PIR Sensor Based Motion Detector/Sensor

Circuit
ELECTRONICS
ByJayant May 22, 201537

PIR Sensor Based Simple Motion Detector/Sensor

Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) is very useful module, used to build many kinds of Security Alarm
Systems and Motion Detectors. It is called passive because it receives infrared, not emits.
Basically PIR sensor detects any change in heat, and whenever it detects any change, its output PIN
becomes HIGH. They are also referred as Pyroelectric or IR motion sensors.
Here we should note that every object emits some amount of infrared when heated. Human also
emits infrared because of body heat. PIR sensors can detect small amount of variation in infrared.
Whenever an object passes through the sensor range, it produces infrared because of the friction
between air and object, and get caught by PIR.
The main component of PIR sensor is Pyroelectric sensor shown in figure (rectangular crystal
behind the plastic cap). Along with this, BISS0001 ("Micro Power PIR Motion Detector IC"), some
resistors, capacitors and other components used to build PIR sensor. BISS0001 IC take the input
from sensor and does processing to make the output pin HIGH or LOW accordingly.
Pyroelectric sensor divide in two halves, when there is no motion, both halves remain in same state,
means both senses the same level of infrared. As soon as somebody enters in first half, the infrared
level of one half becomes greater than other, and this causes PIRs to react and makes the output
pin high.
Pyroelectric sensor is covered by a plastic cap, which has array of many Fresnel Lens inside. These
lenses are curved in such a manner so that sensor can cover a wide range.
We have built a very simple Motion detector circuit here. We are using a HC-SR501 PIR Sensor,
an LED (which will glow whenever there is a motion infront of the sensor) and resistor. Vcc PIN of
PIRs connected to the positive terminal of the 9v battery, GND pin is connected to negative terminal
of battery and Output pin of PIR is connected to LED with a resistor of 220 Ohm. When there is any
motion in the range of PIRs, LED will start blinking.

Circuit Components
 PIR Sensor (we used HC-SR501)
 Resistor 220ohm (any resistor below 1k ohm)
 LED
 Battery (5-9V)

Circuit Diagram and Explanation

PIRs takes some time to stable itself according to surrounding conditions, so you can find, LED turn
ON and OFF randomly for about 10-60 seconds.
Now when we find the LED blinking whenever there is any motion, look back of the PIR, you will find
a jumper which is placed between outer corner PIN and middle PIN (see diagram above). This is
called “non-retriggering” Or “Non-repeatable trigger” and jumper said to be in L position. In this
position LED will blink continuously until there is motion.
Now if you connect this jumper between inner corner PIN and middle PIN, then LED will stay on all
the time till there is any motion. This one is called “retriggering” or “Repeatable trigger” and jumper
said to be in H position.
How to Build a Motion Detector Circuit
 In this project, we will go over how to build a simple motion detector circuit.

This is a circuit which can detect any motion or movement. It's most common use is to detect a person
moving through an area where the motion detector can sense.

For example, the motion detector may be placed near a door, so that if any person passes through this
doorway, the motion detector will be triggered.

The main electronic component we will use that allows us to pick up this detection is the PIR motion
sensor. The PIR motion sensor is a sensor which detects movement through picking up infrared waves.
Being that a person emits infrared waves, the detector is able to detect these waves and react, according
to the how the circuit is designed to react. The sensor can also pick up the movement of inanimate
objects as well, such a rolling ball, because as those objects move, friction acts on them, generating heat.
This heat emits infrared radiation, which the PIR sensors may be able to detect if great enough.

In our basic circuit, when the motion detector circuit picks up movement, a red LED will flicker on.

Parts Needed for Motion Detector Circuit

 PIR motion sensor
 LED

 470Ω Resistor

 6V of DC power

The PIR motion sensor is, again, a sensor which can detect movement through picking up infrared
radiation. Being that people naturally give off radiation, because of our generated body heat, the motion
can easily detect people walking and moving through a vicinity within the sensor's range.

The motion sensor has a sensitivity range up to 20 feet (6 meters) and a 110° x 70° detection range,
making it a wide lens detection sensor. This means it can measure 110° vertically (from top to bottom)
and 70° horizontally (from left to right). The best way to check its sensitivity is when the circuit is built, try
moving around through all of its angles. See at which angles it can detect your movement and at which
angles it is not able to detect your movement, meaning your out of its angle scope. A lot of it is trial and
error and experimenting. Once you know where it can and cannot detect, you can place it in an optimal
place where it can detect in areas where you want it to.

The PIR motion sensor is a 3-pin device. Below is the pinout of this device:
Pin 1 is the pin which receives the positive DC voltage. The PIR motion sensor needs between 5V-9VDC
of power for operation. In our case, we will use about 6V of power. This can be obtained from switching a
DC power supply to 6V or using 4 'AA' batteries connected in series. We will then feed this voltage into
pin 1 of the PIR module.

Pin 3 is the negative DC voltage or ground pin of the device. We connect the negative terminal of the
power source to this pin, for a return path.

Pin 2 is the Output pin of the PIR module. This is where the output of the PIR will leave from. When
motion is detected by the PIR, its output will go high to 3V. When no motion is detected, its output low and
it gives off practically no voltage. When high you can see then how it can power a load, such as an LED
to light. This way we can know when it has detected motion or not.

In our circuit, we will connect a 470Ω resistor in series with an LED to the output pin of the PIR sensor.
When motion is detected, the output of the PIR sensor will swing high and power and light the LED.

Motion Detector Circuit Schematic

Below is the schematic diagram of the motion detector circuit:
Here you can see anywhere from 5V-9V is fed into the power pins.

Connected to the output pin is an LED. We place a 470Ω resistor in series to limit current so that the LED
doesn't receive excess current.

In this circuit, when motion is detected, the output voltage swings high and powers the LED. After about 1
second or 2, the output swings back low and the LED turns off until motion is detected again. Without any
motion, the LED just stays off.

And this a simple motion detector circuit using a PIR module.

Check out the video below to see this circuit in action.

To build a motion detector alarm circuit, we add a SCR and a buzzer that continously buzzes when the
motion detector is triggered. To find out how to build this slightly more advanced motion detector circuit,
see how to build a motion detector alarm circuit.

This automatic staircase light circuit switch on the staircase lights automatically when someone
enters on the stairs and gets off after some time. There are two important components in this circuit,
first is PIR Sensor (Passive Infrared Sensor) and second is Relay.

PIR Sensor
PIR sensor is used here to detect the Human body movement, whenever there is any body
movement the voltage at output pin changes. Basically it detects the Change in Heat, and produce
output whenever such detection occurs. You can learn more about PIR sensor here, there are some
useful features in PIR sensor like how to change the distance range, how to set the duration for
which the light should be ON etc.
Also check: Automatic Staircase light using AVR Microcontroller

Relay
Relay is an electromagnetic switch, which is controlled by small current, and used to switch ON and
OFF relatively much larger current. Means by applying small current we can switch ON the relay
which allow much larger current to flow. Relay is the good example of controlling the AC (alternate
current) devices, using a much smaller DC current. Commonly used Relay is Single Pole Double
Throw (SPDT) Relay, it has five terminals as below:

When there is no voltage applied to the coil, COM (common) is connected to NC (normally closed
contact). When there is some voltage applied to the coil, the electromagnetic field produced. Which
attract the Armature (lever connected to spring), and COM and NO (normally open contact) gets
connected, which allow larger current to flow. Relays are available in many ratings, here we used 6V
operating voltage relay, which allow 7A-250VAC current to flow.

Relay is configured by using a small Driver circuit which consist a Transistor, Diode and a resistor.
Transistor is used to amplify the current so that full current (from the DC source – 9v battery) can
flow through coil to fully energies it. Resistor is used to provide biasing to transistor. And Diode is
used to prevent reverse current flow, when the transistor is switched OFF. Every Inductor coil
produces equal and opposite EMF when switched OFF suddenly, this may cause permanent
damage to components, so Diode must be used to prevent reverse current. A Relay module is
easily available in the market with all its Driver circuit on the board or you can create it by using
above components. Here we have used 6V Relay module.

Circuit Explanation

This automatic staircase light circuit can be easily explained. Whenever PIR sensor detects any
body movement, its OUTPUT pin becomes HIGH, which applies the triggering voltage to the base of
the transistor, transistor get ON, and current started flowing through the coil. Coil in Relay gets
energies and create electromagnetic field, which attracts the lever and COM and NO get connected.
This allows a much larger current (220v AC) to flow, which turns ON the BULB. You can increase or
decrease the Bulb ON duration by setting up PIR sensor.
LED Security Light with PIR Motion Sensor

LED Security Light with PIR Motion

Sensor
T.K. HAREENDRAN

 LED
 PIR sensors
Here is one simple circuit of a general-purpose white LED security light with Passive Infrared
(PIR) Motion sensing mechanism. At the heart of the circuit is a PIR sensor module SB0061.
SB0061 is a pyroelectric sensor module which developed for human body detection. A PIR
detector combined with a fresnel lens are mounted on a compact size PCB together with an
analog IC, SB0061, and limited components to form the module. High level (3.3V) output of
variable width is provided.

In this security light circuit, High level (3.3V) output from SB0061 is used to switch on six 5mm
white straw hat LEDs through a solid-state switch realized using transistors T1 & T2. PIR sensor
modules usually have a 3-pin connection: Vcc (+) , Output, and Ground (-) . The pinout may
vary, so it is recommend to check the manufacturer’s datasheet to confirm the pins. Besides PIR
sensor module also has a 3-pin jumper selection for single or continuous trigger output mode.
The two positions have labels H and L. When the jumper is at H position, the output remains
high when the sensor is re-triggered repeatedly. In position L, the output goes high and low every
time the sensor is triggered. So a continuous motion will give repeated high/low pulses in this
mode.
The PIR LED light security circuit can be powered from a compact 9V rechargeable battery.
Note that the battery charger circuit is not included with the circuit schematic. You can use any
suitable external 9V battery charger to re-charge the battery pack.
PIR LED Security Light Circuit Schematic

Notes
 The PIR sensor requires an initial stabilization time of about 10 to 60 seconds in order to
function properly. During this time, the sensor gets familiar with the surrounding
environment, and any motion in its field of view should be avoided.
 As stated above, the PIR Module needs a “warmup” period of about 10 to 60 seconds,
during which time it’s adapting to ambient conditions and may trigger randomly. So
anyone using this simple circuit needs to be prepared to accept random triggering for a
while after startup.

 Due to the high sensitivity of PIR sensor device, it is not recommended to use the
module in the following or similar condition:

o in rapid environmental changes

o in strong shock or vibration

o in a place where there are obstructing material (eg. glass) through which IR
cannot pass within detection area.

o exposed to direct sun light

o exposed to direct wind from a heater or air condition

 A 9V /250mAh NI-MH Rechargeable battery is used to test the prototype. If possible, try
to use a 9V type with higher current capacity.

 Value of R3-R4-R5 is optimised for the white LEDs used in the prototype. This needs a
“re-touch”, based on the type of white LEDs used in your circuit.

 Simple PIR sensor circuit

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
 To detect movement or motion of person the simple PIR (Passive InfraRed)
circuit can be used, it gives reliable output than simple photocell or photo diode
circuits.


 This circuit constructed by one PIR sensor, a switching transistor SL 100, one
Relay switch and indication led, when the sensor detects the motion towards the
sensor surface then it enable current flow through the switching transistor, then
the relay automatically turned ON. (we can connect buzzer or alarm device in
relay or instead of relay to create motion detector alarm). The LED indicates the
movement detection visually, it remains off when there is no detection by PIR
sensor.
 The PIR sensor has two parts one is IR (Infra Red light) emitter and another one
is IR receiver, the IR light emitted through the plastic enclose and the Reflected
IR from person or object detected by the receiver. This is how the motion
detectors and PIR sensor works.

 PIR sensor pinout

 

 Components List

S.No Name Quantity

1. PIR sensor module 1

2. Transistor SL100 (npn) 1

3. Relay 6V 1

4. Diode 1N4007 1

5. Resistor 220 Ω, 10 Ω each 1

6. LED green 1

7. Battery 9V 1

Clap Switch
ELECTRONICS
ByJayant Jun 05, 201535

Clap Switch Project using IC 555

Clap switch is an interesting hobby circuit which turns on the lights with a clap sound. Although its
name is “Clap switch”, but it can be turned ON by any sound of approximately same pitch of Clap
sound. The main component of this clap switch circuit is the Electric Condenser Mic, which has
been used as a sound sensor. Condenser Mic basically converts sound energy into electrical energy,
that in turns used to trigger 555 timer IC, through a Transistor. And triggering of 555 IC would turn
ON the LED, which will be automatically turned OFF after some time. I have made this circuit as
simple as possible, you can find many complex Clap switches (using 555 IC) with some more
components in it, and merely doing the same thing. Even make things simpler require more effort
than making it complex.

Working Explanation
Here we are using Electric Condenser Mic for sensing the sound, transistor to trigger the 555 timer
IC and 555 IC to turn ON the LED through a low voltage trigger.

Components
Condenser Mic
555 Timer IC
Transistor BC547
Resistors (220, 1k, 47k, 100k ohm)
Capacitor (10uF)
LED and Battery (5-9v)
Circuit Diagram and Explanation

You can see the circuits and connections in the above schematic diagram of clap switch. Initially the
transistor is in OFF state because there is not enough (0.7v) base-emitter voltage to turn it ON. And
the point A is at high potential, and point A is connected to Trigger pin 2 of 555 IC, as a result Trigger
pin 2 is also at high potential. As we know that, to trigger the 555 IC through Trigger PIN 2, the
voltage of the PIN 2 must be below Vcc/3. So at this stage LED is OFF.

Now when we produce some sound near condenser mic, this sound will be converted into electrical
energy and it will raise the potential at the Base, which will turn the Transistor ON. As soon as the
transistor becomes ON, the potential at Point A would become low and it will trigger the 555 IC
because of the low voltage (below Vcc/3) at Trigger Pin 2 and LED will turn ON. We have connected
the LED to Output PIN 3 of 555 IC through a 220ohm resistor.

After some time LED will be turned OFF automatically because we are using 555 timer IC in
Monostable Mode. LED will remain turned ON for 1.1*R1*C1 seconds. So we can see, with this
formulae, that we can change this duration, by changing the value of Resistor R1 or/and Capacitor
C1. We can modify this circuit using Relay to control the Electronic devices (120/220V AC). Control
PIN 5 of 555 Timer IC should be connected to Ground through a 0.01uF capacitor.
To test this circuit you need to clap loudly as this small condenser mic don’t have long range. Or you
can directly hit at the mic lightly (like I have done in the video).

In this circuit LED will be turned OFF automatically after some time, but what if we also want to
control the switching OFF of the LED? Means if we want to turn ON the LED with a clap/sound and
turn OFF it with second sound/clap? We can do this by using D-flipflop/IC 7474, I will show you this
in my next circuit.