and human interventions on orbit (for
longer periods of time. Therefore, creating balanced schedules and activity plans will be crucial for ensuring
repair, servicing and/or improvements) ensured the
extremely successful completion of the programme. a healthy workplace environment for those personnel. Not only does the operational staff require detailed
Shuttle-based servicing missions have allowed the
correction, in two instances, of the loss of essential
telescope capabilities (optical resolution in 1993,
itineraries for their routine cycles, but passengers traveling on the infrastructure will also require a thoroughly
attitude control in 1999). Automatic and robotic
functions alone would never have achieved what outlined schedule so that their short visit will be full of unique activities and experiences while not endangering
has been done thus far with HST, and this is an
important lesson for the future. Not that it always will
be possible to afford the luxury of human spacecraft-
their health. In addition, it is imperative that there are ample opportunities for all astronautic occupants to communicate and
based servicing, but, whenever it is feasible, this
approach will provide us with a lot of options, visually refer to Earth and their loved ones in order to provide an intimate existence and a sense of inner life throughout one’s
flexibility, and the capability for correction or even
recovery from critical failures. journey in space.2
It is well known that views of the Earth and of the
starry nights are very spectacular from a Low Earth
Orbit. Although more a background than a subject of
close attention during busy times on-orbit involving
robotics and/or spacewalks, the Earth’s surface and
atmospheric phenomena receive a lot of attention
and recordings on digital cameras during quiet times
on the Shuttle and the ISS. Most impressive are
the large-scale geological features like the Sahara
desert, the Himalaya mountain range and the Andes.
The rapid succession of day and night, the beautiful
lighting at every transition, the amazing spread
of thunderstorm areas in the equatorial regions,
the auroras, zodiacal light and the Milky Way, are
unforgettable and are a substantial addition to the
dimension of each expedition to Low Earth Orbit.”

“Humans in Outer Space - Interdisciplinary

Odysseys” by Luca Codignola and Kai-Uwe Schrogl,
page 125-126, 2009

left [3.0.1] Factors to consider in standardizing basic

prerequisites to an infinite dimension of challenges

111
3.1 operations and maintenance

113
 As discussed in the previous chapter, human sustenance relies upon several fundamental factors that
are uniquely supplied on Earth and that constrain the general creative approaches in the design and operation
of outer space applications. Systems for life support and architectural maintenance on Earth rely practically 3 “During space missions, temperature variations
can run to extremes, even in Earth orbit, with the
upon standard mechanical heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) devices. However, these systems spacecraft enduring sixteen sunrises and sunsets in
a given ‘day’, and the consequent exposure to heat
and cold, unchecked by atmospheric protection. In
are technically insufficient in space. Therefore, the Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) aboard such situations, the hardware is pressed to maintain
suitable living conditions.
space station modules include the integration of many innovative mechanical devices, such as atmospheric control systems, water If the air-conditioning on the Shuttle breaks down,
the craft becomes extremely hot - like August in
source and reclamation systems, agricultural supply and cultivation facilities, temperature synchronization controllers, sanitation Houston. On Mir, however, if solar lock was lost
it could become extremely cold. Keeping the
and hygienic apparatuses, and failure detection and suppression devices and strategies.3 temperature under control is important for crew
health and comfort and their ability to work. When
Apollo 13 suffered its systems failures as a result
of an explosion, the crew soon had to contend with
extreme cold and dirty air.
Atmospheric pressurization is a major item to be considered and implemented in the designs for a site With all the equipment running, and exposure to
direct sunlight, the internal volume will become
located in a total vacuum environment. Without pressurization and an ample air supply, habitats designed in the warm, and so the crew will utilise some of the heat.
Some of it could be recycled, and the rest emitted
extreme conditions of outer space will not be a livable environment for human beings. Therefore, life support into space. Equally, the spacecraft has to be kept
cool, and so a balance must be maintained.
systems for an air-locked vessel generally maintain Earth-like atmospheric compositions of the minimum Humans exhale carbon dioxide - which, although
not poisonous, is suffocating, as it prevents oxygen
prerequisites of oxygen, water vapour, and carbon dioxide to provide a breathable environment for the crew inhalation. It therefore has to be removed (scrubbed)
from the air in the spacecraft. Lithium hydroxide has
so far been successfully used as a scrubber on
and visitors. With the partial pressures of these components, an appropriate and safe nominal interior barometric every human space mission, but its disadvantage
is that many canisters have to be carried. In Earth
pressure of approximately 101.3kPa or 14.7psi should be artificially distributed4 throughout the vessel modules. The orbit, space stations can be resupplied by Progress
ferry or the Shuttle...In some systems, carbon
dioxide is removed with zeolites - tubs or containers
International Space Station already utilizes these sophisticated models of ECLSS and the proposal suggested coated with a particular type of chemical which does
not use any consumables. These can be connected
by this thesis is assuming a technically similar system. to a vacuum and heated to dump all the carbon
dioxide overboard, and can be used indefinitely.”

“Marswalk One - First Steps on a New Planet” by

David J. Shayler, Andrew Salmon and Michael D.
Shayler, page 200-205, 2005

4 “The life-support system needs to be able to

provide the following functions in any configuration
in response to metabolic consumption and loss of
cabin atmosphere to space:...Capability to maintain
cabin total pressure at greater than 14.1psi. This
maintenance of cabin pressure shall not cause
nitrogen partial pressure to exceed 11.6 psia, or
cabin total pressure to exceed 14.9psi (or equivalent
in the metric system 97.2kPa and 102.7kPa
respectively).

“Space Safety Regulations and Standards” by

Joseph N. Pelton and Ram S. Jakhu, page 437,
2010

right “Standard Handbook for Aeronautical and

Astronautical Engineers” by Mark Davies, page
1544, 2003

114
 “Any spacecraft that is intended to contain living
matter, from the simplest experimental biological
material to a human crew, requires a life support
system. The complexity of the system will depend
on what has to be supported and the duration
and destination of the mission. There are broadly
two kinds of life support system. Environmental
control and life support systems (ECLSS) are
open or partly closed loop and based generally
on regenerative physico-chemical processes.
Biological life support systems (BLSS) are similar
but, as the name implies, based on biological
processes. A special subcategory of BLSS is the
closed or controlled ecological life support system
(CELSS), which, again as the name implies, is closed
loop. All currently operational life support systems
are of the ECLSS kind, although some promising
subsystems based on biological processes now
exist which could ultimately be integrated into an
otherwise physico-chemical ECLSS.”

“Standard
AstronauticalHandbook for Mark
Aeronautical and
Engineers” by Davies

115
 [3.1.2a]
Closeup for the Portable Life Support System

[3.1.1] [3.1.2b]
116
An Environmental and Life Support System rack used in current stations. Portable Life Support System
 The ECLSS is a multi-faceted system that assimilates a variety of onboard systems necessary to
provide for the essentials of life. A triple redundancy program for the generation of oxygen supply is one of
5 “The Oxygen Generation System produces oxygen
for breathing air for the crew and laboratory animals, the main features of this system; the Oxygen Generation System (OGS)5 acts as the primary source of chemically
as well as for replacement of oxygen lost due to
experiment use, airlock depressurization, module
leakage, and carbon dioxide venting. The system
reacted supply, while secondary backup oxygen generation utilizes Solid Fuel Oxygen Generators (SFOG)
consists mainly of the Oxygen Generation Assembly
(OGA) and a Power Supply Module. and canisters of stored oxygen. The OGS is an enhanced reproduction of the Russian Space Agency’s model
The heart of the Oxygen Generation Assembly is the
cell stack, which electrolyzes, or breaks apart, water
of the Elektron oxygen generator, which is designed to generate oxygen through the chemical splitting process of
provided by the Water Recovery System, yielding
oxygen and hydrogen as byproducts. The oxygen electrolysis in water molecules [2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)].6 In such processing, the oxygen is released through a
is delivered to the cabin atmosphere while the
hydrogen is vented overboard. The Power Supply
Module provides the power needed by the Oxygen
separate vent to either the onboard oxygen storage or throughout the station to maintain comfortable oxygen
Generation Assembly to electrolyze the water.
supply levels while the hydrogen is vented off separately to its own storage for future backup energy generation
The Oxygen Generation System is designed to
generate oxygen at a selectable rate and is capable
of operating both continuously and cyclically. It
or the reproduction of water supply. With this method, an initial supply of water can infinitely supply oxygen
provides from 5 to 20 pounds (2.3 to 9 kg) of oxygen
per day during continuous operation and a normal and reproduce water through the Water Recovery devices. As there are bound to be malfunctions and failures,
rate of 12 pounds (5.4 kg) of oxygen per day during
cyclic operation. as in any strategy for artificial life support, secondary backups will be necessary. Secondary systems such as
The Oxygen Generation System will accommodate
the testing of an experimental Carbon Dioxide an oxygen purge system will act as a temporary life support while maintenance crews can work to restore the
Reduction Assembly (CReA). Once deployed, the
reduction assembly will cause hydrogen produced
by the Oxygen Generation Assembly to react with
primary devices to full capacity.
carbon dioxide removed from the cabin atmosphere
to produce water and methane. This water will be
available for processing and reuse, thereby further
reducing the amount of water to be resupplied to the
Space Station from the ground.”

“International Space Station - Environmental Control

and Life Support System” by NASA Marshall Space
Flight Center, page 3, May 2008

6 “Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen

atoms and one oxygen atom. Running a current
through water causes these atoms to separate and
recombine as gaseous hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2.

The oxygen that people breathe on Earth also

comes from the splitting of water, but it’s not a
mechanical process. Plants, algae, cyanobacteria
and phytoplankton all split water molecules as
part of photosynthesis—the process that converts
sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into sugars for
food. The hydrogen is used for making sugars, and
the oxygen is released into the atmosphere.”

“Breathing Easy on the Space Station” by Patrick L.

Barry, Science@NASA, November 2000

left [3.1.1] ECLSS hardware rack of regenerative

systems for water recovery and oxygen generation

[3.1.2] Portable life support subsystems used

by astronauts in extra-vehicular activities and
emergency depressurization situations

117
 Since the major source of air is highly reliant on the abundance of water supply, and since water is
one of the core resources for the existence of life, the storage and treatment of water is crucial in the overall 7 “The WRS provides clean water by reclaiming
wastewater (including water from crewmember
mechanical network of systems. As mentioned above, current oxygen generation is through a reaction that urine, hand wash, and oral hygiene waters); cabin
humidity condensate; and extravehicular activity
utilizes a Water Recovery System (WRS).7 This system is required to perform multiple tasks, such as the collection (EVA) wastes. The recovered water must meet
stringent standards before it can be used to support
crew, EVA, and payload activities.
of water vapour from the artificial atmosphere to be reused in the production of oxygen, the purification of
The WRS is designed to recycle crewmember urine
waste water from sinks, toilets, showers, and other systems on board, and a vacuum distillation procedure to and wastewater for reuse as clean water. By doing
so, the system reduces the net mass of water and
consumables that would need to be launched from
separate liquids and gases as exercised in the Oxygen Generation System. It is crucial that water reserves are Earth to support six crewmembers by 2,760 kg
(6,000 lbs) per year.
kept uncontaminated and an adequate level is maintained considering the many functions it provides both for The WRS consists of a Urine Processor Assembly
(UPA) and a Water Processor Assembly (WPA). A
the crew members and the generation of energy onboard. low-pressure vacuum distillation process is used
to recover water from urine. The entire process
occurs within a rotating distillation assembly that
compensates for the absence of gravity and
therefore aids in the separation of liquids and
By generating an artificial atmosphere and a recycle and reuse system for water, two of the major gases in space. Product water from the UPA is
combined with other wastewaters and delivered to
components necessary for life can be mechanically accounted for. However, nutritional support for life in the WPA for treatment. The WPA removes free gas
and solid materials (hair, lint, etc.) from the water
before it goes through a series of multifiltration
the extraterrestrial environment is still an ongoing obstacle. As of today, there has not been any effective beds for further purification. Any remaining organic
contaminants and microorganisms are removed
deployment of operational agricultural and cultivation programs for outer space operations. There have, by a high-temperature catalytic reactor assembly.
The purity of product water is checked by electrical
conductivity sensors (the conductivity of water is
however, been many successful efforts and experiments that have proven the feasibility of agricultural increased by the presence of typical contaminants).
Unacceptable water is reprocessed, and clean
production within the laboratories of the International Space Station. Therefore, it is reasonable to envision water is sent to a storage tank, ready for use by the
crew.
the prospects for future artificial biomes to be manipulated and executed into bio-laboratories and hydroponic “NASA Engineering Design Challenges -
Environmental Control and Life Support Systems
cultivation facilities onboard space infrastructures. With this elaborately integrated ECLSS system of water, oxygen, Water Filtration Challenge” by NASA Marshall
Space Flight Center, page 2, September 2008
and cultivated products, a closed-loop system will endlessly supply regenerative and recycled materials for the life support system 8 “The oxygen that humans and animals breathe on
Earth is produced by plants and other photosynthetic
necessary to ensure longevity for its occupants in space. But until this is resolved, residents of the infrastructural
8 organisms such as algae...“Eventually, it would be
great if we could use plants to (produce oxygen) for
us,” said Monsi Roman, chief microbiologist for the
modules of outer space will have to cope with the currently available space food of edible microwaveable ECLSS project at MSFC. “The byproduct of plants
doing this for us is food.”...“We’re looking to close
products that are vacuum-packed for extraterrestrial use. the loop completely, where everything will be (re)
used,” Roman said.”

“Breathing Easy on the Space Station” by Patrick L.

Barry, Science@NASA, November 2000

right [3.1.3] Flowchart of the regenerative life support

components in the ECLSS and its processes

[3.1.4] Hydroponic farming laboratory

[3.1.5] Hydroponic farming greenhouse

[3.1.6] Artificial biome utilizing hydroponic

techniques depicted in the film, “Sunshine”

118
 comfort controls temperature humidity
occupant and module
life support detection sensor fire detection fire suppression
[3.1.3]

to onboard systems
Atmosphere Water Waste Food

air purification oxygen generation potable water waste water dried and
(EDC) system (condensate, solid waste biomass processed food
(H2O) urine, etc.) storage
air supply

trace contaminant electrolysis urine recovery hydroponic

water processing processing biospheric system farming
control (SWFE)
subassembly
(TCCS)

CO2 O2 H2
filtration algae processing vegetation and
algal cultivator
condensing heat (VPCAR)
exchanger (CHX)
O2/N2 Pressure
Control Regulators reasonably feasible conceptual system to close the loop
of a typical space station life support system
N2 oxygen
recuperation overboard venting or used in
CH2 H2 CO2
sabatier reactor future recyclable systems
(SR)

[3.1.5]
Hydroponic greenhouse farming

[3.1.4] [3.1.6]
Hydroponic laboratory 119 Artificial biome in movies
[3.1.7] Double hull structural designs ensure a secondary protection from the exposure of the vacuum environment

[3.1.8a]
Control operations and applications rehearsal

[3.1.8b]
Mechanical system inspection routine protocols

[3.1.8c]
120 The many onboard switches to control the station
 A thorough temperature synchronization system that manages the temperature and humidity of
modules and spaces according to programmed activities will be particularly important to ensure extraordinary
hygienic levels within the space station. Aside from the hygienic necessity of temperature variances, differing
temperatures in spaces with a variety of programs can influence different emotional moods and conditions.
9 Ҥ 460.11 ECLSS:
Under Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) standards and aerospace operational regulations, it will be very important for
(a) An operator must provide atmospheric conditions
adequate to sustain life and consciousness for all
inhabited areas within a vehicle. The operator or
operational personnel to have adequate knowledge of the thermal controls and synchronizations for temperatures throughout
flight crew must monitor and control the following
atmospheric conditions in the inhabited areas or the programmed station areas.9 With this knowledge, and the availability of elaborate thermal controllers, crew
demonstrate through the license or permit process
that an alternate means provides an equivalent level
of safety—
operators and onboard engineers will be able to see any potential system malfunctions and provide for the
(1) Composition of the atmosphere, which includes immediate maintenance care necessary to resolve these problematic failures.
oxygen and carbon dioxide, and any revitalization;
(2) Pressure, temperature and humidity;
(3) Contaminants that include particulates and any
harmful or hazardous concentrations of gases, or
vapors; and In any mechanized vehicle, malfunctions are inevitable, especially during the later portions of its
(4) Ventilation and circulation.

(b) An operator must provide an adequate redundant

operational life. However, system malfunctions onboard an infrastructural network away from the terrestrial
or secondary oxygen supply for the flight crew.
bounds of Earth will pose many challenges and potential catastrophes. It is important that for every singular
(c) An operator must:

(1) Provide a redundant means of preventing cabin

intervention of design, there is at the very least a secondary resolution or backup procedure that can be
depressurization; or
(2) Prevent incapacitation of any of the flight crew in automatically activated in response to potential failures. Architecturally, the structural shell of a space station
the event of loss of cabin pressure.

Monitoring provides insight into atmospheric

must be designed in a double hull construction such that, if failure occurs upon the external surfaces of the
conditions so that adjustments can be made to
maintain a nominal, safe atmospheric condition space station, a secondary layer will provide a supportive backing and prevention against depressurization
to sustain life and consciousness. The measured
values may either be continuously refreshed or
periodically updated, depending on the hazard
until the breach is repaired. In order to be warned in advance of system malfunctions or any failures both
that an unmonitored atmospheric condition would
present to the vehicle occupants. Monitoring may inside and outside the station, many monitoring devices are required throughout the entire construction of
be primarily the responsibility of the on-board crew,
an on-board computer system, or of a ground-based
remote operator who can alert the on-board crew of
the space station to track the condition of these systems and materials. From detection devices managing
an unsafe condition. In some cases, control may be
achieved using open-loop systems. These options the larger issues, such as internal hull pressurization breaches of air-locked spaces, to the more personal level
may be used to assist designers or developers with
their design solutions in an effort to comply with the
requirements of 14 CFR § 460.11(a).
of detection devices for odour intensities for hygienic measures, the overall management of the system is
“Environmental Control and Life Support Systems required to prevent and react to failures.
for Flight Crew and Space Flight Participants in
Suborbital Space Flight—Version 1” by Federal
Aviation Administration, page 5-6, April 2010

left [3.1.7] Construction of the double hull external tank

structure

[3.1.8] Complex control panels and maintenance

protocols being practiced by astronaut crews on
Earth

121
3.2 sensory rehabilitation amenities and programs

123
 Based on information gathered by observing previous accounts in spaceflight history, we have
discovered a set of psychological dysfunctions and symptoms that must be considered within the more
visionary, occupant-experiential design ideals of the space program proposed by this thesis. By analyzing
10 “The house is...a universal symbol. The house can
these common effects and symptoms, we can begin to understand how the conditions in space cause our symbolize the state of the whole psyche, while the
rooms that appear in a dream are parts of yourself
that make up the whole of the psyche...The house
subconscious mind to transmit messages to our body in the form of health problems. According to this in your dream will symbolize the way you are living
your life. In a dream, going home indicates that you
knowledge, we can generate basic countermeasures in terms of architecture and aesthetics to prevent hazardous consequences are reconnecting with yourself...We are engaged
in a busy exchange of keeping, acquiring, storing,
displaying, and discarding. The word “belonging”
that would result in harming the occupants’ sense of belonging while inhabiting the structures of outer space.10 Having defined says it best. There are things that we develop
strong attachments to and there are things we are
these remedies, space architects can design in a more responsive way, with a synchronized mentality that every no longer tied to. We have a sense that things not
only belong to us, they have acquired a capacity
to connect us to a place. They are part of why we
aspect of a space is essentially stimulating a part of one’s psyche. feel we belong. Objects help us to belong because
they carry an aspect of our emotional lives; they lift
the space out of the realm of utility and help us to
cross over some subtle threshold that divides utility
from warmth. The architect Le Corbusier’s famous
One of the major issues that require much attention in research in order to understand human statement that a house is a machine for living in,
while perhaps directed at technology and issues of
adaptability to extreme extraterrestrial environments is weightlessness. As one’s body physically undergoes a production, became a powerful voice in the making
of the modern idea of home.”
metamorphosis in this situation, the unconscious system is also signaling warnings to the conscious mind of “The Inner Studio” by Andrew Levitt, page 86-88,
2007
a performance dysfunction due to certain differing circumstances than one has been accustomed to on Earth. 11 “When I saw that star and realised that space is a
bottomless abyss, the first thought that occurred to
Space is a bottomless abyss11 with an infinite surrounding void of gravitational forces. One will be perceptively me was that it would take thousands of years to get
to that star - and that’s not the end of our world. One
disoriented and never feel grounded in these circumstances. It is this sensation of being grounded on Earth that can travel further and further and there is no limit to
that journey. I was so shocked by this thought that I
felt something crawling up my spine.”
enables a connection with our ancestry as well as with a positive and healthy sense of belonging and purpose in life.12 Therefore,
Quoted by Vitaly Mikhaylovich Zholobov, Flight
it is imperative that the concept of gravity and perceptive orientation cues are reinforced in architectural Engineer of Soyuz 21 (49 day mission in Salyut 5),
1976
solutions so that occupants can physically operate in a normal manner while improving mobility and senses. 12 “There is a gravity, or what passes as gravity, in
this physical world of poetry. You go from feeling
Additionally, in order to reduce instinctive judgements that activate the sense of disorientation, archetypal spatial like a body in a space to a body full of space...All
the holes, all the emptiness, all the openings in the
work are strangely familiar and this intimacy confers
arrangements defined by round tubular sections lacking ceilings and floors will be an effective architectural upon our own inner gravity a sense of acceptance.
It resonates with something I feel inside myself,
gesture. This unique design language without a ceiling or a floor and, in most cases, with angular walls (wall something not perfect, finished yet not complete,
slowly developed, fragile, not everlasting. Inside us,
the gravity of the physical world feels like a sorrow
edges should be softened to a round profile to compliment the reduction of disorienting cues while acting as a safety precaution for and hope...The Jungian analyst James Hollis says
the test for soul is found in three things: luminosity,
people and objects that has the chance to bump into it), will assist the psyche of the occupants while allowing them to depth, and resonance. I want to add another quality
that I found in this studio: the voices of ancestors.
The voices of the ones who have come before were
determine their frame of reference. strong.”

“The Inner Studio” by Andrew Levitt, page 68-69,

2007

right “A Week at the Airport” by Alain de Botton, page 41-

42 and 100-101, 2009

124
 “Our capacity to derive pleasure from aesthetic or
material goods seems critically dependent on our
first satisfying a more important range of emotional
and psychological needs, among them those for
understanding, compassion and respect...At the
beginning of human history, as we struggled to light fires
and to chisel fallen trees into rudimentary canoes, who
could have predicted that long after we had managed to
send men to the moon and aeroplanes to Australia, we
would still have such a trouble knowing how to tolerate
ourselves, forgive our loved ones and apologise for
our tantrums?...We may spend the better part of our
professional lives projecting strength and toughness,
but we are all in the end creatures of appalling fragility
and vulnerability. Out of the millions of people we live
among, most of whom we habitually ignore and are
ignored by in turn, there are always a few who hold
hostage our capacity for happiness, whom we could
recognise by their smell alone and whom we would
rather die than be without.”

“A Week at the Airport” by Alain de Botton

125
 Orientation Key in Space Zenith
[3.2.1] artificial gravity station velocity vector Acor = 2 • Ω • v
module y Ω
Port Acent Ω2 • Rf
w ard v
For =2
viable orbital track in Low Ω • Rf
static weightless x v
r Earth Orbit (LEO)
modules =2
V
rotating direction ϕ
[3.2.2] basic configuration ϕ
Aft of spinning module
ϴo
Starboard

Nadir ϴp
Rf

to Earth’s center

v•t

n
ta ti o
ll ro ϕ S
u
fh [3.2.3b] S=V•t
o
n
ti o
ec

module west Rh = Rf - h
d ir

y Ω
direction
S= Rf-R2 2
h

ϴp = arctan (S/Rh)
x
ϴo = S/Rh

center of module’s orbital

[3.2.3a]
rotation axis
ϴp
Rh
ϴo
Rf
module radius

Gartificial
S
module east
direction S
h
double shell hull

interior walking surface [3.2.3c]

126
13 “In an artificial gravity environment, the direction of It is important to create the perception of an environment with artificial gravity13 within the structural
rotation should be visually obvious throughout the
design, to establish connection between visual and
vestibular cues to rotation so that crew can orient
hulls of the modular space stations. The preferred method is to use centrifugal forces generated by the steady
their movements advantageously with regard to
Coriolis accelerations. Floors that are wide with rotation of the inhabited structure about an axis in which the occupants are kept at constant acceleration.
respect to the rotational radius should not be flat;
they should be cylindrical arcs so that centripetal
acceleration remains perpendicular to the surface,
However, this source of gravity is a directionally dependent force according to the axis of rotation, and
thus avoiding unwanted apparent slopes. Circular
plans without obvious orientation to the habitat’s therefore, one may encounter a fluctuation in magnitude variances of the gravitational pull. As one moves
rotation should be avoided...Color and pattern
can further distinguish east (prograde) from west
(antigrade). This can help keep inhabitants visually
against the rotational axis, one will experience a greater gravitational force as compared to what is experienced
oriented with respect to the rotation, so that they can
anticipate the directions of Coriolis accelerations when they move away from the rotational axis. This variance in gravitational forces poses an additional
that will accompany various actions such as
standing up and sitting down.” problem because, as the occupants change direction (rotate around from a pivot and change their displacement
“Out of this World – The New Field of Space
Architecture” by A. Scott Howe and Brent Sherwood, headings), they will experience an awkward moment of motion sickness as they get either shot away with the
page 152, 2009

14 “The question of where up or down is becomes

lack of gravity or pulled in as if a heavy load were added upon them. This can be psychologically lethal for
relative; the only absolute is the situated human
body and its capacity to constitute a coherent the unprepared body and mind as one’s visual perceptions will conflict with their kinaesthetic sense causing
space...The primordial form of spatiality is a ‘horizon
of all our experiences, but it is a horizon which
cannot be in principle ever reached and thematized
the experience of Coriolis (motion) sickness. The architecture and aesthetics of the interiors can play a major role to
in our express perception.’...There is no ultimate
origin or ground of space, for the same reason that reduce such dysfunctional occurrences.14 Architecture can be designed in various forms, shapes, and sizes to provide
there is no ultimate ground of the world...the nature
of space depends on the continuity of reference
to deeper [spatial] structures in terms of topology
helpful visual directional cues. Architecture can give an indication of the direction of motion relative to the
(closely linked with the topology of being), about
the continuity of references in terms of orientation, rotational axis of the environment. The use of colours on surfaces and other informative signage to indicate
and about the explicit manifestation of spatiality in
terms of physiognomy. The topology, orientation,
and physiognomy of space constitute a unity: the
the changes in direction will also be successful tools to unconsciously remind occupants of their directed
visible aspects of space, its physiognomy, depend
on orientation; and orientation in turn depends on motion and subconsciously eliminate any kinaesthetic-visual anomalies that may materialize. This will form a
the topological character of the surrounding world.
Such manifestations can be made especially
obvious in space of zero gravity...”I had no way of
very advanced method of architectural wayfinding to move the occupants in directions and along paths that
determining up from down, I had no visual reference
in the dark. I had to turn on the light, but I just did will cause the least physical discomfort.
not know what direction to put my hand in. So I had
to feel things to orient myself...” The astronauts
used similar language in stressing the importance
of natural primary orientation: “You tend to orient
yourself when you are in a room even though you
are in zero gravity, and when you orient yourself you
should find everything is the same. You don’t like
something up and something under. You like things
to be orderly like they always are on Earth.””

“Architecture in the Age of Divided Represntation”

by Dalibor Vesely, page 48-55, 2004

left [3.2.1] Standardized diagrammatic orientation key

denoting the axial assignments in outer space

[3.2.2] Design parti arrangements of revolving

modules to simulate artificial gravity

[3.2.3] Diagrams of the science behind artificial

gravity

127
[3.2.4a]
GRAVITATIONAL COMFORT
1000
E A
A B
0.1 g

0.3 g

COM

1g
FOR
[3.2.4b] [3.2.4c] [3.2.4d]

TZ
Human adapted normal Condition most similar to

ON
gravitational benchmark Earth, but requires a large
under Earthly conditions radius and fast tangential

E
providing one a balanced acceleration. Therefore,
posture and comfort. comes with a HUGE price.

C D E
100
ROTATIONAL RADIUS (m)

[3.2.4e] [3.2.4f] [3.2.4g]

B Condition that demands * The dotted lines represent two scenarios of: 1.
the closest scrutiny as it dropping an object from a fixed point (the more
seeks to minimize obvious linear line of dots) versus, 2. a particle (an object)
costs in size radius, that bounces in front of oneself and follows
reduction in tangential an involuted path (the arc line of dots). This
velocity, minimal mass compares the effects of the differing gravitational
and requires less kinetic values with respect to selected station radii.
D energy for operations.
However, other costs may
surge for the condition
such as complex design
C fees and high cost crew
10
6m

15 selection/training will be
m/s
/s

required to accommodate
for the peculiar gravitated
12 environment.

ANGULAR VELOCITY (rpm)

10
[3.2.4h]
0.1 1 2 6 10

128
 Descending from weightless to artificial gravity space Jogging laps around the spinning space
[3.2.5b] [3.2.5c]

LADDER
ARRANGEMENT [3.2.5a]

ascend
descend

elevator
lateral

tangential
velocity
ascend
descend

elevator
lateral

tangential
velocity
ascend
descend

129
 To this date, public perception of space travel has been predominantly influenced by portrayals 15 “This is usually the moment when we start to feel
afraid of failing—“I’m doomed” “This project is
in science fiction films and television shows with a positive portrayal of the environments presented. The doomed” “I shouldn’t be an architect”...The despair
isn’t helpful because judgment is the opposite
of creation. Everything gets worse because
believable environments depicted in films such as 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and Moon (2009) have presented imagination cannot function when judgment is
present and we lose the relaxation that is so
realistic ideas of what living in space would be like. Unfortunately, negative publicity through news coverage necessary for creative work...The experience of
“letting go” is often the quickest way of learning from
obstacles and difficulties...Letting go connects us
of actual space disasters, such as the Soyuz 11’s decompression incident (1971), Space Shuttle Challenger’s with the present moment and this kind of attention
always brings creativity and wisdom. Giving up has
tragic launch (1986), and Space Shuttle Columbia’s disintegration during re-entry (2003) does very little to the feel of resignation, of being unable to move
forward, of being the victim of circumstances...Let
go, set free, and do not judge is the mantra to recall
instill the public with a sense of confidence in adventures to outer space. The Space Shuttle boosters of when difficulty strikes. As Jung once said, “In the
hour of reconciliation, great marvels appear.””
Atlantis consist of 2.5 million moving components, which hundreds of scientists and engineers control back
“The Inner Studio” by Andrew Levitt, page 151-152,
2007
at the mission command facilities on Earth. The tiniest malfunctioning detail on board poses the risk of major
16 “The newly emerging discipline of space psychology
failure or disaster (e.g. a loose screw or valve somewhere which from one aspect of the failure will ultimately involves the application of psychological and
behavioral principles to the support of crew health
and well-being before, during, and after space
lead to another). It is inevitable that astronauts will tend to worry about the artificial atmospheric conditions flights...The experience of Russia and the US in
long duration spaceflight has revealed the need
in the vacuum of outer space and the life support systems that are provided for their supposed safety. This for psychological countermeasures to support
human crews in space and facilitate their resistance
to the stressors of spaceflight. Accordingly,
instinct to fear and lack trust in others’ abilities to fully perform their responsible tasks with perfection has been an evolutionary countermeasures are being developed, validated,
and implemented, which aim to lessen the impact of
shadow that can be traced back to the beginnings of humankind.15 these stressors on crews and subsequently increase
mission safety and success while lowering risk.
Psychological countermeasures involve astronaut
selection, training, and in-flight support.

It is important to look into these issues regarding the lack of trust in others, as the alien pressures in In-flight psychological support involves: 1)
groundbased monitoring of the psychological,
cognitive, and emotional state of crewmembers
space can potentially form a psychological blockade between one’s mind and the world. Whereas professional by flight psychologists and psychiatrists, 2) the
provision of entertainment (e.g. videos, books,
astronauts have been prepared for travel in space, the thesis proposal is targeted at the more adventurous games, special items), leisure activities, and
opportunities to communicate with the ground
(i.e. with family and loved ones), and 3) care of
traveler who will not necessarily have had the benefit of exhaustive preparative training. The only solution to the families of astronauts on the ground to help
compensate for the effects of a missing spouse
this is for space architects to confidently plan out space stations with ample resources for both private and or parent created by the astronaut’s absence. For
example, long duration spaceflight crews during the
Mir Phase I flights have been known to comment
public exposures. In addition, precautionary services are to be provided for ease of access, as well as idiot- that the care packages sent to them on-orbit were
extremely uplifting.
proof networks of communication panels that are system engineered to connect the occupants in outer space with both “McGill Journal of Medicine Vol.6 No. 1—
Psychological and Human Factors in Long Duration
the ground crews on Earth and the people close to the astronaut (e.g.. friends, relatives and loved ones, etc.).16 These people in Spaceflight” by M. Ephimia Morphew, page 77, 2001

close relationships can monitor the occupants’ conditions while offering spiritual support and providing the right [3.2.6] Astronaut memorial for those who lost their
lives in fatal accidents of the most minute of errors
astronauts with a sense of community. prev [3.2.4] Gravitational comfort levels in relation to
artificial module’s centrifugal radius

[3.2.5] Ladder concept to access artificial gravity

spaces depicted in film, “2001: A Space Odyssey”

next [3.2.7] Tragedy of Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003

130
 The Space Mirror Memorial (aka - Astronaut Memorial) at John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor’s Complex, Florida
[3.2.6d]

[3.2.6a]

[3.2.6b]

[3.2.6c] 131
Explosion of rockets Spectators look on in shock Disaster as seen on the International Space Station
[3.2.7a] [3.2.7b] [3.2.7c]

Vehicle disintegration of Space Shuttle Challenger

[3.2.7d]

Premature combustion of rocket boosters

[3.2.7e]

132
 [3.2.8]

133
[3.2.9] “People deprived of sleep for long periods appear less attractive and more unhealthy than those who are well rested, say researchers. Volunteers were photographed after eight hours sleep and again after being kept awake for 31 hours. Observers scored
the sleep-deprived participants as less healthy and less attractive, the BMJ reports. The concept of beauty sleep is well known. But, according to researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, it has lacked scientific support. The team asked untrained
observers to rate the faces of 23 young men and women who had been photographed after a normal night’s sleep and then after a night of sleep deprivation. The photographs were standardised so that people were the same distance from the camera, wore
no make-up and used the same expression. The authors wrote in their paper published in the British Medical Journal: “Sleep deprived people are perceived as less attractive, less healthy and more tired compared with when they are well rested.””

“Beauty sleep concept is not a myth, says study” by Helen Briggs, BBC News, December 14, 2010

134
 Day and night cycles that regulate sleeping patterns are very important for human growth, both physically and

17 “Sleep and circadian rhythmicity exert an influence

psychologically.17 On Earth, people can experience irregular patterns as they travel rapidly through long distances
over a spectrum of physiological functions such
as body temperature, cardiovascular activity, over several time zones along the transmeridian plane (east-west or west-east directions). This shift in one’s
immune responses, hormonal functions, behavioral
functions, and cognitive functions such as fatigue,
alertness, and memory. No astronaut, no matter how
cyclical pattern is typically referred to as “jet lag” or desynchronosis, where travelers experience fatigue,
well prepared and regardless of the environmental
protection provided, is immune from the daily control headaches, and a disruption to their functional maneuverability. In outer space, irregular cyclic patterns will
of physiology and performance by the homeostatic
drive for sleep and the endogenous circadian timing
system...While the cause of sleep disruption is
be inevitably difficult to control, as the station’s orientation towards the sun will not allow for the 24-hour
still unknown, it has been suggested that such
disturbances may be caused by exogenous factors circadian cycle that we are accustomed to on Earth. Depending on where the occupied infrastructure takes
such as space motion sickness, perception of light
flashes when high-energy protons hit the retina,
emotional stress, thermal discomfort, noise, muscle
place in space and whether in a Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO), a Polar Earth Orbit (PEO), a Low
pain, or even an unsuitable sleeping bag. Anxiety
may also be a factor as some astronauts have lost Earth Orbit (LEO) [refer to 4.2.4], or even en route to a distant star or planet like Mars, the number of sunrises
sleep due to worrying about how thin the walls of the
spacecraft were. Another contributing factor is the
absence of a natural 24-hour light/dark cycle in an
and sunsets will vary and fall out of synchronization with our usual 24-hour body clock. This “free cycling” in
orbiting spacecraft, which means that your circadian
system will be unable to synchronize effectively. space will stimulate sleep deprivation, causing symptoms of muscle and bone atrophy, fatigue, and restlessness.
A combination of the afforementioned factors will
cause you to experience differences in your sleep
architecture in space compared with sleep on
Aside from these symptoms, sleep deprivation will mean fewer opportunities for dreams. It is through dreaming
Earth.”
that we are capable of mentally rejuvenating from daily stressors and understand through our innate signals our current states of
“Tourists in Space - A Practical Guide” by Erik
Seedhouse, page 117, 2008 mind.18 Fewer opportunities to dream will result in a lack of unconscious communication from our minds to
18 “When you feel tired, rest. When you are tired, put
the heavy load down. This sounds too simple, yet our bodies, which can potentially lead to false judgment in operations and other task performance failures.
fatigue and lack of time have become very common
obstacles during a creative project...I have often
thought that Mediterranean cultures hold so many

of the Western world’s treasures because these
cultures practice the afternoon nap or siesta. There are several ways designers can team up with engineers to resolve such cyclic disorientation for
This enables these cultures to dream twice a day,
increasing the chance for the wisdom of the psyche
to come through...Dreaming is ancient. A recollected
extraterrestrial habitats. To condition an artificial 24-hour cycle will be the simplest solution for this situation,
dream can deeply affect our sense of self and time,
giving the present an unforeseen depth, relating us while a strategically deployed trajectory can also help simplify the adaptation process to slightly altered cyclic
both to distant ancestors and to new possibilities. A
recollected dream can bring us a sense of wonder or
dread and reminds us that we belong to something
rhythms. For an artificial cycle, windows will need to be specifically placed and specially oriented along the
beyond our normal experience of the world...The
dream always tells us where our life energy wants outer face of the space station so that visually, the sun and other sleep-disrupting factors can be controlled.
to go. Its unscripted content is the key to its value
and its recollection by our ego is an act of psychic
wholeness that represents a victory for the psyche
Also, windows must be equipped with mechanically programmed shutters so that a regulation of the day and
even before the dream is understood.”
night cycle can be automatically synchronized to the occupants’ schedules. All in all, the passage of time will
“The Inner Studio” by Andrew Levitt, page 61-62 and
72-73, 2007 be automated and controlled when necessary by ground crew and commanding officers on board.
left [3.2.9] The sleeping state is a meditative
enlightment of pure relaxation from the stressors
received throughout one’s daily lives

prev [3.2.8] Collage portraying the use of social media

such as facebook, twitter, blogs, etc. to communicate
and share personal experiences on board a space
station

135
 Inside the man-made structures in outer space, there are restricted volumes and areas that astronauts
19 “Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach, page 54, 2010
can occupy, causing physiological and psychological problems. Confined within such minimal spaces with 20 “It’s important to listen to boredom. Becoming aware
of feeling bored is the beginning of reconnecting
a high-density population, living in space is frustrating due to the unforgiving environment in which you are trapped. If to your creative instincts...Public places that
graciously draw us out of our separateness offer us
you’re trapped long enough, frustration metastasizes to anger.19 There is only so much one can presently do within these the setting we need to gather in peace and watch
life unfold...Human settlement has always included
public space. Places to gather, to celebrate military
spaces given the current state of design. Therefore, resultant boredom quickly takes its toll on the minds of astronauts.20 victory, exchange goods, share religious beliefs,
or spontaneously meet friends are a part of our
collective civic inheritance and have been evolving
for centuries...Space is for being in. Space is for
occupying. It’s message from the humanist space
Architecturally, outer space modules should be planned and designed to host more spatial variations age. The piazza is a great classroom—it teaches
us how to hold our ground in the world...Great cities
of volumes and areas for occupants to move through. Allowing for this freedom in movement and choices in are designed for being in, not moving through...but
rarely are you encouraged to move along a path. All
points seem equal, as though it is more important
destinations, occupants will be able to focus their mental strengths on other tasks, creating experiential variety to be present than to get somewhere...To be in the
middle of things is to be centered in your own body
and thus alleviating boredom. A fair balance between public and private spaces will be recommended. As well, and mind...one goal of any successful architectural
project, beyond its capacity to support practical and
safe functioning, is to satisfy needs that are less
the implementation of auxiliary programs such as amenity and recreational spaces will give more options for easily expressed, such as comfort and an emotional
sense of belonging—perhaps even the capacity to
occupants to keep busy. Viewports designed to overlook Earth have also proven helpful in previous space ventures as they inspire hope and creativity.”

“The Inner Studio” by Andrew Levitt, page 17, 25,

have had an uplifting mental affect on the occupant/astronaut.21 It has been recommended by NASA psychologists 54-55, 83, 103 and 153, 2007

to have astronauts dictate and schedule personal photography sessions of different aspects of the Earth as a 21 “John Glenn, the first U.S. astronaut in orbit, talked
NASA into letting him carry a camera on Friendship
7 on 20 February 1962. On reaching orbit, Glenn
meditative yet therapeutic solution for confinement and boredom. This could also become a vital research- told capsule communicator Alan Shepard over the
radio, “Oh, that view is tremendous.”...A number
related activity for occupants of the type of space structure proposed by this thesis. of the astronauts who have followed have verbally
recounted emotional experiences related to seeing
and photographing Earth, and several astronauts
have documented in written form their responses to
views of Earth linked to their photography activities
while in space. Space Shuttle astronaut Kathryn D.
Sullivan wrote in an article documented with her
Earth photography, “It’s hard to explain how amazing
and magical this experience is. First of all, there’s
the astounding beauty and diversity of the planet
itself, scrolling across your view at what appears to
be a smooth, stately pace...I’m happy to report that
no amount of prior study or training can fully prepare
anybody for the awe and wonder this inspires.”
Observations of familiar places on Earth can also
have strong emotional connections. NASA-Mir
astronaut Jerry Linenger recorded photographing
his hometown in Michigan in his crew notebook,
“Great View—Michigan + Great Lakes cloud-free—
ready to go home, now!””

“Psychology of Space Exploration” by Douglas A.

Vakoch, page 81, 2011

right [3.2.10] The alluring vistas of Earth as observed out

a porthole on a spacecraft

next [3.2.11] Photography sessions in space is a

captivating past time in personal subconscious
rehabilitations

136
 [3.2.10]
Through the window, is the astonishing sight of the infinite
137 abyss that surrounds the planet I left behind.
 [3.2.11b]

[3.2.11a]
Don Pettit and the collection of Nikon Cameras and lenses on the ISS 138 [3.2.11d]
 [3.2.11f]

“If somebody’d said before the flight, ‘Are you going to get
carried away looking at the Earth from the Moon?’ I would
[3.2.11c] have say, ‘No, no way.’ But yet when I first looked back at
the Earth, standing on the Moon, I cried.”

Alan Shepard - Apollo 14 Spacecraft Commander

[3.2.11e] 139
[3.2.12a] [3.2.12b] [3.2.12c]
Weaving Pattern Wall Dune Wave Pattern Wall Perforated Wall Panel

[3.2.12d] [3.2.12e] [3.2.12f]

Phenomenon Tile Wall Wooden Perforated Acoustic Panel Melissa Watts’ Pixel Felt Fabric

[3.2.12g] [3.2.12h] [3.2.12i] [3.2.12j]

Acoustic Foam Wall Slat Weave Panel 140 Carved Decorative Panel Acoustic Panel Stacks
 In space, conditions are distorted such that most of our typical sensory feedbacks become divorced
from what we were used to on Earth. In order to maintain a sense of belonging and reduce monotonous symptoms such as
boredom and memory loss (of who we are as homo sapiens), aesthetic arrangements of private spaces and transitional vestibules
22 “Self-regulation as a theoretical construct has the
potential to integrate several phenomena related to
outside personal quarters should be a personal design task of the occupants themselves.22 Everyone who is assigned a
place preferences. First, the cognitive and affective
structures forming place identity (cf. Feldman, 1990; dwelling compartment in outer space should have the freedom to personalize it with affectionate reminders
Proshansky, Fabian, & Kaminoff, 1983) can be
seen as results of an active self-regulation process
(Korpela, 1989, 1992)...the concepts of place
from Earth (from aromatic scents to images projected throughout the interiors that reflect and stimulate one’s
identity on the cognitive level, place attachment on
the emotional level, and behavioral processes such memory and identity back home). Therefore, a selection of recyclable space bubbles containing sensory items
as territoriality, personalization, and privacy become
integrated in the environmental self-regulation point
of view...The observation that people use particular
such as scents and a database of imagery and video collections should be accessible for the occupants to select
places for self and emotion regulation is common
to research on place identity, place attachment, from so that they are free to transform their personal spaces. This self-learning process should be a mandatory exercise for all
and restorative environments. Place identity is
fundamentally formed by the experiences and
cognitions in places that have a role in a person’s
occupants onboard.23
emotion and self-regulation. Thus, place attachment
is implicit in place identity (Korpela, 1989).
Attachments are formed to places that fulfill people’s
emotional needs and enable them to develop and On the other hand, sensory overloads can occur in these cramped space stations, as the mass turbines
maintain their identities (Kaiser & Fuhrer, 1996).
The developmental tasks of forming a self-identity
and peer-group relations may be reflected in and other mechanical equipment on board that generate immense noise and vibrations disrupt the occupants
place preferences...These integrating or stabilizing
principles are referred to in the description of the
functions of place identity cognitions, which are to (1)
from their cycles. It is recommended that passengers have recordable music devices of their likings on board
recognize environments, (2) construct the meaning
of the environment, (3) match the preferences of that can play music they favour as this will soothe and calm the occupants. The architecture of the inner
the person and the necessary requirements of the
environment, (4) mediate change, and (5) serve as
anxiety and defense mechanisms. The functions
hull and interiors of the space stations should be sheathed with acoustical reduction surfaces such as fabric
appear in the thoughts, behavior, and experience of
the individual and meet the need for some level of or foam that can help deflect and absorb ambient sounds. In addition, through the planning process in
integration of the individual’s self-identity.

“Handbook of Environmental Psychology” by Robert

the conceptual phase of spacefaring designs, space architects will need to strategically organize program
B. Bechtel and Arza Churchman, page 368-370,
2002 groupings to minimize adverse acoustical disruptions between individual programs in order to reduce and
23 “Our heart’s desire has the power to transform what
begins in the mind into something that can help and
avoid convoluted auditory conditions.
inspire others...When a number of people visit the
same place there are always multiple stories to tell...
The mind/body imbalance is a hallmark of modern
life and is visible around us...an environment that
can provide a refuge for our nervous systems or a
place where our minds are free to roam...The body
has a great capacity to signal our preferences. The
mind can be included through its ability to learn from
the responses of the body, its ability to focus into
the field of responses that arise in our bodies...our
bodies are always in space and have memories of
every kind of space.”

“The Inner Studio” by Andrew Levitt, page 31, 56

and 58, 2007

left [3.2.12] Samples of acoustic materials to reduce

distractive cross program ambiences interuptions

141
 As human beings, our capacity to exchange and interact with others is variable according to one’s
social personality. However, social interaction with others is inevitable. Under normal circumstances, when
there is ample opportunity to escape and decompress if matters escalate to an altercation, social interaction 24 “We can already see that the busy built world has
little regard for nature, the body of the earth. We
is usually a peaceful feat. But in the confines of a space station, it would be difficult for one to escape these feel guilty when we put our own needs for health
ahead of the task we have been given; we feel we
should be able to complete the project without taking
situations due to the minimal availabilities for decompressive spaces. In these situations, a buildup of irritation and a break. We think we should be able to solve every
problem. If we pause, we risk losing the respect of
anger emerges if the unwanted interaction is prolonged. Intelligent programming and arrangements of space station amenities some colleague or peer or parent. These notions
lead to stress and reflect the shadow that may
influence the design process...Good design is like
will be crucial to help keep situations calm and friendly with the many different kinds of people on board.24 Guaranteeing an a good deed—it travels to the ends of the earth...
Cities are great not only because of their economy
abundance of public and amenity spaces in the proposed design will also allow for a more social and friendly and culture, but because they are where so many
lives lived...Amenity, the idea that an artifact, space,
or place can be capable of an act of good will, is
atmosphere amongst the crowded densities of people while ensuring decompressive opportunities in personal a vastly underappreciated resource of design.
Arcades, canopies, generous thresholds, porches,
pockets of private spaces, such as one’s residence. and urban-scaled stairways can all be designed
to perform a service beyond their original use.
The accumulation of these acts of kindness and
generosity are like medicine to the urban soul.”

Also, in order to accommodate the varying social and privacy needs for the many passengers coming “The Inner Studio” by Andrew Levitt, page 62, 84
and 176, 2007
from various cultural backgrounds, a diversity of spaces can encourage friendliness amongst these occupants. 25 “Outer space and celestial bodies can be used for
the common heritage of mankind but are res extra
As indicated in the official “outer space law,” the outer space environment is real estate that is owned by all of mankind. No one commercium like the high seas. However, here
the distinction ends, in that unlike the high seas,
which can be appropriated in certain circumstances,
race or culture shall take dominance over another as a sign of aggression in outer space. Because space belongs to all of mankind, such as through acquiescence by one State
of appropriation of an area of the high seas by
it should be clearly understood upon entry into the cosmos that one belongs to a new cultural race of Spacemen.25 With this another, outer space or celestial bodies cannot be
appropriated under any circumstances...A fortiori,
outer space has been identified as one composite
model, new space cultures can take precedent from the various matured communities on Earth, such as “the area which cannot be appropriated by one particular
State to the exclusion of others by Treaty provision.
global village” of Toronto, that already exercise this simple principle of diverse cultural acceptance. Freedom of outer space, which lays the foundation
for conduct of persons in outer space, is enshrined
in Article 1 of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967,
which stipulates that the exploration and use of
outer space, including the moon and other celestial
bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in
the interests of all countries, irrespective of their
degree of economic or scientific development, and
shall be the province of all mankind. The provision
also requires outer space to be free for exploration
and use by all States without discrimination of any
kind, on a basis of equality and in accordance with
international law. Finally, the provision grants free
access to all States in relation to all areas of celestial
bodies.”

“Space Security Law” by Ruwantissa Abeyratne,

page 45-46, 2011

right [3.2.13] Aerial photograph of the multiethnic city of

Toronto

Excerpts from an artistic documentary of Toronto,

“TOin24” by Dale Hildebrand

142
 The United Nations
[3.2.13]

labeled Toronto
the MOST
multiethnic city
in the world.
The complications of these situations, the matters of
creation, passion define the patients. The darkness of
illumination, waiting for the fate and the destination. Turning
pages in the book of the soul, sifting through the sands of
the gold. To dig for seeds in the soil, to uncover the gem
within the toil. To willfully besiege ourselves to stop hiding.
To begin redefining the state of the spirit, to stand up and
hear it. You see, the road ahead does not reveal its end, so
we must seek soulless in its bend. I will start with one poem,
one song, one vision, one decision to bring awareness to this
global nation. Break free from political stagnation, reach
up, be humanity’s aspiration. See the world from the
space station then tell me what belongs to
who, and what would you do for what amount of money.
One globe with one light, one mission for one fight, the fight to
be one, so don’t get burned by the sun. Of ignorant bliss,
just hope the next bullet will miss you. It may hit a child
across the world, but it didn’t hit you, so that’s alright, the
target’s out of sight, there’s no reason for fright, except for the
fact that ignorance is eating you alive, even sadder is you’ll
still survive, cause that’s society labeled in a box. Kiss it,
stamp it. It refuses to talk. It’s wrapped up in its policies for
profit and nobody can stop it but YOU!

143
3.3 preparing for physical and psychological symptoms

145
 Overloads from the many stressors upon the body and mind are highly likely while humans adapt to
the new environmental situations presented by an extraterrestrial setting. Under a great deal of stress from
sensory deprivations and the perception of isolation while in outer space, it is crucial to have many unique
activities provided onboard the space station to actively exercise reactive sensory associations in order to ease
the passage of time. It is also important to plan for a balance in public and private spaces in order to regulate 26 “Complementary therapies are often termed
holistic. What we mean by holistic therapies and
the degree of social interaction while providing for personal meditative needs. holistic health is that the totality of a person is often
incorporates four areas of need and function: the
physical (traditionally the body and movement),
the intellectual (the brain and mind functions), the
emotional (feelings and needs), and the spiritual
As a holistic approach of sensory neurorehabilitation, the self-regulating practice of meditation is considered to be one (the eternal questions that help us organize meaning
- What am I to do?) How these four areas function
while interrelating in the world refers to the social
of the most successful ways to harmonize any emotional dispossessions through a self-induced exercise in balancing the body and aspect of need and function. This social aspect
becomes the fifth area to consider.
mind.26 The National Institutes of Health and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine In general, complementary and alternative therapies
can be termed holistic and focus on using to
have proven that the practice of meditation has remarkable merit in physical relaxation while improving advantage the inextricable link between mind and
body. These therapies are administered in an effort
psychological balance that can enhance the wellbeing and health of oneself. Similarly, restricted environmental to help a person regain health and stay healthy by
facilitating the flow of that person’s human energy or
ch’i. Holistic theory posits that when human energy
stimulation therapies (REST) can be conducted to relieve anxiety, hallucinations, and depressions caused by is balanced and flowing freely, it contributes to
overall homeostasis, but when blocked, it interferes
long-term sensory deprivations, which are common psycho-symptomatic outcomes for untrained occupants with health and renders the body and mind together
vulnerable to pathogens and/or biochemical
imbalance. The natural state of the human is to be
in outer space. in balance, to be healthy.

Conplementary and alternative therapies are non-

traditional interventions that can be administered
either as a substitute to (alternative to) traditional
allopathic therapies or in conjunction with
(complementary with) traditional therapies. They
can be classified as systems, approaches, or
techniques within approaches. Examples of
health care systems include chiropractic, Ayurveda,
traditional Chinese medicine, homeopathy, and
naturopathy. Within systems are found approaches
such as acupuncture, acupressure, and herbal
therapies in traditional Chinese medicine. Even
more basic is a technique within an approach, such
as auricular acupuncture, found within the system
of traditional Chinese medicine, and transcendental
meditation and sesame oil massage, both found
within the system of Ayurveda.

Mind-Body Interventions include: Psychotherapy,

support groups, meditation, imagery, hypnosis,
biofeedback, dance and music therapies, art
therapy, prayer, mental healing, yoga, Ta’i chi, Qi
gong, etc.”

“Neurorehabilitation for the Physical Therapist

Assistant” by Darcy Umphred and Connie Carlson,
page 218, 2006

right “Journal of Allied Health, Spring 2012, Vol 41, No1”

by Kimberly A. Vogel, page 37-39, 2012

146
 “The neuroplasticity literature suggests that active
participation is better than passive. Attention to a task
at hand will yield greater neuroplastic changes than
passive participation. Resting attention is marked by
cortical midline activity. When attention is directed to
the present moment through mindfulness meditation (a
form of attentional control training), there is a reduction
in midline network activity. Meditation practice is
suggested to result in cortical thickening of the right
insula, somatosensory, and inferior parietal lobule
cortices. This demonstrates cortical activation changes
when a person is attentive versus inattentive...A
primary goal of neurorehabilitation is to guide recovery
of functional skills after injury through evidence-
based interventions that operate to manipulate the
sensorimotor environment of the client. Integrating
conceptual elements of engagement such as attention,
motivation, the use of enriched environments, and
mental practice may further enhance neuroplasticity.”

“Journal of Allied
1” by Kimberly A. Health,
Vogel Spring 2012, Vol 41, No

147
[3.3.1a] [3.3.1b] [3.3.1c]
Isolated Float Room Isolated Flotation Bath Therapy i-Sopod Isolation Tanks

[3.3.1d] [3.3.1e]
i-Sopod in a Concept Flotation Spa 148 i-Sopod in an Enclosed Flotation Therapy Setting
 To facilitate for REST programs in space, amenity modules must be provided with essential space
for the meditative treatments. The two varying REST treatments available on Earth are Chamber REST and Flotation
REST, which both rely upon varying spatial situations. In Chamber REST, patients are engaged in a prolonged meditative
experience under simple spatial conditions with minimal distracting elements for sensory recuperations, whereas in Flotation
REST, patients are submerged in a pool of liquid to simulate the effects of reduced gravitational resistance so that joints and
muscles are soothed as the mind calms into a contemplative state.27 Therefore, modules containing isolated meditation
chambers and personalized graphical projection theatre pods could offer the basic meditative experience for
private episodes in outer space. To mimic the REST treatments on Earth, special programmed modules could
provide integrative spaces with the minimal setting as in a REST chamber or an i-sopod flotation chamber.
These spaces have reduced acoustics while providing options to manually alter temperatures and gravitational
27 “Short-term sessions of sensory deprivation are
described as relaxing and conducive to meditation; pulls with artificial gravity to emulate flotation REST treatments.
however, extended or forced sensory deprivation
can result in extreme anxiety, hallucinations, bizarre
thoughts, and depression. Therefore, therapeutic
sessions of sensory deprivations provide the human
psyche with positive meditative gains for one’s Aside from the specific private programming of meditation modules, privately separated sectors for
neuro-functionings. There are two basic methods
of restricted environmental stimulation therapy
(REST): chamber REST and flotation REST.
residences are crucial to the dwelling needs of long-duration occupants in outer space. Typically, these residences
In chamber REST, subjects lie on a bed in a should be customized to the occupants’ needs and desires such that optimal comfort can be attained in their
completely dark and sound reducing (on average,
80 dB) room for up to 24 hours. Their movement
is restricted by the experimental instructions, but
solitary and quiescent moments during their stay. A distinct separation of the residential dwelling modules
not by any mechanical restraints. Food, drink and
toilet facilities are provided in the room and are at from all other amenities and programs will be advantageous to the overall quality of personal rehabilitation
the discretion of the tester. Subjects are allowed to
leave the room before the 24 hours are complete,
however fewer than 10% actually do.
during resting and contemplating activities, as a reduction in distracting ambiences and visualizations from
In flotation REST, the room contains a tank or pool. contiguous neighbours will provide a more reposed environment. This tends to be somewhat similar to the
The flotation medium consists of a skin-temperature
solution of water and Epsom salts at a specific
gravity that allows for the patient to float supine
contemporary hotels on Earth that separate quiet residential rooms from the more publicly shared amenities
without worry of safety. In fact, to turn over while in
the solution requires “major deliberate effort.” Fewer that tend to be noisier. It will be much easier to separate functions on the basis of noise and traffic rather than
than 5% of the subjects tested leave before the
session duration ends, which is usually around an
hour for flotation REST.
to create physical noise barriers for disparate functions in close proximity.
Flotation therapy has been academically studied
in the USA and in Sweden with published results
showing reduction of both pain and stress. The
relaxed state also involves lowered blood pressure
and maximal blood flow.”

“Secondary Geographical Handbook” by David

Balderstone, page 47-48, 2006

left [3.3.1] Various flotation chamber REST therapies

utilizing different apparatuses to achieve absolute
meditative tranquility

149
 When planning programs for amenities and entertainment, designers can use the unique conditions 28 “On Earth, gravity can cause a lot of stress to a
person’s bones and muscles, whether the stress is
that outer space offers to enhance the exercises designed for the many physical and psychotherapeutic caused by running a marathon or simply climbing a
staircase. However, in space, the lack of gravity can
also cause problems for astronauts’ bodies.
needs of the occupant. Facilities pertaining to exercise and rehabilitation will be very important for both the
[Robert] Whalen developed the hypothesis that
passenger occupants and operational staff in order to prevent physical health degenerations while residing in musculoskeletal maintenance in space requires
Earth-equivalent functional loading (or weighting),
which is loading bones and muscles with activities
the extraterrestrial environment. Therefore, exercise modules should be made available throughout the space and force levels in space similar to daily activity on
Earth. In space, most bone loss and muscle atrophy
station’s network with distinctive characteristics allowing for a unique training experience. occur in the lower body. Whalen explains, “On Earth,
our most significant musculoskeletal loading―
particularly of the lower body―occurs during normal
upright activities, such as standing, walking, and
stepping off a curb.” These various activities impart
In the absence of gravity, muscular workouts will differ from those on Earth. Devices and apparatuses on Earth different levels of musculoskeletal loading, which
keep our leg muscles able to support our weight.
have been designed to be appropriate for muscle building based upon the resistance that gravity exerts on bodies in upright Astronauts do not have these types of functional
activities in space and must replace them with
activities. These are not suitable for space. [See illustration 3.2.4] Variations offered in outer space, such as
28 treadmill exercise using a loading harness to hold
the astronaut in place on the treadmill. Whalen
suggested using air pressure as an effective way
anchored elastic resistance training, can provide similar results as weight lifting on Earth. In addition, within of applying a high force, equal to body weight, to
astronauts during treadmill exercise to replace the
the floating environment of space, familiar cardiovascular training on Earth such as jogging and aerobics harness system.”

“NASA Spinoff” by Publications and Graphics

will be difficult. In order to comply with the cardiovascular health fitness needs, differential air pressure systems Department NASA Center for AeroSpace
Information (CASI), page 40, 2009
such as an AlterG Anti Gravity Treadmill29 or artificial gravitational modules will be required to provide the 29 “Originally conceived by Dr. Robert Whalen to design
effective exercise regimens for NASA’s astronauts,
similar experience in the microgravity environment of outer space. On top of these specifications, the use Differential Air Pressure (DAP) technology has
been adapted by AlterG for use in training and
of robotics in rehabilitation therapies such as Hocoma technology’s Lokomat (a robotically guided treadmill) rehabilitation. Cleared by the FDA in 2008, the
AlterG Anti-Gravity Treadmill is a medical device that
can be used for: 1) Rehabilitation of lower extremity
or other patented safety-harnessing mechanisms will be highly recommended for use on treadmills and other injuries 2) Treatment of neurological conditions
3) Weight reduction 4) Aerobic conditioning 5)
motion devices, as accidents in reduced gravity will be catastrophic if one were catapulted off of the fitness General training to combat the diseases of aging...
The G-Trainer creates a powerful lifting force known
as Air Pressure Differential that allows ultra-low
machinery. In order to prevent accidents and severe injuries, finishes within such active zones should be impact training. Your body is surrounded by an
airtight enclosure which becomes pressurized.
padded with cushioning materials and spatial designs must prohibit the use of sharp-edged forms. You can adjust the amount of body weight on your
legs and feet by controlling the amount of lifting
force...“AlterG has allowed us to advance our
rehab and conditioning of our players. We have
been able to have players that are recovering from
injuries start to run at least a week and sometimes
up to a month before they would have been able to
normally. The AlterG is a great progression back to
the field with minimal risk.” quoted Bill Tillson, Head
Athletic Trainer of AC Milan”

“Alter G” - http://www.alterg.com

right [3.3.2] Anti-Gravity treadmills used for rehabilitations

next [3.3.3] Tethered harnesses and robotic guidance

supports to aid physical rehabilitation exercises

[3.3.4] Patented elastic resistance band training as

introduced by BowFlex gym products

150
[3.3.2a]
Alter-G Treadmills are suitable for all ages

[3.3.2b]
Altered gravity in workouts can reduce muscle strains

[3.3.2d]
[3.3.2c]
151 The control of gravity can allow one to adapt
Altered gravity in workouts can increase resistance their training to their own physical pace
[3.3.3a]
Added safety to workouts with harness attachments

[3.3.3b]
Robotic assistance for movement adaptions

[3.3.3c]
Robotic assisted physiotherapy

[3.3.3d]
152 Robotic assistance for rehabilitations
 [3.3.4b]
Patented BowFlex Training Set

[3.3.4a] [3.3.4c]
Patented diagrams for resistance training apparatus 153 Anchored pad for resistance training
 Astronauts, by necessity, work
hard in space, but during their
precious time off aboard the
International Space Station
(ISS), some spaceflyers are
picking their brains to come up
with the future of space sports...
The Space Olympics!

Astronaut Alan Shepard, one of

[3.3.5a] [3.3.5b] [3.3.5c] the first seven NASA astronauts,
Treadmill Marathons Zero-G Football Space Dodgeball played golf on the moon in 1971
during the Apollo 14 mission.
His first swing was a bust, but
he hit home on the second try
with his ball going for “miles and
miles,” as he radioed Mission
Control at the time. Thirty-five
years later, Russian cosmonaut
Mikhail Tyurin whacked a golf
ball off the International Space
Station as part of a publicity
stunt for a Canadian golf club
manufacturer. “We’ll have
opened a golf course in space,”
David Sindall, co-founder of
the Toronto based Element
[3.3.5d] [3.3.5e] [3.3.5f] 21...“It’s the smallest clubhouse
Cable Tethered Spacewalk Spacediving Untethered Spacewalk with Jetpack definitely, but with the largest
real estate, infinite real estate,
and the longest fairway.”

In addition, space station

astronauts have come up with
their own zero-gravity sports.
One involves tossing hefty
bags of water around like
medicine balls, then jumping
on them while they move to
see how far they could ride in
weightlessness.

[3.3.5g] [3.3.5h] [3.3.5i]

154
Rotating Swimming Pools Freestyle Skiing in Zero G Station Golfing
30 “Like other sports, water sports also will be possible Other unique outer space sports facilities can be additionally considered as an expansion to a primarily
in weightlessness, and they seem likely to be
popular because of the entertaining novelty that will
be introduced by the new environment of “zero-G”.
settled transit station. These facilities can service individualized pools for outer space swimming,30 a unique public
Most people know that blobs of water float in the
air inside orbiting spacecraft (many astronauts have or private experience that uses the special materialized formation of water in space, a free-floating blob (a
demonstrated this phenomenon) and it is interesting
to imagine how to swim in a large spherical mass
of water in orbit. Hazama Corporation began to
phenomenon of fluid physics in microgravity in which water molecules are attracted through surface tension
consider zero-G swimming in 1992. Despite the
lack of buoyancy in water in weightlessness, body into spherical blobs due to the lack of gravitation in space). Many other alterations of sports can be made
movements are effective in moving through water by
creating a reaction against the water, and so it will
be possible to move in any direction, and to hold
available which handle the unique condition of microgravity in space environments, such as handball and
swimming races in a large body of water.”
ultimate Frisbee. Revolutionary sports facilities can be dedicated to futuristic playgrounds and other sports activities designed
“Proceedings of Space 98—Artificial Gravity
Swimming Pool” by Patrick Collins, Sunao
Kuwahara, Tsuyoshi Nishimura, and Takashi
specifically to suit the conditions of the extraterrestrial environment. With such facilities available in the future and many
Fukuoka, page 744-751, 1998
innovative sports being advertised under these extraterrestrial conditions, major business opportunities will arise with endorsements
31 “One reason for expecting space tourism to
become popular, and to grow rapidly once it has
started is because of the wide range of unique
commercialized to promote the new age of professional outer space sports and leagues.31
and entertaining activities that are possible in “zero
gravity or “zero-G”, as the micro-gravity environment
in side orbiting spacecraft is popularly known. This
is a very attractive world which many people are Finally, it is a fascinating curiosity to most people who express interest in space travel to experience
keen to experience at least once in their lives.
Both relaxing activities such as viewing the Earth,
space and heavenly bodies, and energetic activities firsthand a privately guided spacewalk under safe and secured conditions. Facilities and equipment pertaining
involving moving around in zero-G, have been
greatly enjoyed by those who have visited space. to spacewalk activities can be designed and programmed alongside other amenity modules to allow for a
One field of such activities that seems likely to
become popular is that of “zero-G sports”, perhaps diverse selection of excursions for spacefaring passengers. To ensure the safety of all spacewalking passengers
played initially by athletes selected through
competition. Such sports would seem to have
good potential to earn profits from commercial
in these facilities, innovative technological support and training will be necessary to securely service such
broadcasting world-wide, as championship
professional boxing, F-1 Grand Prix and other sports alluring experiences.
do today.

Trying to imagine 3-dimensional American football

or 3-dimensional soccer is an interesting test for the
imagination...One team sport that is likely to become
popular is a zero-gravity variant of rugby and/or
football. One interesting aspect of such games is
the range of new tactics possible in zero-G. The
fundamental basis of movement in this new world
is different from that on Earth; it might be called an
“action & reaction world”, or a “kinetic energy world”.
That is, moving does not require continuing effort, as
on a sports-field on Earth, but depends on pushing-
off from a wall or another person.”

“Proceedings of Space 94—Zero-Gravity Sports

Centers” by Patrick Collins, Tsuyoshi Nishimura,
and Takashi Fukuoka, page 504-513, 1994

left [3.3.5] Athletics and adventurous activities that

exploit the unique conditions of outer space

next [3.3.6] Various amenity concepts for hospitable

opportunities in outer space developed by visionary
investors of Playboy, Virgin Galactic, and Orbital
Technologies

155
Propoed Orbital Club by Playboy and Richard Branson
[3.3.6a]

156
Welcome to the Heaven in your
exclusive ticket to a party that’s
out of this world. Imagine the
wildest party on Earth. Now
imagine that party just blasted
off of it.

At the beginning of the first

space race, in the early 1960s,
Hugh Hefner started opening
Playboy Clubs and publishing
the magazine’s iconic “pad” [3.3.6b] [3.3.6c] [3.3.6d]
features. So at the dawn of the Orbital Playboy Hotel Suites Space Laboratory Swimming in Water Blobs
new space race, as corporations
rather than governments vie to
be the first to launch pleasure-
seeking civilians into the
heavens, we [Hugh Hefner’s
Playboy and Richard Branson’s
Virgin Galactic] created the first
renderings of a new celestial
mecca. With the help of futurists
and rocket scientists, including
Virgin Galactic’s head designer,
Adam Wells, a Playboy Club
is imagined in space. The
Playboy club in space will
be on a station in orbit, like a
cruiseship. Orbiting Earth is [3.3.6e] [3.3.6f] [3.3.6g]
one idea, but it could also travel Orbital Casino and Entertainment Space Hostel Sleeping Area Vistas of Earth Experience
around other celestial bodies.
“You could literally swing
around the dark side of the
moon,” says Virgin Galactic’s
Wells. The ship will consist
of a stationary and thus zero-
gravity superstructure, along
with an outer ring that spins
centrifugally, creating artificial
gravity. Humans will get to the
club by rocket, but cargo will
likely arrive by machine gun.
Naturally, windows will abound
to provide views of the heavens.

[3.3.6h] [3.3.6i] [3.3.6j]

157
Orbital Space Dancing Club Space Laboratory Weightless Gameroom
3.4 life support and systems management

159
 As previously mentioned, the rhythmic differences within orbital conditions of outer space can disrupt
the daily patterns that one is accustomed to back on Earth. These sporadic cyclic challenges to one’s living
patterns stimulate the biological altering of one’s physiological and psychological states. By closely monitoring
the daily operations of occupants through the development of a balanced program of activities, chances of
dysfunctional buildup will be minimized.

For short-term passengers and commuters utilizing the transit facility of the space infrastructure,
stress- and pressure-relieving services should be made available to ensure for a pleasing experience. Due
to the briefness of the visit, the long-term rhythmic challenges will seldom affect these passengers as their
exposure to abnormal timings of daily cycles can be neglected for the few hours of transit in space. However,
ample opportunities to look back towards the Earth should be provided in all transit corridors and modules used as waiting areas
to provide a sense of appreciative belonging to the place that humans call home.32 Instead of a retail-oriented concourse
area, educational opportunities should be provided with descriptions and artifacts presented along the way
through the transferring corridors. Space restaurants and lounges should also be made available to provide
for a gratifying time during the brief waiting periods upon departure. This is particularly important as eating
and drinking under extraterrestrial conditions will pose unique challenges, even as it stimulates a sense of
amusement for occupants learning this new ritual.

32 “All of the astronauts and cosmonauts speak about

being able to look out a window at the Earth and
stars. Taking pictures through a window is one of
the most enjoyable tasks. Thus, a visual connection
to the outer world is a necessity for a habitable
environment.”

“Handbook of Environmental Psychology” by Robert

B. Bechtel and Arza Churchman, page 684, 2002

right “Windows to the World, Doors to Space: The

Psychology of Space Architecture” by Andreas
Vogler and Jesper Jorgensen, page 391-394, 2006

160
 “The many layers of space involved in planning space
habitats include four main ones: (1) physiological space:
the spatial environment we need to survive physically;
(2) perceptible space: how our senses interact with
space; (3) psychological space: how we project and
reflect our inner selves to the outside space; and (4)
sociological space: how we define zones of privacy and
community. All layers overlap and find their expression
in the eventual built environment and the way it is to be
inhabited...In our everyday life we experience not solid
and immediate facts but stereotypes of meaning. We
are aware of much more than what we have ourselves
experienced, and our experience itself is always indirect
and always guided. The first rule for understanding the
human condition is that men live in secondhand worlds.
The consciousness of men does not determine their
existence; nor does their existence determine their
consciousness. Between the human consciousness
and material existence stand communications and
designs, patterns and values which influence decisively
such consciousness as they have.”

“Windows toofthe World, Doors to Space: The

Psychology Space Architecture” by Andreas
Vogler and Jesper Jorgensen

161
For the continuous drive for perfection, daily operational tasks require a lot of energy and concentration.
[3.4.1a]

[3.4.1b]
Musical free time activity

[3.4.1c]
Preparations for Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA)

[3.4.1d]
162 Relaxing with crewmates during leisure time
 Although the majority of the spacefaring facilities are geared towards short-term transiting commuters,
it is primarily up to the long-term operating staff to maintain order and safety during the operational life of the
space infrastructural transit hub. Therefore, spatial designs and amenities should be planned for these longer-
term onboard personnel to ensure their physiological and psychological wellbeing. In addition, the scheduling
33 “Crews who are on orbit and the ground teams
who support them face not only the likelihood of of staff operations should deliberately allow for a rhythmically balanced daily cycle of routines and personal
recurrent sleep loss but also the risk of circadian
desynchronization. Circadian rhythms regulate
subjective alertness, cognitive functions, and sleep
time to ensure that time is properly spent on maintaining their physical and mental health. Therefore, similar
propensity as well as core body temperature,
hormone secretion (including melatonin), and to the typical working schedules on Earth, personnel should be required to operate under four- to eight-hour
the nocturnal secretion of growth hormone. A
misalignment of circadian rhythms results in
disturbed sleep and impaired performance and
shift cycles so that within a simulated twenty-four-hour daily cycle, one can reasonably engage in about six to
alertness... Crews who are on orbit and the
ground teams who support them face not only eight hours of private personal exploration time and eight to ten hours of sufficient resting periods. Currently,
the likelihood of recurrent sleep loss but also the
risk of circadian desynchronization. Circadian
rhythms regulate subjective alertness, cognitive
NASA has implemented nominal limits (about six and a half hours per day and forty-eight-hour maximum work weeks)
functions, and sleep propensity as well as core
body temperature, hormone secretion (including to the amount of time an astronaut is allowed to work within its “Fitness for Duty Standards.”33
melatonin), and the nocturnal secretion of growth
hormone. A misalignment of circadian rhythms
results in disturbed sleep and impaired performance
and alertness...Work overload also poses a risk to
the behavioral health of space flight crews. NASA Within the scheduled shift hours of operations, personnel are to be given a variety of tasks and
management currently sets limits, which are known
as “Fitness for Duty Standards,” for the planned
number of hours in which astronauts are to complete
responsibilities such that they are able to employ various mental and physical functions throughout their term
tasks and events. The planned nominal number of
work hours for space crews is 6.5 hours per day; it is in space. For example, an employee can be responsible for customer relations in assisting commuters with
recommended that crew members not exceed a 48-
hour total work week. NASA researchers have found
that maintaining nominal work hours and workload is
their transit during the initial portion of their shift, and attend to module maintenance procedures during the
especially important during critical operations. The
NASA definition of a critical overload workload for latter portions of their scheduled period on duty. On any given day, errands accomplished on the previous day
a space flight crew is 10-hour work days that are
undertaken for more than 3 days per week, or more
than 60 hours per week. Not only is the duration of
should not be repeated. Therefore, during this new day, this employee will be given tasks to manage within a
the workday important, but so, too, is the intensity
of the workloads for space flight crews. Astronauts new post elsewhere within the infrastructural network, such as supervision of specific amenities or inventory
who have taken part in high-tempo missions, from
the historic Apollo to the current space shuttle
missions, have accomplished complex tasks in
inspection and maintenance. By arranging a mixture of contractual obligations for each employee, a diversified
the most dangerous surroundings while enduring
hours of intense concentration. Anecdotal reports experience can reduce stressors caused by boredom, anxiety, and depression. This also trains personnel with
from veteran astronauts indicate that at times of
high intensity, workload can result in mental and
physical fatigue. Field studies from the medical and
expertise in a number of areas such that in the event of an emergency or sickness, it will be easy for people to
aviation industries show that increased and intense
workloads, particularly in conjunction with disturbed assist and fill in where needed.
sleep and fatigue, can lead to significant health
issues and performance errors, which, in turn, can
cause increased incidents of injuries, accidents, or
death.”

“Human Health and Performance Risks of Space

Exploration Missions” by NASA Human Research
Program, page 88, 2012

left [3.4.1] The endless variety of personal leisure

activities conducted in outer space

163
 4
the re-ENTRY design intervention: AERO|ASTRO

165
 Given increased globalization and pace of future businesses, it will likely be necessary to increase
travel efficiencies and reduce travel times. The time required for tasks and communications has become a
critical factor in achieving maximum economic superiority in global industries. Such efficiency reduces the
time spent on tedious tasks, leaving more time to spend on pleasure and entertainment activities. An example
of this fast-paced lifestyle can be observed in the financial districts of Hong Kong1, where economic growth is
consistently skyrocketing parallel to the annual increase in operational efficiency in businesses through the use
of innovative technologies and business solutions.

Over the recent decades, many frontiers in human transit and exploration developments have been
broken. We are currently at an age where high-speed land and air vehicles provide ample opportunities for
people to conveniently travel and see the world while businesses are shaped and structured globally, ultimately
boosting worldwide economies. However, as the lifestyle tempo continues to increase for future generations
of human beings, these current modes of transit support will be insufficient to cope with the gradually
shifting pace in society. Additionally, with the long hours of daily work, it is only logical that these fast-paced
citizens will seek solitary opportunities for personalized moments of decompression when possible, rather
1 “Hong Kong is a bustling, modern and cosmopolitan
than spending countless hours within the confines of an encapsulated vehicle. city. On July 1, 1997 Hong Kong became a Special
Administrative Region (SAR) of China after 150
years of British colonial rule...Famous for being
fast-paced and efficient, time is money in Hong
Kong. Punctuality is therefore considered a must
in business. It is therefore very important for one
to allow for sufficient travel time. Hong Kong has
a very efficient public transportation system. While
taking a taxi might sometimes be really handy – both
in terms of speed and accuracy, traffic congestion at
the peak hours (8 am to 10 am and 5 pm to 7 pm)
in the central districts and other areas could make
it a poor choice. Taking the Mass Transit Railway
(MTR) which covers most main areas in both Hong
Kong Island and Kowloon could confer certain
advantages. Maps and information of the MTR
system are readily available in tourist information
centres. Other public transportation systems
include very efficient bus services as well as tram
services (on Hong Kong Island only).”

“Hong Kong: Culture” by globalEDGE of Michigan

State University, http://globaledge.msu.edu/, 1994-
2012

right [4.0.1] Clustered city traffic due to inadequate

infrastructure support

[4.0.2] Graph illustrating average worldwide

commute time data

166
 [4.0.2]

COMMUTE TIMES FOR THE

CUMMULATIVE POPULATION

UNITED STATES

ETHIOPIA

TURKEY
GERMANY
CONGO

INDONESIA

BRAZIL

INDIA

RUSSIA
JAPAN
NIGERIA

CHINA
0 TIME (min)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
AVERAGE COMMUTE TIME
[4.0.1]
Clustered rush hour traffic is a global challenge 167
 CHICAGO ATLANTA LOS ANGELES PARIS MADRID CASABLANCA
703km 1,180km 3,503km 6,017km 6,052km 6,153km
[4.0.3]
BUSIEST CITY HUBS OF EVERY CONTINENT
FROM TORONTO TO THE WORLD’S

@ 5km/hr ≈ 141 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 236 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 701 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 1,204 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 1,211 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 1,230 hrs
@100km/hr ≈ 7 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 12 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 35 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 60 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 61 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 62 hrs
@750km/hr ≈ 0.9 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 1.6 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 4.7 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 8 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 8.1 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 8.2 hrs

RIO DE BUENOS
ROME JANEIRO SANTIAGO AIRES CAIRO TOKYO
7,100km 8,251km 8,582km 8,924km 9,229km 10,615km

@ 5km/hr ≈ 1,420 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 1,650 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 1,717 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 1,785 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 1,846 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 2,075 hrs
@100km/hr ≈ 71 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 83 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 86 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 89 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 92 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 104 hrs
@750km/hr ≈ 9.5 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 11 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 11.4 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 11.9 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 12.3 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 13.8 hrs

BEIJING DUBAI HONG KONG SYDNEY MELBOURNE ADELAIDE

10,615km 11,087km 12,571km 15,564km 16,265km 16,638km

@ 5km/hr ≈ 2,123 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 2,218 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 2,514 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 3,113 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 3,253 hrs @ 5km/hr ≈ 3,328 hrs
@100km/hr ≈ 106 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 111 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 126 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 156 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 163 hrs @100km/hr ≈ 166 hrs
@750km/hr ≈ 14.2 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 14.8 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 16.8 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 20.8 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 21.7 hrs @750km/hr ≈ 22.2 hrs

168
 Surveys indicate that the world average commuting time is approximately 40 minutes one-way under
moderate traffic, which equates to about 80 minutes (1.3 hours) per day, 400 minutes (6.6 hours) per 5-day
working week, 1600 minutes (26.6 hours or 1.1 day) per month, and 20,800 minutes (346.6 hours or 14.4 days)
per year. These average values do not account for traffic stoppages, public transportation delays, transfer wait
times, and other factors that may affect the overall duration of the commute. A 50% contingency can be added
to this average commute time to more accurately comprehend this data, making one’s total daily commute
an average of about two hours. With this more realistic value, a working citizen in their local proximity will
spend a total of about 21½ days a year inside a vehicle only to get from home to work. As one’s role within
society or an organization matures, more responsibilities may arise, including an increased expectation to
travel out of town for business contracts. This effectively adds to one’s overall commute times as they branch
further outside their local boundaries and into international grounds for business meetings and other project
inspections.

left [4.0.3] Dataset and great circle maps from Toronto’s

Pearson International Airport (YYZ) to the world’s
busiest city hubs. An example displaying the
various additional commute distances and times
spent traveling through various means of current
transportation.

169
 Modern consumers investing in the transit and tourism sectors have been seeking exclusive prospects
that provide unique experiential opportunities and high-end, exceptional services. These futuristic ventures
are only recently beginning to evolve and range from land-based theme resorts to cruise-type expeditions.
The more adventurous prospects include higher-risk ventures such as arctic adventures, heli-skiing, balloon
excursions, parabolic flights, long range sailing, wilderness excursions, caving, and mountain climbing. Finally,
the more “out of this world” experiences, which some have already signed up for, include the limited spaces on
commercial weightless spaceflight ventures that bring passengers over the Armstrong limit2 and onto the edge
of the Earth. Some of these commercial aerospace ventures are seen as pioneers in a new age of space travel,
one that will also include space tourism and hospitable prospects.

Technologically speaking, there are still many improvements necessary to make this modern space
agenda a reality, but we are at a time when technologies are able to satisfy the advanced requirements of
spacecraft manufacturing and sustainable space station construction. With the initiation of a contemporary
transit system in extraterrestrial domains, consumers and frequent international commuters could be given
an option to avoid the long hours of transit in the chaotic air space while having the opportunity to become
part of an elite class of modern spacefaring astronauts. In addition, with this infrastructure in place, further
expansions can be marketed to initiate a commercialization movement for extraterrestrial tourism and
hospitality.

2 “The Armstrong limit, often called Armstrong’s

line, is the altitude that produces an atmospheric
pressure so low (0.0618 atmosphere or 6.3 kPa (1.9
inHg)) that water boils at the normal temperature of
the human body: 37°C (98.6°F). It is named after
Harry George Armstrong, who founded the U.S. Air
Force’s Department of Space Medicine in 1947 at
Randolph Field, Texas.”

“Armstrong Limit” by contributors to Wikipedia, 2012

right [4.0.4] Congested air traffic great circle vector map

of 58,541 destination/arrival data points

170
[4.0.4] Similar to road traffic congestions, the convoluted air space begin to challenge innovators and visionaries for new methods of transportation to open up further options for commuters. It is the 21st century, and technologies currently hold the capacity to expand
these systems and into uncharted territories. It will not be long until these technologies mature enough to bring us, the human specie, into outer space.

171
[4.0.5a]
Space Shuttle Columbia launch

[4.0.5b]
Space Shuttle tether preparation for transit

[4.0.5c]
Space Shuttle tethered flight

[4.0.5d]
172 Space Shuttle Endeavour arrives in Los Angeles
 The thesis proposal is the architectural concept design of an infrastructure hub within orbital space
(a space station) that is programmed to provide a transition zone for future spacefaring transit commuters as
well as groundwork for other hospitality functions in the age of space tourism, such as a themed destination
resort or hotel, a multipurpose conference center, and an educational science research facility. Initially, the
program of the orbital infrastructure hub will be similar to an airport as a transit zone situated in outer space
close to Earth. This port destination will host new-age space commuter crafts and systems targeted for elite
spacefarers to dock and go, while establishing itself as a payload delivery camp during constructional phases
of the project. The latter phases of the station’s evolution will come through the expansion of the transit
station into a tourist destination with various hospitality functions.

The project will showcase only an architectural vision of the prospective spaceport in the near future.
Any mention of technical materials and systems is only included for reference and based on either current
technical achievements or the supposition of some future innovations. Conceptually, the project will reference
the successful Space Shuttle program, the Space Transportation System (STS), which was formally retired on
August 31, 2011, with its last mission flight by STS-135 Atlantis (July 8-21, 2011). The thesis design concept
focuses mainly on an idea of a retrofitted version of the Space Shuttle and its External Fuel Tanks. With a
contemporary engineered system of rocketry, the thesis proposes that the new external tank rig will become a
recyclable element that will stay in orbit, unlike the previous versions that return to Earth. As proposed, this
new system retrofitted to the new reusable space transporting vehicle will “kill two birds with one stone,” as it will
supply the spacecraft with sufficient fuel and chemicals to rocket propel the spacecraft to its orbital destination
in outer space, while the leftover materials from the external tanks will become the root foundations of the

left [4.0.5] Tethered Space Shuttle and inaugural

contemporary commercial space station.
launch of Space Shuttle Columbia

next [4.0.6] Concept of detachable components for future

external tanks that are programmed to be launched
into orbit for the foundations of AERO|ASTRO’s
design intentions

[4.0.7] Concept of launchpad and tethered launch

spacecrafts

[4.0.8] Interior concepts of future spacecraft and

hospitable modules for the commercial use of space
tourism

173
THE EXTERNAL TANK [4.0.6]

ELEVATION DETAILS

External Tanks
to be Recycled
[4.0.7a]
Tethered Space Shuttle launch concept painting

[4.0.7b]
CNSA concept of future tethered shuttle launch system

Space
Shuttle
v2
[4.0.7c]
174 Concept rendering of an improved launch pad
 [4.0.6]
THE EXTERNAL TANK
SECTION DETAILS

LOX Tank
ts
ponen
le Com
hab

16600mm
ac
Det

[4.0.8a]
Concept art for science fiction resting modules

Intertank
6900mm

Tank released in orbit after tank caps

Reusable Tank
25600mm

LH2 Tank
[4.0.8b]
Components

detaches
Interior concept of SpaceShipTwo
4600mm

Deta

Tank Cap
ched
9500mm Com
pone
nts
[4.0.8c]
Rendering of Arturo Vittori’s Enterprise Spaceplane 175
4.1 terrestrial domain selection for air|space port retrofit

177
 In the transitional stage between the current availability of transit systems to the age of spacefaring
commutes, various terrestrial infrastructural upgrades will be necessary to support the demand for construction
payloads for the AERO|ASTRO space station. Additionally, terrestrial hubs will need to be retrofitted to
support the size and technical needs of future spacecrafts that will be using the facility. As the facility is
expected to be transnational in ownership and use, many factors need to be taken into account when selecting
the suitable “site” for these renovations to occur.

In the site assessment, we will explore several criteria relative to a worldwide census in order to
propose several options for the air/space port infrastructure. These criteria are:

1. premium seat demands: to identify the growing need to provide elite services to travelers.
2. population growth: to identify nations with the need for infrastructural upgrades to support the
large incoming population with efficient means of transit.
3. national finances: to identify nations with the necessary financial and resource backings to
contribute to this expensive project.
4. tourism hotspots: to identify the prospects of drawing in connecting tourists with this unique
destination adventure.
5. airport identity and traffic: to identify the experience and suitability of an airport center to host
initial connections to the proposed space station. For example, an airport that might only need
minimal retrofit to accommodate the space vehicles and that is also centrally located for Earth-
based access.

right “The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report

2011: Beyond the Downturn” by Jennifer Blanke and
Thea Chiesa, World Economic Forum, page 69-75,
2011

next [4.1.1] Conceptual spacefaring experience

flowchart of passenger flow through future airports
with interventive program retrofits to support the
connective infrastructure in orbital space

[4.1.2] Statistical graphs of emergent trends in

premium travel potentials

[4.1.3] Elite status travelers enjoying a flight in a

private jet service

[4.1.4] Statistical maps of national population with

respect to its economic aptitude

[4.1.5] Statistical maps of tourist arrivals/departures

suggesting popular travel trends

[4.1.6] Flight density map of the top 10 transit hubs

according to passenger and cargo traffic

178
 “Investment in T&T [travel and tourism] products
and infrastructure is not only essential for
destinations to maintain and expand capacity, but
it also allows for and encourages improvements
in quality, competitiveness, and productivity.
Historical data and our joint research over the
past decade confirm that both new capital projects
and major refurbishments—both of which are
classified as investment—are integral to current
and future destination performance. Proposed
capital projects may remain constrained by limited
access to finance, however, even in locations
where demand is growing strongly. In contrast,
there is also evidence of overinvestment in some
destinations despite the clear upturn in industry
performance, now that the global economy has
emerged from recession. Nevertheless, even in
destinations where existing T&T infrastructure is
sufficient for the current volume of demand, and
even where there is excess capacity, the industry’s
capacity is not necessarily directly aligned to
evolving consumer preferences. Visitors from
emerging source markets often distinctly prefer
more mature destinations, and all markets tend to
be unpredictable: their tastes evolve over time in
line with their individual definitions of both basic
home comforts and luxury goods. This means that
T&T investment remains important at every stage
of the global business cycle.”

“Investment: A Key by
Indicator ofCockerell
Competitiveness in
Travel & Tourism” Nancy and David
Goodger

179
 8% of traffic
The number of passengers in premium
seats is not driven only by economic
activities between countries, but depends on

26% of passenger revenue

other factors. For particular country pairs,
factors captured by the T&T pillars—such as
policy rules and regulations, ICT infrastructure,
and price competitiveness in the T&T

70% to do business
industry—explain to some extent (30 percent)
the number of premium passengers. The model
demonstrates that any effort to improve one
of the drivers will boost the size of this travel
market.
TUNNEL TO
PORTALS
SPACECRAFT
SPACEFARER LICENCE TO
DEPARTURE
ELITE CLASS SPACE CHECK
TRAINING PREPARATORY FINAL
REVIEW LOUNGE BOARDING
PASSENGER PREMIUM SECURITY
CHECK IN
DROP-OFF CLASS AND CUSTOMS
BRIDGE TO
CONCOURSE GATES
AIRCRAFT
ECONOMY
CLASS
DUTY FREE
RETAIL

EARTH VIEW VIP LOUNGE

FLIGHT DESTINATION
TRANSFER RE-ENTRY
IN FLIGHT
SPACECRAFT DOCKING TO ZERO-G
DETACHMENT SPACE HUB CIRCULATION
ARRIVAL AT VEHICLE
FINAL CHECK TAKE OFF
TERMINAL DOCKING
AIRCRAFT ONBOARD
EN ROUTE ENTERTAINMENT
FLIGHT
LANDING
FOOD AND
BEVERAGES

Airport Passenger
Experience Map Legend

POST-FLIGHT HEALTH
ARRIVAL
LOUNGE ASSESSMENT New Program
PASSENGER CONNECTION
UNLOADING CONCOURSE
Existing Program
BAGGAGE PASSENGER
CUSTOMS
CLAIM PICK UP

[4.1.1]

180
 181 A business trip made exclusive in a private jet.
[4.1.3]
Product of GDP at origin and destination (billions)

100000000
Japan-US
10000000 US-Russia Canada-US
Japan-South Korea
1000000 Australia-UK
100000
Saudi Arabia-UAE
10000
Saudi Arabia-Egypt
1000 UAE-Bahrain
Lebanon-Kuwait
100
100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Product of GDP at origin and destination (billions)

100000000 Premium Passengers (logarithmic scale)

Japan-US
10000000 US-Russia Canada-US 500
United States
Japan-South Korea
1000000 Australia-UK 400

Premium Passengers
300

(thousands)
100000
Saudi Arabia-UAE
10000 United
200 Kingdom
Saudi Arabia-Egypt
1000 UAE-Bahrain 100
Lebanon-Kuwait
100 0
100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Japan

US-Japan
US-UK
US-Hong Kong
Japan-South Korea
China-Japan
France-UK
Germany-UK
UK-UAE
Australia-UK
Australia-New Zealand
UAE-India
UAE-Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia-UAE
China-Singapore
UK-India
Singapore-Indonesia
Switzerland-UK

Italy-UK
Singapore-Australia
[4.1.2a]

[4.1.2b]
Premium Passengers (logarithmic scale)
500
400
UAE
Passengers
Top 20 country pairs
300

usands)
 USA
CHINA
PAKISTAN
INDIA

BRAZIL

POPULATION in #

low high

[4.1.4b]

[4.1.4a]

population
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, KUWAIT
UAE
which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship— UGANDA
LIBERIA
MALDIVES
except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum,

who are generally considered part of the population of their country

of origin.

growth
The average annual percent change in the population, resulting

from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of
GROWTH in %
migrants entering and leaving a country. Rapid population growth

can be seen as threatening by neighboring countries.

low high
[4.1.4c]
182
 UNITED KINGDOM
GERMANY [4.1.4f]
FRANCE
USA JAPAN

GROSS NATIONAL INCOME

low high gross national income

[4.1.4d] Gross national income (GNI) comprises the total value produced

within a country (i.e. its gross domestic product), together with

its income received from other countries (notably interest and

POLAND dividends), less similar payments made to other countries. The

ROMANIA
GNI consists of: the personal consumption expenditures, the gross
MEXICO private investment, the government consumption expenditures, the
PANAMA net income from assets abroad, and the gross exports of goods and

services.

ARGENTINA financial infrastructure

Financial infrastructure index is based on 10 measures, 6 covering

the scope, quality, and availability of credit reporting data (in private

and public registries) and the existence of a basic legal framework

FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE for credit reporting. The remaining 4 cover the availability of public

registry data for collateral (fixed and moveable) and corporate

low high registries and court records.

[4.1.4e]
183
 UNITED KINGDOM
FRANCE
USA SPAINITALY

ARRIVALS in #

low high

[4.1.5b]
[4.1.5a]

UNITED KINGDOM

arrivals TURKEY
SPAIN
CHINA

HONG KONG
The total number of people, no matter local or foreigners, landing at

a specific location by any means of travel: air (airplane/helicopter),

water (boats/cruiser), or land (car/bus/railway).

foreign arrivals
The total number in the population of arrivals who are denoted as a

foreigner at the point of destination. In other words, foreign, the total

non-citizens that cross the borders, landing at a foreign country for

FOREIGN ARRIVALS in %
travels, tourism, education, or even businesses.

low high
[4.1.5c]
184
 FRANCE
SPAINITALY
USA CHINA

FRA

INT’L TOURIST ARRIVALS in #

low high

[4.1.5d]
[4.1.5f]

int’l tourist arrivals

UNITED KINGDOM
POLAND
CZECH REPUBLIC
GERMANY
USA
International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of

tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have

their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a

period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting

is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited.

int’ tourist departures

GER International outbound tourists are the number of departures that

people make from their country of usual residence to any other

INT’L TOURIST DEPARTURES in #
country for any purpose other than a remunerated activity in the

country visited.
low high
[4.1.5e]
185
 ATL

01
Total Passengers: 92,365,860
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport

“...these numbers underscore

the urgency of the airport
capacity challenge. Airport
operators worldwide are
focusing on the need to
provide the passenger a
positive, seamless travel
experience, and planning new
capacity to meet the expected
doubling of passengers in
the next 15 to 20 years. More
than ever, governments and
our airline partners will need
to work closely with our
airports to ensure that the
required capacity is added
in a safe, secure, efficient
and sustainable manner. At
the same time, air navigation
systems will need to be
upgraded to keep pace with
the growth curve.”
TOP 10 PASSENGER CAPACITY
[4.1.6]

OF AIR TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT MOVEMENT “World Airport Traffic

Report” by Airports Council
InternationalGoodger
186
 LHR
ORD

PEK

02
Total Passengers: 77,403,668 03
Total Passengers: 69,433,565 04
Total Passengers: 66,561,023
Beijing Capital International Airport London Heathrow Airport O’Hare International Airport

CDG
LAX
HND

05
Total Passengers: 62,263,025 06
Total Passengers: 61,848,449 07
Total Passengers: 60,970,551
Tokyo International Airport Los Angeles International Airport Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport

FRA
DFW

08
Total Passengers: 57,806,152 09
Total Passengers: 56,436,255 10
Total Passengers: 53,314,213
Dallas Fort Worth International Airport Frankfurt Airport Hong Kong International Airport
187
 Nationwide space agencies such as NASA, ESA, CNES, JAXA, ROSCOSMOS, CNSA, CSA, and
so on have expressed an urgent need for a magnitude of national support while stressing that the global
economic trends have had a direct effect on the progress in their research and development goals throughout
the industry’s history. By selecting specific data points from a collection of analytical records assembled by the
United Nations Statistics Division and the Central Intelligence Agency’s World Factbooks, one can determine
who the frontrunners are in major emergent developments such as new-age outer space industries as well as
3 “...most international airports, which would generally
the modern trending necessities within a society. have the ability to service larger jets, have many site
constraints since they’re usually built as close to the
downtown core as possible (especially in Europe).
Expansion is always difficult and you usually can’t
accomplish it without completely retrofitting the
As the previous chapters have strongly suggested, this infrastructure in outer space is not and cannot entire airport. Many international airports today are
old and in desperate need of renovation or even
be achieved by a single entity. The analyzed data explore the forecasted potentials of emergent nations through reconstruction.

“Modular” airports have inherent footprint expansion

the relationships made by their trending growth in finance and technologies. It takes more than one person capabilities built into them. An example of this is
Stansted (though I think they botched their strategy
or nation to build up an empire; hence, building a new industry and infrastructural system of high degree in by adding some very standard satellite concourses
near the main terminal). In theory, terminals
designed modularly (in plan and section) can
innovations and technologies will need many stakeholders and contributors. Therefore, for the development expand in 5 directions if need be.

of AERO|ASTRO, it is proposed that Earth-based transit hubs (typically but not limiting to an airport with linear Linear (with or without satellites) terminals also
make a lot more sense in terms of lateral expansion.
This includes Kansai, Shanghai Pudong’s terminals,
planning qualities)3 are to be retrofitted to support the inevitable evolution of travel initiated at various hubs Madrid-Barajas T4, Heathrow’s T5, both of Munich’s
terminals, etc.
over the planet. This spread of accessibility over several continents will encourage the multinational support Beijing’s T3 is enormous, but unfortunately has a
static footprint. However, because it’s so massive,
goals set out earlier while persuading design creations to provide ample variety of public and private spaces it will definitely have ample runway length to service
future jets.
suitable for the fusion of ethnic functions. This is the conundrum: most “hub” airports like
Beijing or Chicago O’Hare (because of their
enormity) have extensive lengths of runway and
a multitude of hangar types on site, but they are
generally locked-in in terms of being able to expand
later on. When building massive, impressive airports,
I’ve noticed that architects tend to concentrate a lot
more on form (obviously), which has a detrimental
effect on expansion capacity.

But, with that being said, the linear terminals I’ve

mentioned, though not necessarily the largest in size
or capacity, would suit the needs for future retrofits
better in every respect (all being international
airports).”

“Tomorrow’s Airport Today - A Holistic Approach to

Modern Terminal Design” by Andrea Larisa Nagy,
conversational dialogue, September 10, 2012

right [4.1.7] Mapping of five potent countries (financially

sound, technologically capable, and high traffic
demands) to adapt the future model of integrated
air-space commuter transit

188
 United States 1 United Kingdom 2 Japan 3 UAE 4 Australia 5

[4.1.7] Countries with economic prospect to support initial Earth based hubs and the phased deployment of the space infrasstructure.

189
4.2 extraterrestrial site selection for infrastructural transit hub

191
 An orbit, by definition, is the curved path, usually elliptical, followed by a planet, satellite, comet, or
other object in its motion around another celestial body under the influence of gravitation. As illustrated on
the next page, for an object satellite such as a space station to stay up in orbit, it has to be strafing (moving
sideways) relative to the barycentre of the evaluated entities. This can be simply understood as the constant
freefall of an object that keeps on missing the surface body of the “stationary” object (e.g. the Earth).
4 “In many situations relativistic effects can be
neglected, and Newton’s laws give a highly accurate
description of the motion. The acceleration of each
body is equal to the sum of the gravitational forces
When visualizing an object under constant orbital freefall towards the Earth [see illustration 4.2.2], one on it, divided by its mass, and the gravitational force
between each pair of bodies is proportional to the
can imagine the sideways motion of the object as a velocity vector directed tangentially perpendicular to the product of their masses and decreases inversely
with the square of the distance between them. To
this Newtonian approximation, for a system of two
gravitational acceleration vector directed towards the centre of the planetary object. Under the effects of point masses or spherical bodies, only influenced
by their mutual gravitation (the two-body problem),
inertia, the object has the tendency to maintain motion infinitely in a straight line within the near frictionless the orbits can be exactly calculated. If the heavier
body is much more massive than the smaller, as for
a satellite or small moon orbiting a planet or for the
vacuum of space as a horizontal force is applied to it, but due to the force of gravity acting on the object, it is Earth orbiting the Sun, it is accurate and convenient
to describe the motion in a coordinate system that
eventually steered to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere to land on its surface. In order for the object to stay in orbit, is centered on the heavier body, and we say that
the lighter body is in orbit around the heavier. For
the case where the masses of two bodies are
a large enough lateral force must be applied to the object. If this criterion is met, then the constantly falling comparable, an exact Newtonian solution is still
available, and qualitatively similar to the case of
object that is being hauled towards the centre of the Earth’s mass would as appear to be laterally moving dissimilar masses, by centering the coordinate
system on the center of mass of the two.
away, such that the curvature of the Earth at the same time “falls away” as quickly as it falls towards its centre. With two bodies, an orbit is a conic section. The orbit
can be open (so the object never returns) or closed
Therefore, the object is always falling while never actually getting closer to the Earth. (returning), depending on the total energy (kinetic +
potential energy) of the system. In the case of an
open orbit, the speed at any position of the orbit is
at least the escape velocity for that position, in the
case of a closed orbit, always less. Since the kinetic
In Sir Isaac Newton’s hypothesis4 of a similar phenomenon, he envisions a cannonball fired out of a energy is never negative, if the common convention
is adopted of taking the potential energy as zero at
infinite separation, the bound orbits have negative
cannon. With a small charge of gunpowder, the cannonball does not fire very high or far as it only provides total energy, parabolic trajectories have zero total
energy, and hyperbolic orbits have positive total
a minimal thrust, giving it a very slow speed. As the charge increases, the cannonball is launched farther until, energy.”

“Orbit” by contributors to Wikipedia, 2012

theoretically, there is enough charge to give the cannonball sufficient velocity to break the proportions to
right [4.2.1] Diagram illustrating the conceptual physics
the curvature of the Earth. At this velocity, the cannonball will achieve orbit as the ground surface of the to an object placed in a specific orbit around Earth

next [4.2.2] Variation of unique orbital tracks of an

Earth curves away faster than the cannonball is falling. Hence, the cannonball is illustrated to be plummeting object in a sun synchronous orbit in order to stay
consistently oriented to the sun
towards Earth in perpetual freefall, but always missing the Earth as it revolves around the orbital track. [4.2.3] Proposed timing of a transit system reaching
the orbital infrastructure in a LEO orbital proximity

[4.2.4] Map of typical Earth proximate orbits

[4.2.5] Visual map of proposed timing structure

of air-space commuter transit system where the
proposed infrastructure station is located on a sun
synchronous track

192
Consider a tower-block 1000 km high, protruding TYPICAL GEOCENTRIC ORBITS
above the Earth’s atmosphere. Imagine that you
are dropping something off the top of this tower. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) ~ 160 to 2,000km
If you just drop it (ignoring the rotation of the At 160km above the mean sea level and situated between
Earth), it will fall straight down, burning up in the Earth’s atmosphere and below the inner portions of the Van Allen
atmosphere near the base of the tower. But now, radiation belt, an object can revolve around the planetary mass
give it a sideways push as you drop it. As it falls, in about 90minutes at a circular orbital speed of about 8,000m/s.
it will continue to move sideways, until it burns A subcategory of LEO is its equatorial variation that offers rapid
up. The harder you push it, the further away from revisiting times due to its low inclination to the Equator of the
the base of the tower it will land. If you push it Earth. All of human spaceflight to this date (except for the Apollo
hard enough, it will miss the Earth altogether – by lunar and Hubble Space Telescope repair missions) have taken
the time it’s fallen 1000 km, it will have moved so place in a Low Earth Orbit.
far sideways that the Earth is no longer below it.
If you’re clever, you can get it moving in a circle Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) ~ 2,000 to 36,000km
around the Earth – perpetually falling but never Also known as an Intermediate Circular Orbit (ICO), an object
hitting the bottom. situated at this range from Earth may begin to experience
[4.2.1]
lateral force vector
electronic failures as charge accumulations and radiation levels
intensify, fostering interferences to communication signals and
tower

other circuitry malfunctions. However, certain ranges of MEO

are appropriate for global positioning and telecommunication
application satellites as it can yield consistent 12 hours orbital
periods or other intervals between 2 to almost 24 hours in range.

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) ~ 36,000km

An object situated in this orbital range is characterized to
correspond and maintain the same position with one singular
point on Earth as its orbital period coincides with the sidereal
rotational period of Earth (~24 hours). A subset of this orbit is the
Geostationary Orbit which is located directly above the Equator
and highly appropriate for the use by communication satellites.
Hence, this is sometimes called the Clarke Orbit where a belt
of broadcast satellites would be found. In addition, just a few
hundred kilometers above GEO is the “graveyard” orbit where
orbit retired satellites are moved into to prevent close to Earth space
debris.

193
 [4.2.2]
SUN-SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT (SSO) 400 km [4.2.3]

Sometimes referred to as a heliosynchronous orbit, SSO is a

special variation of a geocentric orbit near Earth (typically 600-
1000km above sea level with orbital periods of about 90-100min)
that travels along the polar tracking around the Earth rather than
the usual equatorial tracks of commonly used satellite orbits. It
is considered a special type of orbit because it carries the unique
attribute of always orienting with the same consistent illumination

docking
30 min.

at hub
300 km
angle to the sun. As a polar orbit synchronized with the sun,
objects in an SSO will have each of its successive orbits occurring 1st orbit
at a constant local time on Earth. This means that in each orbital
pass, a satellite will pass through the equatorial longitudes at a
different latitude, but coincidently, the local time on Earth will be

30 min. return flight to spaceport

the same.

These aspects of a sun-synchronous orbit are the important key

factors in considering the orbital path selection for AERO|ASTRO. 200 km
Provided that the sun is constantly hovering at the zenith [refer

transfer
45 min.
to 3.2.1] of the station while the Earth at the nadir [refer to 3.2.1]

orbit
side, the configuration of programs and the planning for visual
vistas can simply be predefined with the back of house and
ECLSS/regenerative components located at the zenith side while
residences and windows located in the direction of the nadir side 2nd orbit
of the station. This key orientation of the functional program
helps minimize the use of unique systems of shading devices
and eliminates the need for mechanical systems to constantly Space @ 100 km
orient the power generating solar arrays to the sun at an on

parking orbit
going 24 hour basis. With these reductions, it will save overall

15 min.
design and built payload deployment costs while reducing the
energy consumptions of unnecessary mechanical devices during
operations. Finally similar to LEO, SSO is within a reasonably
commutable distance to Earth and with its consistent timings
passing various locations worldwide, it provides a consistent
array of launch and arrival times at terrestrial hubs along similar
longitudinal planes around the globe. 3rd orbit Ground @ 0 km

194
 PROPOSED: [4.2.5]

station’s orbital tracking on a Sun Synchronous Orbit (SS0) and

its implication on a modern, conceptual, space transit system
[4.2.4a]

Sun Synchronous Orbit

SSO (~800km)

Low Earth Orbit LEO

(~160km / 2,000km)

30 min.
45 min.

2. Parking Orbit
30 min.
Geostationary Transfer Orbit
GTO (~200km / 36,000km)
15 min.
Geostationary Orbit
GEO (~36,000km)
Medium Earth Orbit
1. Liftoff
MEO (~2,000km / 36,000)
3. Intermediate
5. Landing
Transfer Orbit

[4.2.4b]

4. Proposed SSO
for Space Hub
(90 min. / orbit)

195
4.3 the kit-of-parts to the modern grapheme of space architecture

197
 Many lessons can be learned from patented building blocks, from standard parts toy kits by Kiddicraft,
Lego, K’nex, and Tinkertoy, to the more sophisticated scaled erector construction sets by AC Gilbert Company
and Meccano, to the professional use of 80/20 aluminum alloy framing system and prefabrications in “final
line” constructions on Earth. Architecture conceived for outer space must comply with two basic principles:
flexibility and retrofitting. By satisfying these two principles, high efficiencies in terms of sustainability can be
achieved while reducing overall operational and life cycle costs in future upgrades and expansions.

On Earth, post-occupancy mitigations typically include upgrades for HVAC equipment and aesthetic
surface finish maintenances, and superseded assemblies are generally dispatched to landfills after demolition.
However, in outer space, these customary terrestrial actions are not feasible as materials cannot afford to be
wasted in graveyard orbits. Financially there is much capital invested in the materials that are brought into 5 “The 323 Apple patents that list Steven P. Jobs
among the group of inventors offer a glimpse at
space, and to reuse and recycle can be looked at for sustainability and economic savings. Therefore, it is his legendary say over the minute details of the
company’s products — from the company’s iconic
computer cases to the glass staircases that are
necessary through the design process to include a strategy that will allow for an accommodating system of featured in many Apple stores.

parts and arrangements that will seldom become obsolete and that will be responsive to future retrofits of new When people in the technology industry speak of
Steven P. Jobs’s knack for design, they often have
Apple’s iconic products in mind: the early all-in-one
systems and materials. Macintosh computers, the first iMacs with their
brightly colored and translucent cases, and more
recently, the various iPods, iPhones and iPads. But
what about the striking glass staircases in many of
Apple’s stores? Mr. Jobs led their design — and has
As a compliant part to complex devices, Apple Inc.’s patented5 MagSafe dock connector (a simple multi- his name on two patents Apple received for that
design. The white plastic power adapters in newer-
oriented five palindromic pinned power connection that is attached and held together by magnetism) can be considered as a model Macintosh computers? Mr. Jobs helped to
design them too, according to patent filings. And
he also had a hand in the final look of a startling
miniature scale precedent to the kit-of-parts strategy. With this patented male connector and female socket, a number of products, including the seemingly
insignificant and those that have proved central
platform of cross-generation products were created where one could upgrade to newer versions of Apple’s to Apple’s success: the lanyard for some iPod
headsets, the plastic clasps that hold cords in place,
the cardboard packaging for scores of iPods, and
products while still making good use of the old components that they already owned. This also set certain model after model of desktop and laptop computers,
monitors, mice, keyboards, mobile devices and
standards in future retrofits of the company’s product as the MagSafe connectors could be applicable in the media players. Mr. Jobs’s say over the minute
details of Apple’s products is legendary in Silicon
Valley. The patents that carry his name, for these
design process for new products as a standard component in a large kit-of-parts, saving time and money products and others, offer a glimpse into the range
of his influence at Apple. And they paint a picture of
on research and developments for specific elements. Having a kit-of-parts set up will minimize both costs a roll-up-your-sleeves chief executive whose design
choices reached into every corner of the company.”
and time in design upgrades and manufacturing. In addition, design and development focuses can be geared “Steve Job’s Patents - A Chief Executive’s Attention
to Detail, Noted in 313 Patents” by Miguel Helft, The
towards more important innovative disciplines, rather than revisiting past accounts for unnecessary upgrades.
New York Times, August 25, 2011

right “Out of this World: the new field of space

architecture” by A. Scott Howe, page 61, 2009

198
 “Extended space missions beg for a flexible
environment with outfitting that can be
reconfigured for cleaning and maintenance and
for accommodating changing crew composition,
preferences, and activities. Flexibility can be
achieved via a group of objects that can be
configured to achieve different functions by a
system that supports a family of objects, each
possessing a unique function, or by arriving at a
reduced collection of elements whose functions
are fused...Retrofitting provides an existing
machine or structure already in use — such as a
jet, computer, space station, or rack volume — with
parts, devices, or equipment that did not exist, or
were not available, at the time of the original design
or manufacture.”

“Out of thisbyWorld:
A. Scottthe new field of space
architecture” Howe

199
[4.3.1a] [4.3.1b] [4.3.1c]
MagSafe 2 power adaptor MagSafe 2 power connector MagSafe power adaptor

[4.3.1d]
Subway tunnel constructed with prefabricated structural panels

[4.3.1e] [4.3.1f]
Subway platform uses prefabricated finishes and structure 200 Legoblock Space Shuttle
 In order to develop and construct in orbital space with absolute flexibility and efficiency, a kit-of-
parts methodology must be implemented in the conceptual and schematic design processes. With this kit,
designers and contractors will be at ease in selecting and connecting the appropriate components for a highly
complex modulated structure in outer space. This next generation of prefabricated construction will differ
from the way terrestrial pipelines function, as components will not be bonded by permanent connectors as
on Earth; rather, they will be designed to be adaptable to conjoining members through mediating elements
such as air-sealed hatches. As a measure of its flexibility, these standardized module assemblies will need
to demonstrate a high capacity to demount, disassemble, and be reused in various new applications while
achieving maximum opportunities in a variety of modulated arrangements. Finally, all of the parts within the
kit must be manufactured and retrofitted within an appropriate size range in accordance with payload shipping
and other constraints in handling both on Earth and in orbit.

The kit-of-parts theory has been used in many precedent applications on Earth in various industries,
including children’s toys and infrastructural engineering. This functional model has been used by astronautic
designers since the beginning of the ambitious space program. However, it is only in recent decades that
there has been a movement, led by architect Scott Howe, to retrofit and develop contemporary modulated
components to improve living conditions while upgrading the current parts with up-to-date technology. In
Scott Howe’s approach, the architect is to create a distinctive library that will spell out in its own grapheme (the
smallest possible unit of language), a series of configurations including every major assembly of parts (modules,
nodes, joint systems and hatches, docking support adaptors, trusses, solar arrays, payload attachments, etc.),
and also many of the minor detailing components and apparatuses used onboard the space station (storage
racks, interior paneling, anchors and holds, motion handles, tethering nodes, sensors and actuators, etc.).
By adapting to this philosophy in construction with a kit-of-parts, a modulated space station will become
an organism in itself as it dynamically evolves architecturally and internally with the endless variations of
expansion opportunities.
left [4.3.1] Kit-of-parts precedent reference includes
the Magsafe connectors by Apple, Lego building
blocks, and the sectional prefabricated construction
of underground subway tunnels (both structural and
finishings)

201
 With the sustainable aspiration of resourcefully maximizing material use and its reusability, the design
right [4.3.2] Concept diagram of the extracted portions of
intervention of AERO|ASTRO will create its own version of the kit-of-parts theory as previously mentioned. an external fuel tank as a foundation to the module
developments in the kit-of-parts for AERO|ASTRO
These new symbols will abstractly introduce a flexible language for the station’s major architectural assembly next [4.3.3] Primitive set of AERO|ASTRO kit-of-parts
grapheme categorized from A.1 to S:
elements, while recycling external tanks used for deploying space shuttles into orbit as a foundation to these Module TYPE 1 (A to D): A to C are the standard
base modules of various lengths used throughout
modulated assembly elements. In addition, a common design pattern of linear and faceted circular (typically the station. They act as the general boundaries for
the interior retrofits for major public/private corridors
hexagonal and decagonal) passages practically and formally suggest a basic configuration, allowing endless while serving for most other activity spaces. The
hemispherical cap (D) is used to shut off dead ends
(temporarily and permanently) and is the detachable
interior circulation flow while offering the ability to evolve and expand the space station in an assortment of seal to the overall air-tight system in the station. It
is detailed to flexibly detach and reassemble during
directions. Finally, similar to the developments by Scott Howe and his colleagues, the notion of AERO|ASTRO’s expansions of the station as an efficient method of
construction while maintaining operational status
during non-constructional phases.
standardized kit-of-parts is strictly a conceptual vision in accordance to the final proposed design intervention.
Module TYPE 2 (E): These pieces are adaptors that
In order for these components to be considered deployable, further technical improvements in research and act as secondary passages (an alleyway to corridors
and programmed activity spaces). They are typically
used to connect TYPE 1 modules but, in special
development are needed to satisfy the continually evolving automation of construction techniques, tools, and cases, they act as a hatched capping, connecting
with spacecraft docking equipment at the port. The
detailing employed in outer space. openings to these alleyways range from 1,250mm to
2,000mm in radius, such that the size distinction can
indicate the transition of programmatic variances
while bottlenecking traffic within the circulation
flow. This also regulates the occupancy loading
As previously mentioned, the design concept of AERO|ASTRO will concentrate on the idea of re- and movement speeds that transition between
connected activity spaces.
employing a retrofitted version of the Space Shuttle’s External Fuel Tanks. In doing so, it standardizes, for Module TYPE 3 (F to G): Corner pieces denoted
by (F) modules connect the linear TYPE 1 modules
the most part, the “tubular” foundations when generating the modulated language for the station. Based on to direct passage into a simulated circular flow
throughout the station. It turns specifically at a
60o angle to create this simulation in a hexagonal
this model [see 4.3.2] the station’s ultimate sectional radius of about 4,750 millimetres, the maximum barrel configuration.

wall length of about 3,200 millimetres, the double hull structural construction details, and other existing Module TYPE 4 (H to I): Connector pieces (H) offer
a soft padding to TYPE 1+2 joints while suctioning
the joined modules to an air-tight seal. (I) is a
components from the referenced External Fuel Tanks will regulate the workable design boundaries for space special connector with a motoring mechanism that
generates the centripetal spinning of the revolving
architects. Not only will these standardized base structures create a consistent architectural language in tubular artificial gravity amenity modules.

Module TYPE 5 (J to K): A clover-shaped modular

space construction, these foundations will also identify volumetric constraints that designers have to follow in section that uses four sliced segments of TYPE
1 modules in forming the four-leaf configuration.
order to achieve maximal efficiencies satisfying payload limits and sustainable benchmarks. By following this These modules are used for the multi-storey
programs of the artificial gravity areas as well as the
unique revolving swimming pool.
formulated set of sizes and shapes, the generation of the kit-of-parts used in the assembly for AERO|ASTRO
Module TYPE 6 (L to Q): Various unique amenity
is exhibited in the following diagrams that reflect a variation of this precedent technology. modules derived in the basis of spherical forms
reduce disorienting cues for its occupants as it lacks
the conventions of a ceiling (up) and a floor (down).

Module TYPE 7 (R): Living pod modules; see

[4.5.24] to [4.5.28] for details.

Module TYPE 8 (S): Technical modules necessary
for power generation, HVAC/ECLSS, and other
unique mechanical systems.

202
STANDARD MODULE FOUNDATIONS [4.3.2]

EXTRACTED COMPONENTS TO RETROFIT

barrel skin panel
liquid hydrogen tank
dispatched upon the
disassembly of the
320 external tank
0m
m

demounting joint

retrofit section of
LH2 Tank

radius
4750mm

3200mm TYPICAL
outer hull
longeron
intermediate ring frame
inner hull
integral stringer main ring frame
integral skin ring shell
demounting joint

203
A.1 A.2 B.1
8 Barrel Module 8 Barrel Module with Windows 4 Barrel Module

3200mm

3200mm
1000mm

9500mm
3200mm

3200mm
1000mm
1000mm
3200mm

3200mm
(aluminosilicate and silica compositions)
triple layered chemically treated glazing

1000mm
3200mm

3200mm
3200mm 3200mm 3200mm 3200mm

B.2
4 Barrel Module with Windows

1000mm
3200mm

3200mm
triple layered chemically treated glazing
(aluminosilicate and silica compositions)
3200mm

3200mm
1000mm

9500mm
1000mm
3200mm

3200mm
1000mm 1000mm 1000mm 1000mm
1000mm
3200mm

3200mm

3200mm 3200mm 3200mm 3200mm

[4.3.3a]

MODULE TYPE I
9500mm 9500mm
TYPICAL PRIMITIVES
204
 C E.1 E.4
2 Barrel Module Module Adaptor Module Adaptor for
Airlocke Docking
6000mm

2500mm

4000mm
2500mm

9500mm

4000mm 1500mm2500mm 2000mm

2000mm 2500mm 1500mm 4000mm 2000mm

E.2
Module Adaptor with 2 Window Groups

3200mm 3200mm
2500mm

4000mm
D
Hemispherical Cap 1000mm1000mm

2000mm
2000mm 2500mm 1500mm 4000mm 2000mm

4000mm
E.3
9500mm

Module Adaptor with 4 Window Groups

1000mm1000mm
2500mm

4000mm
4750mm
[4.3.3a] 1000mm1000mm [4.3.3b]

MODULE TYPE I MODULE TYPE II

TYPICAL PRIMITIVES 2000mm 2500mm 1500mm 4000mm 2000mm MODULE ADAPTORS
205
 F.1 G MODULE TYPE III
[4.3.3c]

Corner Module Module Split Expansion CORNERS AND EXTENSIONS

60o

9500mm
m
0m safety cap intersection 4 barrel extension @ 12800mm length cap intersection safety
950 cutoff 3200mm per section cutoff
hatch hatch
F.2
Corner Module with Link Extension

60o

10000mm
950
0m
m corner intersection 4 barrel extension @ 12800mm length r~4750mm cap
3200mm per section
206
H.1 H.2 H.3 H.4
2 Barrel Hatch Connector 4 Barrel Hatch Connector 8 Barrel Hatch 8 Barrel Hatch
2500mm 4000mm Connector with Connector with
Single Opening Dual Openings

3200mm

3200mm
3200mm
6000mm 3200mm 6000mm 3200mm

6000mm
I

4000mm
Revolving Elevator Link for

3200mm
Artificial Gravity Modules
hemispherical cap

3200mm
direction of rotation

6000mm
4000mm

3200mm
4000mm

4000mm
elevator elevator
shaft shaft

3200mm

6000mm
4000mm
direction of rotation

3200mm
3200mm

single barrel connector

3200mm
3200mm
[4.3.3d]

MODULE TYPE IV 9500mm

HATCH CONNECTORS
207
J K
8 Barrel Quad Split Connected Module for Artificial Gravity Bay 8 Barrel Quad Split Corner Module for Artificial Gravity Bay

3200mm
3200mm
3200mm
3200mm

36o
MECH PIPING

MECH PIPING
3200mm
3200mm
3200mm

1900
0mm
3200mm

MODULE TYPE V
[4.3.3e]

4750mm 9500mm 4750mm SPECIAL CLOVER

MODULE CONFIGURATION
208
 [4.3.3f]
MODULE TYPE VI
L N AMENITY SPACES
Dual Entry Adaptor for User Guided Observation Pods Entry Cap to Multipurpose Activity Pods
9500mm
4000mm 4000mm

M O
User Guided Observation Pod Multipurpose Activity Pod

9500mm 9500mm

MANEUVERABLE POD ACTIVITY POD

209
SWIMMING POOL
REVOLVING

P Q
4 Barrel Quad Split Swimming Pool Module under Artificial Gravity Revolving Mechanism for Swimming Pool Module

MECH PIPING

direction of rotation

direction of rotation
JACUZZI hemispherical
POOL section
section hatch cap

MECH PIPING

unique clover end caps 4 barrel extension @ 12800mm length unique clover
r=4750mm 3200mm per section end connector
r=4750mm
[4.3.3f]
MODULE TYPE VI
AMENITY SPACES
210
 [4.3.3h]
MODULE TYPE VIII
R.1 R.2 S POWER GENERATION
Residential Pod Residential Pod 60o Hexagonal Solar Array Grouping
Nadir Orientation to Nadir Orientation
2500mm 2500mm

2375mm 2375mm

R.3
Residential Pod - Large Suite
2500mm

r=4750mm

[4.3.3g]

MODULE TYPE VII

LIVING PODS
211
 TYPICAL

VARIATION : a

VARIATION : b

VARIATION : c

VARIATION : d
SECTION:
49m2 ARCHETYPAL INTERIOR
CONFIGURATIONS
[4.3.4]

18m2 28m2 25m2 singular programming : i

12m2
8m2
18m2 28m2 17m2 17m2 dual circulation : ii
8m2
12m2

8m2
13m 2
7m2 7m2
18m2 6m2 multiple core : iii
13m2 7m 2
7m 2

8m2
TYPICAL CORE

storage racks
CONTOURED

PERIMETER
CENTRAL

mechanical shafts
OFFSET

circulable zones

212
 As suggested by the kit-of-parts in the preceding diagrams, the general foundations (external shells)
proposed for this thesis revolves around the functional boundaries identified within the liquid hydrogen
section of an external fuel tank. Based on the referenced measurements for the interior sections of this
functional boundary, designers are given approximately 49 square metres of sectional area to work with
after accounting for the necessary cavities and structural thicknesses required for the double hull and other
mechanical/electrical systems. This equates to approximately 156.8 cubic metres of spatial volume per barrel
length (3.2 metres) to be accounted for in the proposed design. The workable volume is an important parameter
as it regulates the overall density that is capable of populating within the barrel section. It is also important to
ensure that there are plenty of open spaces both within and between occupants and their surroundings.

In dividing programmed spaces for human occupancy, perceptual discriminators involving one’s
response to forms, proportions, and scales should be considered. In other words, schematically designing the
retrofitted areas of the extracted external tank will involve a variety of spatial volumes and shapes, and also a
variance in pathway options for moving around. For a general rule of thumb, spaces that have been designed
for human occupancy should never contain sharp edges to prevent foreign space travelers from bumping
into them and hurting themselves. Therefore, spaces with softened edges and rounded corners will denote
circulatory arrangements while the negative spaces in the forms of cavities with a mix of sharp and soft edges
will be used mainly for mechanical systems and accessible storage. To determine the acceptable sectional scale
(a value that can equate to barrel section volumes) when sorting out archetypal options for comfortable interior space
arrangements, the designs in this thesis consider the minimal and maximal distances of comfort required
for one’s personal space bubble [refer to 4.5.2]. Deriving from this, the minimal sectional area of comfort is
approximately 4.5 square metres according to the social theory of personal space (a point about 1.2 metres from
one’s centre). Therefore, given an additional 10 percent on top of this for contingent flexibility, sectional areas
of spatial boundaries for singular flow occupancy should not be below the benchmark of approximately 4.95
square metres while spaces designed for free-flowing occupancy should allow for at least a two-way flow of
left [4.3.4] Archetypal parti configurations of individual
module interior sections 9.9 square metres in sectional areas.
next [4.3.5] Archetypal configurations a.i to d.iii in
detail with a rendered representation of the space
generated

213
INTERIOR TYPE a.i [4.3.5a]

SINGLE LOAD CONTOUR

barrel skin panel
mechanical and storage racks mech mech
elec elec

racks racks
r: 2375mm

racks racks

mech mech
elec elec

outer hull
longeron
mechanical and
inner hull storage racks
integral stringer electrical + mechanical
shaft
intermediate ring frame

214
INTERIOR TYPE a.ii [4.3.5b]

DOUBLE LOAD CONTOUR

barrel skin panel
mechanical and storage racks mech mech
elec elec

2225mm
racks racks

2225mm
racks racks

mech mech
elec elec

outer hull
longeron
mechanical and
inner hull storage racks
integral stringer electrical + mechanical
shaft
intermediate ring frame

215
INTERIOR TYPE b.i [4.3.5c]

SINGLE LOAD OFFSET

barrel skin panel

mech
elec

racks

racks 3950mm

mech
elec

outer hull
longeron
mechanical and
inner hull storage racks
integral stringer electrical + mechanical
shaft
intermediate ring frame

216
INTERIOR TYPE b.ii [4.3.5d]

DOUBLE LOAD OFFSET

barrel skin panel

3000mm
3800mm 3950mm

outer hull
longeron
inner hull
integral stringer
intermediate ring frame

217
INTERIOR TYPE b.iii [4.3.5e]

TRIPLE LOAD OFFSET

barrel skin panel

m
3000mm

0m
350
3800mm

350
0m
m
outer hull
longeron
inner hull
integral stringer
intermediate ring frame

218
INTERIOR TYPE c.i [4.3.5f]

SINGLE LOAD CENTRAL

barrel skin panel
mechanical and storage racks

mech mech
elec elec
racks racks

7900mm
racks racks

mech mech
elec elec

outer hull
longeron
mechanical and
inner hull storage racks
integral stringer electrical + mechanical
shaft
intermediate ring frame

219
INTERIOR TYPE c.ii [4.3.5g]

DOUBLE LOAD CENTRAL

barrel skin panel
mechanical and storage racks

3800mm
mech mech
elec elec
racks racks

racks racks

3800mm
mech mech
elec elec

outer hull
longeron
mechanical and
inner hull storage racks
integral stringer electrical + mechanical
shaft
intermediate ring frame

220
INTERIOR TYPE c.iii [4.3.5h]

TRIPLE LOAD CENTRAL

barrel skin panel
mechanical and storage racks

2300mm
mech mech
elec elec
racks racks

2660mm
racks racks

mech mech
elec elec

2300mm
outer hull
longeron
mechanical and
inner hull storage racks
integral stringer electrical + mechanical
shaft
intermediate ring frame

221
INTERIOR TYPE d.ii [4.3.5i]

DOUBLE LOAD PERIMETER

barrel skin panel
electrical + mechanical shaft mech
elec

6275mm

6275mm
mech
elec

outer hull
longeron
inner hull
integral stringer electrical + mechanical shaft
intermediate ring frame

222
INTERIOR TYPE d.iii [4.3.5j]

TRIPLE LOAD PERIMETER

barrel skin panel
electrical + mechanical shaft mech
elec

3000mm

3000mm
3000mm

3000mm
mech
elec

outer hull
longeron
inner hull
integral stringer electrical + mechanical
shaft
intermediate ring frame

223
PANEL TYPE iP.1 [4.3.6]

SOFT CUSHIONED
SURFACES
triple layered chemically treated glazing
(aluminosilicate and silica compositions)
outer hull cavity with
longeron structural framing
120mm
180mm 500mm 3950mm 1400mm
inner hull cavity with
integral stringers
module cap with airlock pressurization

4750mm
hatch door
mech + elec cavities
with soft envelop
cushioned surface

PANEL TYPE iP.2

COMPARTMENT HARD
PANELED SURFACES
triple layered chemically treated glazing
(aluminosilicate and silica compositions)
outer hull cavity with
longeron structural framing
120mm
180mm 500mm 3950mm 1400mm
inner hull cavity with
integral stringers
module cap with airlock pressurization
4750mm

hatch door
tethering handle rails
array of panels and hatches
mech + elec + serviceable
storage hatch cavities
224
 When furnishing the interior volumes of the retrofitted external tanks, designers need to pay great
attention to the selection of the finishes, as this can critically affect issues of physical safety. For the most part,
finishes are designed as prefabricated panels of soft pillows or hard surface hatches that are delivered with
considerations of the maximum spacecraft payload capacities.

Generally, soft material surfaces, usually cushioned by a layer of padded gel, foam, or inflatable
materials sheathed with soft fabrics would be recommended for most spaces. This goes especially for those
areas designed for a high density of occupants, such as public spaces that are used for high-impact and
motional activities. It is also recommended that in areas of initial exposure to the novelty of weightlessness
(i.e. the docking ports), designers should pay extra attention in carefully selecting an extra-soft finish for these
spaces to allow first-time space travelers to experiment with and adapt to the new forms of maneuvering in
outer space. Hard surfaces can sometimes be handy when spaces require accessible storage and options to
maintain mechanical and electrical systems in the cavity zones of the module sections. It is recommended that
these finishes are only considered for lower-density zones or in functional spaces for specific activities that
require minimal movement (e.g. reading in a library, doing experiments in a laboratory, etc.).

left [4.3.6] Interior panelling typologies iP.1 and iP.2

detail sections and perspectives

225
4.4 AERO|ASTRO : extraterrestrial infrastructure for contemporary transit/tourism

227
It is the year 2069. On the momentous day of July 21st, the 100th anniversary milestone in human
exploration of the cosmos (the first man on the moon), the pioneer flight is made by AERO|ASTRO
stakeholders to the inaugural extension of human territory in the first ever commercial orbital space
transit infrastructure hub. This launch marks a new era in history, when economically feasible public
transportation will extend its boundaries into orbital space transits, which will allow for higher efficiencies
in global coverage for daily commuters. With this infrastructure revolving within the proximity of Earth,
further expansions will lead to new space cultures and commercial opportunities. Space tourists will
enjoy the unique experience of weightlessness and other outer space activities with the blue
marble Earth as the backdrop to this exclusive adventure.

228
 PROJECT PHASES

1. SPACEPORT - docking support for transiting passenger and payload

cargo spacecrafts
2a. HOSPITALITY - residences and dining quarters for short duration
visiting tourists and staff
2b. RESOURCE - implementation of systems to close the ECLSS cycles
by setting up cultivational gardens and solar arrays throughout
3. AMENITY - an extension to provide unique activities for the occupants
229
PHASING
STATION EVOLUTION

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4

STAGE 6 STAGE 7 STAGE 8 STAGE 9

230
 PLAN - ZENITH
CIRCULATION

semi-dense
forest
solar array
grouping type C
solar array
grouping type A

loosely vegetated park dense vegetation

lab 1 lab 2

STAGE 5 solar array solar array

reception chapel lab 3
STAGE 10 grouping type C grouping type B

lab 5 lab 4

loosely vegetated park dense vegetation

solar array
grouping type A
solar array
grouping type C
semi-dense
forest
PORT

AFT FORWARD
public private
STARBOARD

231
PLAN - ZENITH
VISUAL PALETTE

232
233
COSMIC GARDEN elec elec
HYDROPONIC BIOSPHERE mech mech

shaft
lab 3 to AXIS lab 4

dense forest
vegetation

shaft shaft
to AXIS semi-dense to AXIS
dense forest
forest
vegetation
chapel vegetation

alter
elec lab 2 lab 5 elec
audience
mech mech
semi-dense
park
forest
shaft vegetation shaft
to AXIS to AXIS
receptional
piazza
park

lab 1 shaft
to AXIS

mech mech

elec elec

234
235
PHASING
STATION EVOLUTION

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4

STAGE 6 STAGE 7 STAGE 8 STAGE 9

236
 PLAN - AXIS
CIRCULATION
PHASE 2
RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
private dining
PHASE 2 dining small living pod unit
DINING BLOCK hall public dining large living pod unit
private dining supplies

public dining supplies

mixed dining
activity pod B observatory B
sci lab edu/conf banquet lounge residence
cafe gate A
plaza plaza
info registry port A
lounge shop concourse
gym B cafe snack
shop shop waiting area
bar cafe shop gate B
STAGE 5 meditation entertainment terminal
aqua zone clinic NEXUS infirmary
STAGE 10 chamber plaza plaza
bar cafe shop port B
shop shop waiting area
gym A cafe snack
lounge concourse
shop
info registry port C
banquet residence cafe gate C
tech lab library plaza lounge plaza
activity pod A observatory A
public dining mixed dining supplies
AMENITY
ACTIVITY ZONE
small living pod unit
private dining supplies
dining public dining large living pod unit
PHASE 1
DINING BLOCK hall
PORT private dining
PHASE 1
AFT FORWARD RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
public private
STARBOARD

237
PLAN - AXIS
VISUAL PALETTE

238
 NEXUS
info/reception PUBLIC CONCOURSE
station check-in

1 l a za
to

as e p
shaft

te z a

ph enc
pl
to AXIS

e
rm
a

sid
in
shop

al

re
to
les clefs d’or
retail
shaft shaft
info/reception to AXIS to AXIS
shop shop
station check-in
retail

private lounge
to residence plaza to banquet plaza
phase 2 phase 1
les clefs d’or café pâtisserie private lounge

snack bar
shop shop
shaft shaft
to AXIS to AXIS
a

to
e plaz

en pla
shop
private
te za
2
ph uet

lounge shaft
r ta
as

private to AXIS
nq

in
ba

lounge m
en
to

239
 SPACEPORT
DOCKING INFRASTRUCTURE
dock B2

dock B1 port B dock B3

port A port C
to gate airlock

1500mm
to shuttle
dock A3 dock C1 hatch
gate B
dock A2 dock C2
waiting waiting
dock A1 area area dock C1

gate A gate C
clinic
waiting area

waiting area
concourse

concourse

café infirmary hall café

pâtisserie pâtisserie

recovery

3850mm
terminal
plaza

1500mm

1000mm
entry/exit viewport

to nexus to nexus

240
241
REFECTORY
PUBLIC EATERY
to
banquet dining private
enclosed dining enclosed
dining dining
booth 1500mm booth

private dining private dining enclosed enclosed

pantry pantry dining dining
booth booth
semi-private dining semi-private dining
servery servery
enclosed enclosed
dining dining
open dining public dining open dining booth booth
booths booths
to passage beyond
servery servery open dining open dining
booth booth
storage banquet storage
plaza

2200mm typical
lounge lounge open dining open dining
booth public booth
open dining

open dining open dining

to nexus to nexus booth booth

2000mm
open dining booth

242
 large unit
RESIDENCES
corridor mech/elec PERSONAL LIVING PODS
cove lighting
L9
S40 S41
S38 S42
mech S35 S44

2375mm
S32 S47
S30 L10 S50
S29 S39 S43 S52

1500mm
public S36 S45
axis unit L6 S33 S48 L12
lounge S31 S51
L7 L13
S28 L11 S53
S26 S27 S37 S46 S55 S54
elec S34 S49
S24 S25 L8 L14 S57 S56
S22 S23 supply depot S59 S58
mech nadir S20 S21 S61 S60
elec
unit S18 S19 S63 S62
L4 L5 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 L16 L15
S16 S17 S65 S64
S14 S15 household S67 S66
S12 S13 depot S69 S68
S10 S11 L3 L19 S71 S70
S8 S9 S73 S72
nadir S3 S80
mech elec S7 S74
unit L2 L18
S5 S77 L17
L1 S2 residence S79
elec 1500mm mech S6 S75
plaza
S4 S76
S1 S78
info/reception lobby les clefs d’or
1500mm

1500mm

axis unit axis unit check-in

2375mm

mech elec
small to nexus to nexus
unit
cove lighting
corridor mech/elec

243
ENTERTAINMENT
DOCKING INFRASTRUCTURE
jacuzzi jacuzzi
pool
seating deck
dry stations 6900mm
gym A - cardio gym B - resistance

pool pool
activity activity 4750mm
pod A bar bar pod B

18500mm
café pâtisserie pool
tech lab science lab
meditation
chamber
mech + mech +
observatory to gravity observatory filtration filtration
module system system

rehabilitation 1250mm
center
library education
center

platform
deck
entertainment
plaza
male female
change change

dry dry
station station

to nexus to nexus

244
245
PHASING
STATION EVOLUTION

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4

STAGE 6 STAGE 7 STAGE 8 STAGE 9

246
 PLAN - NADIR
CIRCULATION
small living pod unit
large living pod unit

clockwise rotation

PHASE 2
RESIDENTIAL BLOCK

descending elevator
ascending elevator
QUADRANT: A QUADRANT: B

STAGE 5 descending elevator ascending elevator

GRAVITY WHEEL
STAGE 10 EARTHLIKE AMENITIES
ascending elevator descending elevator
descending elevator

ascending elevator

QUADRANT: D QUADRANT: C

PHASE 1
RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
small living pod unit
clockwise rotation large living pod unit

PORT

AFT FORWARD
public private
STARBOARD

247
PLAN - NADIR
VISUAL PALETTE

248
GRAVITATY WHEEL * concept of artificial gravity module reflects the 1970 idea of the Bernel Torus
PUBLIC AMENITIES while adjusted in size (radius) according to the comfort chart described in [3.2.4]
19000mm
100000mm 4750mm
81000mm typical per floor

descending elevator ascending elevator

mech
ascending elevator descending elevator

back of house
quiet rooms
admin

admin
study
restaurant and bar restaurant and bar
projection room

descending elevator

ascending elevator
sci ativ
me

stage
en e re cli ervic
dit
ba

ce
ck

projection screen
tes habil ic s
of

tin itat

e
ho

atr
g l ion
us

the
ab

promenade
es
n e

beyond
s

escalator
scien BOH theatre
ce n rary
phys testing l
io reh ab admi b and lib vestibule
la t
escalator c l i n i
abilit
a tech storefron
back c tions
of ho retail LSS promenade upper level
use s cafe C/EC beyond seating
ervic
es HVA
atrium seating main level
promenade promenade seating
beyond beyond

249
[4.4.1a] The Bernel Torus cutaway sectional perspective by Rick Guidice [4.4.1b] The Bernel Torus interior view by Don Davis

250 [4.4.1c] The Bernel Torus’ agricultural module by Rick Guidice

251 [4.4.1c] Contemporary artist conception of the Bernel Torus by Alexander Preuss
252
 ZENITH

AFT FORWARD ELEVATION - PORT/STARBOARD

NADIR

ZENITH

PORT STARBOARD ELEVATION - AFT

NADIR

ZENITH

STARBOARD PORT ELEVATION - FORWARD

NADIR

253
254
255
4.5 living in space : the experience of unique daily rituals

257
 The daily rituals to which people have become accustomed on Earth are directly connected to both
culture and an environment influenced by gravity. Many actions and routines that were learned during infancy
and early childhood have become entirely instinctual. These include rituals that maintain one’s physiological
and psychological health, such as eating and sleeping, while typical movements such as walking and running are
also important transmigrated functions that one fluidly performs on a regular basis under earthly conditions.
As one enters the unfamiliar settings of outer space (this would include the weightless environment and the lack of
breathable air), one’s quality of life and instinctual judgments will literally be turned upside down. Carrying out
even the most mundane of activities will require a significant adjustment. In addition to daily personal rituals
related to health and hygiene, rituals affected will also include social interactions amongst peers when under
disoriented perspectives. For example, the new problems encountered in dining without the ability to stabilize
eating utensils and food; sleeping without the provisions of a source for grounding oneself due to lack of
gravity; and even the simple act of passing another passenger in a corridor without unwanted close interaction
due to the inability to control movement and travel directions.

In the subsequent sections, a proposal for conceptually addressing these space-centric issues will be
explored in relation to the developments for the AERO|ASTRO space station. For instance, the ritual of
interpersonal communication has always taken place within preferred comfort zones as derived by various
distances offset from one’s personal space. It is important to note that personal space on Earth is typically right “The Origin of Species” by Charles Darwin, page
114-115, 1859
depicted by a two-dimensional plane centered to oneself as it extends radially to the person of interaction.
next [4.5.1] Personal space bubbles as understood in 2D
However, in outer space, with one’s lack of orientation and the ability to float about within an environment, for terrestrial applications and in 3D as a bubble in
space
one’s personal space will have to be altered from the conventional area model to a volumetric zone depicted [4.5.2] A variation of the personal space bubble
diagram introduced by Edward Twitchell Hall in 1966
as a three-dimensional bubble that surrounds oneself. By exploring the volumetric scales of these personal [4.5.3] Spatial rendering of personal spaces
interacting within an architectural setting (Milwaukee
bubbles, designers can create and arrange public and private environments that avoid the unwanted overlaps Art Museum) on Earth

to its occupants’ personal spaces. In addition, special apparatuses can be designed to control the separation “Journal of Applied Social Psychology - Volume 34,
Issue 4” by Catherine MJ Beaulieu, page 794-805,
April 2004
between the people who are in dynamic motion with those under static postures.
[4.5.4] Personal space proximity analysis

[4.5.5] Personal space overlap relationship diagram

[4.5.6] Overlap relationships of personal space in

archetypal sections of AERO|ASTRO modules

258
 “...the mere existence of individual variability and of
some few well-marked varieties, though necessary
as the foundation for the work, helps us but little
in understanding how species arise in nature.
How have all those exquisite adaptations of one
part of the organisation to another part, and to the
conditions of life, and of one distinct organic being
to another being, been perfected?...Owing to this
[the] struggle for life, any variation, however slight
and from whatever cause proceeding, if it be in any
degree profitable to an individual of any species,
in its infinitely complex relations to other organic
beings and to external nature, will tend to the
preservation of that individual, and will generally
be inherited by its offspring. The offspring, also,
will thus have a better chance of surviving, for,
of the many individuals of any species which are
periodically born, but a small number can survive.
I have called this principle, by which each slight
variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term of
Natural Selection, in order to mark its relation to
man’s power of selection. We have seen that man by
selection can certainly produce great results, and
can adapt organic beings to his own uses, through
the accumulation of slight but useful variations,
given to him by the hand of Nature.”

“The Origin of Species” by Charles Darwin

259
personal space bubble for infinite
approach points within disoriented PERSONAL SPACE
environment of outer space GENERAL BOUNDARIES
sampled subject
subject’s personal Amongst the most sacrosanct rules in social
space boundaries
behavior, the tolerance of permissible entry
as on Earth
into a neighbor’s personal space bubble is a

highly variable topic in which it is dependable

on one’s cultural and personal upbringing

throughout the individual’s life. Therefore,

only indicative figures are used for the

diameters and a suggestive rule of thumb

for cross cultural interactions: stay one step

[4.5.1a] [4.5.2a] back from your own comfortable boundary.
personal space bubble for infinite
approach points within disoriented PERICUTANEOUS
environment of outer space INTIMATE SPACE
sampled subject
intruding subject The intimate space is a reserved space for
subject’s personal private and close relationships between
space boundaries people as it occurs within an individual’s
as on Earth
reach capacity of about 0.45m apart.

Therefore, typically only lovers, children,

and close family members will be able to

breach this proximity without a confrontation,

but not to mention, close friends and animal

pets are sometimes made exceptional to this

[4.5.1b] [4.5.2b] parameter.

260
PERIPERSONAL
PERSONAL SPACE sampled subject
intruding subject
Beginning from the edge of the intimate subject’s personal
space boundaries
range, the personal space is typically within
as on Earth
the reach of any limb on an individual. This

boundary ranging from about 0.45m to

1.2m is a comfortable zone in which social

interactions are generally initiated between

individuals. Within conversational range, an

individual is loose with minimal security issues

in the amygdala of their brain and will provide

confident eye contact in the exchange. [4.5.2c] [4.5.1c]

EXTRAPERSONAL
SOCIAL SPACE sampled subject
subject’s personal
Visual tactile perceptive fields overlap within
space boundaries
as on Earth
the processing of those entering this space.
intruding subject
It is an instinctual realm just out of touch

by one’s body but still within the proximity

between parties. This space is about 2.4m

to 3.5m away from the body and is usually

set aside for acknowledged strangers and

newly developed acquaintances who are just

within one’s associated social group while

the general public lies beyond. [4.5.2d] [4.5.1d]

261
 The measurements for
these zones of comfortable
distances will vary
dependent on different
far phase Public
cultures. On AERO|ASTRO,
close phase Distance
a multinational space
station, it will be inevitable
3.5m
that conflicts will arise
between the various
far phase Social ethnic groups when their
close phase Distance comfortable zones clash.
1.2m Therefore, as a general
rule of thumb, as on
Earth, occupants should
far phase Personal
generally keep an area
close phase Distance
around their body that is
0.45m around an arm’s length to
another occupant to stay
far phase Intimate approximately outside
close phase Distance the proximity of one’s
intimate distance. The
development of apparatus
and interior spaces should
also comply with this rule
allowing enough space
for maneuvering for the
occupants to stay at least
within this short distance
of an arm’s length.

EXTRAPERSONAL SPACE
PERIPERSONAL SPACE
PERICUTANEOUS SPACE

[4.5.1] PERSONAL SPACE BOUNDARY [4.5.3]

262
 “This invisible three-dimensional zone that we call
personal space can be envisioned as a bubble
around a person. Difficult to measure, the invisible
zone exists around a person, is fluctuating, and is
a part of a communication style. Most of the time, a
person becomes aware of his or her personal space
by the feeling of irritation or malaise when another
person invades the space...personal space is a
mediating, cognitive construct, which allows the
human organism to operate at acceptable stress
levels. On the other hand, in the growth process, all
humans beings are shaped by the environment and
learn spatial cues that tell them how to behave and
regulate interpersonal interactions. Thus,personal
space is acquired and varies according to culture...
The personal space between people depends on the
amount of space available in the room (Freedman
1975) and is determined by age group, gender,
affiliation, role, activity, setting, social class, region,
and culture. The distance between two persons
also varies from interpersonal emotion response
reflecting on their relationship.”

“Intercultural Study MJ
of Personal
Study” by Catherine Beaulieu Space: A Case

263
PERSONAL PHYSICAL SPACE
[4.5.4]

700mm

600mm 600mm

400mm
[4.5.6a] [4.5.6b]

TYPE a.i TYPE a.ii

TYPE d.ii
[4.5.6f]
TYPE d.iii
[4.5.6g]
PERSONAL SPACE OVERLAP
[4.5.5]

264
[4.5.6c] [4.5.6d] [4.5.6e]

TYPE b.i TYPE b.ii TYPE b.iii

TYPE c.i
[4.5.6h]
TYPE c.ii
[4.5.6i]
TYPE c.iii
[4.5.6j]

265
 Lack of gravity in outer space causes severe loss of coordination and orientation for the inhabitants
of the space station. Without counteracting forces such as gravity on Earth, people and objects in the
frictionless vacuum will never find themselves grounded and normal resting positions will be in floatation.
These conditions will become major obstacles for simple movement through the proposed space station while
provoking very complicated interactive experiences.

In order to assist occupants in their navigation through the space station, anchor points and handlebars
will be designed and located to allow one to thrust themselves into any direction towards their anticipated
destinations. Selective areas throughout the station will also host a labyrinth of multifunctional tether support
bubbles [see 4.5.11] that will act as localization points of interests in public spaces while also allowing parties
of people to connect onto and congregate with ease in a new space ritual of socialization. Rather than the
conventional handshake or friendly hug, touring astronauts will develop new greeting rituals which may take
the form of, for instance, sharing personalized tether rods to connect to one another.

To fully optimize this communal space ritual, discretionary outfits and gadgets will be made available
for the occupants to ensure for a safe and fluid voyage on board the space station. A series of “spacesuits” will
be provided to support the various activities available on the station, with each alternative designed to enhance
the experiential qualities of its targeted activity. These sets of clothing and accessories (belts, wristbands, handheld
devices, etc.) [refer to 4.5.8, 4.5.9, and 4.5.10] will act as harnesses and come in various fashionable styles, while
maintaining compliance to the kit of tethering attachment components (retractable wiring connectors, magnetic
anchors, Velcro strippings, etc.) used throughout the station. These types of tethering attachments and methods
right [4.5.7] Precedents for tethering apparatuses used
will be based on existing precedents such as Baby Buddy toddler tethers, portaledge tethers, safety harness in various situations on Earth

next [4.5.8] Portable handheld tethering tool concept by

tethers used by the construction and rescue workforce, and many others. [see 4.5.7] NIKE SPARQ

[4.5.9] AERO|ASTRO specific fashion accessories

for containing tether cords while acting as a portable
tether anchor point

[4.5.10] AERO|ASTRO activity specific spacesuit

fashion

[4.5.11] AERO|ASTRO Bubble, a public

multifunctional tether point for general social needs
throughout the station

266
[4.5.7a] [4.5.7b] [4.5.7c]
Toddler tether apparatus Nik Wallenda’s safety harness tether to tightrope Construction work safety harness to tethered anchors

[4.5.7d] [4.5.7e] [4.5.7f]

Beginner’s ski tethering apparatus Portaledge camping tether267 Ice patrol rescue tether suits
SPACESUIT ACCESSORIES [4.5.8] * Precedent concept of NIKE SPARQ Viz Kit Eyeline Tool
DISCRETIONARY ITEMS OF CONVENIENCE as a portable tethering device (pocket handheld apparatus)

clipped on anchor wire tether winding mechanism to retract and

point lock connection detangle tethering wire

detached
connector
attached surface mounted
connectors anchor point

tether cord attachable tether cord attachable

anchor point anchor point
short retractable
cord button

short retractable
cord button

BRACELET
[4.5.9a]
BELT
[4.5.9b]
268
 [4.5.10a]
SUIT TYPE
PAJAMAS

tether wire
connector for
sleeping pod back view front view side view
anchoring
(“grounding”
to a surface)

soft fabric soft fabric

tether wire
connector for
sleeping pod back view front view side view
anchoring
(“grounding”
to a surface)

soft fabric soft fabric

269
 tether wire tether wire SUIT TYPE
[4.5.10b]

connector connector MULTIPURPOSE SUIT

soft magnet pad

padded soft magnet pad padded

Velcro® suit embedded tether retractable 3.5m Velcro® strip
strip wire connector cord mechanism
back view front view side view

padded
suit embedded tether Velcro® strip
wire connector

soft magnet pad

tether wire
connector
tether wire tether wire tether wire
connector connector connector

soft magnet pad

padded soft magnet pad
Velcro® retractable 3.5m padded
strip cord mechanism Velcro® strip
back view front view side view

padded
suit embedded Velcro® strip
tether wire connector

270
 tether wire retractable 1.5m tether wire SUIT TYPE
[4.5.10c]

connector cord bracelet connector CASUAL JUMPSUIT

exposed length retractable 1.5m exposed length
may vary cord bracelet may vary

retractable 1.5m
suit embedded tether embedded 3.5m cord bracelet
retractable 3.5m wire connector cord in belt buckle
cord belt back view front view side view
retractable 3.5m
cord belt
suit embedded tether
wire connector

exposed length
exposed length

exposed length

exposed length
may vary
may vary

may vary

may vary
retractable 1.5m cord bracelet
tether wire
connector
tether wire tether wire retractable 1.5m retractable tether wire exposed length
connector connector cord bracelet 1.5m cord connector may vary
bracelet

exposed length suit embedded tether retractable 1.5m

may vary embedded 3.5m
wire connector cord bracelet
cord in belt buckle
retractable 3.5m
cord belt back view front view side view
retractable 3.5m
cord belt
suit embedded tether
wire connector
exposed length

exposed length

exposed length
may vary

may vary

may vary
retractable 1.5m cord bracelet

271
 [4.5.11]
AERO|ASTRO BUBBLE
TETHERING APPARATUS

user belt bungee cord tethering

to the bubble’s anchor clamps

opening for
seating
typical
anchor clamp

opening for
seating

user belt bungee cord tethering

personal distance to the bubble’s anchor clamps
1000mm

anchor clamp with magnetic

option connector and handle flaps
for holding or propelling oneself
in a space
aerogel blanketed panels
aerogel composite
bungee cord tethered from
opening for opening for the bubble to interior structure
seating seating hosting anchor clamps

272
273
 Aside from having the essential apparatuses to assist one’s mobility in space, the spatial planning of
the station will build upon urban morphologies to create a “city-like” place. New cultural artifacts and space
types will be created that respond to and build upon the person-to-person interactions as described in the
preceding pages, as well as to other amenities that are provided, such as swimming or sports and activity
facilities that have been designed to exploit the exciting potential of the zero-gravity-like environment. This
guidance through architectural arrangements and interior elements will instigate new ritualistic values for
the way one lives and operates in outer space. In addition, these strategies are essential to the continuity and
preservation of an urban fabric’s identity, time, and space, as it advocates the sense of permanence with its
cultural artifacts and typologies shared throughout history and future generations.

On Earth, the public piazza (a pocket of public gathering space centralized within the core locations of a city) is
considered a well-established place of interaction that offers foreigners an opportunity to engage and interact
with the locals. This cultural experience is conducted by following a network of interconnected passages that
migrate into an open congregational zone of the piazza. Usually surrounded by three- to five-storey buildings
with an artistic monument centered to an architectural artifact, one is framed within the axial orientations of 6 “A piazza (equivalent to the Spanish Plaza) is
commonly found at the meeting of two or more
the piazza. As foreigners observe and begin to adapt to the rituals performed at the living stage, they in turn streets. Most Italian cities have several piazzas
with streets radiating from the center. Shops and
other small businesses are found on piazzas as it
influence more newcomers who observe and adapt to their behaviours. is an ideal place to set up a business. Many metro
stations and bus stops are found on piazzas as they
are key point in a city.

A plaza is a Spanish word related to “field” which

describes an open urban public space, such as
a city square. All through Spanish America and
the Spanish East Indies, the plaza mayor of
each center of administration held three closely
related institutions: the cathedral, the cabildo or
administrative center, which might be incorporated
in a wing of a governor’s palace, and the audiencia
or law court. The plaza might be large enough to
serve as a military parade ground. At times of crisis
or fiesta, it was the space where a large crowd might
gather. Like the Italian piazza, the plaza remains a
center of community life that is only equaled by the
market-place.”

“Piazza/Plaza” contributors of Wikipedia, 2012

right [4.5.12] The piazza typology on Earth depicted by a

labelled Nolli map, rendered section and perspective
of Piazza del Campo, Siena, Italy

[4.5.12a] Nolli map to identify spatial relationships of

the circulations connecting to a piazza.

274
 [4.5.12b] Relationships of focal elements typical to any piazza, identified in
a perspective rendering of Piazza del Campo

the artifact
fonte gaia

Piazza del
Campo
(public gathering theatre)
torre
[4.5.12a]

palazzo
axial connection
of artifact to local public gathering stage
monument
arterial access
access of major
theatrical
conjoining paths
audience the monument

[4.5.12c] Relationship of a piazza’s interior elements with the adjacent surrounding identified in a
sectional perspective rendering of Piazza del Campo.

Torre del Mangia

Pallazo Pubblico

surrounding 3-5 surrounding 3-5

storey buildings storey buildings

congregation zone 275 congregation zone

AERO|ASTRO PIAZZA [4.5.13]

A VIRTUAL CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SPACE

axial corridor
amenity access
corridor axis
space piazza - major
congregation zone
space atrium lobby
[4.5.14a]
secondary congregation Holographic technology depicted in movie “Prometheus”
zone

[4.5.14b]
Optical fibre display wall innovated by Corning glass

[4.5.14c]
276 Integrative automation control software by Microsoft
 In outer space, there are many complex variables and technicalities that limit designers in proposing
socially hospitable concepts. However, building on the spatial morphologies and urban strategies from
developments on Earth, space architects can derive new typologies specific to outer space applications that
will generate a new sociable culture in space. By referencing iconographic principles from significant terrestrial
precedents while integrating technological systems to the new outer space models, innovative lifestyle
experiences can emerge as space dwellers adapt to the unique but responsive man-made environments.

Public places in space stations are very important for providing communal opportunities for experiential
interchange and social interactions. Learning from piazzas and other public domains on Earth, space architects
can create new typological principles when designing socially interactive spaces for spacefaring occupants.
Piazzas in outer space are limited in scale and will not be able to directly correlate with the sectional scale
of a piazza on Earth. However, key features such as axial orientations, converging circulation paths, and the
identification of the monument/artifact can be used to inform the new space variation of this urban typology.

In AERO|ASTRO, the major piazzas operate as buffer zones to activity spaces transitioning from
the central circulation loop of the Nexus to an interstitial zone of the lobby (the artifact) dependent on the
activity zonings. Finally, from the lobby, one enters the piazza at the open congregational area that hosts a
unique hi-tech centrepiece (the monument) that acts as a tether point of interest where the social actors mingle.
As one floats about this specific tether point, they are also given the opportunity to learn from each other
and the centrepiece (conceptually an animated holographic artwork) about how certain rituals are performed in
left [4.5.13] Nolli map of AERO|ASTRO locating the space. Additionally, with the integration of control and automation software applications of handheld devices
public space piazza and lobbies throughout the
space station (developed by Microsoft, Savant, etc.) to impending glass optical fiber architectural wall displays (by Corning, etc.),
[4.5.14] Precedent systems and technologies used
throughout AERO|ASTRO includes holographic one will have the opportunity to manipulate the appearance of their surrounding environments. Rather than
models projected into a space, the use of
electronically manipulated glass and software
applications in support of the multifunctional material
having cultural continuity through intergenerational demonstrations, space piazzas will evolve to adapt to
finishings
constant generational changes in a dynamically virtual world.
next [4.5.15] Rendered perspective looking out of
intermediate lobby space into the Nexus corridor

[4.5.16] Rendered perspective looking into lobby

towards holographic projection displays in a typical
space piazza

277
[4.5.15] View into Nexus corridor space towards another entry to a functional space. 278
279 [4.5.16] View through intermediate lobby gathering space into the “Space Piazza”
[4.5.17a] [4.5.17b] [4.5.17c]
personalized dining home gathered dining dining party

[4.5.17]
[4.5.17d] [4.5.17e] [4.5.17f]
dining for healthy living dining for romance 280 dining for relaxation
 Dining is a recurring event that is typically exercised as a daily cycle of three meals (breakfast, lunch,
and dinner) within the circadian 24-hour day interval with a snack or two in between meals. Some specialists
and trainers may also suggest five to six meals a day according to a two- to three-hour consumption interval
that can help keep energy levels high while maintaining a consistent metabolism. Whether one is accustomed
to three or six meals a day, dining is one of our significant daily rituals.

As human beings, our metabolism and healthy conditioning depend on a well-balanced daily diet that
includes sufficient nourishment. This includes the balanced ingestion of solid and liquid foods that come from
various nutritional groups (varying according to cultures and on the basis of allergies and dietary preferences). Over the
generations, the method in which one consumes their cultivated harvests has uniquely evolved within different
cultures. This is due to technological advances in apparatuses, materials, and understandings in nutritional
sciences, while the method of eating has also become an indicator of cultural mannerism and etiquette.

As dining is culturally and socially significant, it will be essential in the space environment to support
the act of dining in a space that offers all the fundamental requisites necessary for dining rituals. As mentioned
before, cultural differences and dining customs and etiquettes may involve various spatial settings and utensil
requirements, but ultimately, the typical milieu involves private groupings of individuals (family, friends, etc.)
who are usually seated and oriented in an arrangement around a table for optimal interaction.

left [4.5.17] Precedents on dining as a ritual in various

settings and preferences

next [4.5.18] The etiquette of dining in terms of formal

and informal arrangements of participants around a
dining table

[4.5.19] Utensils used in dining rituals as a multi-

ethnical and cultural point of view

281
 typical seating arrangement [4.5.18a]

female male female male

guest guest guest guest

EXIT
host hostess

female male female male

guest guest guest guest

hierarchical seating etiquette [4.5.18b]

4th 6th

2nd 8th

EXIT
seat of
honor least

3rd 7th

5th 6th

informal scattered seating [4.5.18c]

EXIT
SERVERY

282
 Idea 21:
Le Whaf as Cultural
Experience by David Edwards [4.5.19a]

[4.5.19b] [4.5.19c] [4.5.19d]

American Fork Eating with Hands Sudanese Fork

[4.5.19e] [4.5.19f] [4.5.19g]

American Knife Modern Hybrid Utensil Sudanese Knife

The idea was to create a new way of eating by

breathing liquid droplets. If whiffing was breathing
dry particles, whaffing would be breathing wet
particles. David conceived this on the basis of work
done at his company Pulmatrix (Idea 7) and later
it was designed by French culinary designer Marc
Bretillot. [4.5.19h]
283 [4.5.19i] [4.5.19j]
American Spoon Eating with Chopsticks Sudanese Spoon
 Planning of AERO|ASTRO Dining Modules [4.5.20]

open open open open open

booth booth booth booth booth servery
servery

open open open open public enclosed

booth booth booth
dining module booth

open pantry open open open open

pantry
booth booth booth booth booth [4.5.21a]
Fresh food products can be stored in outer space

open open open enclosed enclosed

booth booth booth booth booth enclosed
servery booth

enclosed enclosed open semi-private enclosed

booth booth booth
dining module booth

enclosed
open pantry open open enclosed enclosed
booth
booth booth booth booth booth

[4.5.21b]
Dining anchored down around a tethered table

enclosed enclosed enclosed enclosed enclosed

booth servery
servery booth booth booth booth

enclosed enclosed enclosed separate private enclosed

booth booth booth
dining module booth

enclosed pantry enclosed enclosed enclosed enclosed pantry

booth booth booth booth booth

[4.5.21c]
284 Current packaged food products astronauts eat
 When living in outer space, many unfamiliar aspects under weightlessness may lead to drastic loss
of appetite and other sickening symptoms. However, travelers eventually regain their appetite and emotional
stability as they adapt to all the anomalies encountered in the new environment. As this happens, there will
be plenty of new confusing challenges to the first-time astronauts where dining rituals and etiquettes are
concerned. For example, food, like all other objects in space, will be floating, which inevitably will be a difficult
aspect to deal with for first-time space travelers. It is important that spacefaring occupants become adept in
the daily dining rituals with or without ill symptoms, as it is essential for them to stay healthy and also provides
for congregational opportunities in sharing daily experiences amongst their peers. Fortunately, the act of
swallowing will not be impaired by weightlessness, as John Glenn explains during his inaugural orbital flight in
1962. It was determined afterwards that swallowing is enabled by the peristalsis (a radially symmetrical contraction
and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down the muscular tube)7 of the esophagus and not gravitational
conditions. Therefore, from the many conflicting challenges that occupants go through, this fictional aspect
of ingestion will not pose additional worries for the first time space travelers.

Architecturally, various dining-space typologies should provide for, including cross-interactive dining
experiences in open public environments, personal and intimate dining experiences in privately enclosed
environments, and a conjunction of the two for those who seek the intermediate jurisdiction of a semi-private
7 “Peristalsis is a radially symmetrical contraction and
relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave
environment for dining. In addition to the surrounding space, basic occupant arrangements and orientations
down the muscular tube, in an anterograde fashion.
In humans, peristalsis is found in the contraction within the space will have their own unique characteristics in these dining spaces. Unlike on Earth, maintaining
of smooth muscles to propel contents through
the digestive tract. In much of the gastrointestinal
tract, smooth muscles contract in sequence to
a formal organizational structure in terms of anchoring (the equivalent of seating orders on Earth) will be difficult
produce a peristaltic wave which forces a ball of
food (called a bolus while in the esophagus and as everyone will be floating about. Therefore, it is recommended to disregard the formal hierarchical assembly
gastrointestinal tract and chyme in the stomach)
along the gastrointestinal tract. Peristaltic
movement is initiated by circular smooth muscles
around the usual dinner table, instead adapting to a new tradition of informal dining arrangements where
contracting behind the chewed material to prevent
it from moving back into the mouth, followed by a occupants can playfully float amongst one another in various orientations while still maintaining the social
contraction of longitudinal smooth muscles which
pushes the digested food forward. Catastalsis is a
related intestinal muscle process.”
interactive contact through direct visual eye contact.
“Peristalsis” by contributors of Wikipedia, 2012

left [4.5.20] Sectional diagrams of dining module types

proposed for AERO|ASTRO

[4.5.21] The current dining conditions of astronauts

on the International Space Station.

285
 Once settled into a comfortable arrangement within the dining spaces, further chaos will arise as drinks
and food are served to the party. Without gravity, there is no way of setting these materials down. Therefore,
with retractable surfaces along the periphery of individual dining booths hosting pre-mounted magnetic
cloisters, Velcro strips, and anchor points, food containers and other eating utensils can be held conveniently
in place. Bungee tethers, handrails, and foothold anchors will also be available to provide further stability
for the occupants within dining spaces. As everyone is finally accustomed to the equipment and the spatial
set-up, the most important aspect of dining arises: what do we eat? In precedents such as the ISS, astronauts
have been fed a variety of over one hundred selections of freeze-dried, low-moisture, or thermostabilized
airtight packaged foods because of the need to conserve space and weight for payload deliveries and storage.
However, because AERO|ASTRO’s intent is to attract tourists, it is proposed that ample storage space is
planned throughout the station (even though this is an economical waste in real estate and functionality) to store a
variety of food styles (e.g. fine dining, fast food, cafe, patisserie, pub, etc.). Additionally, “Urban Cultivators”
and other hydroponic cultivation labs will be located throughout the cosmic garden sector and the banquet
serveries to supply fresh produce for dining menus.

Summing up this ritual of dining in outer space, with the intention of a casual and free-dining culture,
various terrestrial table manners can be omitted as the environment of outer space necessitates certain
creativity when dining. Therefore, the etiquette of “not playing with one’s food” will surely be ignored as initial
first-time astronauts will already have many other coordination challenges to deal with. It will also be a trial-
and-error process to see how one manages one’s food while being tempted to exploit the special condition
of weightlessness in space. Whether to dine at the expense of an individual’s will or be fed by a peer with a
supply of floating food, the overall experience of dining in space will be a playful and enjoyable ritual. Finally,
as a vacation destination, these dining opportunities will be considered of extra importance and, therefore,
material variety for food products (i.e. different cuisine styles, textures of foods in various grouping categories,
right [4.5.22] Excerpts from the animated series, “The
unique “space-type” food products, etc.) must be made available with the exceptional services performed by Simpsons - Season 5, Episode 15, Deep Space
Homer”, Homer Simpson converts a catastrophic
the crew personnel. situation into a fun and creative dining experience in
the famous “Space Chips” scene

“Michelin Stars for Space Station” by Allan Hall, The

Telegraph, January 11 2010

286
 “German Harald Wohlfahrt has binned the freeze-
dried tubes of nourishment which taste like “cat
food” and replaced them with delicacies such as
braised veal cheeks with wild mushrooms, white
bean purées, Swabian potato soup and plum
compote. Recognised as one of the greatest chefs
in Europe – his restaurant in the Black Forest is a
magnet for celebrities the world over – the ISS has
taken delivery of his first culinary offerings which
still have a shelf life of two years. The chef who has
cooked for Bill Clinton, Angela Merkel and Sophia
Loren, had to take into account many factors when
drawing up menus for astronauts floating nearly
250 miles above the earth. Salt accelerates bone
loss while extra Vitamin D is needed due to lack
of sunlight. A human’s sense of taste is altered in
space too so the food gets more pepper and other
seasonings than it would in his kitchen on earth.
The sauces he serves up at the Schwarzwaldstube
in Hotel Traube Tonbach are also strictly off the
menu...Although the food has to be packed in tins,
it was so good it fooled critics in a blind tasting who
thought it had come straight from Herr Wohlfahrt’s
restaurant. The tins are heated to 195 degrees C
in ovens on board the ISS. The chef added; “We
canvassed the astronauts and they said they
missed “rustic” cooking from home, so that is what
I try to give them.”...“I am told good food motivates
astronauts,” he added. “I hope they enjoy it.””

“Michelin Stars for Space Station” by Allan Hall

287
[4.5.23] The residence quarter as seen when approaching from Earth to AERO|ASTRO.

288
 On Earth, after a long day, the body becomes tired and will instinctively signal a need for sleep. In
contrast, in outer space, one does not endure the same physical stress buildup as on Earth, because there is no
gravity to force the muscles to counteract these forces. Rather, one is most likely exposed to other stresses on
their mind and body as they struggle to move through the weightless environment of outer space in a floating
posture. Therefore, sleeping quarters designed for space stations will need to offer sufficient space for one
to float in without crashing into things, and optional anchorage opportunities for those who need a sense of
grounding support to sleep. Sleep positions will vary according to one’s preference while generally categorized
as either untethered (floating) or tethered postures. An in-between variation can be considered through the
use of unique apparatuses such as a sleeping cocoon, where one is wrapped in a free-floating sleeping bag
that is tethered to the bedding pad, or one is strapped onto the bedding pad with flexible braces to restrict
excessive movements while grounding oneself to a surface. In addition, customizations for various levels of
light, sound, and smell should be made available throughout the residence and on handheld devices so that
these intensities can be adjusted at any time to desired levels. As well, inflatable room pockets that host various
sensual stimulants should be made available and be deployed into the sleeping pods as a personal blanket of
preferences to filter specifically desirable interactive visual and aromatic stimulants while hygienically providing
a disposable environment for the continuous exchanges in occupants.

left [4.5.23] Exterior perspective as seen on approach

from the Earth of the array of living pods at
AERO|ASTRO’s residential quarters

next [4.5.24] Terrestrial sleeping positions on a bed

[4.5.25] Extraterrestrial sleeping options under

weightless conditions of outer space

[4.5.26] Residential living pod cross sections

[4.5.27] Precedents on materials and systems that

are used in a living pod to service maximal comfort
to its occupants

[4.5.28] Residential living pod section and sleeping

quarter details

[4.5.29] Perspective view of the living space of the

residential pod coming in from the entry hatch

[4.5.30] Perspective view of the main components

in the residential pod looking back towards the entry
hatch

289
 STARFISH
[4.5.24a]
SOLDIER
[4.5.24b]
SPOON
[4.5.24i]

common exercise: 5% common exercise: 8% common exercise: 20%

common exercise: 41% common exercise: 41% common exercise: 4%

FOETUS
[4.5.24c]
FOETUS
[4.5.24d]
TETHERED
[4.5.24k]

290
 SHINGLES
[4.5.24j]
YEARNER
[4.5.24e]
YEARNER
[4.5.24f]

common exercise: 4% common exercise: 13% common exercise: 13%

common exercise: 4% common exercise: 7% common exercise: 7%

TETHERED
[4.5.24l]
FREEFALL
[4.5.24g]
FREEFALL
[4.5.24h]

291
 UNTETHERED OPTION

The free floating position is the most

basic method of sleeping inside the
personal sleeping pods in the residential
units of the station. Although this
condition allows one to freely occupy
the volumetric space of the pod, it
also comes with a drawback that one
will bump randomly around the pod as
there’s no friction stopping one’s motion
in the pod. This can become extremely
distracting to one’s sleep states and
can potentially affect one’s spirit the
following day with fatigue and other
symptoms lacking of quality sleep.
[4.5.25a] [4.5.25b] [4.5.25c]

TETHERED OPTION

While connected to a surface with an

adjustable tether cord, this method in
sleeping allows one to have the freedom
of customizing the distance that they
can float to. Hence, it can prevent one
from bumping into objects within the
sleeping pod to disrupt their quality of
sleep. However, as one is tethered via a
cord connected on them and a surface,
it is inevitable some tugging may occur
when one reaches the limited distance
allowed by the cord. In this case, the
tugging will become a distractive factor
that may reduce the quality in sleep to
the occupant.
[4.5.25d] [4.5.25e] [4.5.25f]
292
BRACED OPTION

Similar to having seat belts on a car,

the occupant is fastened to the bedding
pad with their arms held in place,
locking their position from floating off.
Additional toe anchor holds will be
availble for additional grounding to the
surface. Although this method resolves
many of the floatation problems that
involves distractions of bumping into
other objects within the space, it may
be uncomfortable to some people who
are used to having the freedom on Earth
to roll around in bed, and therefore, the
quality of sleep would be disrupted.
[4.5.25g] [4.5.25h] [4.5.25i]

COCOON OPTION

As an intermediate between the

tethered and untethered options, the
cocoon variation in sleeping utilizes a
sleeping bag apparatus (available for
the individual or a couple scale) to soften
one’s collisions with objects and walls of
the living space. In addition, the “cocoon”
is tethered to the bedding pad and gives
off the sense of being grounded to the
occupants. These sleeping bags can be
a personal item brought on board and
therefore, one doesn’t have to worry
about the cleanliness of their sleeping
environments while the pods will be
cleaner for the exchange of occupants.
[4.5.25j] [4.5.25k] [4.5.25l]
293
LIVING POD
SECTIONS + SYSTEMS
personal storage
+
ECLSS
soft soft
pillow pillow

sliding living
door zone [4.5.27a]
Savant handheld device integration with environment
soft soft
pillow pillow
[4.5.26a] mechanical
+
electrical

nano-electronic
entrance to unit interactive display
wall surface

sleeping pod
[4.5.27b]

soft soft Electro-chromic glass developed by Corning glass

pillow pillow

living
operable hatch
zone

soft soft
pillow pillow
[4.5.26b]
bathroom

[4.5.27c]
294 Umbilical Design’s inflatable interiors concept
 electro-chromic
glazing on windows
interior shell
and hatches
personal storage racks
hard plated surface +
with integrated ECLSS
electronics +
shaft personal media servers shaft
[4.5.28a]
light fixture
+ flexible material
as described by
soft soft
[4.5.27c] removable hatch
pillow pillow

refer to
inflatable [4.5.25]
pocket sleeping pod living space bathroom

soft soft
pillow removable hatch pillow
[4.5.28b]
+ soft padded
backing mattress light fixture

shaft shaft
soft padded mechanical
cushion pillow systems/ductwork
+
electrical conduits
bedding pad

nano-electronic [4.5.28]
interactive display
LIVING POD
[4.5.28c]
wall surface
SECTION + DETAILS
295
[4.5.29]

296
 [4.5.30]

297
4.6 experiential reflections on AERO|ASTRO

299
July 28, 2069 Trip 1 - Day 3

I was woken up this morning by the alarm on my personal handheld device that played a faint rock-

crewmember
steady reggae beat that I picked out last night, “Wake Up and Live” by the legend Bob Marley (one of my favorite
songs/artists!) As I opened my eyes, regaining consciousness from my epic dream last night (I slightly remember
it as being something about a highly classified mission that I was involved with, to explore the universe at ludicrous speeds, hopping
from one AERO|ASTRO port to another in search of an answer to life. And, as usual, I sadly woke up right about the point
where the answer was about to be revealed...sigh!), I begin to feel a fresh breeze of this woody, lemony fragrance
that was injected into my sleeping pod through the diffusers of the pod’s air purifier. In addition to these
freshening scents that are pumped into my pod by the computerized scent delivery system, I began to notice
through my blurry vision that the darkness was gradually fading away as the electro-chromic windows
outside my sleeping pod were slowly changing from opaque to transparent states, giving ambient lighting to
my living unit again. I dragged myself out of my sleeping cocoon and glided over to look out these windows,
and the view was absolutely shocking!! As beautiful as the landscapes can get on Earth, nothing
seems to speak the same pristine language as what was before my eyes: an infinite abyss with the planet I
had recently left behind in the distance spinning in front of me.

Stuck in that awe-inspiring moment, I lost track of time until I finally realized through the reflections
on the window that the space around me had started transforming with many informative pop-up notes
and graphics all over the walls. Now marveling at the new unique setting of my personal virtual space, which
is driven by the informative and personal data retrieved from my handheld device, the nano-electronic
interactive displays built into the walls reminded me that I had to start work very very soon! Getting
myself back together, I rushed to the bathroom compartment in my living pod and quickly went through the
usual daily cleansing routines (brushing, toiletry, shower, etc.), which was CHAOTIC! Although I’ve been up
here for several days already, I’m still having some difficulties with certain tasks such as showering and using
the toilet, but I’d rather not get into details at the moment. So, after putting on my fancy uniform — a cross
between a spacesuit and a typical office outfit (it’s a bit difficult to explain) — my day begins.

300
 I quickly maneuvered through the central corridor loop of the Nexus and made my way swiftly
to the dining hall for a quick breakfast. As quickly as I wanted to eat, it probably still took longer than it would
have on Earth, as I still struggle with my hand-to-eye coordination and, when your food is flying all over
the place, it gets quite difficult. But I am definitely doing much better than two days ago when I made the
crazy mess in the dining pod with food splattered all over the place and myself. I guess the blame for this
partially belongs to my inner child instinct to have fun around a group of other playful first-time crewmates;
we all experimented with helping each other to eat. At one point, a few crewmates began squirting liquid
continued...
blobs from their drinking packs all over the open dining space and made a game out of it as they raced to
journal

see who could be the quickest to capture all the blobs in their mouths. Just imagine the chaos we made!
Clean-up crews would’ve had a tough time clearing out the mess if it weren’t for the specially engineered
vacuums that are stored under the hatch compartments of the dining hall. These vacuums are our lifesavers
as crews because they basically suction 90% of the mess into the station’s materials filtration and restoration
systems.

Anyways, getting away from all these techie details those were taught to us at the one month crew
training camp back at AERO|ASTRO headquarters in Florida, my morning shift
began. As crewmembers, in addition all the techie knowledge that we were tested on, we were also trained
in almost all services throughout the station so that our daily routines are always unique with different
guest servicing roles for every three- to four-hour shift. I guess this a good way to exercise and keep our
brains moving at various paces, as we have to solve all types of problems throughout our shifts and, at the
same time, it makes it fair for all crewmembers to have the chance to do both pleasurable and less amusing
tasks. Fortunately for me today, the program agenda that was sent to my handheld device, put together
by the schedule coordination team back at headquarters, seems to be filled with very entertaining
responsibilities!

301
 So taking note of my responsibilities for the first shift of the day, I projected my way through the
Nexus until I reached the Activity Zone, where I found lots of people already awake and mingling about
with each other in the Activity Zone’s Space Piazza. I projected myself towards the piazza through the

crewmember
entertainment lounge lobby area, where I bumped into another crewmate who had just finished her shift.
She asked if I wanted to tether up with her and have a little chat around the maze of many floating
tether bubbles, but I sadly had to decline. Moving on, I maneuvered through the crowds at the piazza and
went by the library and tech labs, finally getting to Activity Pod A. Here, I signed in with another crewmate
who was getting off as I replaced him of his duties. As you may notice by now, there really isn’t a job
position hierarchy here in AERO|ASTRO, as we all are still learning as we go in this pioneering service
industry. We have to always think on our toes to ensure the passengers arriving from Earth have a
safe and delightful experience on board. I think it’s a great model implemented in this workplace, giving us all
equal opportunities to learn while making it politics-free amongst crewmembers. I always hated all
the office politics when I interned at these architectural firms back home on Earth!
So before I let the other crewmate leave, I consulted him about issues that might have come up during his
shift that I should take note of to understand better how to serve the occupants in their activities in Activity
Pod A (a space similar to a high school gym, but spherical in shape and surrounded by a soft bubbly finish).

It turns out I was only required to make sure the occupants of the space have a good time playing
this newly invented sport (Astroball) specifically designed for AERO|ASTRO. In my opinion,
this sport is actually very fascinating, as it seems to be a blend of dodgeball and basketball in a disorienting
environment of floating rings and ricocheting sponge balls. If I’m not wrong, the inventors of this sport
must’ve been huge fans of the Harry Potter series, because if only everyone had a flying broomstick and
a Hogwarts’ robe, I’d have mistaken this to be Quidditch!! So, in a blink of an eye, a few smooth hours
passed doing demonstrations and umpiring Astroball matches. It was actually pretty fun, since I was in the
midst of a lot of the action in the games, and it isn’t as painful as sports on Earth ‘cause all the maneuvering continued...
through the obstacles in space requires little effort, only a soft tap off the spongy walls or someone else.

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 After I gave some words of wisdom to the next crewmate who took over my duties, I went over to
the Tech Lab to transmit some videos I took today of the Astroball games to show my family and
friends on my blog. It was free time now, and I had four or five hours to kill. As crewmembers, we’re allowed
to use the facility as if we’re a passenger on board during our off time, so I tried to pick what I want to do today.
There are so many activities to select from that it’s actually quite difficult to choose what to do because
they all sound so fun and interesting! I’ve heard many positive responses for some of the facilities
and activities from touring families when I worked at the customer feedback desk yesterday. A majority of
continued...
them complimented the wild experience they had at the Aqua Zone. The revolving pool and Jacuzzi
journal

seem to be a major spectacle here and I’m dying to have a try myself. But I wasn’t up for getting soaked
with water this early afternoon, so instead, I went to grab a quick bite at the dining hall and then went over to
the observatory for a personalized tour of the universe. Here at the observatory, the software application
in my handheld device connected itself with the observatory module itself and allowed me to swivel the
module around to change the orientation of the module to the universe. This freedom
to pilot the viewport is quite nice as I can perceive specific details of the universe at my own pace.

Finishing with my session at the observatory, I felt very relaxed and wanted to go clean myself up,
since I hadn’t been able to during this morning’s rush to get out of my living pod. So, I went back to the living
pod for a more thorough cleansing session while taking a break from the crowd of people throughout
the station. I took out my handheld device and ran some tunes while I took some more photos of Earth to post
on my blog. I relaxed a little and my second shift of the day creeped up on me. One thing I realized since I
got here on AERO|ASTRO is that the air seems fresher, but this could be my imagination, just like my
feeling of time passing by extra quickly every day. Now that I was refreshed, I put on a new uniform, as
I was scheduled to help out over at the transit centre over at the Terminal Plaza. There, I will be responsible
for assisting arriving passengers by helping them through their adaptive process in the new floating conditions.
Most first-time travelers will encounter problems with their mobility upon arrival. I will also be able to guide
them with some information about their stay and activities while directing them to the registrations counters
at the station’s check-in zone if they’re staying with us for longer durations in their layover.

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 After I was ready, I took off to meet the arrival greeting crew to get more information to begin
my service at the gate and waiting areas. When I had confirmed my duties, I went to the concourse area,
where I was to be stationed to help guests who were having a difficult time moving through the concourse.

crewmember
It was quite interesting to see some of these first-time travelers flopping around in weightlessness, as it reminded
me of my first “steps” out of the spacecraft and onto the station. All I can say was that it was very
rough times! I remember bumping into everything possible that was in the airlocked port, even other
arriving passengers! Oops! I felt so bad, but another crewmate who was stationed at the gates at the time
helped encourage and guide me through the basics for moving through the space station. It didn’t
take too long for me to begin zipping through the concourse area, and once I was ready, I was guided to
my designated living pod by the friendliest concierge crews you could ever find.

I really enjoyed this second shift today as I was able to help so many passengers on their way
to their first vacation here at AERO|ASTRO. It was very satisfying seeing their confused faces
turn to delight when they began to get the hang of floating around rather than of walking. Again, this shift
quickly came to an end as I was preoccupied with helping so many people, and my six- to eight-hour daily shift
was soon over. I went back to my living pod and washed up, changing into a more casual spacesuit, one
that resembles a mid-sleeved jumpsuit, as I was going to meet a few crewmates for dinner and a show at the
theatre. The show was very fascinating. Cirque du Soleil produced yet another exciting and adventurous
story exploiting the many unique conditions offered here in AERO|ASTRO. In addition to the
usual acrobatics by well-trained actors, there were many compelling interactive moments where new
technologies of holograms and other artificial intelligent systems brought the audience to life with a
unique engagement. The acrobatics were wild with many remarkable stunts that could not have been imagined
on Earth.

continued...

304
 The show ended and I left the rest of the crewmates to go over to the artificial gravity module’s
promenade area for a quick nighttime jog. I took the elevator down to the promenade level and when I
got out of the elevator, my body gave me a nudge and I felt all my muscles back intact. I took my first
steps out and felt a little shaky; I wondered whether I’d be able to jog. A few more steps forward and onto
the jogging platform, I felt normal again. Everything seemed too aligned, but it was nice to be able
to move my feet again. I took off, starting my laps as I blasted some progressive trance beats on my handheld
device. After four laps (675m per lap) around the never-ending running track (I say this ‘cause the loop is
continued...
actually around the entire perimeter of the artificial gravity loop; as I run forward, the trail behind me is gradually lost into the
journal

ceiling while in front of me is a bend of the track to a destination that never seems to be reached), I was tired enough to call
it a night. I went back up the elevators to the weightless zones of the station and home to my living pod.

Back at my living pod, I cleaned up and played around with some of the interesting features on my
handheld device. I sent several message transmittals to my family back on Earth, updated my blog (we’ve been
asked to write detailed descriptions of our days here, to help us process all the new experiences we’re having and to give people back
on Earth an idea of what life here is like), checked out other blog entries from other passengers/crews (according
to a crewmate who heard from the programming group at headquarters, there will be a convention for science fiction enthusiasts
next week, and we are going to decorate the station with this theme in mind. I seriously can’t wait to meet all the people dressed
up Jedi Knights and Captain Picards arriving next week!), downloaded my new itinerary for tomorrow, adjusted
my alarm according to my new schedule, changed the aromatic controls to blast a jasmine scent into my
sleeping pod to wipe out that woody, lemony smell from this morning (I usually sleep better with this compared to
other scents), and just cuddled into my sleep cocoon, all ready to fall asleep in preparation of another
exciting day ahead.

~END

305
October 29, 2069

I woke up full of excitement this morning as the light shined extra bright into my room. I’ve
been waiting for this day for a long time now, ever since I received my medical clearance that approved my
certification to take the charity trip to AERO|ASTRO. I’m seventeen years old and the bottom half
of my body has been paralyzed for the past two years now due to a tragic accident at a junior high

passenger
school hockey game, where I sustained an injury to my spine when I fell from a heavy body check. Life has
never really been the same since. But when the doctors told me that new medical technologies on board
AERO|ASTRO, a space station that opened a couple months ago, had the potential technologies to
cure my disability, my life was flipped right-side-up again, giving me a new hope. This trip
doesn’t come cheap, but fortunately, with the help of the medical group watching over my rehabilitation, they
were able to convince AERO|ASTRO to donate a charity medical trip for me to vacation in space and
undergoing these new treatments while giving me an out-of-this-world opportunity to get my mind off
of things. My mother also booked a ticket to come up and support me, but unfortunately, my father has to
keep working in order to cover these medical bills and other financials for my family, which includes my little
sister as well.

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 So, my mother came into my room to help me out of bed and prepared me to go to London’s
Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5, to catch our flight. Since the flight was an early bird, my father was able to drop
us off at the terminal. There, we were fortunate to bypass the long lineups at the check-in counters,
as we had our own “Spacefarer Elite Members” line. We went through some quick documents and
showed the reception crews the space travel permit that I got with the medical clearance, and were then
guided to a security and customs area where we also dropped off our small luggage and provided all
our identifications, as we would during a normal flight to the customs officers. Once we were signaled to move
continued...
on into the concourse, we were led by AERO|ASTRO staff to the spacefarer lounge area, which was
journal

an extended level retrofitted above the original concourse area for aircraft passengers. At the lounge,
we were given a review on several safety procedures that we already know about because we took the training
course prior to the spacefaring license exams. But it was nice to be refreshed about some of these things as I
had already forgotten a few of these procedures. After the debriefing, we moved forward into another lounge
where we were changed into the transiting spacesuits and had a few refreshments. Here, we could
see our spacecraft tethered over the jumbo jet that is on course for Sydney, Australia. It wasn’t long until
we heard over the announcement system that we would be boarding, so my mother and I went over to the
portals (the bridge that connects to the spacecraft doors) and boarded the spacecraft.

Inside the spacecraft, I had mixed feelings and could see that my mother was pretty nervous,
knowing that she’s not too fond of heights. But in my case, I’m very happy to be going into space for the
first time because it’s been a rarity for normal people like me to go into space without any academic reasons.
On the other hand, I was a little nervous about leaving Earth, but knowing the opportunity of having
my medical condition fixed up on this trip boosts my courage.

307
 I looked out the window, and the ground crews are signaling the jumbo jet to taxi onto the runway. As
we made the final turn onto the runway, the pilot of the spacecraft came by to ensure all passengers were
fastened to their seats and then swiftly fastened himself over at the cockpit seat. The airplane moved faster
and faster and began to lift off from the ground. So far, our flight had gone smoothly and it felt like
every other flight I’d had so far when I went on vacations. Suddenly, the pilot signaled us to hold on as
we were about to detach from the jumbo jet and ignite the rocket boosters to go supersonic into space. I

passenger
held on tightly to handlebars next to my seat and looked at my mom, who at this moment looked slightly
scared, but I put my hand on hers to assure her everything would be fine. Just as I replaced my hand
to my own handlebar, I felt the spacecraft jerk suddenly (knowing it’s now not tethered to the airplane), a
loud boom sounded from behind, and a force pinned me down into my seat. Suddenly a huge crack
sounded and the pilot assured us everything was all right; we had just broken the sound barrier,
which caused the sonic boom. I looked out the window and everything was getting smaller and smaller
below us and I had a strange feeling in my body as if I was about to throw up. Luckily I didn’t, and very soon
we were seeing the horizon of Earth morph into a marvelous arch and above us was the darkest dark
I’ve ever seen leading to the many stars infinitely scattered beyond in the universe.

We were on the flight for about an hour and a half to two hours, with everyone staring
out their windows in awe at the beautiful planet that we’d left behind, when the pilot announced that we were
approaching AERO|ASTRO and would dock shortly. I looked up to see the massive space station above us.
We were passing by an array of bubbly-looking structures (I later realized these were the living pods we stayed
in) and the dock was clearly in sight ahead of us. Like the pilot said, we docked very shortly after the
announcement and already I felt different. There were no pressures pulling me down, but instead, once
we took the seatbelts off, we immediately floated around in the volume of the spacecraft. The pilot continued...
worked with the station’s crew to ensure a pressurized connection was made and invited us to enter
into AERO|ASTRO. Everyone seemed to have problems finding their way through the tunnel
into the port. My mother led me through the tube and into the port as I turned around, watching my mother
come through in confusion.

308
 Seeing the confusion of everyone in the port area, I noticed that my paralyzed bottom half
wasn’t really much of a disability anymore. Psychologically, I didn’t seem out of place as everyone
seemed to have weird dysfunctions at this point and our mobility is all the same, CHAOTIC! We were
directed by one of the welcoming crewmembers to the waiting area next to the gates, where we were
greeted by another crew, who guided us with some pointers in moving around in the weightless environment.
It was very hilarious to watch my mother tumble roll all over the place, bumping into almost everything
in sight. I guess that’s why everything in the space station seems to be padded by a soft material with
continued...
lots of round bubbly corners to prevent us from hurting ourselves. But after some demonstrations and
journal

help from the crew on board, we were both freely moving around in no time. As I’ve mentioned before, my
mobility wasn’t obstructed by my disability, and in fact, I find that I sometimes move through
the spaces quicker than most others who can move normally on Earth.

Once my mother and I were settled with our sense of mobility, the crewmember gave us our own
personalized handheld devices. She told us that this handheld device is personalized to many of our
desired presets that we’ve programmed on Earth while at the training before our trip. We were able to
adjust and do almost anything with the touch of a button. I pressed a button on my device and suddenly
my father’s face popped up. Apparently, the device is tracked with a positioning system and it can direct
the transitioning of onboard video feeds pointed at me (my handheld device) back to other display devices on
Earth. So my father told me that although he’s not in space with me right now, he’ll be with my mother and I digitally
throughout this rehabilitation journey. I was so happy to see him and had so many things to tell him about
our trip so far, but the crew told us to save that until a little later as we had to register and receive our living pod
units.

309
 When we got into our living pods, I quickly thrust myself over to the many windows that
overlooked the universe and the planet Earth. I rushed my mother over to check out the view. She and I
stared out and were dazed at the beautiful sight in front of us. I saw a sudden tear drop from
the corner of my mother’s eye and I thought she must’ve missed home, but instead, she was actually so
overjoyed by the sight and this life-adjusting opportunity given to me that she broke down in tears. Suddenly,
in the reflections of the windows, I saw the walls behind us begin to change. My doctor appeared as if

passenger
the walls around us were virtual display panels. The doctor told us not to be afraid; he had been signaled
by the positioning system on our handheld devices that we’d safely arrived and found our way into our living
unit. During this time, he told us to just settle in and explained the schedule of treatments to come in the next
few days.

From what I understand, my treatments here on AERO|ASTRO will take place in weightless
conditions, where adjustments to my spine will be made with state-of-the-art technologies through
a remote surgery system operated by my specialist on Earth. I will then be sent over to the artificial gravity
modules where I will attend physiotherapy and be assessed under gravitated conditions to determine
whether the treatment was successful or not. If not, we will go through this process several times until I
have feeling in my lower body again. My mother and I were both extremely happy in hearing the confidence
coming from our specialist, and were encouraged that this charitable trip will be worthwhile even if, upon
return, my mother will have to work even harder to help my father repay the medical debts piled up over the
last few years. Before the doctor logged off from the video conference on our walls, he told the two of us
that during non-therapeutic times, we should enjoy our stay with all the activities and amenities
as if we were on vacation. Apparently up here in space, I’m as normal as everyone else and will be
able to do pretty much everything that is offered under the weightless conditions. The only areas I won’t be able continued...
to go alone or without assistance are activities that function in artificial gravity modules (e.g. the pool that I’ve
heard so many interesting remarks about, and other gravitated amenities). I was very happy to hear this. I am finally
normal again! And shortly after this trip, I will be a normal seventeen-year-old on Earth
again!

310
 After settling into our unit and setting some preferences into our handheld devices regarding the
sleeping pod preferences (e.g. the scents we’d like to smell, the lighting conditions, the genre of music and movies to broadcast,
etc.), we went over to the dining area to grab a bite. This was an interesting experience as my mother
and I had no way of coordinating ourselves with the food and liquid blobs floating in our private dining
compartment. But it was a very fun situation to be eating in this chaos without my dad yelling at me
for playing with my food. Nevertheless, we were a mess and had food splattered all over us, so we had to
return to the living pod to wash up again and get changed.
continued...
journal

We explored the station for the remainder of our first day here, trying to adapt to this new
atmosphere where everyone is floating in different orientations. My mother picked up some information
about some of the activities we can do, and she also booked a massage at the meditation spa near my
rehabilitation infirmary. She will be having her own treatments while the medical staff takes care of me
for my first therapy session tomorrow. After a few trips around the station, we were tired and went back to our
living pods, where we broadcasted a video call to my father on that large display wall. We also sent
home some photos of our view outside the window and my father was pretty jealous of our experience
so far, but is grateful that we’re enjoying ourselves on this life-changing opportunity. After the call, we took
to “bed,” which was in a sleeping bag that they call “the sleeping cocoon.” With a touch of
a button on my handheld device, everything turned dark (including the windows outside, blocking out all the ambient
lights into our living pod). I closed my eyes with the biggest smile on my face, a smile of hope and a new
start to a new life ahead.

~END

311
 5
the LANDING epilogue

313
 Inspired by fiction, film, and speculative science, the classical idea of living in space has always revolved
around conceivable philosophies of Utopian ideals. These principles have generated fantasized cultural
aspirations regarding the science, technologies, and human relationships that free new space communities from
the histories and legacies of the world they left behind. It was only through the influence of competition for
global political and economic supremacy during the mid- to late-20th century that realistic human spaceflight
agendas began to emerge. However, it is also because of the continually shifting nature of these national
ambitions that the progress of these advancements has fluctuated throughout this period.

With rapid technological progress from the early 21st century to current times, private investors have
new confidence in emergent outer space developments of prospective industries (e.g. hospitality and tourism).
These new extraterrestrial ambitions to provide cutting-edge solutions in servicing the inexperienced public,
rather than only well-trained astronauts, have uncovered many humanizing factors that will affect outer space
habitat developments. In addition, the predominantly technical workflows for these innovative enterprises will
change, as privatized endeavours will stipulate new standards that are directed at a new genre of specialized
designers who are trained to conceive of and prioritize innovative spatial qualities that enhance occupant
experiences in terms of comfort and safety.

right [5.0.1] The first step on the moon by a human

being made by Neil Armstrong during the Apollo 11
spaceflight mission. This mission marks the end of
an era for the Space Race and has fulfilled national
goals that were proposed in 1961 by U.S. President,
John F. Kennedy: “First, I believe that this nation
should commit itself to achieving the goal, before
this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon
and returning him safely to the Earth. No single
space project in this period will be more impressive
to mankind, or more important for the long-range
exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or
expensive to accomplish.” - John F. Kennedy May
25, 1961

314
[5.0.1]
“That’s one small step for [a] man,
one giant leap for mankind.”
Neil Armstrong at 2:56 UTC July 21, 1969

315
[5.0.2] 316
 Architects are professionally trained to position themselves within the marriage of both technical and
experiential aspects in designs, and are therefore the appropriate candidates for this new specialized design
role. Although architects have been involved as consultants to engineers throughout the developing history of
human spaceflight, it will be through these new opportunities formed by private space tourism and hospitality
industries that will expose architects to significant roles in these new, highly technical environments. On Earth,
architects have been educated with a spatial sense and trained proficiency to shape the essence of forms and
functions into integrated work. They are familiar, through the diverse integrative practices of architecture,
with various disciplines regarding the harmonizing connections between the poetics of habitable spaces and
their occupants. As well, over their careers, architects possess a library of design languages, experiences, and
philosophies pertaining to human social factors that will be invaluable when creating sensible design solutions
to the many humanizing challenges featured in the new extraterrestrial environment. In particular, what is best
in architecture has always addressed what is most important to the human wellbeing.

For outer space projects, these new space architects can consider transitioning their terrestrial knowledge
of effective design elements and strategies into their proposed concepts for extraterrestrial conditions. These
may include, but are not limited to: 1. the planning of circulation flow and connections of public and private
functions; 2. the use of windows/doors and axial/visual orientations to create portals within a space to direct
a bonding link for an occupant to a specific focal point; 3. the instinctual inclusion of cavity spaces in a
design to flexibly account for mechanical ductwork, electrical conduits, and future life support systems; 4. the
exploitation of modulated designs using repetitive and prefabricated elements to create flexibility in expansion
and ease in construction; 5. the clever use of regenerative materials and spatial orientations to maintain
sustainable objectives; and 6. via unique designs for architecture to influence a positive sense of belonging for
left [5.0.2] The inner gallery of Gare do Oriente (Lisbon its occupants.
Orient Station) in Lisbon, Portugal designed by
Santiago Calatrava.

Architecture designed and constructed on Earth

have the tendency to induce creative influence for
the designs conceived for outer space. The ability
to balance forms and functions, architects have
valuable skills that they can offer to the engineer
dominated workflows in the aerospace industry to
collaborate for sound and aesthetical extraterrestrial
designs.

317
 AERO|ASTRO was proposed as a tourist destination expanded from an orbital infrastructural transit
hub set in the near future to demonstrate both the freedoms and constraints that space architects will be
confronted with when conceiving unique designs that provide a healthy quality of life for its occupants.
Also, the design addresses new stylistic languages to the overlapping issues and concerns for many complex
topics established by the outer space environment. These may include, but are not limited to: 1. the planning
of flexible parameters for the arrangements of spaces and programs; 2. identifying efficient methods for
construction and retrofit strategies; 3. the use of unique architectural languages and elements to assist in
the adjustments to physiological and psychological alterations in the foreign environment; 4. the generation
of unique activity spaces to enhance and stimulate new rituals in space culture by exploiting the many
opportunities that microgravity offers; and 5. the assistance in human mobility and “grounding” from
microgravity with industrial designed furnishings and apparatuses found both within the architectural spaces
and on the fashioning concepts of special spacesuits.

Space architects should certainly be incorporated into spaceflight design, offering valuable assistance to
technical engineering teams in developing habitable designs for emergent space industries. The impact of this
right It has become the new visionary goal of investors
new architectural role in space habitat design will inevitably resolve the many physiological and psychological and emergent industries to provide services that
will allow the general public feasible access outer
space.
challenges that would affect the inexperienced spacefaring occupants. However, securing this significant role
“We hope to create thousands of astronauts over the
within an engineer-dominated field will not be easy. It will be the responsibility of the emerging community next few years and bring alive their dream of seeing
the majestic beauty of our planet from above, the
stars in all their glory and the amazing sensations of
of space architects to educate, promote, and market their expertise to convince high-risk investors of their weightlessness and space flight.”

credible value. This thesis offers designers a foundation to build from when developing plausible, innovative “adAstra Interview” quoting Richard Branson, Fall
2006

solutions in the advocation of emergent industries as space travel begins to be normalized. In the end, these With these new ambitions, new roles and challenges
will arise, and it will be up to the hybridization of
hybridized industries will encourage investors and the general public with an efficient and profitable phase in industries to provide sound solutions to these
problems. The initiation of the space architect
role amalgamating engineers and architects will
outer space commercialization. be a major step in the commercialization of outer
space as many of these new challenges will require
the knowledge in both technical and humanizing
aspects of design.

“More important than the material issue...the

opening of a new, high frontier will challenge the
best that is in us...the new lands waiting to be built in
space will give us new freedom to search for better
governments, social systems, and ways of life.”

“The High Frontier” by Gerard K. O’Neill, 1976

318
[5.0.3]
“When once you have tasted flight, you will forever
walk the Earth with your eyes turned skyward, for
there you have been, and there you will always long
to return”
Leonardo da Vinci
319
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