UNIT 5  ON THE WILD SIDE

IN THIS UNIT YOU

learn language to talk about
animals and conservation efforts
READING
understanding
read a magazine article about the definitions
interdependency of species Sometimes writers give
definitions of words directly
talk about animal protection and
in a text. Why might they
rescue
do this?
listen to a story about an
orangutan
write a letter to a newspaper
editor about an animal welfare /
conservation issue
learn about decision-making styles
watch a video about suburban
beekeeping

SPEAKING
summarizing
In what situations to
you have to give an oral
summary? What are some
different types of
information you might
summarize?

LIFE understanding decision-making styles

When you are a member of a group,
SKILLS do you prefer to take part in making
decisions, or to have someone else
SELF make them?
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 A    Draw at least three arrows between the parts of
the ecosystem that you consider to be directly connected in some way.
Then explain to a partner why you have drawn the arrows.
For example:
You could draw an arrow going from the fish to the heron because fish are
a food source for birds.
A: I think … and … are linked because …
B: I’ve drawn this arrow because …

1
2

B    Work in groups. Discuss how the things in the pictures can

affect people.
Trees reduce air pollution by taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.

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 1 GRAMMAR:  impersonal passive
A LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT  Read the article. Which
opinion about bats is closest to your own?

Notice!
Bats about
Bats
Underline the passive verbs.
Circle the subjects. What two
It is said that beauty is in the eye of the different verb forms do you
beholder, meaning that what’s beautiful to one notice?
person might look unappealing to another.
Not only is beauty individual, it is also cultural. One fascinating example
of this is the bat. In Western Europe and North America, bats are thought
to be scary or even dangerous. People think of the legends of vampires,
or of diseases that can be spread by bats. Even in areas where it is known
that bats pollinate plants and eat harmful insects such as mosquitoes,
most people would say they find bats ugly. In China, on the other hand,
it is believed that bats bring luck. The word for “bat” in Chinese sounds
the same as the word for happiness, and bats have therefore come
to represent happiness and good fortune. Because bats have a long
lifespan, they can also symbolize longevity. Bat images can frequently
be found in Chinese art. So whether a particular animal is considered
friend or foe might just depend on where you live!

B ANALYZE  Read the article in Exercise A again.

Form  Complete the table with examples from the article.

Active Impersonal passive 1: Impersonal passive 2:
It + passive + that clause subject + passive + infinitive
People say that beauty is in the eye of It is said that beauty is in the eye Beauty is said to be in the eye of
the beholder. of the beholder. the beholder.
People think that bats are scary. It is thought that bats are scary. (1) scary.
People know that bats pollinate plants. (2) bats Bats are known to pollinate plants.
pollinate plants.
People believe that bats bring luck. (3) bats bring Bats are believed to bring luck.
luck.
Common verbs used with the impersonal passive include assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, know,
recommend, report, say, think, and understand.

Function  Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 The impersonal passive is more formal / informal than the active.
2 The impersonal passive is more / less common than the active.
3 We use the impersonal passive with active verbs / reporting and opinion verbs.

C PRACTICE  Rewrite the sentences in two different ways using the impersonal passive.
1 In ancient Egypt, people believed that beetles were lucky.
2 People in Greece think that bulls represent strength.
3 Deer are often shown in Chinese art because people say they symbolize prosperity.
4 Many people think that elephants have a good memory.
5 Some cultures believe that goldfish bring good luck to marriages.
6 Where I grew up, many people thought that black cats were unlucky.

D NOW YOU DO IT  Work in groups. Discuss the questions.

Talk about common beliefs in your culture. What animals have the most positive
associations? What animals are generally considered unlucky or dangerous?

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 2 LISTENING:  to a story
A  Read the synopsis from a radio show guide.
What do you think probably happens in the story?

December 8, 9:00 a.m.

T he A ni m a l H our
Writer Margaret Nelson reads a short story
called Lena, from her collection of stories about
animals. Nelson is active in several animal rescue
programs, and last year she traveled to the island
of Borneo to visit an orangutan sanctuary. This
story is based on the life of an orangutan named
Lena. This is not just another feel-good animal
story with a happy ending; Nelson hopes that
people will listen not only to the story, but also to
the messages within it.

B VOCABULARY: ANIMAL RESCUE  Read sentences (a–f) from the story Lena.
Write the words in bold next to their definitions (1–6).
a) Lena’s natural habitat, the Indonesian rainforest, is being destroyed at a frightening speed,
and over half of the rainforest has already been destroyed.
b) Humans helped the young apes learn essential orangutan skills that they would have
learned from their mothers if they had not been raised in captivity.
c) In the wild, young orangutans stay with their mothers for eight years.
d) Today, orangutans are an endangered species.
e) On the day of their release, they were taken deep into the forest.
f) Smugglers sell the young apes to people who don’t care that these animals are not meant
to be pets.
1 : a situation in which wild animals are kept by people
2 : a place where humans do not live
3 : a type of animal or plant that may soon become extinct
4 : the act of letting an animal leave the place where you have been
keeping it
5 : people who take things into or out of a country illegally to earn money
6 : a specific environment where a species typically originates from

C 1.23 VOCABULARY: ANIMAL RESCUE  Listen to the story. Take notes to

help you remember the important points. Then use the words in Exercise B to
help you summarize the story with a partner.

D    Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Use information from the story
and your own ideas.
1 Why are orangutans becoming an endangered species?
2 Why do you think it often takes several years before orangutans can be released back to
their natural habitat?
3 In your opinion, does it really matter if an animal becomes extinct? Why or why not?

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 3 GRAMMAR:  passive modals
A 1.24 LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT  Listen to the conversation. What do
Lee and Larissa agree about? What do they disagree about?
Lee: We can take a walk by the lake. I think the zoo has been closed for repairs.
Larissa: No, wait—the gates are open, so it can’t have been closed yet. Let’s go in!
Lee: Actually, I’d rather not. I don’t like zoos because wild animals shouldn’t be kept in
captivity. In fact, I think zoos ought to be banned.
Larissa: Really? I disagree. A lot of good things can be done at zoos. For example, some
species may have been saved from extinction because of zoo breeding programs.
Lee: Well, endangered species could be bred anyway and then released into their
natural habitats.
Larissa: But their natural habitat may have been destroyed. Where would
they be released? Notice!
Lee: True. People shouldn’t have been allowed to destroy those habitats. Look at the underlined
We need stronger laws to stop that from happening. phrases. What form of the
verb follows the word be?
B ANALYZE  Read the conversation in Exercise A again.

Form & Function  Complete the table with examples from the conversation.
Modal Form Function Examples

Endangered species
We use these forms to talk (1) anyway.
can, could,
modal verb + be about present and past I disagree. A lot of good things
may, might,
+ past participle ability or future possibility (2) at zoos.
will, would
in the passive. Where (3) they
?
… wild animals
must, We use these forms to in captivity.
modal verb + be (4)
ought to, talk about necessity and
+ past participle In fact, I think zoos
should advisability in the passive.
(5) .

We use these forms to The gates are open so it

could, can’t modal verb + yet.
talk about deduction and (6)
may, might, be / have been +
speculation in the present Some species (7)
must past participle
or past. from extinction.
modal verb + We use this form to give
People (8) to
should have been + criticism of something that
destroy those habitats.
past participle happened in the past.

C PRACTICE  Complete the paragraph from a wildlife conservation Watch out!

blog. Use active or passive forms of the verbs in parentheses. Their habitats shouldn’t
Supporters of zoos ought to (1) (visit) zoos more often. have destroyed.
If they spent more time observing zoo animals, they might Their habitats shouldn’t
have been destroyed.
(2) (realize) that wild animals shouldn’t
(3) (keep) in captivity. Zoo proponents argue
that animals bred in zoos can (4) (use) to increase wild populations and that
these breeding programs can (5) (save) species from extinction. However, the
responsibility for the survival of wildlife cannot (6) (give) to zoos. Governments must
(7) (hold) responsible for the well-being of the planet. Too often, politicians promise
that the environment will (8) (protect), but this does not happen. Many species that
are now extinct could (9) (save) if governments had acted responsibly at the time.
The public must (10) (demand) action from their elected officials. Act now!

D NOW YOU DO IT  Work in groups. Discuss whether you agree or disagree with the
ideas in Exercise C.

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 4 PRONUNCIATION:  final consonant clusters
A  1.25   Listen to the words and notice the sounds in the consonant
clusters in bold. Then listen again and practice the words.
Two final consonant sounds: hives, paths, pest, expect, width, length, watched
Three final consonant sounds: absorbed, urged, swarmed, warned, involved, tastes,
masks, risks

B  1.26   Listen to the text. Work in pairs and practice reading it,
paying attention to the consonant clusters.
We were absorbed as we watched the men in safety masks approach the bee hives.
The bees swarmed the length of the paths to the hives as their instincts urged them to
attack. We were warned of the risks involved in watching, but we wanted to find out
what fresh honey tastes like!

5 SPEAKING:  summarizing
To give an oral summary of a text, identify the main ideas, select a few key words,
decide on the clearest order for presenting them to your listener, and then explain
the main ideas in your own words.

A    Work in pairs. Read the question. Student A, read Jake509’s

answer. Student B, read Diane_Flint’s answer. Decide whether each
writer is for or against the sale of wild species as pets.

Animal Issues Home Account Login

Do you think pet stores should be allowed to sell wild species as pets?
Jake509: If pet stores are not allowed to sell wild species, wild animals will be bought from smugglers
or other illegal sources. However, if people buy animals in pet stores, and if pet stores buy from
authorized breeders, the illegal capture and sale of wild animals can be stopped, or at least reduced.
It is also a fact that some pet stores help educate people about animals, both domestic and wild.
Anyone who buys an animal at a good store will be given detailed instructions for taking care of it.
When people have some contact with wild animals, they are much more likely to support efforts to
preserve habitats and save endangered species.

Answer
Diane_Flint: I know that most of the wild animals sold in pet stores are bred in captivity, and
in most cases these animals could never be released into the wild, but that does not mean
that they make good pets. Many people buy cute baby animals and then do not know what
to do with them when they grow up and begin to exhibit behaviors like biting or scratching.
Furthermore, many animals are still caught in the wild, which damages wild populations
and causes trauma and suffering for the animals that are caught. These factors should be
considered by anyone who is thinking of buying a wild animal as a pet.

B  Prepare to summarize the answer you read in Exercise A. Underline the main ideas in
the answer you read in Exercise A. Then answer the questions.
1 What is the writer’s thesis, or most important point?
2 Can you state the main ideas you underlined in your own words?
3 Should any details or examples be included in your summary?
4 Choose 3–5 key words to use in your summary.

C    Work in pairs. Give your partner a summary of the answer you read. Then discuss
which point of view you agree with.

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 6 WRITING:  a letter to a newspaper editor
A  What are some reasons for protecting these creatures? What are
some reasons for getting rid of them?
1 deer 2 mosquitoes 3 wolves

B  Read the letter at the bottom of the page. Summarize the main
argument in one sentence.

C VOCABULARY: ADVERB-ADJECTIVE COLLOCATIONS  Match the

adverbs with the words that they are commonly used with.
1 over/under a) organized/effective/successful
2 highly b) populated/estimated/utilized
3 well/badly/poorly c) organized/done/thought-out

D VOCABULARY: ADVERB-ADJECTIVE COLLOCATIONS  Write the correct

collocations from Exercise C next to the concepts from the letter below.
1 bow hunting
2 effort needed from both people and the government
3 the area
The Morning Gazette
E    Work in pairs. Use the guidelines
 Monday, April 16
and example to write a letter to the editor
stating your opinion. Include at least one Dear Environment Editor,
phrase from each group in Exercise C. I am writing in the hope that I can motivate other people in
our city to pressure the City Council to do something about
1 Choose one of these topics:
our suburban deer. Although they are a native species,
• Animals in captivity in zoos
when humans settled in this area, they removed the wolves
• The sale of wild animals as pets and other predators, without considering the effect that
• The control of “suburban wildlife” such this would have on large mammals such as deer. With no
as deer or squirrels animals to kill them off, the area is now overpopulated
2 State your opinion in a topic sentence. with deer, which poses a real threat to people. In some
ways, they are just a nuisance—they eat the flowers out
3 Briefly explain the background to the problem.
of our yards and trample our plants. But they also carry
4 State your arguments/opinions. diseases that can be spread to humans through fleas and
5 Write a concluding sentence which re-states ticks. The most dangerous of these is Lyme disease, which
your topic sentence in different words. can be fatal. Deer are also a significant problem on our
roads. Did you know that last year, deer were blamed for
1.2 million car accidents in the U.S.A.? And they’re not
easy to get rid of. Some communities have turned to bow
hunting to cope with their deer, but this method hasn’t
been highly successful, and it isn’t safe for people. It will
take a well-organized effort from both private citizens and
the city government to combat the suburban deer.
Scott Stewart, Cool Springs

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 7 READING:  understanding definitions
Being able to recognize definitions helps you to understand both concepts and
specific words in a text. Definitions may be given directly, signaled by punctuation,
or implied by a list of examples.

A    Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.

1 When is the last time you saw a bee? Where did you see it, and what was it doing?
2 How do you think bees can have an effect on our lives?
3 Skim the article. Where do you think you might see an article like this?

B    Read the article and discuss the questions in groups.

1 What problem does the article discuss? Why is it an important problem?
2 What causes of the problem are mentioned? Can you think of any others?
3 What solutions does the article propose? Can you think of any other solutions?

The 1
If the price of food is higher next year, don’t blame your supermarket—blame

Buzzabout
the death of millions of beehives, a phenomenon known as colony collapse
disorder, or CCD. In fact, CCD has destroyed more than 10 million beehives since
2007 just in North America. Each colony, or community, of honeybees, contains
around 30,000–50,000 insects, so the number of insect fatalities is enormous.

Bees
There are known to be around 20,000 different species of bees, which live
2

on all continents except Antarctica. Bees of all types are pollinators—that is, by
spreading pollen when they fly from flower to flower, they fertilize plants, which
causes fruits or vegetables to grow. Many North American crops, including
apples, apricots, blackberries, carrots, almonds, broccoli, onions, watermelon,
and more, cannot be fertilized except by bees. Fewer bees, therefore, means
fewer (and more expensive) apples; no bees means no apples.
It is now understood that CCD has more than one cause. Originally, it was
3

thought that pesticides—chemicals sprayed on crops to kill insects—were

responsible for killing the bees. However, CCD was observed among bees in the
wild who fed from wildflowers as well as those which pollinated commercial
crops. In the 1980s, varroa mites, which are parasites that suck blood from both
adult and developing honeybees, were introduced into the southern United
States. and they have spread from there. Loss of habitat is another problem for
bees. Human development has resulted in a loss of plants that produce food for
bees and a loss of space for them to build their hives in peace. It is even thought
that climate change is stressing bee health.
4
The real cause of the bees’ decline is probably a combination of all these
factors. It has been shown that pesticides and fungicides, used to kill funguses on
food crops, don’t necessarily kill bees, but they do weaken them—which leaves
them more vulnerable to diseases and mites.
5
While there are products such as Apistan, which can kill varroa mites, they
are not highly effective. A better solution must be found, including protection of
bees’ natural habitat and a reduction or elimination of agricultural chemicals that
weaken and kill bees. For both ecological and economic reasons, we simply can’t
afford to lose our honeybees.

C  Read the article again. Match the term being defined (1–6), the method of definition
(a–f), and the definition (i–vi). The first one is done for you.
1 colony collapse disorder a) that is i. chemicals that kill insects
2 colony b) a list of examples ii. community
3 pollinators c) which + explanation iii. the death of millions of beehives
4 crops d) or iv. plants grown for food
5 pesticides e) definition between dashes [ — ] v. something that fertilizes plants by
6 varroa mites f) known as spreading pollen
vi. parasites

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 lifeSkills
UNDERSTANDING DECISION-MAKING STYLES
• Understand the advantages and disadvantages of different decision-making styles.
• Determine which decision-making style is most appropriate for a given situation.
• Carry out the decision-making process, and reflect on whether it went well.

A    Work in pairs and discuss the questions.

1 Do you find it easier to make decisions on your own, or as part of
a group?
2 What kind of problems can arise when making decisions as a group?

B  Write a word or phrase from the box next to each

description of a decision-making style.

authoritarian   ​committee   ​consensus   ​majority rule

1 : The decision is made by holding a vote on two

or more options. Each person gets one vote, and the option that
receives the most votes wins.
2 : In a large organization or group, people choose
a smaller group of people to make the decision. The large group
agrees to accept the decision made by the smaller group.
3 : One person makes the decision for the whole
group.
4 : The aim is that everyone in the group should
agree on the final decision. If there are different opinions, people
talk and compromise until disagreements are resolved.

C    Check the statements that you think apply to each

decision-making style. (In some cases, you can check more
than one statement.) Discuss your answers with a partner.
Authoritarian Committee Consensus Majority rule

a) It’s a slower method.

b) It’s a faster method.

c) Everyone’s opinion is heard.

d) It’s fair to everyone.

e) Power is not equal.

f) It’s a good way of making decisions

about how a country is run.
g) It’s a good way of making decisions
in a small organization.

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 Self and Society
Work and Career
Study and Learning
D    Work in pairs. Discuss which decision-making style
you would recommend in each situation. Explain why.
1 A family—parents and two children—are discussing whether to get
a pet.
2 The family has decided to get a pet and they are deciding what kind
of pet to get.
3 A zoo needs to hire a new veterinarian.
4 There is a proposal to turn a large city park into an open-air arts and
crafts market.

E    Work in groups of five (or another odd number).

Read the biology assignment. Then follow the steps below.

BIO 101 • Due: Tuesday, April 7 a) Get the school to join an international organization that works
for the protection of endangered species and habitats in many
As we have discussed, we would like to different countries. Decide how money could be raised in your
motivate the school to get involved in animal school and/or town to donate to the organization.
welfare or environmental conservation. You b) Start a campaign to educate students about ecology issues
have brainstormed ideas, and now a proposal in your country. Encourage students to join reputable ecology
has to be made to the school. Your group will groups in your country, either branches of international
evaluate the suggestions that have been made organizations or country-specific ones.
and will decide on one idea to present to the c) Start a responsible pet owner movement. Local vets can
school. Each group will then explain to the class usually be persuaded to go to a school to talk about how to
which idea they have chosen and why. The final care for pets. Ask for volunteers to help in animal shelters and
decision on which idea to work up as a proposal in finding homes for abandoned animals.
will be decided on by class vote.

1 Individually, decide which idea you like best.

2 Then, tell your group which idea you like best.
3 As a group, choose a decision-making style that will best help you all agree on the same idea.

F    Tell the class about your decision-making process.

• Which idea did your group choose?
• Which decision-making style did your group choose? Why?
• What was easy about that decision-making style? What was challenging?
• If you had to do it again, would you choose the same decision-making process? Why or why not?

Reflect …  How can the skill of

How to say it understanding decision-making styles be useful to
Some of us wanted to use the … method, but most you in Work & Career and Study & Learning?
wanted to use the … method, so we did.
The most/least popular/effective idea was …
We thought this method was highly / wasn’t very
Research …
effective because …
We probably overestimated/underestimated the Research the way laws are passed in your
difficulty of / time needed for this method. community, city, or country. (You may choose
a specific example of a law, to narrow your
The decision could have been made more easily
focus.) Take notes on the process, and decide
using …
whether the process is mostly authoritarian,
by committee, by consensus, majority rule, or
a combination of styles. Report back to the
G    Discuss the questions. class on the law-making process.
1 What have you learned about decision-making styles?
2 Which decision-making styles are you most likely to
use for group decisions in the near future?

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 Language wrap-up
1 VOCABULARY
Complete the letter with the words and phrases from the box. (10 points)

effective  ​endangered species  ​in captivity  highly  ​natural habitat  ​

under  ​released  ​
the wild  ​thought-out  ​underestimated

Dear Editor,
I believe that the Coldwater Wilderness Area, which is located not far from our
city, is (1) -utilized and could be used in a number of different
positive ways if the city had a well (2) plan for it. We have a highly
(3) wildlife rescue program, and many of those rescued animals
could be (4) into (5) in Coldwater instead of
being given to zoos and kept (6) all their lives. Coldwater is a
(7) for a number of (8) , and the area could be used
to help educate the public about environmental issues as well as provide recreation.
I know that there is a (9) successful program at the zoo on local plants
and animals, and maybe a trip to Coldwater could be included in their program. I feel
strongly that the importance of educating people about our local resources cannot be
(10) . Why can’t people have fun and learn at the same time?
Frederick Missen

8–10 correct: I can use words related to animal rescue, and adverb-adjective collocations.
0–7 correct: Look again at Sections 2 and 6 on pages 59 and 62. SCORE:    /10

2 GRAMMAR
Complete the letter. Use the impersonal passive form of the verbs in
parentheses and choose the correct modal structures. (10 points)
Dear Editor,
The Coldwater Wilderness Area (1) (said / be) our most beautiful
natural park. For this reason, I am against the proposal to open up the lake to
motorboats and the trails to snowmobiles in the winter. People (2) should / shouldn’t be
allowed to upset the natural environment for sports.
Currently, more than 15 species of fish (3) (think / live) in the lake.
Those fish (4) might be / might have been killed if motorboats hadn’t been banned. Let’s
not forget that this lake (5) (say / have) the best fishing in the state!
That’s another reason that motorboats (6) ought to / might be forbidden. The same goes
for snowmobiles.
Did you know that the noise from snowmobiles (7) (believe / disturb)
hibernating animals? For this reason alone, snowmobiles (8) must / mustn’t be permitted.
It (9) (say) that deer and other animals can be so frightened by the
noise of snowmobiles that they injure themselves.
For these reasons, the Coldwater Wilderness Area (10) must / might be preserved as an
area safe for both animals and people.
August Philips

8–10 correct: I can use the impersonal passive and passive modals.
0–7 correct: Look again at Sections 1 and 3 on pages 58 and 60. SCORE:    /10

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 Writing a formal
Writing Workshop email request

A  Read the email asking the public for financial donations. What is the
money needed for?

Dear Community Supporter,

The Glenwood Raptor Center was created in 1987 to serve the needs of our area’s wild birds of
prey—eagles, owls, falcons, and more. Each year, we help rescue dozens of sick and injured birds. Our
trained volunteer staff works to rehabilitate these birds so that they can be released back into the wild.
We also conduct educational outreach programs to inform the public about the place these beautiful
birds have in our environment, and how we can all work together to protect their habitat.
I’m writing to ask for a donation to our annual fund. Your gift helps pay for food and shelter for the
birds, their medical expenses, our educational outreach programs in schools and community centers,
and our nature center. A donation of just $50 includes an annual membership for the Glenwood
Raptor Center, good for discounts on our gift shop items and free admission to any of our programs.
For $100, you can sponsor an individual bird, for which you’ll receive a photo of the bird, an adoption
certificate, and regular updates about your sponsored bird’s progress.
Click here to donate $50 or any amount of your choosing.
Thank you for your generosity.
Sincerely,
Judy McLaughlin
Community Outreach Director
Glenwood Raptor Center

B  Check the features that the email mentions.

  the receiver’s name   how much money the organization currently has
  the sender’s name   how much money the organization needs
  the pronoun you   what the organization will spend money on
  the pronouns I or we   a recommended amount to give
 what the organization does
C  Look at the email again. Underline any phrases that could be used in
any fundraising letter or email.

D  Now write a formal campaign email asking for money for Greenvale
Animal Shelter. Write at least two paragraphs, using the structure of the
model in Exercise A. Write about 250 words.

Greenvale Animal Shelter: cares for stray cats, dogs,

rabbits, and other small animals. Finds homes for strays
HOW ARE YOU DOING?
in the community. Reunites pet owners with lost pets. I explained what the organization does.
Educates public on how to care for pets. Needs money I directly asked for what my organization
for food, blankets and bedding, veterinary care, pet wants.
supplies such as bowls and leashes, general office
I used a formal email format.
supplies, and educational programs. All workers are
volunteers.

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