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FISHING TECHNOLOGY CONVERSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND SOCIAL

MOBILITY OF FISHERMAN IN LAGASA VILLAGE OF MUNA REGENCY

Awaluddin Hamzah1*, Muhammad Aswar Limi1, La Nalefo1, Abdul Gafaruddin1

1
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Halu Oleo
INDONESIA

Abstract
The modernization through the improvement, the application of technology of fishing
utility, the funding support which affects on the activity and organization of fisherman and
eventually causes the transformation in the society. The aim of this research was to analyze
the impact of fishing technology conversion to social structure of Bajo tribe fisherman.
The methods used to collect the primer and secondary data from informant were:
completed questionnaire, deep interview with both informants and respondents, and live
observation (participate observation). Analysis of data was performed descriptively which
is concept development, collect the evidences but did not perform the hypothesis trial, and
analyze the variable relationship for hypothesis testing by applying the quantitative and
qualitative tabulation. The results of this research was the fishing technology conversion
in fisherman society brings up many impacts on various aspects in fisherman’s life. The
application of every type old technology affected on the consequences or impacts such as
the work pattern, social structure, and the fisherman prosperity level. The relationship
between the ponggawa as the owner of production utility and the sawi as the worker is not
the exploitative characteristic, because both of them still apply the cultural values which
help each other not only in teamwork but also in relationship pattern in their daily life. So
that the characteristic of the relationship pattern is not exploitative and require each other.
The difference does not show the polarization indication because the Bajo tradition to help
each other is still applied.

---------------------
Keywords: technology conversion, mode of production, the social structure of fisherman
*)
Correspondence: E-mail: ([email protected])

INTRODUCTION come from coastal areas. In addition,

Geographically, location of Syam in Suhartini, et.al (2005) assumes
Nusantara archipelago (Indonesia) is that the extension of maritime areas of
very strategic in the context of Indonesia attains 5.8 million square
international sea trading between west kilometers and may become the potential
and east part of the world. In those marine resource as one of future foothold
various territories, sea is the link among expectation.
the islands, besides, as the main spot of Winahyu and Santiasi in
fish-catching activity and other marine Mubyarto et.al (1993) extend the analysis
resources for fishermen. Kusumastanto by comparing the coastal village society
(2002) noted that in Indonesia, there are to the other communities. The fisherman
42 cities and 181 regencies located in is the poorest compared to the outside
coastal areas. About 90 percent of the fish coastal communities. The characteristics
resources as the sources of consumptions of fishermen’s income are characterized
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as daily income and the amount cannot be society who does not think of the value
predicted. Besides, their incomes are and the norm in the society, and just
unstable depending on the season and the perform and reach out the purpose of the
status of the fisherman (the owner of boat program. Those indications added to
or just the worker). simplicity of accessing communications
Based on the factors such as the and easier information can replace the
fishermen’s houses, clothes, nutrient ideal values with the actual values. 1
compliances, life-style and social status, In the fisherman society, there are
generally, can conclude that the observable transformations such as the
fisherman is in an unprosperous work pattern, the stratification system not
condition. In fisherman society, there are only because expert in production tools but
slums living environment and below also because the power. The stratification
average plain houses. Only small parts of transformation also occurs in the fisherman
fishermen have good houses and organization as implication from that
commonly the houses are owned by the technology conversion, so that the
owners of the boats, financiers, or institution of the fishermen established
creditors. previously commonly also will be the
The government assumes that we difference. There is the attempt
need to improve the living standard of the diversification as impact from technology
fishermen. The attempt is supported by conversion (Satria, 2001) in which this
many businessmen in observing the research is intended to the modern item of
potency of marine business. The fishery sector.
realization was performed such as the The modernization through the
form of technology conversion (Blue improvement, the application of
Revolution) by the government and technology of fishing utility, the funding
nongovernment (private). The support which affects on the activity and
modernization conducted by government organization of fisherman and eventually
and the other party is intended to be the causes the transformation in the society.
form of concern and the improvement of The motorization program of boat and
fisherman prosperity, in addition to technology conversion of fisherman in
improving the production as the 1980s known as The Blue Revolution,
compliance of the fish demands in according to Solihin (2005), it is not to
national, regional and local context. create the more advance fishery and make
Those programs are modification the fisherman become prosperous.
supports of fishing utility, provide a This problem becomes an attention
revolving credit for coastal society, because not all of the fisherman layer can
counseling of coastal and ocean society. take the modernization oppurtunity.
Basically, every program directly Before the government’s program,
connecting to the society will affect at the Fishing Technology Conversion, the
value, norm, and local culture as well as major activity of fishermen of Bajo Tribes
at continuity of marine and coastal is traditional fishery system, in which one
environment as the main income of of the characteristics is structure of
fisherman activities. Almost all program homogeny society and the differentiation
subjects are basically from the outside level of social which is still low. The

1 Wirutomo (2005) membagi gejala menonjol dari

proses perkembangan nilai di Indonesia adalah
antara lain jurang antara nilai ideal dan nilai
aktual.
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social lives of fishermen of Bajo Tribes influenced both directly and indirectly on
after occuring the modernization become society life of Bajo Tribes.
the focus of the observation in this The aim of this research was to
research. analyze the impact of fishing technology
Moreover, the fishermen as the conversion to social structure of Bajo
subject who apply the technology as part tribe fisherman.
of the modernization are faced on the Framework Concept
choice to adopt the technology or not. The poverty and social discrepancy
Many factors influence the adaptation, in the fisherman’s life develop into one of
such as how the fisherman appreciates the main concerns for the policy of
the ocean and his occupation over the fishery sector. According to government,
time. The appreciation is so important the poverty and backwardness of
that covers their perspective to the object fisherman are caused by the haul which is
that directly related to their livelihood in in a small quantity while the stock of fish
many aspects such as economy, social, is overflowing. It can be caused by
religion, psychology, and culture. applying the inadequate fishing utility or
Bajo Tribes, since a long time ago, the simple technology. The simple
have placed the ocean, coast, technology can only reach out the coastal
archipelago, and even impress that they territory with limited population of fish.
cannot perform their activities in The government assumes that we
mainland compared to other tribes such need to improve the living standard of the
as Bugis and Makassar that can conduct fishermen. The realization was
their lives in all places. Almost all established as the form of fishing
modernization programs influence on the technology conversion (Blue
life and social system in the society. The Revolution). The most important thing of
majority of Bajo Tribes work as fishing technology conversion is the
fishermen from generation to generation. improvement of ship technology or
Because the life of Bajo Tribes is closely fishing utility to increase the production.
related to the ocean, there is a matter One of the important aspects from
which needs to observe that the modernization of fishery field is the
fisherman and ocean can be viewed as the substitution of production technique of
culture, livelihood or the means of traditional manner to the more rational
preserving the marine and coastal manner. The policy of the modernization
environment. The dynamics of Bajo is expected to be a productivity
Tribe’s life is very familiar with ocean. It improvement which can directly effect
makes the study of Bajo Tribes involving the improvement of the prosperity of the
the side of social life become interesting. fisherman.
The study of Peribadi (2000) Fishing technology conversion
concluded that in attempt of livelihood, effects on the social life and the society
there have occurred the frictions from of the fisherman. The effects are the
social to economy orientation. Another transformations of work pattern from
research was also conducted by applying the old technology to the new
Wunawarsih (2005) agreed and reported one which is more modern, effective and
that the conclusion of citizen relocation efficient. The effectivity and efficiency
causes the occurrence of vertical of the modernization inflict the
mobility, for example, the transition of differentiation of showing up the new
sawi into Ponggawa position. Many social units which influence the social
development programs of fishery and structure diversity of fisherman. The
aquaculture have connected and structural divesity occurs in the
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fisherman and the community. In the

Fisherman The old
fisherman level, the differentiation
poverty technology
affects on fisherman stratification in
several layers. The transformations of the
The modern
fisherman layer clearly affect on the
stratification transformations in technology
community level so that the social
Adoption
structure become different. The pattern
also affect on the haul which influences
the fisherman’s income. Therefore, the
modernization in the form of technology Impact
conversion also affected the prosperity of
the fisherman.
The application of the modern or old
Fisherman Society
technology influence the work pattern,
social structure, and the well-being level
of the fisherman. In the application of old
technology, the work pattern is closer to The 1. The occupation
the dimension of exploration capability, transformation: differentiation
1. The fisherman
the time of fishing is shorter, and quantity work pattern
2. The
of the workers are smaller. Whereas, the 2. The fisherman stratification
application of modern technology of social transformations
work pattern consists of the further structure
dimension of exploration capability, the 3. The prosperity
level
longer time of fishing, the more quantity
of the worker, as well as the clearer work Figure 1. The cycle of framework concept
classification. research of fisherman society
Before the application of modern respond to fishing technology
technology, in the social structure, the conversion.
application of old technology had no Information:
variety of the differentiation dimension, : Influence
the stratification in society still was based : Variable
on the honor and occupation (ascribed
and achieved status), and the relationship MATERIAL AND METHOD
pattern was non-exploitative and Location and Respondents
egalitarian. On the other hand, the This research was conducted from
application of modern technology has July to September 2007, in Lagasa
various differentiations, the stratification Village, Duruka Sub District, Muna
is based on achieved status, as well as the District South East Sulawesi Province.
relationship pattern is half-exploitative After categorization was conducted, we
and hierarchical. obtained 100 samples from respondents,
Whereas the transformations of 45 from the owner of the boat
prosperity level shows that the increase (Ponggawa), 30 from the local worker,
of the Ponggawa fisherman’s income is and 25 from the outside worker. The
quite high but the increase of the sawi informant in this research was Village
fisherman’s income is not significant. Head, ex. Village Head, the retired
Shortly, the cycle of framework officer of Muna fishery department living
concept of this research can be drawn as in Lagasa Village, fish auction (TPI)
follows: employee and ex-ponggawa.
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The Methods of Collecting data the haul of those are different. The result
The methods used to collect the of applying the koli-koli is not
primer and secondary data from considerable because the scope is only in
informant were: the coast. In the next period, the result
1. Completed questionnaire obtained by the fisherman can be higher
2. Deep interview with both informants because the dependence of physical
and respondents fisherman may be helped by machine.
3. Live observation (participate Table 1. The transformation of work
observation) pattern (mode of production)
Analysis of Data in applying the fishing utility
Analysis of data was performed Dimension Types of the fishing utilities
Koli-Koli Ngkuru- Gae
descriptively which is concept ngkuru
development, collect the evidences but The Exploration Inshore inshore offshore
did not perform the hypothesis trial, and Capability
analyze the variable relationship for The Quantity of 2-3 3 - 4 people 12 - 15
hypothesis testing by applying the Workers (Sawi) people people
a. Charac- Free Free Half-free
quantitative and qualitative tabulation. In teristics
quantitative primer data, the data are b. Recruit- Sponta- Sponta- Selective
managed by applying the frequency table ment patterns neous, neous,
Communal Communal
and the simple cross tabulation. The The fishing ≤7 ≤7 > 12
analysis results were concluded by durations hours/day hours/day hours/day
adding the results of deep interview and The work None Yes, but not Yes, clear
classification clear
observing to figure out the questionnaire
data. The qualitative analysis was From the efficiency aspect, the work
performed by reduction step and data of sawi after using the modern
presentation and then it was formed into technology becomes lighter than those of
writing. the old technology. Previously, the
fisherman considers the risk, energy, and
distance which is hard to reach. After using
RESULT AND DISCUSSION the modern technology, the work of the
The Impact of Fishing Technology fisherman become more easy, does not
Conversion need energy to panddle and usually trawl
The fishermen in Lagasa Village care like before.
are applying various fishing facilities, The implication of transformation in
such as boat and fishing utility. The every fishing utility is the difference of
application of the many utilities social structure in fisherman. The
composed of traditional boat with paddle transformation is categorized by showing
(boseh) in the local name called koli-koli the occupation differentiation as the
and fishing rod or tassi net. Then, the consequence of using the machine. Many
fishermen are applying machine sail boat work positions affect the fisherman to be
(ngkuru-ngkuru) with fishing rod and stratified in the various layers. Moveover,
tassi net (pukak tassi) and modern utility the diversity of relationship pattern
such as the application of pursein small becomes hierarchical pattern but does not
boat technology with capacity of 5 – 10 leads to the exploitative one.
GT and ring trawl fishing (gae). The occupation differentiation in the
The application and the transition work pattern affects on the social
of the utility affect the consequence or the differentiation because the characteristics
impact on the work pattern, social of the position are vertical, hierarchical
structure, fisherman prosperity level and and divided into levels. The sawi position
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with particular expertise will obtain more trawl, the position of tare worker will not
portion than those of the other sawi. This be required anymore because it is
condition becomes the tendency for the subtituted by the machine controlled by
sawi to ”study” so that they can obtain engineer (bas). Therefore, usually, the
the positions with particular expertise. In engineer obtain enough profit sharing.
the policy of profit sharing, the sawi with The stratification system reveals that the
particular expertise wiil obtain more fishermen in Lagasa Village have the open
goods than those of the other sawi using stratification system and the achieved
only their physical strenght as the usual status is applied.
sawi. Table 3. The new position in the Gae
Table 2. The transformation of social work pattern
structure in applying the kinds of No Position Job description
the fishing utilities
- Controlling the boat
Dimension Fishing utilities
1 Captain/ponggawa - Deciding the navigation
Koli-Koli Ngkuru-ngkuru Gae - Deciding the fishing spot
1.ponggawa, 1. ponggawa, 1.Captain/
2.sawi 2. sawi ponggawa, 2.bas, - Operating machine
3. lume worker 3.pakacca, 4.
electrician,
2 Engineer/Bas - Maintenance and machine
Differentiation 5.wrapping recovery
worker, 6. Tare
- Observing the quantity of
worker,
7. bage worker, 3 Pakacca the trapped fish before
8. Lume worker withdrawal
Stratification - Operating machine
4 Electrician
generator
1. Fisherman
- Wrapping the trawl around
Upper Upper Upper 5 Wrapping worker
(Ponggawa), (ponggawa) (Ponggawa)
the lamp
Lower (Sawi) Lower (sawi, Middle (Bas, 6 Tare worker - Pulling the trawl
Lume laborer) wrapping worker, - Sorting the fish based on size
a. Society level
electrician,
pakacca)
and shape
7 Bage worker
Lower (tare - Giving dispense (jame-jame)
worker), to sawi
Bage worker, - Removing sea water and
lume worker 8 Lume worker
litters from the boat
Ownership, Ownership,
b. Standards of
position,
Ownership,
position, income In the armada of the gardang
measurement position, income
income
machine, the sawi fisherman recruitment
Stratification
2. Society
becomes more selective. The two of the
Upper (lolo, Up Up (kades,imam armada with ponggawa HA have a
kades,imam, (lolo,kades,imam, ponggawa),
ponggawa) ponggawa), Menengah (bas, gardang machine. The sawi fishermen
Lower (atta,
sawi)
Bawah (atta,
sawi, tukang
tukang lingkar,
tukang listrik,
using only their physical strenght are not
a. Society level
lume) pakacca) considered to be hired in the gae
Bawah (tukang
tare, tukang gardang.
bage, tukang
lume)
Furthermore, the transformation in the
fisherman prosperity have occured on
Ownership and Ownership,
honor
Ownership and
honor
position, income applying the fishing facilities. The
b. Standards of (ascribed and (achieved status)
measurement achieved
(ascribed and fisherman prospeority is based on the
achieved status)
status) income, dietary habit, the house
Non-
Relationship Non-exploitative,
pattern
exploitative, Non-exploitative,
hierarchial
condition, education and the dressing style.
egalitary egalitary
potong tengah potong tengah The increase of the income plays as the
Profit sharing 50% of sawi (operational
costs)
(operational
costs)
implication of fishing technology
system products is
given to 50% (ponggawa) 50% (ponggawa): conversion. The machine application on the
ponggawa 50% (sawi) 50% (sawi)
boat will facilitate the fisherman group to
Although the quantity is not determine the fishing area without
consistent in the particular institution. considering the strenght to paddle. The
For the gae whose the machine pull the size of the boat which is bigger also
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enables the more load capacity of the The work pattern in every
haul. Besides that, the more advanced transformation of technology step (from
fishing utility can produce more houl the simplest: koli-koli, ngkuru-ngkuru,
than that of the old utility. The and then gae machine boat) reveals the
transformation of the fisherman’s income improvement of the work effectivity and
can be obeserved in the Table 4. efficiency.
Table 4. The increase of the fisherman’s The next impact is the
income in the fishing utility transformation of the fisherman’s social
The status of The income in the fishing utility structure. The transformation is
the fisherman (liter beras)
Koli- Ngkuru- categorized as showing the occupation
Koli ngkuru Gae differentiation as consequence of both
Ponggawa (n =
45)
111 247.7 1040 using the machine and using the simple
Local Sawi (n = 47 80.6
234.1 utility.
30)
Outside-village Many job positions make the
Sawi (n=23) 46.5 84.4 232.3 fisherman become stratified in many
kinds of layers. The several fishing
Although the increase of the income activities require the expert worker so
occured based on the identification method that the classification of the
of Bangdes, in the period of the application differentitation has started. The work
of the gae on the average, the fisherman is differentiation also affects on occuring
categorized as the poor society according social differentiation. The fisherman
to the sawi who have the income less than social differentiation affects on the
360 kilograms of rice. Visually, in the life- transformation of social structure in the
style, the form of the house, and its fisherman’s life. The transformation of
furniture, there are 25 respondents the egalitarian relationship pattern
(55.5%), there are 20 (44.4%) ponggawa becomes hierarchical but not
who have permanent house (mansory exploitative. In the stratification system,
wall) while the class I and II just have in society context, the coating basis
wooden construction of their house with changes from ascribed and achieved status
some furniture, etc. all of their house being into only achieved status.
on the water (sea). Whereas, for the local The relationship between the
and outside-village sawi, they have semi- ponggawa as the owner of production
permanent construction houses. All family utility and the sawi as the worker is not
members of the fisherman have a formal the exploitative characteristic, because
education at least in the elementary level both of them still apply the cultural
and there is no person who are unable to values which help each other not only in
read (0 percent). teamwork but also in relationship pattern
in their daily life. So that the
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION characteristic of the relationship pattern
Conclusion is not exploitative and require each other.
The difference does not show the
The fishing technology conversion polarization indication because the Bajo
in fisherman society brings up many tradition to help each other is still
impacts on various aspects in fisherman’s applied.
life. The application of every type od the
utility affects on the consequences or Suggestion
impacts such as the work pattern, social Ocean plays as the open acces area
structure, and the fisherman prosperity and the resource of common property that
level. causes the appearance of the competition
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among the fishermen that results in the Therefore, the next research should be
lower-class fisherman elimination. conducted in Bajo tribes which are
Therefore, in the case of giving the help relatively far from another tribe, the
and the development program of coastal restricted information access and
society, the government should notice the communication. It is important to
social aspect, the culture, and the observe the description of Bajo tribe
consumption level of the fisherman. The which is more complete.
program implementation which does not The modernization impact of the
consider the aspects can affect the prosperity should be analyzed more
uncompleted program proposal such as keenly to be performed in the spending of
the objection of adopting or the impact of the fisherman household. The condition
damaging the fisherman’s social life. is connected with whether the
One of the aspects needed to become characteristic and lavish behaviour which
the government’s consideration is how plays as the stereotype of fishermen also
the government finds out how far the founded in the Bajo tribe fisherman. The
fisherman interprets both the ocean and analysis of the spending which is creating
his occupation as the fisherman. The the feasibility category of the fisherman
program connected to the fisherman is the is more measureable.
synergy between the economy and cultural
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