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Summation Notation

1. The document discusses summation notation, which is used to represent the sum of a set of values. It defines key terms like the summation symbol, index, summands, and lower and upper limits. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to expand summations and express calculations in summation notation. Properties of summation like distributing constants across terms are also covered. 3. The concept of double summation is introduced, which allows summing over two indices to calculate totals in two-way tables or matrices.

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Eun Ji Kim
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
177 views

Summation Notation

1. The document discusses summation notation, which is used to represent the sum of a set of values. It defines key terms like the summation symbol, index, summands, and lower and upper limits. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to expand summations and express calculations in summation notation. Properties of summation like distributing constants across terms are also covered. 3. The concept of double summation is introduced, which allows summing over two indices to calculate totals in two-way tables or matrices.

Uploaded by

Eun Ji Kim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summation Notation

Clarissa Jewel B. Alota


STAT 2225 – Elementary Statistics & Probability
2nd Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY


DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Summation Notation

• sum of a set of numbers/values

2
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Summation Notation
Upper Limit/ Summand/
end point of addition 𝑛 value for the ith
observation
capital Greek letter sigma
Summation symbol 𝑋𝑖 =
Index of
Summation/
𝑖=1 Lower Limit/
subscript starting point of addition

“summation of X sub i where i goes from 1 to n”

3
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Summation Notation

𝑋𝑖 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛
𝑖=1

4
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Important Notes

• The subscript may be any letter


• The lower limit is not necessarily a subscript
• When summing over all values of 𝑋𝑖 , that are
available, the limits of summation are often
omitted and simply written as 𝑋 or 𝑋𝑖

5
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Illustrations

Expand the following summations:


8 5
4 5
𝑋𝑘2 − 𝑏 𝑋𝑙
5
𝑘=6 𝑌𝑘
𝑖=1 𝑙=2
3 8 5 5

𝑋𝑘2 −𝑏 𝑋𝑙
5𝑌𝑗
𝑗=1 𝑘=6 𝑌𝑘
𝑙=2

6
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Illustrations
Summary of Expenses

Week
Month
1 2 3 4
June (X) 780 900 850 680
July (Y) 720 490 980 970

4
𝑋 𝑌 𝑋𝑖
𝑖=3

7
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Illustrations

Express the following in terms of summation


notation with appropriate limits:

𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3
1. + + 2. 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 3 (𝑗3 + 𝑗4 + 𝑗5 )
𝐽1 𝐽2 𝐽3

1+𝑌 +𝑌 2 +𝑌 3
3. 𝑌34 + 𝑌46 + 𝑌58 + 𝑌610 4. 2 4 6
1+2+9+64

8
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Properties of Summation Notation
1. The summation of the sum (or difference) of two or
more terms is equal to the sum (or difference) of the
individual summation.

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

(𝑋𝑖 +𝑌𝑖 +𝑍𝑖 ) = 𝑋𝑖 + 𝑌𝑖 + 𝑍𝑖


𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

9
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Properties of Summation Notation
2. The summation of a constant c times a variable 𝑋𝑖
is equal to the constant times the summation of
the variable

𝑛 𝑛

𝑐𝑋𝑖 = 𝑐 𝑋𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

10
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Properties of Summation Notation
3. The summation of a constant c from 1 to n is equal
to the product of n and c.

𝑐 = 𝑛𝑐
𝑖=1

11
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Double Summation
Category Observations
1 4 2 6
2 2 3 5
3 10 15 8 7
4 9 7

4 𝑛𝑖

𝑥𝑖𝑗
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

2 𝑛𝑖
2
𝑥𝑖𝑗
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

12
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Double Summation
Category Observations
1 4 2 6
2 2 3 5
3 10 15 8 7
4 9 7

4 2

𝑥𝑖𝑗
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

3 2

𝑥𝑖𝑗 + 2
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

13

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