2K11 Krug (SA-4 Ganef) Russian Medium-Range

Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > 2K11 Krug
(SA-4 Ganef) Russian Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
The 2K11 Krug (NATO code SA-4 Ganef) is a Soviet-made medium-range air defense missile. The
development of the system started in 1958. The first version, Krug-A, entered service in 1967,
with extensively modified versions, the Krug-M in 1971 and the Krug-M1 in 1974, which were
developed to rectify problems discovered during army service. It was first unveiled during a
military parade in Moscow in May 1965. Modified versions, the Krug-M in 1971 and the Krug-M1
in 1974 were developed to rectify problems discovered during army service. The 2K11 was briefly
operated by the Soviet army during the war in Afghanistan in 1979 and 1980, but was withdrawn
several months after the initial invasion. In 1997, it was reported that, between 1993 and 1996,
some 27 fire units of Krug and 349 missiles had been sold to Armenia.

The SA-4 system has three major components:

a 2P24 SPU (samokhodnaya puskovaya ustanovka) mobile launcher unit;

a Ural-375 TZM ( transportno-zaryazhayushchaya mashina) transporter-loader vehicle; and
a 1S32 Pat Hand SSNR (samokhodnaya stantsiya navendeniya raket) mobile missile guidance
station mounted on an AT-T chassis.

A typical Ganef battery has one Pat Hand SSNR, three 2P24 SPUs and four TZMs. The Ganef
launch vehicle carries no onboard radar. The guidance of the missiles depends on the Pat Hand
radar. During wartime, a fourth SPU could be added to the unit.

The battery also often has two 23-mm ZU-23 towed anti-aircraft guns and a technical support
section. A missile launch battalion has three launch batteries and a Long Track early warning
radar. A brigade has three battalions, an additional Long Track radar and a Thin Skin B height-
finding radar.

The Krug had several features that improved the survivability of the radar against anti-radiation
missiles. In PI mode (ПИ) the system only briefly illuminated the target and the computer
calculated it's prolonged path based on data received from early warning radars. After a longer
passive period the main radar illuminated the calculated flight direction of the target for a few
seconds and recalculate path of the target if necessary (if the distance between the calculated
track and the actual position is greater than 7 km). As a result, the system emitted detectable
signals only for a few seconds in every few minutes, making it difficult to jam or launch an anti-
radar missile against Krug. The system was also able to tracking the target in full-passive
automated PNS (ПHC) mode based on the data provided by "Long Track" mobile EWR via radio
datalink. In this mode it was almost impossible to detect the Krug system until the moment of
missile launch, because Krug did not emit radiation at all.

In 3M mode (3m aka three-point) the krug track on jamming signal emitting container (e.g., AN/
ALQ-99). So the jamming signal that supposed to protect the aircraft made it to a target.

System
Alternative Designation: SA-4 Ganef; 2K11 Krug; 2K11 ZRD-SD
Date of Introduction: 1965
Type: Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Family: INA
Proliferation: Armenia 115
Azerbaijan
North Korea – 120
Syria – 40[6]
Turkmenistan – 30
Kyrgyzstan – 12
Manufacturer: MZiK
Crew: 3-5 ea
Chassis: GM-123 chassis
In Service: 1965-present
1965- 1990s (USSR)
Other Countries: See proliferation
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: INA

Dimensions
Length, Hull: 7.5 m
Width: 3.2 m
Height, with Missiles: 4.472 m
Weight, Combat: 28,200 kg kg
Ground Pressure: INA
Track, Length on Ground: 5 m
Track, Width: 0.54 m
Ground Clearance: 0.44 m

Automotive
Engine Name: V59
Engine Type: V-12 water-cooled diesel
Engine Power: 420 hp
Maximum Range: 780 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 35 km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Fording Depth: INA
Fuel Capacity: 850 liters
Suspension: torsion bar, 7 road wheels, front drive, rear idler, 2 hydraulic shock absorbers, 4
return rollers

Communications
Note: Depends on what country the 2K11 Krug is being used in.

Main Weapon System

Launcher
Name: 2P24 SPU launch vehicle
Crew: 3-5 ea
Maximum Elevation: +70 deg
Minimum Elevation: INA
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg

Missile
Name: 9M33
Type: Suface-to-Air Missile
Length: 8,784 m
Diameter: 86 cm
Weight: 2,453 kg
Engine: solid fuel rocket motors inside boosters attached to the outside of the missile
Propellant: Kerosene fuelled ramjet
Speed: Mach 4
Basic Load: 2 ea
Operational Range: 55 km
Flight Altitude: 24,500 metres
Booster Time: Four solid fuel booster rocket motors
Guidance System: Radio command
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Warhead Weight: 150 kg
Detonation Mechanism: Contact and proximity fuzes
Note: Additional Missiles the 2K11 Krug can be equipped with: 2 x 3M8; or 2 x 3M8M; or 2 x
3M8M1 (SA-4a); or 2 x3M8M2 (SA-4b); or 2 x 3M8M3 missiles; Note: Missile types can be
mixed

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes, An electro-optical fire-control system is fitted for heavy electronic
countermeasures environments
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Night Vision: infrared night-vision system
Optics: electro-optical fire-control system on launcher
Guidance System: radio command with semi-active radar terminal homing

On-Board Radar
Note: The Ganef launch vehicle carries no onboard radar. See Mobile Missile Guidance Station

Transporter/Loader Vehicle
Name: Ural-375 TZM ( transportno-zaryazhayushchaya mashina) transporter-loader vehicle

Mobile Missile Guidance Vehcile

Name: 1S32 Pat Hand SSNR (samokhodnaya stantsiya navendeniya raket) mobile missile
guidance station
Type: H-band continuous wave fire control and guidance radar
Band: H-Band
Maximum Range: 128 km
Antenna: The vehicle carries a large circular antenna for target tracking and a smaller antenna
for missile guidance.
SSNR: Russian acronym for radar vehicle
Note: It is used to track targets and guide one or two Ganefs to intercept.

Protection
Hull Armor: 15 mm
Turret Armor: 15 mm
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes, Collective overpressure
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
Krug-A: first operational deployment version, entered service in 1967
Krug-M:: a modified version of Krug-A, entered service in 1971
Krug-M1: a modified version of Krug-M, entered service in 1974
2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful) Russian Surface-to-Air Missile
System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful) Russian Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The 2K12 "Kub" (NATO reporting name: SA-6 "Gainful") mobile surface-to-air missile system is a
Soviet low to medium-level air defence system designed to protect ground forces from air attack.
"2К12" is the GRAU designation of the system.

Each 2K12 battery consists of a number of similar tracked vehicles, one of which carries the
1S91 (SURN vehicle, NATO designation "Straight Flush") 25 kW G/H band radar (with a range of
75 km (47 mi)) equipped with a continuous wave illuminator, in addition to an optical sight. The
battery usually also includes four triple-missile transporter erector launchers (TELs), and four
trucks, each carrying three spare missiles and a crane. The TEL is based on a GM-578 chassis,
while the 1S91 radar vehicle is based on a GM-568 chassis, all developed and produced by MMZ.

he 2K12 system shares many components with the 2K11 Krug (SA-4) system. In many ways they
are designed to complement each other; 2K11 is effective at long ranges and high altitudes,
2K12 at medium ranges and intermediate altitudes.

The system is able to acquire and begin tracking targets using the 1S91 "Самоходная
установка разведки и наведения" (SPRGU - "Self-propelled Reconnaissance and Guidance
Unit" / NATO: "Straight Flush" radar) at 75 km (47 mi) and begin illumination and guidance at 28
km (17 mi). IFF is also performed using this radar. It can only guide one or two missiles to a
single target at any time. The missile is initially command guided with terminal semi-active radar
homing (SARH), with target illumination provided by the "Straight Flush" radar. Detonation is via
either the impact or proximity fuze. On the latest models, this vehicle is also fitted with an optical
tracking system which allows engagement without the use of the radar (for active RF emissions
stealth reasons, or due to heavy ECM jamming) in which case the effective altitude is limited to
14 km/46000 ft. The optical tracking method also allows engagements to altitudes below that
where the radar is able to track targets. Maximum target speed is around Mach 2 for head-on
engagements and Mach 1 for tail-chase engagements. Top speed of the missile is approximately
Mach 2.8.

In contrast to the elaborate Patriot missile or even the simpler Hawk system fielded by US forces,
most of the system rides on two tracked self-propelled vehicles, rather than towed or mounted
on trucks, and either the launcher or control vehicle can be set to launch in only 15 minutes after
changing location.

System
Alternative Designations: 2K12 Kub; SA-6 Gainful
Date of Introduction: 1960
Type: Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system
Target: Low to medium altitude FW and heli for SA-6a. FW, heli, CM for SA-6b FW, heli, TBM, CM,
UAV, and ground targets for SA-6b/Kvadrat-M4.
Proliferation: 500 launchers, 10,000 missiles
Manufactuer: Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (SURNs)
ZiK (TELs)

Still in Service in over 25 countries through Russia, Africa, and Asia.

In Service: 1960-Present
Chassis: Modified PT-76
Launch Vehicle: 2P25 SPU Launch Vehicle
Crew: 3

Dimensions
Length, Hull: 6.79 m
Length, with Missiles: 7.39 m
Height, Hull Top: 1.80 m
Height, with Missiles: 3.45 m
Width: 3.18 m
Tracks Length on the Ground: 3.80 m
Track Width: 0.36 m
Ground Clearance: 0.40 m
Combat Weight: 14,000 kg
Ground Pressure: 0.48 kg/cm sq

Automotive
Engine Name: Model V-6R
Engine Type: water-cooled, in-line 6-cylinder diesel
Engine Power: 240 hp at 1,800 rpm
Power-to-weight ratio: 17.14 hp/metric ton
Fuel Capacity: 250 Liters
Suspension: torsion bar, 6 road wheels, rear drive, front idler, two hydraulic shock absorbers, no
return rollers
Transmission: manual, 5 forward and 1 reverse gears
Electrical system: 24 v
Batteries: 2 x 12 v, 100 Ah (for vehicle)
Maximum Speed: 44 km/h
Maximum Range, Road: 260 km/h
Vertical Obstacle: 1.00 m
Trench: 2.50 m
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Fording: 1.10 m

Communications
Tactical Radio: Depends on which country the SA-6 is operating in.

Armament
Launcher: 2P25 SPU Launch Vehicle
Name: Kub-M3/3M9M3
Reaction Time (sec): 22-24 sec
Time Between Launches (sec): INA
Reload Time (min): 10 min
Fire on Move: No
Simultaneous targets launcher: 1 ea
Simultaneous targets battery: 1 ea
Simultaneous missiles battery: 1-4 ea
Emplacement Time (min): 5 or less min
Displacement Time (min): 15 for a battery min

Missile (Option 1)
Name: Kub-M1
Missiles per TEL: 3
Engagement Range: 4–23 km
Engagement Altitude: 80–8,000 m
Missile Speed: Mach 1.75
Maximum Target Speed: Mach 1.75
Response Time: 22–24 sec
Missile Weight: 630 kg
Deployment Time: 5 Min
Guidance System: semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 2)
Name: Kub-M3
Missiles per TEL: 3
Engagement Range: 4–25 km
Engagement Altitude: 20–8,000 m
Missile Speed: Mach 2
Maximum Target Speed: Mach 1.75
Response Time: 22–24 sec
Missile Weight: 630 kg
Deployment Time: 5 min
Guidance System: semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 3)
Name: Kub-M4 (Buk-M1)
Missiles per TEL: 3
Engagement Range: 4–24 km
Engagement Altitude: 30–14,000 m
Missile Speed: Mach 2
Maximum Target Speed: Mach 1.75
Response Time: 24 sec
Deployment Time: 5 min
Guidance System: semi-active radar homing

Fire Control
FCS Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
EO sighting system: TV
Commander and driver: IR
IFF: Pulse-doppler

Radar Vehicle
Name: SURN 1S91 "Straight Flush" Radar
Type: fire control and guidance radar associated with surface-to-air „Kub“ (kyrillisch: Куб; english:
cube, NATO-Bezeichnung: SA-5 Gammon) missile system.
Band: It is operating in C-Band surveillance and aquisition radar, combined with an operating in I-
Band tracking and illuminating radar.
Peak Power: 600 kW
Maximum Range: 75 km
Beamwidth: 1 deg
Antenna Rotation: 15 or 20 min-1

Additional Radar Systems Available

Note: The 2K12 can also be used at a regimental level, if used as such it can be accompanied by
a number of additional radar systems for extended air search at longer range and lower altitude,
to supplement the 1S91 "Straight Flush". These systems include the: P-12 "Spoon Rest", a VHF
early warning radar (also used by the SA-2), with a 200 kilometres (120 mi) range. P-40 "Long
Track", an E band early warning radar (also used by the SA-4 and SA-8), with a 370 kilometres
(230 mi) range. P-15 "Flat Face A", a UHF early warning radar (also used by the SA-3, with a 150
kilometres (93 mi) range. "Thin Skin" or "Side Net" E band height finding radar (also used by the
SA-2, SA-4 and SA-5, range 240 km/148 miles) "Score Board" IFF radar The "Spoon Rest" and
"Thin Skin" are mounted on a truck, "Long Track" on a tracked vehicle (a modified AT-T) and "Flat
Face" on a van. It is unknown what kind of mounting the "Score Board" has. Without the P-40
"Long Track" mobile radar vehicle, the 2K12 is unable to track aircraft at high altitudes.

Protection
Hull Armor Type: 9.40 mm
Turret Armor: 9.40 mm
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes, collective overpressure and filtration
Smoke Protection: INA

Variants
Gainful Mod 1 (SA-6b): Initial operating capability (IOC) was reached in 1979. This system is
mounted on a variant of the MT-LB general-purpose tractor that also carries missile guidance
radar.
2S6M1 Tunguska-M1 Russian 30mm Self-Propelled
Anti-Aircraft System
Air Defense > Hybrid Missile Systems > 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1 Russian 30mm Self-Propelled Anti-
Aircraft System

Tiers:

Notes
2S6M1 Tunguska-M1 if a further improved variant with improved fire control system. It is based
on a GM-5975 special tracked chassis and uses new 9M311-M1 missiles. These have a range of
10 km. These missiles have improved optical tracking and accuracy. Laser proximity fuse was
replaced by a radio proximity fuse. The new missiles can engage small targets, such as cruise
missiles. The Tunguska-M1 is much more effective than the previous Tunguska-M. All previous
Tunguskas can be upgraded to this standard. The 2S6M1 entered service with the Russian Army
in 2003. A total of 21 Tunguska-M1 systems were delivered in 2012-2017.

System
Alternative Designation: 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1
Date of Introduction: 2003
Type: tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon armed with a surface-to-air gun and missile
system.
Family: 2K22 Tunguska
Proliferation: Belarus: a number of 2S6

India: according to various data, from 20 to 92 2S6 units, as of 2012

Morocco: 12 complexes 2К22М1 as of 2012, according to Military Balance 2012, page 340

Myanmar

Russia: more than 250 complexes 2К22 as of 2012, according to Military Balance 2012, page
193. 21 Tunguska-M1s were delivered in 2012-2017.

Syria: 6 2S6М1 units delivered in 2008

Yemen: a number of 2S6М1, as of 2005. According to Stockholm International Peace Research

Institute neither supply nor licensed production of 2S6М1 in Yemen is made.
In Service: 2003-Present
Crew: 4 ea
Chassis: GM-5975 chassis
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: INA
Note: The Tunguska-M1 is much more effective than the previous Tunguska-M. All previous
Tunguskas can be upgraded to this standard.

Dimensions
Length: 7.93 m
Width: 3.24 m
Height, TAR Up: 4.02 m
Height, TAR Down: 3.36 m
Weight, Combat: 34 mt

Automotive
Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: V-12 turbo diesel
Engine Power: INA hp
Cruising Range: 500 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 65 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Fording Depth: INA

Communications
Tactical Radio: R-173

Main Weapon System

System
Name: Shipunov 2A38M
Type: Soviet/Russian 30 mm autocannon
Caliber: 30 mm
Length: 3.027 m
Barrel Length: 2,416 mm
Barrels: 1 ea
Weight: 115 kg
Action: Gas-operated
Rate of Fire, Low: 200 to 300 rds/min
Rate of Fire, High: 550-800 rds/min
Maximum Effective Firing Range: 4,000 m
Effective Firing Range: 2,000
Feed System: Twin Feed
Reload Time: gun ammunition and missiles in about 16 min
Maximum Elevation: +87 deg
Minimum Elevation: -10 deg
Fire on the Move: Yes

Ammunition
Type: Rifle, Autocannon
Caliber: 30 mm
Cartridge: 30 × 165 mm
Muzzle Velocity: 960 m/s
Maximum Range: 4,000 m
Minimum Range: 200 m
Maximum Altitude: 3,000 m
Basic Load: INA
Ammo Types: AP-T, Frag-T, HE-I

Missile System

System
Name: 9M311-M1
Type: Surface-to-air missiles
Length: 2.5 m
Diameter: 1.7 m
Wingspan: 2.2 m
Basic Load: 8 ea
Speed: 900 m/s
Engage Speed: The missile’s maximum speed is 900m/s and can engage targets travelling at
speeds up to 500m/s.
Maximum Range: 15 to 6,000m for ground targets and 15 to 10,000m for air targets.
Fuse Type: Radio proximity fuse
Note: These missiles have improved optical tracking and accuracy

Fire Control
FCS Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes, a improved FCS over the 2S6M
IFF: Yes, IFF system (1RL138), operating in C-and D-band
Direct-view Optics (DVO): Yes

Radar System
Note: the HOT SHOT radar system, which consists of a surveillance radar with a maximum range
of 18 km, and a tracking radar with a maximum range of 13 km

Radar #1
Name: 1RL144 Radar
Type: Target Acquisition Radar (TAR)
Function: This radar provides primary search capability in addition to measurement of range and
bearing
Frequency/Band: E-band
Maximum Range: 20 km
Antenna Location: antenna is mounted at the rear of the turret and is folded down when not in
use
Antenna Rotation: The antenna rotates at approximately 1 r/s, which gives a rapid update of the
airspace around the 2S6M
Fan Beam: The TAR emits a fan beam covering 4.50 in azimuth and 150 in elevation. The beam is
pointed at a constant elevation of 7.50 to permit detection of low-altitude targets.

Radar #2
Name: 1RL144M
Type: Target Tracking Radar (TTR)
Function: The tracking radar constantly relays target range, elevation and bearing to the fire-
control computer, and on the basis if these data the computer generated the laying commands
for the weapon system.
Frequency/Band: J-band
Maximum Range: 18 km
Antenna Location: antenna is mounted at the front section of the turret and has two fundamental
functions that depend on whether the guns or missiles are selected.
Optical Sight: A stabilized optical sight is used as a back up tracking channel, allowing target
data to be relayed to the fire-control computer. This sight is also used to calculate the deviation
of a missile's flight path from the line-of-sight, these data being automatically relayed to the fire
control computer and used to generate correction signals.
Gun Engagement: During a gun engagement, the TTR functions as an automatic target tracker,
feeding target position data to the fire-control computer.
Missile Engagement: During missile engagement, the tracking radar locks onto the target and
then lays the optical sight on the target. Subsequently the gunner assumes the target-tracking
function with the electro-optic sight, and the radar is used for relaying guidance commands to
the SA-19 missile.

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
2S6: first version of the vehicle with four missiles, two either side of the turret.
2S6M: the production version with eight missiles
2S6M1: digital interface Ranzhir automated command-and-control system, new fire control
system, new missile 9M311M with a maximum range of 10 km. Existing 2S6M Tunguska will be
gradually upgraded to the new standard.
2S6M Tunguska-M Russian 30mm Self-Propelled Anti-
Aircraft System
Air Defense > Hybrid Missile Systems > 2S6M Tunguska-M Russian 30mm Self-Propelled Anti-
Aircraft System

Tiers:

Notes
The 2S6 Tunguska 2K22 (NATO code SA-19 Grison) is a Russian-made self-propelled air defence
system which combines gun and missile armament. The development of the 2S6 Tunguska
began in 1970 after a request by the Russian army for a new self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon
system to replace the old ZSU-23-4 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. The first version entered
service in 1986 were only four missiles, two either side, in the ready to launch position. The
second version to enter service with the Russian army, and the current production model vehicle,
is designated the 2S6M or 2K22M, he has eight missiles, four to each side of the turret. The
Tunguska vehicle uses a tracked chassis GM-352M which is also used for the ground-to-air
missile system Buk-M1 SA-11 Gadfly. A typical 2K22/2K22M battery would consist of six
2S6/2S6M self-propelled air defence vehicles, six reload vehicles and associated support and
maintenance vehicles. The 2S6 Tunguska is intended to protect tank and motorized units from
low-flying aircraft and helicopters, some types of cruise-missile, as well as to engage light
armour ground targets and manpower of the enemy.

System
Alternative Designation: 2K22M, Tunguska-M
Date of Introduction: 1990
Type: tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon armed with a surface-to-air gun and missile
system.
Family: 2K22 Tunguska
Proliferation: Belarus: a number of 2S6

India: according to various data, from 20 to 92 2S6 units, as of 2012

Morocco: 12 complexes 2К22М1 as of 2012, according to Military Balance 2012, page 340

Myanmar

Russia: more than 250 complexes 2К22 as of 2012, according to Military Balance 2012, page
193. 21 Tunguska-M1s were delivered in 2012-2017.
Syria: 6 2S6М1 units delivered in 2008

Ukraine: 70 2S6 units as of 2012, according to Military Balance 2012, page 166

Yemen: a number of 2S6М1, as of 2005. According to Stockholm International Peace Research

Institute neither supply nor licensed production of 2S6М1 in Yemen is made.
In Service: 1990-Present
Crew: 4 ea
Chassis: GM-352M tracked vehicle
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: INA

Dimensions
Length: 7.93 m
Width: 3.24 m
Height, TAR Up: 4.02 m
Height, TAR Down: 3.36 m
Weight, Combat: 34 mt

Automotive
Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: V-12 turbo diesel
Engine Power: INA hp
Cruising Range: 500 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 65 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Fording Depth: INA

Communications
Tactical Radio: R-173

Main Weapon System

System
Name: Shipunov 2A38M
Type: Soviet/Russian 30 mm autocannon
Caliber: 30 mm
Length: 3.027 m
Barrel Length: 2,416 mm
Barrels: 1 ea
Weight: 115 kg
Action: Gas-operated
Rate of Fire, Low: 200 to 300 rds/min
Rate of Fire, High: 550-800 rds/min
Maximum Effective Firing Range: 4,000 m
Effective Firing Range: 2,000
Feed System: Twin Feed
Reload Time: gun ammunition and missiles in about 16 min
Maximum Elevation: +87 deg
Minimum Elevation: -10 deg
Fire on the Move: Yes

Ammunition
Type: Rifle, Autocannon
Caliber: 30 mm
Cartridge: 30 × 165 mm
Muzzle Velocity: 960 m/s
Maximum Range: 4,000 m
Minimum Range: 200 m
Maximum Altitude: 3,000 m
Basic Load: INA
Ammo Types: AP-T, Frag-T, HE-I

Missile System

System
Name: SA-19/GRISON
Length: 2.83 m
Weight in Container: 57 kg
Guidance System: SACLOS
Maximum Effective Range: 8,000-10,000 m
Minimum Effective Range: 2,500 m
Speed: 600-900 m/s
Tracking Rate: INA
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Warhead Weight: 9 kg
Fuze Type: Proximity
Self Destruct: INA
System Reaction Time: 6-12 sec
Fire on the Move: No (must be at a halt to fire the missile)

Fire Control
FCS Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
IFF: Yes, IFF system (1RL138), operating in C-and D-band
Direct-view Optics (DVO): Yes

Radar System
Note: the HOT SHOT radar system, which consists of a surveillance radar with a maximum range
of 18 km, and a tracking radar with a maximum range of 13 km

Radar #1
Name: 1RL144 Radar
Type: Target Acquisition Radar (TAR)
Function: This radar provides primary search capability in addition to measurement of range and
bearing
Frequency/Band: E-band
Maximum Range: 20 km
Antenna Location: antenna is mounted at the rear of the turret and is folded down when not in
use
Antenna Rotation: The antenna rotates at approximately 1 r/s, which gives a rapid update of the
airspace around the 2S6M
Fan Beam: The TAR emits a fan beam covering 4.50 in azimuth and 150 in elevation. The beam is
pointed at a constant elevation of 7.50 to permit detection of low-altitude targets.

Radar #2
Name: 1RL144M
Type: Target Tracking Radar (TTR)
Function: The tracking radar constantly relays target range, elevation and bearing to the fire-
control computer, and on the basis if these data the computer generated the laying commands
for the weapon system.
Frequency/Band: J-band
Maximum Range: 18 km
Antenna Location: antenna is mounted at the front section of the turret and has two fundamental
functions that depend on whether the guns or missiles are selected.
Optical Sight: A stabilized optical sight is used as a back up tracking channel, allowing target
data to be relayed to the fire-control computer. This sight is also used to calculate the deviation
of a missile's flight path from the line-of-sight, these data being automatically relayed to the fire
control computer and used to generate correction signals.
Gun Engagement: During a gun engagement, the TTR functions as an automatic target tracker,
feeding target position data to the fire-control computer.
Missile Engagement: During missile engagement, the tracking radar locks onto the target and
then lays the optical sight on the target. Subsequently the gunner assumes the target-tracking
function with the electro-optic sight, and the radar is used for relaying guidance commands to
the SA-19 missile.

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
2S6: first version of the vehicle with four missiles, two either side of the turret.
2S6M: the production version with eight missiles
2S6M1: digital interface Ranzhir automated command-and-control system, new fire control
system, new missile 9M311M with a maximum range of 10 km. Existing 2S6M Tunguska will be
gradually upgraded to the new standard.
9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet) Russian Man-Portable
Infrared Homing Surface-to-Air Missile
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
Russian Man-Portable Infrared Homing Surface-to-Air Missile

Tiers:

Notes
The 9K310 Igla-1 system and its 9M313 missile were accepted into service in the Soviet army on
11 March 1981. The main differences from the Strela-3 included an optional Identification Friend
or Foe system to prevent firing on friendly aircraft, an automatic lead and super elevation to
simplify shooting and reduce minimum firing range, a slightly larger rocket, reduced drag and
better guidance system extend maximum range and improve performance against fast and
maneuverable targets, an improved lethality on target achieved by a combination of delayed
impact fuzing, terminal maneuver to hit the fuselage rather than jet nozzle, an additional charge
to set off the remaining rocket fuel (if any) on impact, an improved resistance to infrared
countermeasures (both decoy flares and ALQ-144 series jamming emitters), and slightly
improved seeker sensitivity.

9K38 Igla (SA-18) missile and launcher top and 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16) missile and launcher below.
The seeker has two detectors – a cooled MWIR InSb detector for detection of the target and
uncooled PbS SWIR detector for detection of IR decoys (flares). The built-in logic determines
whether the detected object is a target or a decoy. The latest version (Igla-S) is reported to have
additional detectors around the main seeker to provide further resistance against pulsed IRCM
devices commonly used on helicopters.

The 9M313 missile features an aerospike mounted on a tripod (Igla's 9M39 missile has
aerospike attached directly to the seeker dome), which reduces a shock wave, thus providing
less dome heating and greater range. The name Igla is derived from these devices.

Like many other MANPADS, Igla-1 and Igla feature so-called rolling airframe missiles. These
missiles roll in flight (900 – 1200 rpm) so steering the missile requires just a single pair of
control surfaces, unlike roll-stabilized missiles, which require separate control surfaces for pitch
and yaw. Both 9M313 and 9M39 missiles contain a gas generator, which drives a small gas
turbine to provide electrical power, and the pistons, which move the canards used to steer the
missile in a bang-bang mode. In addition to that, two exhaust tubes of the gas generator are
placed perpendicular to the steering canards to provide maneuverability immediately after launch
when the missile airspeed is too low for canards to be effective. Later versions of Igla are
reported to use proportional control to drive the canards, which enables greater precision and
less oscillation of the flight path.
According to the manufacturer, South African tests have shown the Igla's superiority over the
contemporary (1982 service entry) but smaller and lighter American FIM-92A Stinger missile.
According to Kolomna OKB, the Igla-1 has a Pk (probability of kill) of 0.30 to 0.48 against
unprotected targets which is reduced to 0.24 in the presence of decoy flares and jamming. In
another report, the manufacturer claimed a Pk of 0.59 against an approaching and 0.44 against
receding F-4 Phantom II fighter not employing infrared countermeasures or evasive maneuvers

System
Alternative Designation: 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
Date of Introduction: 1981
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated
Type: Russian Man-Portable Infrared Homing Surface-to-Air Missile
Manufacturer: KB Mashinostroyeniya – developer of the system
Family: Igla
Crew: 1 ea
In Service: 1981-Present

Dimensions
Length: 1,574 m
Diameter: 72 mm
Height: INA
Weight, Missile Only: 10.8 kg
Weight, Full System: 13.9 kg

Missile System

System
Name: 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
Type: Russian Man-Portable Infrared Homing Surface-to-Air Missile
Launcher Name: 9P322 fibre glass launch canister
Missile Name: 9M313 missile
Warhead Weight: 1.17 kg
Explosive Weight: 390 grams
Detonation Mechanism: contact and grazing fuzes
Engine: solid fuel rocket motor
Operational Range: 5.2 km
Flight Ceiling: 3.5 km
Speed: 570 m/s
Guidance System: dual waveband infra-red (S-version
Taget Engagement Altitude: 100 to 3,500 m
Taget Engagement Range: 500 - 5,000 m
Reaction Time: 5-10 seconds
IFF System: Yes

Variants
Igla-1E: Export version.
Igla-1M: Improved version of 9K38 Igla. Entered service in Soviet Military during the late 1980s.
Igla-1D: A version for paratroopers and special forces.
Igla-1V: Air-launched version, mainly for combat helicopters.
Igla-1N: A version with heavier warhead at the cost of a slight reduction in range and speed.
Igla-1A: Export version
Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch): Newest variant with improved range, seeker, resistance to
countermeasures, and warhead.
Strelets Igla-S: The Strelets is designed for remote automated firing of the Igla and Igla-S
surface-to-air missile by single shot, ripple or in salvo. In service with Syria
3M-47 Gibka: A turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles.
Komar: Another turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles.
9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin) Russian 4x4 Infrared
Guided Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin) Russian 4x4 Infrared Guided Surface-to-Air
Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The 9K31 Strela-1 is a highly mobile, short-range, low altitude infra-red guided surface-to-air
missile system. Originally developed by the Soviet Union under the GRAU designation 9K31, it is
commonly known by its NATO reporting name, SA-9 "Gaskin". The system consists of a BRDM-2
amphibious vehicle, mounting two pairs of ready-to-fire 9M31 missiles.

The 9K31 is based on the BRDM-2 4x4 chassis. The driver and commander are seated in the
front and the gunner in the turret. Up to four launch container can be attached to the turret.
During travel the missiles are lowered. The 9K31 is a stand alone system, but usually it operates
in pairs or groups of four. Target information is relayed by radio by other air defense systems. he
turret is fitted with four 9M31 Strela-1 surface to air missiles with infrared guidance. The
maximum effective range is 4.2 km and maximum altitude is 3 km. Due to the limitations of the
seeker the maximum range can only be achieved under favorable circumstances. Effectiveness
during head-on engagements and at night is much reduced.

System
Alternative Designations: 9K31 Strela-1; SA-9 Gaskin
Date of Introduction: 1968
Type: Infrared Guided Surface-to-Air Missile System
Proliferation: At Least 30 Countries
Name: 9A31M
Chassis: BRDM-2
Crew: 3 (commander, gunner and driver)

Dimensions
Length: 5.8 m
Width: 2.4 m
Height, while Traveling: 2.3 m
Weight: 7,000 kg
Ground Clearance: 0.43 m

Automotive
Engine Name: GAZ 41
Engine Type: V-8 water-cooled petrol
Engine Power: 140 hp
Cruising Range: 750 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 100 km/h
Speed, Maximum Water: 10 km/h
Fuel Capacity: 290 litres

Armament
Launcher: INA
Name: 9M31
Reaction Time: 6 sec
Time Between Launches: 5 sec
Reload Time: 5 min
Fire on the Move: No, stop or short halts
Emplacement Time: < 2.0 min
Displacement Time: < 2.0 min
Range: Max. Range: 4,200 m (6,100 tail aspect)
Min. Range: 800 m
Altitude: Max. Altitude: 3,500 m Min. Altitude: 30 m
Dimensions: Length: 1.80
Diameter: 120
Weight: 32 kg
Missile Speed: 580 m/s
Propulsion: Single-stage solid propellant
Guidance: Photo contrast IR-homing, 1-3 m
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Warhead Weight: 2.6 kg
Fuze Type: Proximity and Contact
Probability of Hit: 60 FW, 70 heli (Ph%
Simultaneous missiles: 2 per Target ea
Self-Destruct: Yes
Auxiliary Weapon: None
Operational Range: 6.5 km

Weapons and Ammunition Types

9M31M missiles: Typical Combat Load 6
Ready: Typical Combat Load 4
With Add-on racks: Typical Combat Load +2

Fire Control
Sights with Magnification: INA
Elecro-optical/ Infrared System: Day Range (m): 6,500
Night Range (m): 2,000 tail chase only
Navigation: Inertial
IFF: INA
RF Direction-Finder: The FLAT BOX-A passive system uses several Pelengator sensors mounted
on the vehicle to detect aircraft navigation signals for early warning and DF of approach azimuth.
Detection range is up to 30 km. Many forces with this older air defense system are not proficient
in using the RF DF system.
Guidance Systemm: Infrared homing

Associated Vehicles Radars

Name: PPRU-1/Ovod AD ACV
Chassis: MTLB-U
Radar: DOG EAR (use in OPFOR units)
Function: Target Acquisition
Frequency: F/G band
Range: 80 detection, 35 tracking
Other Radars: The SA-9 can also link to the IADS to get analog AD data and warnings.
Radar: Gundish: In the earlier unit configuration, an SA-9 platoon is employed in an AD battery/
battalion with ZSU-23-4 SPAA guns. The radar on those systems supports the SA-9 platoon by
providing detection and warning. Some of the users employ truck-mounted J-band GUN DISH
acquisition radar in the platoons, instead of the Pelengator system.

Protection
Hull Armor Type: 5-14 mm
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Protection: INA
9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) Russian Man Portable
Surface-to-Air Missile (MANPAD)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)
Russian Man Portable Surface-to-Air Missile (MANPAD)

Tiers:

Notes
The 9K32 Strela-2 (Russian: Cтрела, "arrow"; NATO reporting name SA-7 Grail) is a light-weight,
shoulder-fired, surface-to-air missile (or MANPAD) system. It is designed to target aircraft at low
altitudes, with passive infrared homing guidance and destroy them with a high explosive
warhead.

Broadly comparable in performance with the US Army FIM-43 Redeye, the Strela-2 was the first
Soviet man-portable SAM – it entered use in 1968, and full-scale production began in 1970.

The Strela-2 was a staple of the Cold War and was produced in huge numbers for the Soviet
Union and their allies, as well as revolutionary movements.[4] Though since replaced with more
modern systems, the Strela and its variants remain in service in many countries, and have seen
widespread use in nearly every regional conflict since 1972.

System
Alternative Designations: 9K32M Strela-2; SA-7 Grail
Date of Introduction: 1972
Proliferation: Worldwide
Target: FW, heli
Crew: 1, Normally 2 with a loader

Armament
Launcher: INA
Name: 9M32M
Length: 1.40 m
Diameter: 70 mm
Weight: 9.97 kg
Reaction Time (acquisition to fire): 5-10 sec
Time Between Launches: INA
Reload Time: 6-10 sec
Fire on the Move: Yes, in short halt
Range: 500-5,000 m
Max Altitude: 4,500 m
Min Altitude: 18, 0 with degraded Ph m
Missile Speed: 580 m/s
Propulsion: Solid fuel booster and solid fuel sustainer rocket motor. Guidance: Passive 1-color IR
homing (operating in the edium IR range)
Guidance: Passive 1-color IR homing (operating in the medium IR range)
Warhead Type: HE
Warhead Weight: 1.15 kg
Fuze Type: Contact (flush or grazing)
Probability of Hit: 30 FW/40 heli Ph%
Self-Destruct: 15 sec
Countermeasure Resistance: The seeker is fitted with a filter to reduce effectiveness of decoy
flares and to block IR emissions.

Weapons and Ammunition Types

Ready Missile: Typical Combat Load 1
Normal Dismount 2
From AD Vehicle 5

Fire Control
Sights with Magnification: Launcher has a sighting device and a target acquisition indicator. The
gunner visually identifies and acquires the target.
Field of View (o): INA
Night Sight: None Standard
Acquisition Range (m): INA
IFF: Yes (see NOTES)

Main Armament Ammunition

Type: Frangible APDS (FAPDS) for upgrades. On impact with the target surface, the penetrator
breaks into several KE fragments. The round has Frag-HE effects with the higher velocity and flat
trajectory of a sabot round.
Tactical AA range: 3,500 (self-destruct) m
Tracer Range: INA
Effective Altitude: 3,100 m
Min Altitude: 0 m
Self-Destruct: 6-12 sec
Range: 4,000 m
Tactical AA Range: 3,500 m
Effective: 3,500 m
Self-Destruct Time: 6-12 sec
Penetration: 115+ at 1,000 m
Type: APDS-T
Other Ammunition Type: HEI

Variants
Strela 2M/A: Yugoslav upgraded version with larger warhead
CA-94 and CA-94M: Romanian license-built versions of the SA-7a and SA-7b, respectively
HN-5: Chinese unlicensed copy
Anza Mk-I: Pakistani license-built copy of Chinese HN-5
Ayn al Saqr: Egyptian copy
Hwasung-Chong: North Korean license-built copy of Egyptian Ayn al Saqr system
9K330 Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) Russian Short-Range
Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > 9K330 Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) Russian Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile
System

Tiers:

Notes
The Tor missile system (Russian: "Тор"; English: torus) is an all-weather low to medium altitude,
short-range surface-to-air missile system designed for engaging airplanes, helicopters, cruise
missiles, precision guided munitions, unmanned aerial vehicles and short-range ballistic threats
(Anti-Munitions). Originally developed by the Soviet Union under the GRAU designation 9K330
Tor, the system is commonly known by its NATO reporting name, SA-15 "Gauntlet". A navalized
variant was developed under the name 3K95 "Kinzhal", also known as the SA-N-9 "Gauntlet". Tor
was also the first air defence system in the world designed from the start to shoot down
precision guided weapons like the AGM-86 ALCM day and night, in bad weather and jamming
situations. Tor can detect targets while on the move. The vehicle must stop intermittently when
firing, although trials are being conducted to eliminate this restriction.

System
Alternative Designation: Tor, SA-15
Date of Introduction: 1986
Type: Low to medium altitude, short-range surface-to-air missile
Family: 9K330 Series
Proliferation: Armenia (Tor M2)(pending)
Azerbaijan (Tor M2E)
Belarus
Air Force [17] (9K332 Tor M2E)
China
Army [42] (18 HQ-17, 24 Tor M1)
Cyprus
National Guard [6]
Egypt
Air Defense Command [10] (Tor M1)
Greece
Air Force [21] (Tor M1)
Iran
Air Force [29]
Russia
Army [120]
Manufacturer: IEMZ Kupol
Metrowagonmash (GM chassis designer),
MZKT (wheeled chassis designer)
In Service: 1986-Present
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: GM-355 special tracked chassis
Displacement Time: Less than 5 min
Emplacement Time: 3 min
Fire on the Move: No
Reloading Vehicle: Reloading vehicle is based on Ural-4320 6x6 heavy truck
Fully Reload Time: 18 Minutes
Note: This system can engage all kinds of modern air targets. It is used against aircraft,
helicopters, UAVs, various missiles and precision guided munitions. It destroys targets that long-
and medium-range air defense systems fail to hit.

Dimensions
Length: 8 m
Width: 3.2 m
Height, Combat Configuration: 4 m
Weight, Combat: 32 tons
Ground Pressure: INA kg/m

Automotive
Engine Name: V-46-2S1
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 780 hp
Cruising Range: 580 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 65 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 30 deg
Vertical Step: 1 m
Trench: 2 m
Fording Depth: 1 m
Hydropneumatic Suspension: Yes
Adjustable Ground Clearance: Yes

Communications
HF Radio: R-176 Antey
VHF Radio: Azart-P (4km), Azart-N (12km), and Azart-BM (40km)

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: 9A331 Combat Vehicle
Type: Vertical Launch
Note: The SA-15 can only engage one target at a time.

Missile
Name: 9M330
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM)
Length: 2.89 m
Diameter: 0.23 m
Wingspan: 650 mm
Weight: 165 kg
Engine: thruster jets with 2-stage solid-fuel rockets
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 14.8 kg
Range of Fire: 5-12 km
Maximum Altitude: 6 km
Minimum Altitude: 10 km
Basic Load: 8 ea
Guidance System: Radio Command Guidance System
Kill Probability against Helicopters: 50-88%
Kill Probability against Aircraft: 26-75%
Kill Probability against UAVs: 85-95%
Maximum Speed: Mach 3
Maximum Target Speed: 3,060 kph
Minimum Target Speed: 0 kph
Maximum Range: 12 km
Minimum Range: 100 m
Load Limit: 30 Gs
Fuze Type: RF proximity
Detonation Mechanism: RF Proximity
Propellant: Solid-fuel rocket
Boost time: Cold launch ejection for 20 m
Steering system: Gas dynamic control system, with four control surfaces
Note: The higher the target the higher the probability to hit the target.

Fire Control
Note: The Tor combat vehicle has radar and missiles based on a single vehicle.

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Radar: J/K-band
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Reaction Time (Target Detection to Launch): 8-12 seconds

Radar #1
Name: INA
Type: 3D pulse Doppler
Maximum Range against Aircraft: 25-27 km
Maximum Range against Helicopters: 12 km
Maximum Range against UAVs: 9-15 km
Search for Targets on the Move: Yes
Detect and Intercept Anti-Radiation Missiles: Yes
Coverage: up to 48 targets
Surveillance Band: G/H-band
Detection Range: 25 km
Guidance: Command; active terminal homing

Protection
Hull Armor: All-welded steel
Turret Armor: All-welded steel
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA
Air-Transportable: Yes
IFF: Yes

Variants
9K331 Tor M1: "Tor-M1", introduced in 1991 with the 9M331 missile, with greatly improved
missile accuracy and the ability to engage two targets simultaneously, minimum range 1.5 km
(0.93 mi), minimum height 0,01 km.
9K332 Tor-M2E: Upgrades have continued over the lifetime of the system, with developer Almaz
Antey unveiling the newest incarnation of the Tor missile system, the Tor-M2E,[26] at the MAKS
Airshow in 2007.
Tor-M1-2U: "Tor-M1-2U" entered service at the end of 2012. This system is designed to destroy
aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, missiles, and other precision guided weapons, flying at medium, low
and very low altitudes in all weather.
3K95 Kinzhal (Naval Variant): The 3K95 "Kinzhal" (Russian: Кинжал – dagger) is the naval
version of the Tor missile system developed by Altair and has the NATO reporting name SA-N-9
Gauntlet. Using the same 9M330 missile as the land based version, the system can be mounted
on vessels displacing over 800 tonnes and is known to be installed on Admiral Kuznetsov class
aircraft carriers, Kirov class multimission cruisers, Udaloy class anti-submarine destroyers and
Neustrashimy class frigates.
Tor-M2KM: The Tor-M2 km is a self-contained fighting module version of the system that can be
mounted in various locations. In October 2016, it was loaded onto the helipad of the Admiral
Grigorovich frigate by means of an ordinary wharf crane and fixed in position with steel chains to
fire at simulated cruise missiles while the ship was underway. This could give advanced SAM
capabilities to vessels without the capacity to install the larger and heavier Kinzhal system; it can
also be mounted on a truck, building roof, or any horizontal surface at least 2.5 m wide and 7.1 m
long.
Tor-M2DT: The system is especially designed to be used for Arctic region at temperatures up to
-50 degrees C based on the chassis of the DT-30PM tracked all-terrain vehicle and is capable of
detecting over 40 air targets, especially high-precision weapons, and to track and engage up to
four of them simultaneously at a range of up to 12 km and altitudes up to 10 km with its 16
missiles even on the move. Its creation was completed in 2018 and the first delivery of 12
systems was held in November of the same year
Tor-2E: JSC Rosoboronexport, part of the Rostec State Corporation, has started promoting the
newest Tor-E2 SAM system developed and produced by the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defense
Concern in 2018. Tor-E2 combat vehicle is an independent, mobile, all-terrain fighting unit that
provides detection and identification of air targets on the march and at the halt, target lock-on
and engagement at the halt, from a short stop and on the move. A battery of the four-channel
Tor-E2 SAM systems, consisting of four combat vehicles, can simultaneously engage up to 16
targets flying from any direction at a range of at least 15 km and an altitude of up to 12 km.
HQ-17 (China Variant): The HQ-17 (Hongqi-17) is China's reported variant of the Tor-M1 system.
FM-2000: FM-2000 is a mobile short-range air-defence (SHORAD) system unveiled by China
Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation at the 2018 Zhuhai Airshow. Its range is 15 km and
engagement altitude is 10 km. It is carried on a 3 axle TEL. It is a version of the HQ-17
9K333 Verba (SA-25) Russian Man-Portable Infrared
Homing Surface-to-Air Missile
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > 9K333 Verba (SA-25) Russian
Man-Portable Infrared Homing Surface-to-Air Missile

Tiers:

Notes
The 9K333 Verba Man-Portable Air Defense System (MANPADS) was developed by the Russian
Konstruktorskoye Byuro Mashinostroyenia (KBM). It was unveiled in 2015. It was developed as a
replacement for the 9K38 Igla system, which is currently used by Russian forces. Igla system is
being used by many countries worldwide.

The new Verba system uses a surface-to-air missile to engage air targets. It was approved for
production in 2011 and adopted by the Russian Armed Forces in 2014. It is also being proposed
for export customers.

Verba's kill range is similar to the Igla-S (6 Km) and operating altitude is about 4.5 Km. But the
engagement envelope has been extended by a factor of 2.5 besides improved protection from
countermeasures. General performance factor has been increased by 1.5 to 2.

System
Alternative Designation: 9K333 Verba (SA-25)
Date of Introduction: 2014
Proliferation: Russia: As of April 2017, 10 sets have been delivered and 801 systems as of
November the same year
Type: Man-Portable Infrared Homing Surface-to-Air Missile
Family: 9K333
Manufacturer: KB Mashinostroyeniya - developer of the system
In Service: 2014-Present
Crew: 1 ea

Dimensions
Note: See Missile System
Missile System

System
Name: 9K333 Verba (SA-25)
Type: Man-Portable Air Defense System (MANPADS)
Missile Length: 1.64 m
Missile Diameter: 0.07 m
Fin Span: INA
Missile Weight: 12 kg
Launcher Type: 9P521 launcher
Launcher Weight: 6 kg
Missile Weight with Launcher: 18 kg
Engine: Solid fuel rocket motor
Warhead Type: High Explosive Blast Fragmentation
Warhead Weight: 1.5 kg
Range of Fire: 6 km
Flight Ceiling: 4.5 km
Guidance System: Three-channel optical seeker (ultraviolet, near-infrared, mid-infrared)

Fire Control
Name: INA
Computerized FCS: The new MANPADS also includes integrated automated control system. This
enables data usage from both ground and early radar warning aircraft. Thus targets can be
traced in advance and passed to MANPAD operators for engagement.
Direct Fire: Yes
Imaging Sight: Maugli-2M infrared imaging sight
Identification Friend-or-Foe (IFF) Interrogator: Yes
9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko) Russian 6x6 Amphibious Short-
Range Tactical Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko) Russian 6x6 Amphibious Short-Range Tactical Surface-to-Air Missile
System

Tiers:

Notes
The 9K33 Osa (English: wasp; NATO reporting name SA-8 Gecko) is a highly mobile, low-altitude,
short-range tactical surface-to-air missile system designed in the Soviet Union. Its export version
name is Romb.

The SA-8 was the first mobile air defense missile system incorporating its own engagement
radars on a single vehicle.

All versions of the 9K33 feature all-in-one 9A33 transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR)
vehicles which can detect, track and engage aircraft independently or with the aid of regimental
surveillance radars. The six-wheeled transport vehicles BAZ-5937 are fully amphibious and air
transportable. The road range is about 500 km.

The 1S51M3-2 radar system on the SA-8 TELAR received the NATO codename Land Roll. It was
derived from the naval `Pop Group' radar system but is smaller since it does not require the
elaborate stabilisation system. An improved system designated the SA-8B `Gecko' Mod 1, was
first seen in Germany in 1980. It had improvements added to the launcher configuration, carrying
six missiles in ribbed containers. The system is reported to be of the frequency-agile monopulse
type. It consists of an elliptical rotating surveillance antenna mounted on top of the array,
operates in H band (6 to 8 GHz) and has a 30 km acquisition range against most targets. The
large pulsed J band (14.5 GHz) engagement antenna is mounted below it in the centre of the
array and has a maximum tracking range of about 20 km.

Mounted on either side of the tracking radar antenna is a small J band parabolic dish antenna to
track the missile. Below that is a small circular antenna which emits an I band uplink capture
beam to gather the missile shortly after launch. The final antennas in the array are two small
white rectangular ones, one on either side of the array mounted alongside the I band. These are
used for command uplink to the missile. This twin antenna system permits the 'Land Roll' radar
to control up to two missiles simultaneously against a single target. Furthermore, the two
missiles can be guided on different frequencies to further complicate ECM. There is also a
tubular device fitted to and above the tracking radar; this is a 9Sh33 electro-optical tracker. It can
be used to track the target when the main tracking radar is jammed by ECM.
A 9K33 battery comprises four 9A33B TELAR vehicles and two 9T217 transloader vehicles on
BAZ-5939 chassis with reload missiles and a crane. A reload time of five minutes has been
reported per TELAR.

In addition to the TELARs, each regiment is also assigned a single radar collimation vehicle
9V914 (initially on the BAZ-5938 chassis but more often found on the ZiL-131 truck). This vehicle
assists in the alignment of the TELAR's radar systems, ensuring accurate target tracking and
engagement.

Since its introduction this air defense system was exported to a number of countries. Currently
the Osa and its variants are used by 19 countries, including Russia (400), Belarus, Greece (39),
India (48), Poland (64) and Ukraine.

System
Alternative Designation: 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko)
Date of Introduction: 1971
Type: Russian Short-Range Tactical Surface-to-Air Missile System
Family: INA
Proliferation: Total: over 1,200 built

Algeria
Army [48] (SA-8B)
Angola
Army [15]
Armenia
Army [N/A]
Azerbaijan
Army [N/A]
Belarus
Air Force [N/A]
Bulgaria
Army [24]
Cuba
Army [N/A]
Ecuador
Air Force [6]
Georgia
Air Force [8] (Osa-AK)
Greece
Army [38] (SA-8B)
India
Air Force [N/A] (SA-8B)
Army [50+] (SA-8B)
Jordan
Army [48] (Osa-M)
Poland
Army [64] (Osa-AK)
Russia
Army [400] (Osa-AKM)
Marines [20]
Syria
Army [N/A]
Turkmenistan
Army [40]
Ukraine
Army [N/A]
Manufacturer: Znamya Truda Plant
In Service: 1971-Present
Crew: 5 ea
Chassis: BAZ-5937
Displacement Time:
Emplacement Time:
Fire on the Move: No, The Osa can not launch missiles on the move. It launches them from
stationary position or from short stops.
Airborne: Yes
Amphibious: Yes
Note: A battery of Osa consists of 4 combat vehicles and 2 reloading vehicles.

Dimensions
Length: 9.1 m
Width: 2.78 m
Height: 4.20 m (radar mast stowed)
Weight, Combat: 18 kg
Ground Pressure: INA
Ground Clearance: 400 mm

Automotive
Engine Name: 2D20B Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 300 hp
Maximum Range: 500 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 50 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: 8 km/h
Gradient: INA
Side Slope: INA
Vertical Step: 0.5
Trench: 1.2
Fording Depth: Amphibious

Communications
Tactical Radio: Azart-P (4km), Azart-N (12km), and Azart-BM (40km)

Missile System

Launcher
Name: 9A33 Transporter Erector Launcher and Radar (TELAR) Vehicle
Type: TELAR
Basic Load: 6 x SA-8 SAM
Note: There is also a reloading vehicle, which is based on a similar BAZ-5939 chassis. It carries
18 reload missiles in containers and is fitted with a crane. All six missiles are reloaded within 5
minutes.

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 9M33
Type: Surface-to-air missile
Manufacturer: Znamya Truda Plant
Variants: 9M33, 9M33M1, 9M33M2, 9M33M3, 9A33BM3
Length: 3,158 mm
Diameter: 209.6 mm
Missile Weight: 170 kg
Warhead Type: FRAG-HE
Detonation Mechanism: Contact and proximity
Guidance System: RF CLOS
Propellant: Solid propellant rocket motor
Operational Range: 15 km
Flight Altitude: 12,000 m
Boost Time: 2 s boost, then 15 s sustain
Speed: 1,020 m/s
Steering System: Dual-thrust rocket motor.
Accuracy: 5 m
Note: The 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko) can also fire the following missiles: 9M33, 9M33M1, 9M33M2,
9M33M3, 9A33BM3

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Optics: Infrared night-vision systems for commander and driver.
IFF Capable: Yes

Target Acquisition and Fire COntrol Radar

Name: Land Roll
Type: Target acquisition and command guidance radar for the SA-8 Gecko
Band, Surveillance: G-H (6-8 GHz)
Maximum Range, H-Band Surveillance Radar: 20-30 km
Band, Tracking Radar: J (14.2-14.8 GHz)
Maximum Range, H-Band Guidance Radar Radar: 20-25 km
Band, Guidance Radar: I (8-10 GHz)
Maximum Range, J-Band Detection Radar: 20 km
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Note #1: The normal SA-8 battery deployment consists of four SA-8 /Land Roll vehicles and one
command vehicle. The SA-8 regiment headquarters consists of a Long Track radar or Thick Skin-
B radar vehicle, as well as one command vehicle.
Note #2: The radar folds back 90 degrees to reduce the overall height of the vehicle for air
transport or high-speed road travel.

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: collective overpressure protection with
air filtration
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
9K33 "Osa": (US DoD designation SA-8A "Gecko") began development in 1960 and was
introduced in 1971–1972 with four exposed 9M33 missiles per TELAR 9A33B and a maximum
range of 12 km (7.5 mi).
4K33 "OSA-M": (NATO reporting name SA-N-4 "Gecko") was introduced in 1972 and is the naval
version of the system with two 9M33M missiles on a Zif-122 retractable rotating launcher and
improved performance. It has been installed on Gepard class frigate, Kara class guided missile
cruisers, Kiev class VTOL cruisers and also the Kirov, Slava and Krivak classes.
9K33M2 "Osa-AK": (US DoD designation SA-8B "Gecko Mod-0") with TELAR 9A33BM2 was
introduced in 1975 with the new six-missile box launcher, each 9M33M2 missile being a sealed
round.
9K33M3 "Osa-AKM": (US DoD designation SA-8B "Gecko Mod-1") with TELAR 9A33BM3 and
missiles 9M33M3 was introduced in 1980 with the maximum range extended to 15 km (9.3 mi)
and maximum altitude to 12 km (40,000 ft) as explained above. Most OSA-AKM systems also
feature an IFF antenna.
Saman and Saman-M: (Russian Саман – adobe) is a development of the Osa\Osa-M system into
target drones, used for testing and training with air defense systems, including SAMs.
9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin) Russian Man-Portable
Air Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > 9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin)
Russian Man-Portable Air Defense Missile System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The 9K34 Strela-3, NATO reporting name: SA-14 Gremlin is a man-portable air defense missile
system (MANPADS) developed in the Soviet Union as a response to the poor performance of the
earlier 9K32 Strela 2 (SA-7 Grail) system. The missile was largely based on the earlier Strela 2,
and thus development proceeded rapidly. The new weapon was accepted into service in the
Soviet Army in January 1974.

The most significant change over the Strela 2 was the introduction of an all-new infra-red homing
seeker head. The new seeker worked on FM modulation (con-scan) principle, which is less
vulnerable to jamming and decoy flares than the earlier AM (spin-scan) seekers, which were
easily fooled by flares and even the most primitive infrared jammers. The new seeker also
introduced detector element cooling in the form of a pressurized nitrogen bottle attached to the
launcher.

The effect of cooling was to expand the seeker's lead sulphide detector element's sensitivity
range to longer wavelengths (slightly over 4 µm as opposed to 2.8 µm of uncooled PbS
elements). In practice this made possible the tracking of cooler targets over longer ranges, and
enabled forward-hemisphere engagement of jets under favourable circumstances. The seeker
also had better tracking rate, enabling the missile to track maneuvering of fast and approaching
targets.

A negative side effect from the aforementioned improvements was increased missile weight,
which caused a slight decrease in the kinematic performance of the original Strela-2 (SA-7).
Against relatively slow, low-altitude battlefield air threats the overall effectiveness was much
improved.
Strela-3 missiles have been exported to over 30 countries.

The original Strela-3 missile was the 9M36. The follow-on to the Strela-3 was Igla.

The naval version of this missile has the NATO reporting name of SA-N-8.

System
Alternative Designations: 9K34 Strela-3 SA-14
Date of Introduction: 1978
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated Worldwide
Target: Air Defense
Description: The 9K34 Strela-3, NATO reporting name: SA-14 Gremlin) is a man-portable air
defense missile system (MANPADS) developed in the Soviet Union as a response to the poor
performance of the earlier 9K32 Strela 2 (SA-7 Grail) system.
Crew: 1, Normally 2 with a loader

Armament
Launcher Name: 9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin)
Missile Name: 9M36 or 9M36-1
Length: 1.4 m
Diameter: 75 mm
Weight: 10.3 kg
Reaction Time: 25 sec
Fire on the Move: Yes, in short halt
Max Range: 6,000 m
Min Range: 600 m
Max Altitude: 6,000 m
Min Altitude: 10; 0 with degraded Ph m
Fin Span: INA
Missile Speed: 600 m/s
Propulsion: 2-stage solid-propellant rocket
Guidance: 1-color passive IR homing
Seeker Field of View: INA
Tracking Rate: INA
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Warhead Weight: 1.0 kg
Fuze Type: Contact/grazing
Probability of Hit: 50 FW/50 heli Ph%

Weapons and Ammunition Types

Ready missiles: Typical Combat Load
One-man 1
Normal Dismount 2
From AD Vehicle 5

Fire Control
Sights with magnification: Launch tube has simple sights
Gunner: INA
Gunner Field of View: INA
Gunner Acquisition Range: INA
Gunner Night Sight: None standard, but available
Acquisition Range: 6,000
IFF: Yes
9K35M Strela-10M (SA-13 Gopher) Iranian Short-Range
Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > 9K35M Strela-10M (SA-13 Gopher) Iranian Short-Range Surface-to-Air
Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
Iran imports many of their military weapons and equipment from Russia and China.

The 9K35M (SA-13 Gopher**) is the successor to the 9K31 Strela 1 (SA-9 Gaskin **) as the short-
range surface-to-air missile (SAM) for Russian ground forces.
The launchers are mounted on a pyramidal erector located on the hull roof of the widely deployed
MT-LB armored personnel carrier. This vehicle is known as either the TELAR-2 or TELAR-1,
depending on whether the vehicle is equipped with Flat Box-B** passive radar detection units
(TELAR-1 has the Fla t Box system and is probably used by the battery commander).

The four heavy, ribbed boxes are fitted to a common trunnion in pairs, the pairs being separated
by the parabolic radar dish for the range-only Snap Shot** radar. (It should be noted that the
SA-13 can also carry and fire SA-9 missiles, even carrying them in tandem with SA-13 missiles.)
The launchers are elevated by a scissors-like mechanism. When lowered, the launcher group
rests on the rear hull behind the pyramid.

The 9K35 is a SAM system with electro-optical guidance. It has the capability to use radars for
target acquisition and range. Some vehicles have a pintle-mounted PKT 7.62 mm machine gun in
front of the forward hatch for local protection. Other vehicles have been seen with additional
support railings for the system on the rear deck. The following is a list of associated equipment:

* 9A34M2, 9A34M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S86 "SNAP SHOT" range only radar located
between the two pairs
of missile canisters on the transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) (maximum radar
range is 450 to
10,000 m).

* 9A35M2, 9A35M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S16 (NATO "Flat Box-B") passive radar detection
system that gives
a 360° azimuth and minimum 40° elevation coverage

* 9F624 and 9F624M training simulator

* 9S482M7 Control Post.

* 9U111: a 1,950 kg trailer-mounted 12 kW generator unit, designed to feed power to up to four

9A35M2,
9A35M3-K or 9A34M2, 9A34M3-K launcher vehicles at a distance of up to 30 m by cable while
conducting
maintenance or training operations.

* 9V839M: system checkout vehicle

* 9V915M, 9V915M-1: technical maintenance vehicle

* MT-LBU "DOG EAR" F/G-band target acquisition radar (maximum range 80 km/50 miles)

* Ranzhir-M 9S737М (GRAU designation 9S737); is a mobile command center for a mixed
grouping of air
defense forces, such as Tor, Tungushka, Strela-10, and Igla.[5]

System
Alternative Designation: 9K35 Strela-10, SA-13 "Gopher, 9K35
Date of Introduction: 1976
Proliferation: Afghanistan [N/A]
Angola [10] (air force)
Azerbaijan [N/A]
Belarus [N/A]
Bosnia-Herzegovina [1]
Cuba [N/A]
Czech Republic [N/A] (air force)
Georgia [N/A]
India [N/A]
Jordan [92]
Libya [N/A]
Macedonia [8]
North Korea [N/A]
Russia
Army [400]
Naval Infantry [50] (SA-9/SA-13)
Slovak Republic [48]
Syria [30]
Turkmenistan [13]
Ukraine [N/A]
Yemen [N/A]
Type: Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Manufacturer: Saratovskiy Zenit Machine Plant (Muromteplovoz Joint Stock Company for the
9K35M3-K)
In Service: 1976-Present
Family: Strela
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: MT-LB multi-purpose armored vehicle.
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: INA
Note: Reload missiles are carried by escorting Ural-4320 6x6 truck, fitted with a crane.

Dimensions
Length: 6.45 m
Width: 2.85 m
Height: 2.22 m
Height in Combat Configuration: 3.96 m
Weight, Combat: 12.1 tons

Automotive
Engine Name: YaMZ-238V
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 240 hp
Cruising Range: 500 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 60 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: INA
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Step: 30 deg
Vertical Step: 0.6 m
Trench: 2.4 m
Fording Depth: 1.2 m / Amphibious m

Communications
Primary: R-173

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: INA
Basic Load: 8 ea
Note #1: Missiles are visually aimed.
Note #2: Four missiles are mounted on the turret in boxes, ready to launch, and eight more are
carried inside the vehicle as reloads. Reloading takes around 3 minutes.

Missile
Name: 9M37
Type: Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Length: 2.19 m
Wingspan: 360 mm
Diameter: 0.12 m
Weight: 40 kg
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 3 kg
Maximum Range of Fire: 5,000 m
Minimum Range of Fire: 800 m
Maximum Altitude: 3,500 m
Minimum Altitude: 25 m
Detonation Mechanism: contact and laser proximity fuzes
Propellant: Single-stage solid propellant rocket motor
Speed: 550 m/s
Guidance System: dual-mode passive 'photocontrast'/IR seeker

Coaxial Weapon System

System
Name: 7.62mm PKT (Kalashnikov's Machine Gun)
Type: 7.62mm
Function: In use as a front-line infantry and vehicle-mounted weapon with Russia's armed forces.
In Service: 1961-present
Manufacturer: Degtyaryov plant
Proliferation: +1 Million
Max Rate of Fire: 650 rds/min
Effective Rate of Fire: 250-300 rds/min
Length, Overall: 1,203 mm
Length, Barrel: 605 mm
Weight (Gun Only): 9 kg
Weight (Tripod Only): 7.7 kg
Action: Gas-operated, open bolt
Feed System: Non-disintegrating metal 50 round belts in 100 and 200/250 round ammunition
boxes
Sights: Tangent iron sights (default); Optical, Night-vision, Thermal and Radar sights

Ammunition
Name: 57-N-323S
Type: Rifle
Caliber: 7.62 mm
Cartridge: 7.62×54mmR km
Muzzle Velocity: 855 m/s
Basic Load: 2,000 ea
Accuracy of fire at 300 m: 90 mm

Fire Control
Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Thermal Sight Vehicle Commander: INA
Thermal Sight Gunner: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: INA
Electro-Optical Guidance: Yes
Guidance: Dual-guidance mode -- optical "photo-contrast" and
dual-band passive infrared (IR)

Radar #1 (Separate Vehicle)

Name: "DOG EAR" Radar
Type: Acquisition Radar
Proliferation: Angola Air Force [10] (9K35 Strela-10) Azerbaijan Army [N/A]
(9K35 Strela-10) Belarus Air Force [N/A] (9K35 Strela-10) Bosnia-Herzegovina Air
Force [1] (9K35M3 Strela-10M3) Croatia Army [9] (9K35 Strela-10) Cuba
Army [200] (9K35 Strela-10) Czech Republic Air Force [N/A] (9K35 Strela-10)
Georgia Army [N/A] (9K35 Strela-10) India Army [250] (9K35 Strela-10)
Jordan Army [92] (9K35 Strela-10) Kazakhstan Air Force [N/A] (9K35
Strela-10) Macedonia Air Force [8] (9K35 Strela-10) North Korea Army [N/
A] (9K35 Strela-10) Russia Airborne Forces [30] (Strela-10MN) Army [400]
(9K35M3 Strela-10M3) Marines [N/A] (9K35 Strela-10) Serbia Army [5]
(9K35M Strela-10M) Slovak Republic Army [48] (9K35 Strela-10) Syria Army
[N/A] (9K35 Strela-10) Turkmenistan Army [13] (9K35 Strela-10 mod) Ukraine
Army [N/A] (9K35 Strela-10)
Function: The radar supplies target alerting information to the SA-13 Gopher (Russian 9K35
Strela-10) surface-to-air missile (SAM) system.
Vehicle Mount: The Dog Ear (with the Russian designation of 9S80) is a Russian ground-based,
target-acquisition radar mounted on an MT-LB multi-purpose tracked vehicle or MT-LBu armored
command and reconnaissance vehicle (ACRV).
Band: F-G (3-6 GHz)
Antenna Type: open-mesh, rounded-rectangle parabolic antenna.
Maximum Range, Acquisition: 80 km
Maximum Range, Tracking: 35 km
Note #1: Target acquisition requires a separate vehicle mounting a Dog Ear** forward alerting
radar.
Note #2: Deployment usually involves one system for each air defense battery/battalion.

Radar #2 (On Missile Vehicle)

Name: 9S86 "SNAP SHOT"
Type: Rangefinding
Maximum Range: 10,000 m
Minimum Range: 450 m
Note: located between the two pairs of missile canisters on the transporter erector launcher and
radar (TELAR)

Radar #3 (On Missile Vehicle)

Name: 9S16 (NATO "Flat Box-B")
Type: Radar warning
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Maximum Elevation: 40 deg
Minimum Elevation: INA

Protection
Hull Armor: Protection from small arms fire and projectile fragments.
Turret Armor: Protection from small arms fire and projectile fragments.
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
Strela-10M: improved air defense missile system. It entered service with the Soviet Army in
1979. Its missile has improved guidance. It distinguishes targets from infrared decoys. Therefore
it is more effective.
Strela-10M2: it is a further development of the Strela-10M. It can receive target data from air
defense command posts or nearby radars. There is a 30-60% possibility to engage fighter aircraft
with a single missile. Vehicle is fitted with floatation buoys on either side of the hull. It is fully
amphibious and can ford rivers and lakes. On water it is propelled by its tracks. Amphibious
speed on water is 5-6 km/h. It entered service with the Soviet Army in 1981.
Strela-10M3: is a further development of the system. It can additionally engage UAVs and cruise
missiles. Missile has improved resistance to enemy countermeasures. Warhead contains 5 kg of
explosive material instead of 3 kg. It is more efficient against small-size air targets, such as
UAVs. These missiles weight 42 kg. These can be used by all other versions of the Strela-10. The
Strela-10M3 entered service with the Soviet Army in 1989.
Strela-10M3-K: a proposed Russian upgrade, based on refurbished BTR-60 APC 8x8 wheeled
chassis.
Strela-10M4: a proposed Russian upgrade of the -10M, -10M2 and -10M3 systems.
Strela-10T: a proposed Belarusian upgrade.
Luchnik-E: a proposed Russian upgrade. It has 8 ready to use Igla short-range surface-to-air
missiles.
 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) Russian Short-Range
Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) Russian Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile
System

Tiers:

Notes
The 9K35 (SA-13 Gopher**) is the successor to the 9K31 Strela 1 (SA-9 Gaskin **) as the short-
range surface-to-air missile (SAM) for Russian ground forces.
The launchers are mounted on a pyramidal erector located on the hull roof of the widely deployed
MT-LB armored personnel carrier. This vehicle is known as either the TELAR-2 or TELAR-1,
depending on whether the vehicle is equipped with Flat Box-B** passive radar detection units
(TELAR-1 has the Fla t Box system and is probably used by the battery commander).

The four heavy, ribbed boxes are fitted to a common trunnion in pairs, the pairs being separated
by the parabolic radar dish for the range-only Snap Shot** radar. (It should be noted that the
SA-13 can also carry and fire SA-9 missiles, even carrying them in tandem with SA-13 missiles.)
The launchers are elevated by a scissors-like mechanism. When lowered, the launcher group
rests on the rear hull behind the pyramid.

System
Alternative Designation: 9K35 Strela-10, SA-13 "Gopher, 9K35
Date of Introduction: 1976
Proliferation: Afghanistan [N/A]
Angola [10] (air force)
Azerbaijan [N/A]
Belarus [N/A]
Bosnia-Herzegovina [1]
Cuba [N/A]
Czech Republic [N/A] (air force)
Georgia [N/A]
India [N/A]
Jordan [92]
Libya [N/A]
Macedonia [8]
North Korea [N/A]
Russia
Army [400]
Naval Infantry [50] (SA-9/SA-13)
Slovak Republic [48]
Syria [30]
Turkmenistan [13]
Ukraine [N/A]
Yemen [N/A]
Type: Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Manufacturer: Saratovskiy Zenit Machine Plant (Muromteplovoz Joint Stock Company for the
9K35M3-K)
In Service: 1976-Present
Family: Strela
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: MT-LB multi-purpose armored vehicle.
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: INA
Note: Reload missiles are carried by escorting Ural-4320 6x6 truck, fitted with a crane.

Dimensions
Length: 6.45 m
Width: 2.85 m
Height: 2.22 m
Height in Combat Configuration: 3.96 m
Weight, Combat: 12.1 tons

Automotive
Engine Name: YaMZ-238V
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 240 hp
Cruising Range: 500 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 60 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: INA
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Step: 30 deg
Vertical Step: 0.6 m
Trench: 2.4 m
Fording Depth: 1.2 m / Amphibious m
Communications
Primary: R-173

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: INA
Basic Load: 8 ea
Note #1: Missiles are visually aimed.
Note #2: Four missiles are mounted on the turret in boxes, ready to launch, and eight more are
carried inside the vehicle as reloads. Reloading takes around 3 minutes.

Missile
Name: 9M37
Type: Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Length: 2.19 m
Wingspan: 360 mm
Diameter: 0.12 m
Weight: 40 kg
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 3 kg
Maximum Range of Fire: 5,000 m
Minimum Range of Fire: 800 m
Maximum Altitude: 3,500 m
Minimum Altitude: 25 m
Detonation Mechanism: contact and laser proximity fuzes
Propellant: Single-stage solid propellant rocket motor
Speed: 550 m/s
Guidance System: dual-mode passive 'photocontrast'/IR seeker

Coaxial Weapon System

System
Name: 7.62mm PKT (Kalashnikov's Machine Gun)
Type: 7.62mm
Function: In use as a front-line infantry and vehicle-mounted weapon with Russia's armed forces.
In Service: 1961-present
Manufacturer: Degtyaryov plant
Proliferation: +1 Million
Max Rate of Fire: 650 rds/min
Effective Rate of Fire: 250-300 rds/min
Length, Overall: 1,203 mm
Length, Barrel: 605 mm
Weight (Gun Only): 9 kg
Weight (Tripod Only): 7.7 kg
Action: Gas-operated, open bolt
Feed System: Non-disintegrating metal 50 round belts in 100 and 200/250 round ammunition
boxes
Sights: Tangent iron sights (default); Optical, Night-vision, Thermal and Radar sights

Ammunition
Name: 57-N-323S
Type: Rifle
Caliber: 7.62 mm
Cartridge: 7.62×54mmR km
Muzzle Velocity: 855 m/s
Basic Load: 2,000 ea
Accuracy of fire at 300 m: 90 mm

Fire Control
Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Thermal Sight Vehicle Commander: INA
Thermal Sight Gunner: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: INA
Electro-Optical Guidance: Yes
Guidance: Dual-guidance mode -- optical "photo-contrast" and
dual-band passive infrared (IR)

Radar #1 (Separate Vehicle)

Name: MT-LBU "DOG EAR"
Type: Acquisition Radar
Band: F/G-band
Maximum Range: 80 km
Note: Target acquisition requires a separate vehicle mounting a Dog Ear** forward alerting radar.

Radar #2 (On Missile Vehicle)

Name: 9S86 "SNAP SHOT"
Type: Rangefinding
Maximum Range: 10,000 m
Minimum Range: 450 m
Note: located between the two pairs of missile canisters on the transporter erector launcher and
radar (TELAR)

Radar #3 (On Missile Vehicle)

Name: 9S16 (NATO "Flat Box-B")
Type: Radar warning
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Maximum Elevation: 40 deg
Minimum Elevation: INA

Protection
Hull Armor: Protection from small arms fire and projectile fragments.
Turret Armor: Protection from small arms fire and projectile fragments.
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
Strela-10M: improved air defense missile system. It entered service with the Soviet Army in
1979. Its missile has improved guidance. It distinguishes targets from infrared decoys. Therefore
it is more effective.
Strela-10M2: it is a further development of the Strela-10M. It can receive target data from air
defense command posts or nearby radars. There is a 30-60% possibility to engage fighter aircraft
with a single missile. Vehicle is fitted with floatation buoys on either side of the hull. It is fully
amphibious and can ford rivers and lakes. On water it is propelled by its tracks. Amphibious
speed on water is 5-6 km/h. It entered service with the Soviet Army in 1981.
Strela-10M3: is a further development of the system. It can additionally engage UAVs and cruise
missiles. Missile has improved resistance to enemy countermeasures. Warhead contains 5 kg of
explosive material instead of 3 kg. It is more efficient against small-size air targets, such as
UAVs. These missiles weight 42 kg. These can be used by all other versions of the Strela-10. The
Strela-10M3 entered service with the Soviet Army in 1989.
Strela-10M3-K: a proposed Russian upgrade, based on refurbished BTR-60 APC 8x8 wheeled
chassis.
Strela-10M4: a proposed Russian upgrade of the -10M, -10M2 and -10M3 systems.
Strela-10T: a proposed Belarusian upgrade.
Luchnik-E: a proposed Russian upgrade. It has 8 ready to use Igla short-range surface-to-air
missiles.
9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly) Russian Medium-Range
Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > 9K37 Buk
(SA-11 Gadfly) Russian Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The SA-11 GADFLY is a medium-range, semi-active, radar-guided missile using solid-rocket
propulsion that provides defense against high-performance aircraft and cruise missiles. The SA-
N-7 GADFLY is the naval Version of the SA-11. Military air defense system 9K37 "Buk" (Beech)
was intended to combat, under jamming conditions, aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to
830 m / s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with congestion to 10-12 units, at ranges
up to 30 km, and Lance ballistic missiles.

Each SA-11 transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) was equipped with a 9S35 Fire Dome
X-band multi-mode engagement radar under a radome on the front of the rotating launch
platform, which provided tracking and CW illumination for the missile seekers. The radar, which
has search, track and illuminator functions, can scan through a 120-degree arc, independent of
the movement of the launch platform.

Rather than being reliant on one central radar for the whole system as in SA-6 Kub, each Buk
transporter erector launcher (TEL) has its own fire control radar, moving from TEL to TELAR. This
new design departed fundamentally from the 2K12 / SA-6 Gainful in system configuration, and
removed the bottleneck in the firing rate of the 2K12 / SA-6A Gainful, in which each TEL
depended on the tracking and illumination provided by the 1S91 Straight Flush.

Optimally it should be fired as a whole “kompleks” with the associated vehicles, but a single
TELAR (which has the target engagement radar incorporated onto it) is capable of limited
autonomous operations. It would have difficulty against a high speed fast maneuvering target,
but against an airliner flying a straight line at subsonic speed, it might have less of a problem
problem.

System
Alternative Designation : Buk-M1, Gang; For Hybrid Threat Buk-M1 is a Tier 2 system.
Date of Introduction: 1979
Description: Brigade assets include bde/btry CPs and radars, TELARs, launcher-loaders,
TM-9T229 missile transporter, maintenance and test units. The 6 batteries have 1 TELAR and 1
LL each.
Proliferation: Azerbaijan, Belarus, Finland, India, Iran, Russian, Syria, Ukraine
Target: FW, heli, CM, UAV, guided bomb, artillery rocket,
ground targets, ships

Dimensions
Length: 9.3 m
Width: 3.25 m
Height: 3.8 m
Weight: 34 tons

Automotive
Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 710 hp
Maximum Range, Road: 500 km
Maximum Speed: 65 km/h
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Vertical Step: 1 m
Trench: 1.5 m
Fording: 1 m

Main Weapon System

Launcher
Name: 9A39M1
Combat Load, per Launcher: 4.0
Displacement Time : 5.0 min
Emplace Time, Reposition : 20 for a 100-200 m survivability move. sec
Emplacement Time : 5.0 min
Fire on Move: No
Reaction Time : 0.25-0.5; 0.1 for low-flyers min
Reload Time : 12.0 min
Simultaneous Missiles: 1 (targets per launcher); 2 (missiles per launcher)
Time Between Launches : 3.0 sec

Missile
Name: 9M38M1
Length : 5.55 m
Diameter : 400 mm
Weight: 690 kg
Altitude, Maximum : 22,000 m
Altitude, Minimum : 15, 0 with degraded Ph m
Combat Load : 4 (TELAR), 8 (launcher-loaders) rds
Warhead Type: Frag HE
Fuze Type: Proximity RF
Guidance: RF command, inertial correction, semi-active radar homing
Lethal Radius : 17 m
Probability of Hit Fixed Wing and Helicopter: 80 PCT
Propulsion: Solid fuel
Range, Maximum : 36,000 m
Range, Minimum : 3,000 m
Simultaneous Missiles: 2 per target
Speed, Maximum Missile: 1,200 m/s
Speed, Maximum Target : 830 m/s

Fire Control System

Navigation System: Yes
Notes: Use of LLs is transforming SA-11 units. They appear to be updated and modified SA-6
TELs (2P25s), economically converted to expand the unit missile load, yet requiring SA- 11
batteries to have only one expensive TELAR. Thus the
force can expand with existing stocks of SA-6.

C2 Vehicle
Name: 9S470M1
Function: Battery Command Post
Data Link : Wire and radio AD net, to IADS net, and to SA- 10/Osnova
Targets Tracked: 15 (with 6 at TELs)

Radar #1
Name: Fire Dome
Function: Dual (acquisition and fire control)
Detection Range : 80 (2 m2), 100 (3m2) km
Frequency : 6-10 GHz (H/I band) GHz
Guidance Range : 42 km km
Other Assets: SA-11 digitally links to the IADS (e.g., aircraft, intel , and other SAM units. SA-
10/20/11 FO radars share data with other units in the IADS net. Other assets are FOs and
ELINT, e.g., Orion.
Targets Tracked: 1 per SPL vehicle

Radar #2
Name: 9S18M1/SNOW DRIFT
Description: Armored tracked chassis w/ phased array radar and dipole antenna
Azimuth Coverage : 360 with rotation deg:
Type: Spoon Rest
Detection Altitude: 25 km
Detection Range : 100-150 km
Displacement Time: 5 min
Emplacement Time : 5 min
Frequency: Centimetric 3-D phased array
Function: Battery target acquisition radar
Other Radars: Regiment/Bde will have
Range Precision: 400
Targets Tracked: 75

Sights
Acquisition Range : 20 km
Type: TV optial auto-tracker

Protection
Armor Protection: Small arms (est)
NBC Protection: INA

Variants
SA-6B/ KUB-M4/KVADRAT-M4: Hybrid Unit with SA-6, and or BUK-M1/SA-11 Type TELARS.
BUK-M: System with SA-11 missile. It had the inadequate tube arm, replaced by snow drift. Few
BNs were fielded. Most SA-11 units use BUK-M1.
BUK-M1-2 AND SA-17/GRIZZLY: Upgrade systems.
 9K388 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch) Russian Man-Portable Air-
Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > 9K388 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch)
Russian Man-Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The 9K38 Igla (Russian: Игла́, "needle", NATO reporting name SA-18 Grouse) is a Russian/Soviet
man-portable infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM). A simplified, earlier version is known
as the 9K310 Igla-1, or SA-16 Gimlet, and the latest variant is the 9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch).
The newest variant, which is a substantially improved variant with longer range, more sensitive
seeker, improved resistance to latest countermeasures, and a heavier warhead. Manufacturer
reports hit probability of 0.8–0.9.[9] State tests were completed in December 2001 and the
system entered service in 2002. Series produced by the Degtyarev plant since 1 December 2004.

System
Alternative Designation: Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch
Date of Introduction: 2004
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated

Armenia: 200 missiles. Received more as of 2018.

Azerbaijan: 300 launchers with 1500 missiles.

Bahrain (likely)
Brazil

India (likely)

Libya
Islamic State Sinai Province

Russia

Slovenia

Syria Syrian rebels:

Thailand

Venezuela

Vietnam
Type of Targets: Tactical aircraft, helicopter, UAV and cruise missile
Family: 9K38 Igla
Crew: 1 ea
Igla-S Package: The Igla-s (SA-24 Grinch) System includes:
Combat equipment including the 9M342 missile and the 9P522 launching mechanism

- Maintenance equipment, including the 9V866-2 mobile test station and the 9F719-2 test set

- Training facilities

- Night firing devices

Reaction Time: 5-10 Seconds

Dimensions
Length, Missile: 1.574 m
Diameter, Missile: 72 mm
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: See Missile Information

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: 9P522 launching mechanism
Type: Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)

Missile
Name: 9M342 missile
Type: Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Length: 1.574 m
Diameter: 72 mm
Weight, Full System: 19 kg
Weight, Missile: 11.7 kg
Weight, Warhead: 2.5 kg
Warhead Type: Directed-energy blast fragmentation
Fuze Type: Delayed impact, magnetic and grazing
Target Engagement: 6 km
Speed: 570 m/s
Maximum Effective Range: 6,000 m
Maximum Target Speed, Receding: 400 m/s
Maximum Target Speed, Approaching: 320 m/s
Seeker Head Type: INA
Seeker Scanning: FM-modulated
Maximum Altitude: 3500 m
Minimum Altitude: 10 m
Guidance System: Passive IR homing device and night vision (operating in the medium IR range)

Variants
Igla-1E: Export version.
Igla-1M: Improved version of 9K38 Igla. Entered service in Soviet Military during the late 1980s.
Igla-1D: Igla-1D
Igla-1V: Air-launched version, mainly for combat helicopters.
Igla-1N: A version with heavier warhead at the cost of a slight reduction in range and speed.
Igla-1A: Export version
Strelets Igla-S / Igla: The Strelets is designed for remote automated firing of the Igla and Igla-S
surface-to-air missile by single shot, ripple or in salvo. In service with Syria
3M-47 Gibka: A turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles
Komar: Another turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles
9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) Russian Man-Portable Air-
Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
Russian Man-Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The SA-18 Grouse or Igla or 9K38 is a Russian made man-portable infrared homing surface-to-air
missile defence system (SAM/MANPAD). This is a third-generation, man-portable, surface-to-air
missile system and it is given the Russian industrial index number 9K38, for the complete
system. The SA-18 Grouse with its 9M39 missile was accepted into service in the Soviet Army in
1983.

The full-capability 9K38 Igla with its 9M39 missile was finally accepted into service in the Soviet
Army in 1983. The main improvements over the Igla-1 included much improved resistance
against flares and jamming, a more sensitive seeker, expanding forward-hemisphere
engagement capability to include straight-approaching fighters (all-aspect capability) under
favourable circumstances, a slightly longer range, a higher-impulse, shorter-burning rocket with
higher peak velocity (but approximately same time of flight to maximum range).

The naval variant of 9K38 Igla has the NATO reporting name SA-N-10 Grouse.

The Igla–1M missile consists of a Ground Power Supply Source (GPSS), Launching Tube,
Launching Mechanism & Missile (9M 313–1).

There is also a two-barrel 9K38 missile launcher called Djigit.

System
Alternative Designation: 9K38 Igla; SA18 Grouse
Date of Introduction: 1983
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated

Igla and Igla-1 SAMs have been exported from the former Soviet Union to over 30 countries,
including Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria (former producer), Croatia,
Cuba, East Germany, Egypt, Ecuador, Eritrea, Finland, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, the Republic of
Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, North Korea, Peru, Poland, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia,
Slovenia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and Zimbabwe.
Type of Targets: Tactical aircraft, helicopter, UAV and cruise missile
Family: 9K38 Igla
Crew: 1 ea
Reaction Time: 5-10 Seconds
Note: The Igla–1M missile consists of a Ground Power Supply Source (GPSS), Launching Tube,
Launching Mechanism & Missile (9M 313–1)

Dimensions
Length, Missile: 1.574 m
Diameter, Missile: 72 mm
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: See Missile Information

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: 9M 313–1 launching mechanism
Type: Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Note: There is also a two-barrel 9K38 missile launcher called Djigit

Missile
Name: 9M39 Missile
Type: Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Engine: Solid Fuel Rocket Motor
Length: 1.574 m
Diameter: 72 mm
Weight, Full System: 17.9 kg
Weight, Missile: 10.8 kg
Weight, Warhead: 1.7 kg
Warhead Type: Directed-energy blast fragmentation
Fuze Type: Delayed impact, magnetic and grazing
Target Engagement: 5,200 m
Speed: 600 m/s
Maximum Effective Range: 5,200 m
Maximum Target Speed, Receding: 360 m/s
Maximum Target Speed, Approaching: 320 m/s
Seeker Head Type: Nitrogen-cooled, Indium antimonide (InSb) and uncooled lead sulfide (PbS)
Seeker Scanning: FM-modulated
Maximum Altitude: 3500 m
Minimum Altitude: 10 m
Guidance System: Passive IR homing device and night vision (operating in the medium IR range)
NOTE: Missile is pitched by guidance unit over the lead point to avoid premature ground
detonation when engaging targets at less than 10m. This slows engagement time.

Variants
Igla-1E: Export version.
Igla-1M: Improved version of 9K38 Igla. Entered service in Soviet Military during the late 1980s.
Igla-1D: Igla-1D
Igla-1V: Air-launched version, mainly for combat helicopters.
Igla-1N: A version with heavier warhead at the cost of a slight reduction in range and speed.
Igla-1A: Export version
Strelets Igla-S / Igla: The Strelets is designed for remote automated firing of the Igla and Igla-S
surface-to-air missile by single shot, ripple or in salvo. In service with Syria
3M-47 Gibka: A turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles
Komar: Another turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles
9M337 Sosna-R (SA-24) Russian Short-Range Air
Defense Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > 9M337 Sosna-R (SA-24) Russian Short-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The Sosna-R is a laser-guided supersonic surface-to-air missile (SAM) designed to engage
aircraft, guided aerial bombs and cruise missiles at ranges between 1,300 and 8,000 meters at
altitudes of up to 3,500 meters. The ground-based system is typically mounted on a Russian MT-
LB tracked, armored chassis. The Sosna turret is installed on the center of the roof.

The highly maneuverable Sosna-R missile can withstand lateral load factors of 52g and engage
airborne targets flying at altitudes above two meters. With a top speed of approximately Mach 4,
the missile travels 5/8 kilometers in just 6/11.5 seconds respectively. The Palma ship-based air
defense system is equipped with eight Sosna-R missiles.

n 2017, official tests of the newest air defense missile system Bagulnik (domestic variant which
is currently named Strela-10ML) were successfully completed.[3][4][5][6] In May 2019, the
Russian Defence Ministry decided to introduce the system into service.

System
Alternative Designation: 9M337 Sosna-R; SA-24
Date of Introduction: 2017
Type: Short-Range Air Defense Missile System
Family: Sosna
Mission: The system is intended to protect against all types of air threats including high-
precision weapons e.g. cruise missiles and guided aircraft missiles in the area of the system
responsibility: in range – up to 10 km, in altitude – up to 5 km
Proliferation: +2,022
Russia
Manufacturer: High Precision Systems
In Service: 2017-Present
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: MT-LB Armored Personnel Carrier
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: INA
Fire on the Move: Yes
Launch Platforms: Sosna vehicle
Palma CIWS
Palash CIWS
Note: The (M337 Sosna-R (SA-24) Turret can be mounted on any vehcile that has a payload of
more than 3,500 kg

Chassis Dimensions (MT-LB Armored Personnel Carrier)

Hull Length: 6.45 m
Width: 2.85 m
Height: 1.87 m
Length of Track on Ground: 3.80 m
Track Width Standard: 350 mm
Track Width Wide: 570 mm
Ground Clearance: 400 mm

Automotive (MT-LB Armored Personnel Carrier)

Engine Name: 1 x YaMZ 238V liquid-cooled, V-8 Diesel Engine
Engine Type: Diesel Engine
Engine Power: 240 hp at 2,100 rpm hp
Power-to-Weight Ratio: 20.16 hp/metric ton
Transmission: manual w/1 reverse gear and 6 forward gears
Fuel Capacity: 450 liters
Cruising Range: 500 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 62 km/h
Speed, Average Cross:
Speed Maximum Swim: 5-6 km/h
Suspension: torsion bar, 6 road wheels, front drive, rear idler, 2 shock absorbers, no return rollers
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Vertical Obstacle: 0.70 m
Trench: 2.70 m
Fording Depth: Amphibious
Communications
Primary: INA

Missile System
Name: 9M337 Sosna-R (SA-24)
Launcher Type: Tracked SAM Launcher
Length, Transport-Launch Canister: 2.20 m
Diameter, Transport-Launch Canister: 0.15 m
Launcher Weight: 30.0 kg
Missile Length: 2.20 m
Missile Booster Diameter: 0.13 m
Missile Forward Section Diameter: 0.07 m
Missile and Container Weight: 42.0 kg
Warhead Type: 1× Fragmented-rod warhead
1× AP-Frag warhead
tandem warhead with high-explosive rod-fragmentation warhead for proximity detonation and an
armor-piercing fragmentation warhead that goes off on impact
Warhead Weight: 7.2 kg
Missile Speed: 900 m/s
Detonation Mechanism: Fuze
Maximum Range: 10 km
Minimum Range: 1,300 m
Maximum Altitude: 10 km
Minimum Altitude: INA
Guidance System: The system features a two-stage solid-propellant missile. During the first
phase of flight the missile is guided by radio command. The booster falls away, and the second
stage is guided to the target by a laser beam
Max Elevation: INA
Min Elevation: INA
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Load Factor: 52 g
Reaction Time: 5-8 seconds
Reloading: 10 minutes
Fuze Type: The missile is equipped with an impact/proximity fuze with a continuous circular
pattern and an adaptive burst time for maximum target effect
Basic Load: 12 missiles in twin launchers, each with six tubes
Note: The light weight of the missile eliminates the need for a dedicated transport/reloading
vehicle

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes, a Missile FLight-Control Unit that is linked to the ECM-Protected Electro-
Optical Control System
Fire on the Move: Yes
Thermal Camera: Yes
TV Camera: Yes
Laser Rangfinder: Yes
Passive Mode Capable: Yes, passive optical detection capability provides 360-degree coverage
from -5 degrees to 60 degrees in azimuth
Jamming Resistant: Yes
Optronic Combat Control System: Yes, a multi-channel, automatic, day/night electro-optical
sensor system that operates in nearly all weather conditions
Gyrostabilized Sensor: Yes
Sector Scan: Yes, 60-degree horizontal and 20-degree azimuth sectors
Automatic Target Designation Mode: Yes
Thermal Imaging Channel: Yes
Thermal and Laser Channels for MIssile Guidance: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes, the system is capable of firing at ground targets
Indirect Fire: Yes
Note #1: The Sosna-R is able to operate effectively under the control of various types of old,
modern and prospective battery command posts, the most preferable of which is the FPU
"Assembly-M1-2" (9S80M1-2) and is resistant to jamming
Note #2: It can track 50 targets simultaneously and engage one while moving

Protection
Hull Armor: 7-14 mm Maximum
Turret Armor: 7-14 mm Maximum
Applique Armor: Available
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
Palma close-in weapon system: This is a naval anti-aircraft gun system that can be equipped
with eight Sosna-R missiles. It also has two AO-18KD 30-mm cannons. It has reportedly been
purchased by at least one (unspecified) country. See separate record for more information.
Mobile/Tracked Sosna-R SAM: This is a tracked air defense system featuring an upgraded MT-LB
armored fighting vehicle chassis with a turret supporting 12 Sosna-R missiles in the ready-to-
launch position. Two advanced electro-optical packages for acquisition, tracking and laser
guidance are situated between the two banks of six missiles. The sights are said to be
operational under almost all weather conditions. Once all 12 missiles have been launched, the
system can be reloaded manually in about 12 minutes from a support vehicle carrying additional
missiles. The system may be integrated with tracked or wheeled vehicles.
Sosna SHORAD system: The Sosna system consisted of Sosna-R missiles and a twin-barrel 30-
mm 2A38M cannon. Mounted on a wheeled, towed chassis it had four containerized ready-to-
launch Sosna-R missiles. The cannon had a range of 13,100 ft (4,000 m). The Sosna featured a
360-degree target-acquisition radar and a gyro-stabilized multisensory turret with room for four
sensors. An electro-optical fire-control system was equipped with laser-beam control for the
missiles. It was offered for sale in 2003. However, development was ultimately shelved in favor
of a self-propelled version.
9S52 Polyana-D4 ASU Russian 6x6 Air Defense
Command and Control Vehicle
Air Defense > Air Defense Command and Control Systems > 9S52 Polyana-D4 ASU Russian 6x6
Air Defense Command and Control Vehicle

Tiers:

Notes
9S52 Polyana-D4 ASU is a Soviet/Russian automated command and control system for air
defence troops. May act as an upper level command post (CP) of the SAM brigade including
S-300V as well as the 9K37 Buk complex. And also other means, including aircraft.

Developed by Scientific Research Institute of the automatisation technics of Minradioprom. Chief

designer - G.A.Burlakov. Development works started under the Decisions of the Special
Commission of the Presidium of the USSR Soviet Ministry on military-industrial questions dated
June 29, 1977 and August 27, 1981.

Mass production of the system organized at the Minsk Electromechanical Plant (currently GNPO
Agat), but later transferred to Penza, former Minradioprom factory.

In service since 1986.

Chassis: Ural 375D

System
Alternate Designation: 9S52 Polyana-D4 ASU
Date of Introduction: 1986
In Service: 1986-Present
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated through Russia
Type: Air Defense Command and Control System
Chassis: Ural 375
Composition: Combat Control Post; COmmand-Staff Vehicle; Autonomous Automated
Workstation; SPTA and Maintenance Trailer; Two ED1x30-T400-1RAM3 Mobile Electric Power
Stations

Dimensions (Chassis: Ural 375D)

Height, Overall : 2.68 m
Length, Overall : 7.36 m
Width, Overall : 2.67 m
Weight, Gross Vehicle: 13.2 mt

Cargo Space (Chassis: Ural 375D)

Dimensions (Chassis: Ural 375D)

Cargo Bed Area : 9.5 m2
Height : 0.872 m
Length : 3.9 m
Width : 2.43 m

Automotive (Chassis: Ural 375D)

Engine Name: ZiL-375 Diesel
Engine Type: V8, 180 hp, Gasoline
Engine Power: 180 hp
Cooling System: Liquid
Fuel Capacity , Aux : 60.0 liters
Fuel Capacity, Main Tank: 300.0 liters
Maximum Road Speed: 75 km/h
Maximum Range: 750 km
Towing Capability, Off-Highway: 5000.0 kg
Towing Capability, Off-Highway: 10000.0 kg
Gradient: 65 %
Side Slope: 40 %
Vertical Step: 0.8 m
Trench: 0.7 m
Fording: 1.2 m

Command and Control, Communication Equipment

Number of Interfaces with Superior CPs: 1 ea
Number of Interfaces with Radar Data Sources: up to 3
Number of Air Targets Tracked Simultaneously: up to 250
Automated Workstation in CCP: 8 ea
Automated Workstation in CSV: 3 ea
Data Transfer Channels in CCP: 16 ea
Data Transfer Channels in CSV: 4 ea
Continuous Operation Time: not less than 72 hours
Into/Out-of-Action Time: Not more than 35 min
Radar Data Gathering and Processing: Yes
Air Situation Monitoring: Yes
Ground Situation Data: Yes, receiving, gathering, and processing
Automated Data Registration and Recording: Yes
Ciphering Equipment Capable: Yes
Operating Temperature: -40 deg C to +50 deg C

Variants
9S52M D4M Polyana system: produced by Belarusian GNPO Agat, also developers of the Buk-
MB modernisation of Buk-M1.
9S80M1 Sborka-M1 (PPRU-M1) Russian Air Defense
Command and Control Vehicle
Air Defense > Air Defense Command and Control Systems > 9S80M1 Sborka-M1 (PPRU-M1)
Russian Air Defense Command and Control Vehicle

Tiers:

Notes
PPRU-M1 and PPRU-M1-2 could link up to 3 air defense missile or artillery batteries. It integrates
under unified command and control up to 4 vehicles of Tor-M1 (Tor-M2E) or Osa-AKM missile
systems, up to 6 vehicles of Tunguska-М1, Strela-10M2 (Strela-10M3) or ZSU-23-4M4 or
ZSU-23-4M5, up to 6 guns of ZU-23/-30M1-4, up to 6 sections of Igla and Strela MANPADs and 1
battery of 57-mm S-60 (6–8 anti-aircraft guns).

System
Alternative Designations: 9S80M-1, PPRU-M1. System is
also called a "mobile aerial
target reconnaissance and
command post". Some
sources incorrectly refer to
DOG EAR radar as the name of
the system.
Date of Introduction: Circa 1989, with –M1 upgrade
by 2000
Proliferation: At least 2 countries
Crew: 2 for vehicle
Troop Capacity: 5-8 Command and staff
workstations or modules
Chassis: MT-LBu tracked vehicle,
expanded variant of MT-LB
Combat Weight: 16.1 est tons
Chassis Length Overall: 7.86 m
Height Overall: 2.72, with radar folded down m
Width Overall: 2.97 m

Automotive Performance
Engine Type: 240-hp Diesel
Cruising Range: 500 km
Max Road Speed: 60 km/h
Max Off-road Speed: 26 km/h
Average Cross Country Speed: 30 km/h
Max Swim Speed: 5-6 km/h
Fording Depth: Amphibous m
Emplace Time: 1-3 min
Armor, Turret Front: 15 mm
NBC Protection System: Collective
Smoke Equipment: Not Standard
Target Missions Generated Simultaneously: 1 or 2 ea
Target alert simultaneous rate: 5-6
Number of weapons with automatic control: 6 separate weapons 12 with 2 per mission
CP can operate autonomously/in network: Yes/Yes
Number of sources which can generate targets: 6 plus Sborka
Encryption: Yes, E-24D
Digital Navigation Monitor: Yes, GPS, Intertial and Map Display
Automated Networks: Baget- 01-05 or -06 computer workstations
Communications Intercoms: 2 ea
Other Communications Links: 7, including Integrated Air Defense System, brigade, and division
for passive battle operations.
Vehicle can communicate on the move: Yes
Data formats: Graphic and digital data transmission and display
Onboard Generator: Yes
Whip antennae for mobile comms: 2 HF whips, 3 VHF
Other antennae: VHF discones masted, HF dipoles and 11-m mast
Digital link to 1L15-1 MANPADS azimuth plotting board: Yes

RADAR
Name: DOG EAR
Function: Target Acquisition
Frequency: F/G Band
Range: 80 detection
35 tracking 500m and higher
22 tracking targets flying 25-
499 m km
Targets display and simultaneous tracking: 63, 6 earlier version
Target processing to assignment and track: 1-step auto-track
Scan rate: 2-5, 30 revolutions per minute sec
Data Transmission rate: 4 sec
Scan coverage: 360 azimuth (rotating
antenna) x 30 elevation deg
Antenna scan rate: 30 rpm
Antenna horizontal pattern width: 5.5 lower plane, 1.6 upper deg
Clutter suppression: 30 or more dB
Operating time max: 48 hrs, but usually use shorter
on/off times
Acquire on the move: Yes

Description
Command: CONFIGURATION FOR REAR COMPARTMENT HAS 1-4 OFFICER WORKSTATIONS, 3-6
COMMUNICATIONS/BATTLE STAFF
CONSOLES, AND ONE RADAR OPERATOR CONSOLE (DEPENDING ON VEHICLE ROLE AND
ECHELON).
Command Level: AD BATTERY AND BATTALION IN MECH AND TANK BRIGADES ASSOCIATED
AD UNITS/SYSTEMS: SHORAD SYSTEMS (ZSU-
23-4, 2S6, SA-9, SA-13, SA-15, MANPADS)
Radios, Frequency, and Range: 3-6 X VHF WITH RANGE 30 KM (60 KM STATIONARY WITH
MAST) 2 X HF WITH RANGE 50 KM (350 KM STATIONARY WITH
MAST) NOTE: MAST AND DIPOLE ANTENNAE FOR LONGER RANGE OPTIONAL.
Other Assets: LINKS TO INTEGRATED AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM (IADS) FOR EARLY WARNING AND
TARGET ACQUISITION DATA IN THE AIR
DEFENSE NET. IT IS ALSO USED AS THE AD BATTERY CP FOR AD UNITS AT DIVISION AND
BELOW.

Variants
PPRU-1/9S80/OVOD: EARLIER VEHICLE VERSION WITH THE DOG EAR
PPRU-M1: IMPROVED C3 AND TARGET PROCESSING FOR HIGHER TARGET VOLUME. IT
SHARES THE MT-LBU CHASSIS WITH RANZHIR, MP-22 AND OTHER AD CP VEHICLES, BUT WITH
DIFFERENT C3 EQUIPMENT AND THE ADDED RADAR.
SBORKA-M1-2/PPRU-M1-2/9S80M1-2: THE NEW VARIANT HAS SOLID- STATE RADAR, WHICH
IS MORE COMPACT, AND FITS ON A HEAVIER MAST FOR OPERATION WHILE MOVING. THUS
SET-UP AND DISPLACE TIMES ARE NEAR 0 SEC. THE RADAR IS SIMILAR TO THE TA RADAR ON
THE LATEST VERSION OF PANTSIR.
 AZP S-60 Russian 57mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns > AZP S-60 Russian 57mm Towed
Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
The S-60 is a towed, road-transportable, short- to medium-range, single-barrel 57-mm antiaircraft
gun system. The S-60 recoil-operated weapon replaced the earlier 37mm models in most
Warsaw Pact units. It is a powerful weapon, well suited to attack armored vehicles as well as
low-flying aircraft. In addition to on-carriage optical fire control, the S-60 also employs off-
carriage fire control with the PUAZO-6/60 director and the SON-9 or SON-9A radars. Originally the
PUAZO-5 director and SON-4 radar were used. Further improved director/radar combinations
became available in subsequent years.

Recognition features of the S-60 are the long, thin tube with multi-perforated muzzle brake,
distinctive gun shield which folds down and the horizontal feed tray which holds the four-round
clips. The normal Soviet prime mover is the Ural-375 truck. The four-wheel carriage can be
leveled and stabilized on jacks to form a point firing base. Loading is accomplished by 4-round
horizontally fed clips. The S-60 also has an ammunition ready rack that can hold 4 four-round
clips near ammunition feed mechanism on left side of the breech. A twin version, the S-68, is
mounted on the self-propelled ZSU-57-2, and twin and quad versions are used by the Soviet Navy.
It should be noted that the ammunition for the 57mm antiaircraft guns is not_ interchangeable
with that used by the 57mm antitank and assault guns. This is due to the different configuration
and dimensions of the cartridge cases. Besides on-carriage optical fire control, the S-60 also
employs an off-carriage FLAP WHEEL fire control radar, mounted on a separate van.

The towed S-60 system lacks the mobility of the newer SAM systems with which it is being
replaced. A self-propelled version, the ZSU-57-2, with twin 57-mm guns mounted on a modified
T-54 tank chassis, was introduced in 1957. The ZSU-57-2 has the same characteristics as the
S-60 except that it is not radar-controlled. It is now considered obsolete.

System
Alternative Designations: AZP S-60
Date of Introduction: 1950
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated and still in Service today.
At Least 46 Countries
In Service: 1950-Present
Crew: 7
Carriage: Four Wheel
Prime Movers: Ural-375D
Max Towed Speed: 60 km/h
Emplacement Time: 1 min
Displacement Time: 3 min

Dimensions
Length Overall: 8.5 m
Length of Barrel: 4.4 m
Width Overall: 2.054 m
Height: 2.37 m
Weight: 4,500 kg

Main Armament
Type: 57-mm Automatic Cannon
Caliber: 57 mm
Number of Barrels: 1 each
Service Life of Barrel: INA
Cyclic Rate of Fire: 105-120 rds/min
Reload Type: 4-8 sec
Practical Rate of Fire: 70 rds/min
Loader Type: 4 Round Clip, Manual
Reaction time: 4.5 sec
Maximum Elevation: +85 deg
Minimum Elevation: -4 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Muzzle Velocity: 1,000 m/s
Maximum Firing Range, Radar Guided: 6,000 m
Maximum Firing Range, Optical Guided: 4,000 m

Main Armament Ammunition

Ammunition (Option 1)
Name: UBR-281/281U
Type: APCBC-HE-T
Projectile Weight: 2,820 grams
Bursting Charge: 13 grams
Muzzle Velocity: 1,000 m/s
Note: Anti-tank round with sharp penetrator, blunt cap and an aerodynamic cover, with tracer and
a delayed-action base fuze.Penetration 96 mm RHA at 1,000 m range or 106 mm at 500
m.UBR-281 and -281U are loaded with the same projectile and differ only by details in case
mouth and swage grooves.

Ammunition (Option 2)
Name: 3UO6
Type: HE
Projectile Weight: INA
Bursting Charge: 154 grams
Muzzle Velocity: 1,000 m/s
Notes: Similar to UOR-281U but with proximity fuze AR-51 installed. Fuze operating with RPK-1
system together. Not to be confused with later smart shells which Russia developed.

Ammunition (Option 3)
Name: UOR-281U
Type: HE-T
Projectile Weight: 2,850 grams
Bursting Charge: 168 grams
Muzzle Velocity: 1,000 m/s
Note: Similar to UOR-281; some sources state the shell is the same as in UOR-281 and the round
differs from it only in details of the case mouth and swage grooves (as with the UBR round),[8]
while others claim a slightly larger HE filling

Fire Control
Rangefinder: D-49
Radar Name: Son-9/Son-9A (NATO FIRE CAN)
Radar Function: Fire Control
Radar Detection Range: 80 km
Radar Tracking Range: 35 km
Radar Frequency: 2.7-2.9 GHz
Radar Frequency Band: E
Radar Peak Power: 300 kw
Alternative Radar RPK- 1/FLAP WHEEL Range (km): 34 km
Variants
AK-725: Naval version of the S-60 gun. Introduced in 1958. Mounted in single, double and
quadruple mounts (designated ZIF-31) on many early Soviet destroyers.
ZIF-72: Naval version which is enclosed in a metal housing and fully automatic. Also exported to
India. Introduced in the mid-1970s.
ZSU-57-2:: Self-propelled version with two 57 mm S-60 guns (designated S-68)
Type-80:: Chinese version of the ZSU-57-2.
BM-57: Updated version.
AU-220M Baikal:: Remote weapon station with fire control system using BM-57
Barnaul-T Russian Air Defense Command and Control
System
Air Defense > Air Defense Command and Control Systems > Barnaul-T Russian Air Defense
Command and Control System

Tiers:

Notes
The Barnaul-T air defense control system is designed to detect aerial targets and control air
defense systems of the Army, marine units and the Airborne Force. The systems uses the
9S932-1 intelligence and control module with 1L122-1E radar mounted on an MT-LBu tracked
chassis.

Baseline air defence command & control subsystem of the integrated troop and weapon
management system. The Barnaul-T baseline air defence command and control subsystem is
designed to fit tactical units’ air defence (AD) control posts (CP) with advanced automation,
communication, and data exchange equipment in order to effectively control air defence troops
and weapons, coordinate their activities, and increase their mobility and survivability under any
combat conditions.

The Barnaul-T baseline set is used to equip:

* AD division/brigade CP (mission planning module (MPM) mounted on the 9S931-1 wheeled
chassis);

* AD regiment CP (MP-K 9S931-1 and 9S931 MPM);

* AD battalion CP (9S931 MPM);

* Battery command and control (C2) post (9S932-1 reconnaissance and control vehicle with
1L122-1E radar);

* MANPADS platoon C2 post (9S933 portable fire control unit);

* SAM squad – 9S935 MANPADS squad automation equipment set.

The configuration of the Barnaul-T baseline set depends on the organizational structure of
Customer’s tactical military units.

The baseline set performs the following major tasks in automated mode:
* Athering (reception) of air situation data from superior, interacting, and subordinate C2 posts,
and a heliborne radar picket system; target tracking, radar data identification and display;
reception and display of data on the friendly aircraft patrol area, interception lines, flight
corridors, and joint action and cooperation areas;

* Reception of alerts and battle commands from the superior C2 post, generation of reports
based on them and target tracks with flight parameters;

* Control over subordinate C2 posts and radars, transmission of alert information and data on
the areas (sectors) of responsibility to such C2 posts and radars; reception, processing, display,
and transmission of operational/tactical information on the position, status, and battle readiness
of friendly troops; target allocation at each level of command, transmission of target designation
and cease-fire commands to subordinate assets, based on the battle readiness, availability of
free target channels and missiles;

* Equipment test, engagement process recording;

* Stand-alone and system-level integrated training of combat crews.

System
Alternative Designation: Barnaul-T
Date of Introduction: 2015
Proliferation: INA
Type: Russian Air Defense Command and Control System
Mission: Designed to detect aerial targets and control air defense systems of the Army, marine
units and the Airborne Force.
Crew: It is manned by a driver, commander, and two crew to control the radar and C2 equipment,
with the control stations housed in the crew compartment
Chassis: MT-LBU
Interoperability: interoperability with other combatant arms and services of the armed forces
Software: Current hardware/software can be modified to ensure interface with foreign-made
radar data sources and SAM systems
Emplacement: Maximum set up time of five minutes from road march to combat readiness
configuration
Displacement: 7 min
Note: The new air defence control system use of automation equipment at tactical level
increases the efficiency of short-range SAM systems by up to 20% and reduces the expenditure
of missiles per killed target by up to 30%

Dimensions (Chassis: MT-LBU)

Length: 6.45 m
Width: 2.86 m
Height: 1.86 m
Weight, Combat: 11,000 kg
Ground Pressure: 0.46 standard track / 0.28 wide track kg/cm2

Automotive (Chassis: MT-LBU)

Engine Name: YaMZ 238 (Newer versions have the KamAZ-740.50 engine / 360 horsepower)
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 240 hp
Cruising Range: 500 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 60 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: 30
Speed Maximum Swim: 5 km/h
Fording Depth: Amphibious m

Communications
Tactical Radio: Either the Azart-P (4km), Azart-N (12km), and Azart-BM (40km).

Main Weapon System

System
Name: PKT
Type: 7.62 mm, Machine-Gun
Caliber: 7.62 mm

Ammunition
Type: API, API-T
Caliber: 7.62 mm
Muzzle Velocity: INA m/s
Basic Load: 1,500 rounds
Max Effective Range (Day): 1,000 m
Max Effective Range (On the move): 500 m
Maximum Aimed Range: 1,500 m
Min Range: INA km
Armor Penetration: 8mm of RHA at 500m
Other Ammunition Types: Light Ball, Ball-T, Heavy Ball, Incendiary

Fire Control
Name: INA
Computerized FCS: INA
Thermal Sight Vehicle Commander: Yes
Thermal Sight Gunner: INA
Main Gun Stabilization: No
Range, Day Sight: 1,500 m
Range, Thermal Sight: INA

Intelligence and Control Module (MRU-D)

Name: 9S932-1 intelligence and control module
Target Designation and Cease-Fire Command Generation Period: +2 sec
Number of Automated 9S931-1 MP-K Workstations: 6 ea
Number of Automated 9S931 MP Workstations: 4 ea
Number of Automated 9S932 MRU-B Workstations: 3 ea
Number of Automated 9S933 PMUO Workstations: 1 ea
Remote Workstations, 9S931-1 MP-K: 3 ea
Remote Workstations, 9S931 MP: 2 ea
Remote Workstations, 9S932 MRU-B, 9S933 PMUO: 1 ea
Communication Range in a Stationary Position: 9S931-1 MP-K, 9S931 MP, 9S932 MRU-B is 20
km. 9S933 PMUO is 3 km
Communication Range on the Move: 9S931-1 MP-K, 9S931 MP, 9S932 MRU-B is 10km. 9S933
PMUO is 1 km.

Radar
Name: 1L122-1E Radar
Type: Radar that locates and tracks low-altitude aerial targets such as unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs), helicopters, and ground attack aircraft
Maximum Range: 40 km
Targets: Capable of simultaneously tracking up to 100 different targets
Radar Refresh Rate: Automatic refresh rate of 1-12 seconds
Continuously Operation: 72 hours on internal power source

Protection
Hull Armor: 14 mm
Turret Armor: 14 mm
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: Optional
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Night Vision Device Capable: Yes. Some versions have spot lights.
BOV-3 Slovenian 20mm Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft
Weapon System
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Guns > BOV-3 Slovenian 20mm
Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Weapon System

Tiers:

Notes
The BOV-3 vehicle was armed with a triple-barreled anti-aircraft gun M55A4B1 20 mm. The BOV
has a capacity of 10, including a driver, gunner, and eight infantrymen. The vehicle has a four-
wheel drive and is powered by the Deutz type F 6L 413 F six-cylinder diesel engine developing
150 hp (110 kW) at 2650 rpm. The theoretical gun shooting speed is 1950 to 2250 bullets per
minute. The allowed burst length is 180 rounds per tube, whereby the tube is heated to 250 ° C,
so a break of 5-10 minutes is necessary for cooling.

System
Alternative Designations: BOV-3
Date of Introduction: 1984
Proliferation: Total: +45

Bosnia-Herzegovina
Air Force [9] (BOV-3)
Croatia
Army [39] (BOV-3)
Description: 4 X 4 APC built originally by Yugoslavia with space for 8 soldiers to exit through side
doors: 3 firing ports on each side & an additional one to the right of the commander’s vision
block
Manufacturer: TAM Complex Battle System factory in Velika Plana, Serbia
In Service: 1984-Present
Crew: 4 ea
Passengers: INA

Dimensions
Length, Hull: 5.78 m
Length, Overall: 5.97 m
Width: 2.53 m
Height: 3.21 m
Ground Clearance: 0.33 m
Track: 1.90 m
Wheelbase: 2.75 m
Weight, Combat: 9,400 kg

Automotive
Engine Name: 1 x German Deutz F 6L 413 F 6-cyl Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 148 hp
Power-to-Weight Ratio: 25.74 hp/metric ton
Transmission: 1 reverse gear, 5 forward gears
Cruising Range: 500 km
Speed (Max Road): 93 km/h
Speed (Max Off-Road): INA km/h
Speed (Average cross-country): 45 km/h
Speed (Max Swim): INA
Fuel Capacity: 220 liters
Gradient: 55 deg
Side Slope: 30 deg
Vertical Obstacle: 0.54 m
Trench: 0.64 m
Fording Depths: 1.10 m
Turning Radius: 7.75 m
Brakes: air-hydraulic with a hand-operated parking brake
Suspension: leaf springs and hydraulic shock absorbers

Communications
Radio: INA
Intercom: INA

Main Weapon System

System
Name: Zastava M55
Type: 3 x 20mm triple-barreled automatic anti-aircraft gun
Manufacturer: Zastava Arms
In Service: 1971-Present
Proliferation: Total: INA Angola Angolan Armed Forces Bosnia and Herzegovina Armed Forces
of Bosnia and Herzegovina Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Forces of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo Republic of Macedonia Army of the Republic of Macedonia Croatia
Croatian Army Guatemala Guatemalan armed forces Mozambique Mozambique Defence Armed
Forces El Salvador Salvadoran Army Serbia Serbian Army Slovenia Slovenian Armed Forces
Tunisia Tunisian Army
Length (Driving Condition): 1.47 m
Barrel Length: 1,956 mm
Width (Driving Condition): 1.27 m
Height (Driving Condition): 4.30 m
Weight, Loaded: 1,100 kg
Weight, Unloaded: 970 kg
Barrels: 3 ea
Action: Gas Operated
Rate of Fire: 1,950 and 2,250 rpm cyclic, 700 rpm practical
Effective Firing Range, Vertical: 4,000 m
Effective Firing Range, Horizontal: 5,500 m
Feed System: 3 x 60 round top-fed drum magazines
Maximum Elevation: +83 deg
Minimum Elevation: -4.5 deg
Turret Elevation Speed: 50 deg per second
Turret Elevation Acceleration: 60 deg/sq sec
Turret Travese Range: 360 deg
Turret Traverse Right: 180 deg
Turret Traverse Left: 180 deg
Turret Traverse Speed: 80 deg/sec
Turret Traverse Acceleration: 120 deg/sq sec

Ammunition
Type: Rifle
Caliber: 20mm
Muzzle Velocity, HE/HEI: 850 m/s
Muzzle Velocity, AP/API: 840
Basic Load: 60 rounds each, 1,500 total
Types of Ammunition: 20 × 110 mm PZ (pancirno zrno) M60 armour-piercing grenade pointer/
marker (with and without flow clearing device): Deep black paint with earth-red ring in the upper
third of the grenade. The granulated shell consists of hardened steel and absorbs the
phosphorus firing in the rear, which ignites when hitting a target. 20 × 110 mm TZO (trenutno
zapaljivo obilježavajuće) M57 explosive torch cartridge with illuminator: Chrome-yellow paint
with earth-red ring in the upper third of the grenades and a green ring above the guide ring. The
grenade is made of steel and has a Trotile explosive filling inside the center, which ignites when a
target is hit. The sensitive AZZ UT M57 headlamp screwed onto the grenade is an explosive
impact fuse with a self-disengaging device which starts after 4.5 to 9.5 seconds. 20 × 110 mm
TZ (trenutno zapaljivo) M57 explosive torch cartridge without illuminator. 20 × 110 mm M79
exercise carousel (with glow track): Dark green paint with light green ring above the guide ring.
Steel case with impact lighter, which, when striking a target, ignites a lightning bolt to allow a
better observation of the hit image. 20 × 110 mm M77 exercise cartridges: cream white. A
plastic floor filled with iron powder and provided with breakpoints, which bursts after exiting the
barrel.

Fire Control
Fire Control System: No
Periscope: ingle forward-facing day periscope in the roof
Passive Periscope: Yes
Searchlight: Yes
Firing Ports: three on each side
Night Vision: Yes
Optics: J-171 optical

Protection
Armor (turret front) (mm): 8mm (defeats 7.l62-mm AP at 300 m)
Applique Armor (mm): Available on sides for variants
Explosive Reactive Armor (mm): No
Active Protection System: No
Self-entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection System: Available
Smoke Equipment: 2 x 3 smoke dischargers
Survivability Equipment: Grill armor over windows
Central Tire Inflation System: Yes

Variants
BOV-M (Slovenia): Some built with 12.7-mm MGs
BOV-VP: Security version with swing out gates to direct crowds
BOV-1/Polo M-83: Sans troop compartment with 2 ATGM launcher pods with 3 AT-3 launchers
each with machine gun mounted before the two AT-3s
BOV-3: 3 turret-mounted 20-mm cannons for air defense
BOV-30: 2 turret-mounted 30-mm cannons for air defense
LOV (Croatia): No raised compartment, increased hull protection, but with a 12.7-mm machine
gun
BOV-SN: Ambulance
Yugo import BOV variants: Serbia has a variants that include SP AA vehicles with the Igla or
Stinger missiles or the ZU-23; AT vehicles with the AT-5 Spandrel; or an armored reconnaissance
vehicle with a 20-mm M55 cannon, 7.62-mm PKT machine gun with twin AT-3 Sagger AT
launchers or a single Spandrel system
Buk-M2 (SA-17 Grizzly) Russian Medium-Range Air
Defense Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > Buk-M2 (SA-17
Grizzly) Russian Medium-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The Buk-M2 (NATO name SA-17 Grizzly, Russian name 9K317) is a Russian made mobile
medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system designed to defend field troops and logistical
installations against air threats. SA-17 Grizzly is an upgraded version of the proven Buk-M1
mobile air defense system and retains its main features. It defeats strategic and tactical aircraft,
tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, air-launched missiles, guided aerial bombs and
helicopters, including hovering rotorcraft, in the presence of heavy electronic countermeasures
and under intense enemy fire. Moreover, it can be used against sea-surface and ground targets.
The Buk-M2E SAM system includes combat elements, such as atarget-acquisition radar, a battle
management station, self-propelled firing vehicles, an illumination and guidance radar, loader-
launcher vehicles, surface-to-air guided missiles, as well as maintenance and repair facilities.
The combat elements can be mounted either on tracked or wheeled chassis. Wheeled trucks
carry the maintenance facilities. The Buk-M2 can engage a wide variety of targets from aircraft to
missiles flying at an altitude of between 10 and 24,000 m out a maximum range of 50 km in
given conditions. The SA-17 Grizzly can engage simultaneous of up to 24 targets flying from any
direction.

System
Alternative Designation: 9K317 Buk-M2; SA-17; 9K37M1, Grizzly, Beech M2E
Date of Introduction: 2008
Family: Muk
In Service: 2008-Present
Type: Medium-Range Air Defense Missile System
Proliferation: Algeria 48 systems Buk-M2.
Azerbaijan
Belarus - 12 complexes as of 2016.

Ukrainian 9K37 Buk SAMS during the Kiev Independence Day Parade (2008)
Cyprus
Egypt – Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 versions[131]
Georgia
India
Kazakhstan – 1 Buk-M2E ordered
Iran
North Korea
Pakistan
People's Republic of China – Improved variant as the HQ-16, a navalized VLS system. Joint
People's Republic of China/Russian project to upgrade the naval 9K37M1-2 system 'Shtil' (SA-
N-12).
Russia – more than 440 9К37 and 9К317 as of 2016 (350 in land forces and 80 in air force).
Replacement of complex 9К37 with the newer 9К317 Buk M2 is planned to be completed by 70%
or more by 2020. 1 battalion of Buk-M3 was delivered in 2016. 66 Buk-M-1-2s, 36 M2s and 36
M3s were delivered in 2012-2017. As of December 2017 3 missile brigades are fully equipped
with Buk-M3.
Syria 8 complexes 9К317E Buk-M2E delivered from Russian Federation in 2011 (Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute – Arms Transfers Database) for Land Forces + 10/8 Buk-
M2E for Air Defence. + 20 Buk-M1-2s.
Ukraine[- 72 9K37M1 as of 2016. Modernisation of stored systems to Buk M1-2 standard
planned.
Venezuela (20 ordered).
Manufacturer: Almaz-Antey:
Crew: 4 ea
Chassis: GM-569 chassis
Note: In terms of organisation, one Buk-M1-2 brigade consisted of four "divisions" (approximately
a battalion set), with a single 9S52 Polyana-D4 Brigade C2 vehicle in control of all four "divisions".
One "divizion" was composed of three batteries, with one 9S470 command vehicle and one 9S18
search radar vehicle responsible for three batteries. Each battery was composed of two
9A310M1-2 TELARs and one 9A39M1-2 TEL/transloader vehicle. It should be noted that
"divizion" means 'division', but this measurement takes on a different meaning when dealing with
Russian anti-air unit sets as opposed to personnel or armour formations, and so the term has
been transliterated rather than translated to reflect this difference of meaning and avoid
confusion. It is perhaps most accurately translated into English as a battalion set. The table
below displays the principle vehicles known to be included within a "divizion"

Dimensions (GM-5955 chassis)

Length: 9.3 m
Width: 3.25 m
Height: 3.8 m
Weight, Combat: 34 tons
Ground Pressure: 0,8 kg/cm2
 Automotive (GM-569 chassis)
Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: Multifuel liquid-cooled diesel
Engine Power: 840 hp
Cruising Range: 500 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 65 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: 45 km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious km/h
Chassis Weight: 24,000 kg
Max Load: 11,500 kg
Wheelbase: 4,50 mm
Fuel Distance: 500 km

Transporter Erector Launcher and Radar (TELAR) Vehicle

Name: 9A310M1-2 TELAR vehicle
Chassis: GM-569 chassis
Basic Load (9M317M missiles): 6 ea
Array Radar: two array radars. the first radar if for target tracking and fire control by illumination
of the target and the the secondary radar is a smaller backup array radar
Fire Control Radar Band: C Band
Antena Type: phased array antenna
Continuous Wave (CW) Illumination Capable: Yes
Target Detecting Capability: detecting targets with an RCS of at least 2 m2 out to a maximum
range of 120 km
IR Tracking: Yes, electro-optical IR tracking system
Steering: electronic beam steering
Fire Control Radar: 9S35M1-2 (NATO: Fire Dome) fire control radar
Launch Rails: 4 ea
CRT TV Displays: Yes
Radar Band: X-Band
Antennas: 2 ea, with 2 transmitters
Target Tracking Range (Altitude of at least 3km): 65-70 km
Target Tracking Range (Altitude lower than 3km): 40 km
Beam Width for the Pulsed Transmitter: 1.3 deg in azimuth and 2.5 deg in elvecation
Beam Width for the CW Transmitter: 1.4 deg azimuth and 2.65 in elevation
Tracking System: 9Sh38-3 electro-optical tracking system
NOTE: The missiles of the Buk-M2 can be launched from either the 9A310M1-2 TELAR vehicle, or
the 9A39M1-2 TEL/transloader vehicle

Ammunition (Option 1)
Name: 9M317 Missile
Type: surface-to-air missile
Maximum Effective Range: 45 km
Maximum Altitude: 25 km
Speed: 1,230 m/s
Capable of Engaging Targets Traveling at Speeds of: 1,200 m/s
Fuze Type: Proximity fuze
Generator: solid propellant-based gas generator.
Length: 5.55 m
Foward Body Diameter: 330 mm
Main Body Diameter: 400 mm
Weight: 715 kg
Storage Container: 9Ya266 transport container
Storage Life: 10 years
Training Missiles: 9M317UD and the 9M317UR Missiles
Guidance Principle: semi-active radar homing guidance principle
Autopilot Capable: Yes
Radar Reciever: 9E420 semi-active radar homing receiver
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 70 kg
Launcher Type: 9A310 TELAR vehicle, or the 9A39 TEL/transloader vehicle

Ammunition (Option 2)
Name: 9M317MA
Type: solid-propellant surface-to-air missile
Maximum Effective Range: 35 km
Maximum Altitude: 22 km
Speed: 850 m/s
Capable of Engaging Targets Traveling at Speeds of: 800 m/s
Fuze Type: proximity fuze
Generator: solid propellant-based gas generator
Length: 5.55 m
Forward Body Diameter: 330 mm
Main Body Diameter: 400 mm
Weight: 690 kg
Storage Container: 9Ya266 transport container
Storage life: 10 years
Training Missiles: 9M38UD and the 9M38UR Missiles
Guidance Principle: semi-active radar homing guidance principle
Autopilot: Yes
Inertial Navigation System Enabled: Yes
Radar Receiver: 9E50M1 semi-active radar homing receiver
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 70 kg
Launcher Type: 9A310 TELAR vehicle, or the 9A39 TEL/transloader vehicle

Targeting and Guidance Systems Vehicles

Search Radar Vehicle

Name: 9S18M1-2 Kupol-M1 (NATO: Snow Drift)
Chassis: GM-567M chassis
Maximum Speed: 56 km/h
Maximum Range: 250 km/h
Fuel Timeline: A maximum of 2 hours of fuel.
Crew: 3 (driver-mechanic, an operator, and a senior operator)
Array Radar: flat-faced 3D pulsed phased array radar
Radar Band: S Band
Maximum Target Range: 160 km
Minimum Target Range: 10 km
Number of Targets Capable of Tracking (Range of 10km): 75 ea
Maximum Altitude: 25 km
Search Modes: one for aerial threats, the second for ballistic threats
Range Resolution: 200 m
Angular Coordinate Resolution: 3° in azimuth and 4.5° in elevation
Rotational Speeds: 5 individual settings.3.6 s, 4.5 s, 6 s, 12 s, 60 s to complete a single rotation.
Road March State to Ready State Timeline: 5 min
Fire Control Radar Vehicle
Name: 9A36M
Chassis: GM-5955 chassis
Antenna: 21 m telescoping mast
Radar Capability: detecting targets with an RCS of at least 2 meters squared out to a maximum
range of 120 km
Number of Targets: 10 simultaneous targets
Steering: electronic beam steering
Operating Mode: two: the first being a track while scan mode and the second being the pure
target tracking mode

C2 Systems Vehicles
Name: 9S470M1-2
Chassis: GM-579 chassis with six roadwheels
Combat Weight: 29.87 tons
Maximum Speed: 65 km/h
Crew: 6 ea
TV Displays: four CRT TV displays and control equipment
Antenna Type: omnidirectional antenna
Range Accuracy: 400-700 m
Note: The 9S470M1-2 is capable of processing and co-ordinating information on 75
simultaneous targets within 100 km and at a maximum altitude of 20 km

Variants
9K37-1 'Buk-1: First Buk missile system variant accepted into service, incorporating a 9A38
TELAR within a 2K12M3 Kub-M3 battery.
9K37 'Buk': he completed Buk missile system with all new system components, back-compatible
with 2K12 Kub.
9K37M1 'Buk-M1: An improved variant of the original 9K37 which entered into service with the
then Soviet armed forces.
9K37M1-2 'Buk-M1-2' ('Gang' for export markets): An improved variant of the 9K37M1 'Buk-M1'
which entered into service with the Russian armed forces.
9K317 'Ural': initial design of Buk-M2 which entered into service with the Russian armed forces
9K317E 'Buk-M2E: revised design for export markets
9K37M1-2A 'Buk-M1-2A: redesign of Buk-M1-2 for the use of 9M317A missile
Buk-M2EK: A wheeled variant of Buk-M2 on MZKT-6922 chassis exported to Venezuela and
Syria.
9K317M 'Buk-M3: A SAM battalion has 36 target channels in total
Buk-M3 (SA-X-27) Russian Medium-Range Air Defense
Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > Buk-M3 (SA-
X-27) Russian Medium-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The Buk M3 (Beech M3) is a brand new Russian air defense system. It uses new missile and has
advanced electronic components. It has much improved capabilities comparing with the older
Buk systems. It outperforms even the old S-300P long-range air defense system. A single Buk-M3
complex (including several launch vehicles) is capable of engaging up to 36 different targets
simultaneously from any angle, while a single fire-control radar is capable of supporting the
engagement of up to 6 different targets simultaneously within a sector 120° in azimuth and 85°
in elevation.

In terms of organisation, one Buk-M3 brigade would be expected to consist of four

"divisions" (approximately a battalion set), with a single 9S52 Polyana-D4 Brigade C2 or similar
vehicle in control of all four "divisions". One "divizion" is typically composed of three batteries,
with one command vehicle and one search radar vehicle responsible for three batteries. Each
battery would be composed battery would consist of 2 launch vehicles. These launch vehicles
can be either one 9A317M TELAR and a 9A316M TEL, or two 9A316M TELs and a single 9S36M
illumination and guidance radar vehicle. It should be noted that "divizion" means 'division', but
this measurement takes on a different meaning when dealing with Russian anti-air unit sets as
opposed to personnel or armour formations, and so the term has been transliterated rather than
translated to reflect this difference of meaning and avoid confusion. It is perhaps most
accurately translated into English as a battalion set. The table below displays the principle
vehicles known to be included within a "divizion" (battalion set):

System
Alternative Designation: 9K317M Buk-M3 (SA-X-27); SA-17
Date of Introduction: 2016
Family: Muk
Type: Medium-Range Air Defense Missile System
Proliferation: Algeria 48 systems Buk-M2.
Azerbaijan
Belarus - 12 complexes as of 2016.

Ukrainian 9K37 Buk SAMS during the Kiev Independence Day Parade (2008)
Cyprus
Egypt – Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 versions[131]
Georgia
India
Kazakhstan – 1 Buk-M2E ordered
Iran
North Korea
Pakistan
People's Republic of China – Improved variant as the HQ-16, a navalized VLS system. Joint
People's Republic of China/Russian project to upgrade the naval 9K37M1-2 system 'Shtil' (SA-
N-12).
Russia – more than 440 9К37 and 9К317 as of 2016 (350 in land forces and 80 in air force).
Replacement of complex 9К37 with the newer 9К317 Buk M2 is planned to be completed by 70%
or more by 2020. 1 battalion of Buk-M3 was delivered in 2016. 66 Buk-M-1-2s, 36 M2s and 36
M3s were delivered in 2012-2017. As of December 2017 3 missile brigades are fully equipped
with Buk-M3.
Syria 8 complexes 9К317E Buk-M2E delivered from Russian Federation in 2011 (Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute – Arms Transfers Database) for Land Forces + 10/8 Buk-
M2E for Air Defence. + 20 Buk-M1-2s.
Ukraine[- 72 9K37M1 as of 2016. Modernisation of stored systems to Buk M1-2 standard
planned.
Venezuela (20 ordered).
Manufacturer: Almaz-Antey:
In Service: 2016-Present
Crew: 4 ea
Chassis: GM-5955 chassis

Dimensions (GM-5955 chassis)

Length: 7.5 m
Width: 3.3 m
Height: 5.1 m
Weight, Combat: 34 tons
Ground Clearance: 450 mm
Ground Pressure: INA kg/m

Automotive (GM-5955 chassis)

Engine Name: V-46
Engine Type: Multifuel Diesel
Engine Power: 710 hp
Cruising Range: 500 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 70 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious km/h

Transporter Erector Launcher and Radar (TELAR)

Name: 9A317M
Chassis: GM-5955 chassis
Basic Load (9M317M missiles): 6 ea
Array Radar: two array radars. the first radar if for target tracking and fire control by illumination
of the target and the the secondary radar is a smaller backup array radar
Fire Control Radar Band: C Band
Antena Type: phased array antenna
Continuous Wave (CW) Illumination Capable: Yes
Target Detecting Capability: detecting targets with an RCS of at least 2 m2 out to a maximum
range of 120 km
IR Tracking: Yes, electro-optical IR tracking system
Steering: electronic beam steering

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 9M317M Missile
Type: surface-to-air missile
Engine: dual-mode solid-propellant rocket engine
Maximum Altitude: 35 km
Maximum Speed: 1,550 m/s
Maximum G Force: 24 g
Maximum Effective Range: 70 km
Minimum Effective Range: 2.5 km
Fuze Type: 9E346 radio proximity fuze
Turbogenerator: solid propellant-based gas generator
Missile Length: 5.18 m
Missile Diameter: 360 mm
Missile Weight: 581 kg
Rear Control Fins Length: 820 mm
Missile Storage Life: 10 years
Guidance System: semi-active radar homing guidance system
Autopilot: Yes
Inertail Navigation: Yes
Radar Homing Receiver: 9E432 semi-active radar homing receiver for terminal phase guidance
Warhead Weight: 62 kg
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Active Seeker: 9E432 semi-active seeker
Basic Load: 6 ea
Note #1: Unlike its predesesors, the Buk-M3 carries its missiles in launch containers rahter than
the naked missle being mounted on launch rails atop the launch vehicle
Note: #2: The 9M317M is capable of engaging targets travelling as fast as 3,000 meters per
second.

Missile (Option 2)
Name: 9M317MA
Type: surface-to-air missile
Active Seeker: ARGSN 9B-1103M active seeker
Engine: dual-mode solid-propellant rocket engine with an extended burn time
Maximum Effective Range: 70 km
Minimum Effective Range: 2 km
Maximum Altitude: 35 km
TELAR Types: The 9M317MA can be launched from either the 9A317M TELAR vehicle, or the
9A316M TEL.
Maximum Speed: 1,550 m/s
Maximum G Force: 24 g
Fuze Type: 9E346 radio proximity fuze
Turbogenerator: solid propellant-based gas generator
Missile Length: 5.18 m
Missile Diameter: 360 mm
Missile Weight: 581 kg
Rear Control Fins Length: 820 mm
Guidance System: active radar homing guidance system
Radar Seeker: ARGSN 9B-1103M active radar seeker
Warhead Weight: 62 kg
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Note: The 9M317MA is capable of engaging targets travelling as fast as 3,000 meters per
second.

Targeting and Guidance Systems Vehicles

Search Radar Vehicle

Name: 9S18M1-3 Kupol-M1-3 (NATO: Snow Drift)
Chassis: GM-5955 chassis
Maximum Speed: 56 km/h
Maximum Range: 250 km/h
Fuel Timeline: A maximum of 2 hours of fuel
Crew: 3 (driver-mechanic, an operator, and a senior operator)
Array Radar: flat-faced 3D pulsed phased array radar
Radar Band: S Band
Maximum Target Range: 150 km
Minimum Target Range: 10 km
Number of Targets Capable of Tracking: 120 ea
Maximum Altitude: 25 km
Search Modes: one for aerial threats, the second for ballistic threats
Range Resolution: 200 m
Angular Coordinate Resolution: 3° in azimuth and 4.5° in elevation
Rotational Speeds: 5 individual settings. 4 s, 5 s, 6 s, 9 s, 60 s to complete a single rotation.
Road March State to Ready State Timeline: 5 min

Fire Control Radar Vehicle

Name: 9A36M
Chassis: GM-5955 chassis
Antenna: 21 m telescoping mast
Radar Capability: detecting targets with an RCS of at least 2 meters squared out to a maximum
range of 120 km
Number of Targets: 10 simultaneous targets
Steering: electronic beam steering
Operating Mode: two: the first being a track while scan mode and the second being the pure
target tracking mode
 Crotale-NG (Export) Iranian Short-Range Air Defense
System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
Crotale-NG (Export) Iranian Short-Range Air Defense System

Tiers:

Notes
A modernized version, the Crotale NG (New Generation), entered production in 1990. This version
used the new VT-1 missile with Mach 3.5 speed, load factor to 35G, 11 km range, 13 kg warhead
(8 m kill-zone) and 6,000 m ceiling. The system includes a S-band Pulse Doppler radar (20 km),
Ku-band TWT tracking radar (30 km), Thermal camera (19 km), Daylight CCD camera (15 km),
and an IR localiser.[1] An early '90s proposal to fit the system (in its eight-round form) to a
Leclerc tank chassis in order to provide a battlefield air defence vehicle for protecting armored
formations on the move was not realised due to post-Cold War cutbacks.

The missions of the system are in front-line armoured brigade defence, permanent or semi-
permanent site defence and area defence against air threats, such as fixed-wing aircraft, attack
helicopters, cruise missiles, tactical missiles and saturation attacks with stand-off weapons
released from aircraft and helicopters.

System
Alternative Designations: Crotale-NG, R440 Crotale, HQ-7 (Chinese) R460 Crotale (Saudi Arabia),
XA-181 (Finnish Launcher vehicle)

This is not a modification to Crotale. It is a completely new modular system.

Date of Introduction: 1991-1992
Proliferation: At least 5 countries, all variants.

Crotale NG entered production in 1990 and is in service with the Finnish Army (20 systems), and
the French Air Force (12 shelter-mounted systems) and Navy.
Target: FW, heli, CM, ASM, UAV
Mission: The missions of the system are in front-line armoured brigade defence, permanent or
semi-permanent site defence and area defence against air threats, such as fixed-wing aircraft,
attack helicopters, cruise missiles, tactical missiles and saturation attacks with stand-off
weapons released from aircraft and helicopters.
TELAR: XA-181 is XA-180 (PASI) 6x6 APC with Crotale NG launcher system
Crew: 4 ea
All Weather Operation: Yes, tracking and engagement and all weather operation.

Automotive
Engine Name:
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 240-hp
Cruising Range: 800 km
Max Road Speed: 80 km/h

Dimensions
Length: 7.35 m
Width: 2.3 m
Height: 2.9 m
Weight: 23 tons

Main Weapon System

Launcher
Name: INA
Type: Launcher

Missile
Name: VT1 missile
Type: The VT1 missile is a land and sea based missile designed especially for short-range
surface to air defence systems.
Function: The VT1 missile has been created to counter all threats including tactical missiles,
pop-up helicopters, UAVs and aircrafts deploying high-maneuvering, low-level stand-off weapons.
When combined with the Crotale Mk3, the hyper velocity and high maneuverability of the VT1
offer a class-leading performance and allows a system with a 15km no escape zone against high
maneuvering targets.
Speed: Mach 3.5
Load Factor: 35 grams
Maximum Range: 15 km
Ceiling: 6,000 m
Warhead Weight: 13 kg

Fire Control
FCS Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Thermal Camera: Yes
Thermal; Camera Range: 19 km
Daylight CCD camera: Yes
Daylight CCD camera Range: 15 km
IR Localiser: Yes

Radar
Name: N/A
Type: S-band Pulse Doppler radar
Function: Fire Control, tracking
Antenna: Planar array Detection Range (km): Aircraft: 20
Hovering Rotary Wing Aircraft: 11
Altitude Coverage: 0-5000 m
Multiple Target Tracking: Automatic track-while-scan for up to 8 targets.
Frequency Band: Ku
ECCM: Wideband frequency agile
Detection Range: 30 km
Frequency: 35 doppler TWT (travelling wave tube) GHz
Automatic Aqquisition: Yes
Multi-Target Detection: Yes
IFF: Yes

Sights with Magnification

Day Camera: Mascot, CCD TV Field of view ( ):2.4 Elevation ( ):1.8 Range (km): 15
Night Camera: Night Camera: Castor, thermal Field of view ( ):8.1/2.7 Elevation ( ):5.4/1.8
Range (km): 19
Missile Tracker: IR missile localizer on CCD camera for passive TV tracking
IFF: Yes

Other Assets
Description: The SAM system links to the IADS to get digital AD data and warnings. Associated
radar for EW and TA data is radar at Brigade and Division Tier 1 and 2. System can also pass
data to the net.
Protection
Armor Protection: 6-12 mm

Variants
Generic: SYSTEM IS IN A MODULAR POD, DESIGNED TO FIT ON SHIPS, VEHICLES, AND ON
STATIONARY PLATFORMS. THE MODULAR ALL-WEATHER SYSTEM INCLUDES ACQUISITION,
TRACKING, LAUNCH, AND SUPPORTING COMPUTER UNITS INTEGRATED ON ONE VEHICLE, FOR
MANAGEMENT BY A SINGLE SYSTEM OPERATOR. VEHICLE PLATFORMS INCLUDE APCS, E.G.,
M113, KOREAN IFV, PIRANHA 10X10, AND THE XA-180 AS NOTED. THE SYSTEM CAN BE
RETROFITTED ONTO EXISTING CROTALE LAUNCHER VEHICLES.
PEGASUS: SOUTH KOREAN SYSTEM WITH A DIFFERENT MISSILE
Crotale Mk.3: A Long range Version of the NG
 Crotale-NG French Short-Range Air Defense System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
Crotale-NG French Short-Range Air Defense System

Tiers:

Notes
A modernized version, the Crotale NG (New Generation), entered production in 1990. This version
used the new VT-1 missile with Mach 3.5 speed, load factor to 35G, 11 km range, 13 kg warhead
(8 m kill-zone) and 6,000 m ceiling. The system includes a S-band Pulse Doppler radar (20 km),
Ku-band TWT tracking radar (30 km), Thermal camera (19 km), Daylight CCD camera (15 km),
and an IR localiser.[1] An early '90s proposal to fit the system (in its eight-round form) to a
Leclerc tank chassis in order to provide a battlefield air defence vehicle for protecting armored
formations on the move was not realised due to post-Cold War cutbacks.

The missions of the system are in front-line armoured brigade defence, permanent or semi-
permanent site defence and area defence against air threats, such as fixed-wing aircraft, attack
helicopters, cruise missiles, tactical missiles and saturation attacks with stand-off weapons
released from aircraft and helicopters.

System
Alternative Designations: Crotale-NG, R440 Crotale, HQ-7 (Chinese) R460 Crotale (Saudi Arabia),
XA-181 (Finnish Launcher vehicle)

This is not a modification to Crotale. It is a completely new modular system.

Date of Introduction: 1991-1992
Proliferation: At least 5 countries, all variants.

Crotale NG entered production in 1990 and is in service with the Finnish Army (20 systems), and
the French Air Force (12 shelter-mounted systems) and Navy.
Target: FW, heli, CM, ASM, UAV
Mission: The missions of the system are in front-line armoured brigade defence, permanent or
semi-permanent site defence and area defence against air threats, such as fixed-wing aircraft,
attack helicopters, cruise missiles, tactical missiles and saturation attacks with stand-off
weapons released from aircraft and helicopters.
TELAR: XA-181 is XA-180 (PASI) 6x6 APC with Crotale NG launcher system
Crew: 4 ea
All Weather Operation: Yes, tracking and engagement and all weather operation.

Automotive
Engine Name:
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 240-hp
Cruising Range: 800 km
Max Road Speed: 80 km/h

Dimensions
Length: 7.35 m
Width: 2.3 m
Height: 2.9 m
Weight: 23 tons

Main Weapon System

Launcher
Name: INA
Type: Launcher

Missile
Name: VT1 missile
Type: The VT1 missile is a land and sea based missile designed especially for short-range
surface to air defence systems.
Function: The VT1 missile has been created to counter all threats including tactical missiles,
pop-up helicopters, UAVs and aircrafts deploying high-maneuvering, low-level stand-off weapons.
When combined with the Crotale Mk3, the hyper velocity and high maneuverability of the VT1
offer a class-leading performance and allows a system with a 15km no escape zone against high
maneuvering targets.
Speed: Mach 3.5
Load Factor: 35 grams
Maximum Range: 15 km
Ceiling: 6,000 m
Warhead Weight: 13 kg

Fire Control
FCS Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Thermal Camera: Yes
Thermal; Camera Range: 19 km
Daylight CCD camera: Yes
Daylight CCD camera Range: 15 km
IR Localiser: Yes

Radar
Name: N/A
Type: S-band Pulse Doppler radar
Function: Fire Control, tracking
Antenna: Planar array Detection Range (km): Aircraft: 20
Hovering Rotary Wing Aircraft: 11
Altitude Coverage: 0-5000 m
Multiple Target Tracking: Automatic track-while-scan for up to 8 targets.
Frequency Band: Ku
ECCM: Wideband frequency agile
Detection Range: 30 km
Frequency: 35 doppler TWT (travelling wave tube) GHz
Automatic Aqquisition: Yes
Multi-Target Detection: Yes
IFF: Yes

Sights with Magnification

Day Camera: Mascot, CCD TV Field of view ( ):2.4 Elevation ( ):1.8 Range (km): 15
Night Camera: Night Camera: Castor, thermal Field of view ( ):8.1/2.7 Elevation ( ):5.4/1.8
Range (km): 19
Missile Tracker: IR missile localizer on CCD camera for passive TV tracking
IFF: Yes

Other Assets
Description: The SAM system links to the IADS to get digital AD data and warnings. Associated
radar for EW and TA data is radar at Brigade and Division Tier 1 and 2. System can also pass
data to the net.
Protection
Armor Protection: 6-12 mm

Variants
Generic: SYSTEM IS IN A MODULAR POD, DESIGNED TO FIT ON SHIPS, VEHICLES, AND ON
STATIONARY PLATFORMS. THE MODULAR ALL-WEATHER SYSTEM INCLUDES ACQUISITION,
TRACKING, LAUNCH, AND SUPPORTING COMPUTER UNITS INTEGRATED ON ONE VEHICLE, FOR
MANAGEMENT BY A SINGLE SYSTEM OPERATOR. VEHICLE PLATFORMS INCLUDE APCS, E.G.,
M113, KOREAN IFV, PIRANHA 10X10, AND THE XA-180 AS NOTED. THE SYSTEM CAN BE
RETROFITTED ONTO EXISTING CROTALE LAUNCHER VEHICLES.
PEGASUS: SOUTH KOREAN SYSTEM WITH A DIFFERENT MISSILE
Crotale Mk.3: A Long range Version of the NG
CSA-41 (FM-80) Iranian Short-Range Air Defense
Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > CSA-41 (FM-80) Iranian Short-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
Iran imports many of their military weapons and equipment from Russia and China. The CSA-4A
is a export model of the HQ-7 (FM-80) Chinese Short-Range Air Defense Missile System.

The HQ-7 SAM is used by PLA and PLAAF for short-range air-defense. At some PLAAF bases, the
HQ-7 is deployed in hardened shelters. The PLA has mounted the HQ-7 on towed trailers. The
HongQi 7 (HQ-7) short-range air defense missile system has been developed in China in the
1980s. It is a reverse engineered copy of the French Crotale. Sometimes it is referred as Sino
Crotale. In 1978-1979 China imported some of the Thomson-CSF Crotale systems for evaluation.
These where both land-based and ship-based versions. Some French R-440 Sea Crotale systems
were purchased and installed on the Chinese warships. Eventually China reverse engineered this
system. First Chinese clone of the ground-based version was produced for testing in 1983. In
1986-1988 it was approved for production. The HQ-7 was also deployed by the Chinese air force
and protected the air bases from air attacks. Since 1989 the HQ-7 was proposed for export
customers as the FM-80.

System
Alternative Designation: CSA-4A, HQ-7, FM-80, HongQi 7, Fei Meng, Flying Midge" or Flying
Mongoose,
Date of Introduction: 1988
Type: Short-Range Air Defense Missile System
Family: HQ-7
Proliferation: Algeria:

Algerian Navy: on board C28A Class Corvette

Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Army: 2 Regiments of FM-90 in service.

Bangladesh Navy:FM-90N in service.

Bangladesh Air Force: 5 Batteries of FM-90 in service.

People's Republic of China:

People's Liberation Army Air Force
People's Liberation Army Ground Force

People's Liberation Army Navy

Pakistan:
Pakistan Army
Pakistan Navy

Turkmenistan:
Turkmen Air Force: 5

Iran: INA
Manufacturer: China, Company: INA
In Service: 1988-Present
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R chassis
Displacement Time: INA minutes
Emplacement Time: INA minutes
Fire on the Move: INA
Note #1: It is a reverse engineered copy of the French Crotale.
Note #2: A battery of CSA-4A's consists of one vehicle with acquisition radar and two or three
TELAR vehicles. Also each battery is supported by a maintenance group with around 10 support
vehicles.

Dimensions (Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R Chassis)

Length: INA m
Width: INA m
Height: INA m
Weight, Combat: INA kg
Ground Pressure: INA kg/m

Automotive (Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R Chassis)

Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: petrol / diesel
Engine Power: INA hp
Cruising Range: 600 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 80 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 30 deg
Vertical Step: 0.5 m
Trench: 0.5 m
Fording Depth: 0.5 m

Communications

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: TELAR vehicle
Firing Interval: 3 seconds
Operational Response Time: 6-10 seconds
Single-Shot Kill Rate: 85-90 %

Missile
Name: 4-cel or 8-cel missile launcher
Type: Short-Range Air Defense Missile
Length: 3 m
Diameter: 0.55 m
Wingspan: 0.55 m
Weight: 84.5 kg
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 15 kg
Maximum Range of Fire: up to 12 km
Minimum Range of Fire: 500-700 m
Maximum Altitude of Fire: 5.5 km
Minimum Altitude of Fire: 15 m
Basic Load: 4 ea
Speed: Mach 2.3 or 750 m/s
Missile Maneuverability: 20 G
Maximum Kill Distance at 400 m/s: 8.5 km
Maximum Kill Distance at 300 m/s: 10 km
Maximum Kill Distance at Helicopter: 12 km
Minimum Kill Distance: 500 m
Homing Range: 17 km
Target Seeking Range: 18.4 km
Note: The CSA-4A can engage helicopters, aircraft, cruise missiles, air-to-ground missiles and
anti-radiation missiles.
Guidance System: Command + electro-optical tracking

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Optical Aiming System: Yes
Target Processing Unit: Yes, the system can process 30 targets & track 12 targets
simultaneously
Generators: 4 x 40 kW generators
Target Processing Unit: Yes
Network: Wired Network

Radar #1
Name: INA
Type: Doppler Search Radar
Band: E/F Band
Radar Range: 18.4 km
Radar Homing Range: 17 km
Radar Antenna: Ku-band Automatic Command to Line Of Sight monopulse radar dish antenna
TV Tracking System: Yes
IFF: Yes
IR Localiser: Yes

Protection
Hull Armor: Protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters.
Turret Armor: Protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters.
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Countermeasures: Resists active and passive jamming and rejects ground and atmospheric
clutter
IFF: Yes

Variants
FM-80 (Feimeng 80),: export version of the HQ-7. It was revealed in 1989.
HHQ-7: a naval version of the HQ-7. It was introduced in the 1990s. It has a bank of 8 missiles.
For over a decade it was the standard Chinese ship-based air defense system. Currently a more
capable HQ-9 with a longer range is being fitted on newly-built Chinese warships.
Shahab Tagheb: an Iranian short-range air defense missile system. It was revealed in 1999. It
was developed with Chinese assistance and by transferring technology of the HQ-7.
HQ-7A: improved variant introduced in 1998. It has a maximum range of fire of 15 km. Detection
range is 25 km and tracking range is 20 km. Also this missile has a maximum speed of 900 m/s
in stead of 750 m/s.
HQ-7B: latest variant, based on indigenous 6x6 armored chassis. It was first revealed
somewhere in 2009. This air defense system is wisely used by the Chinese armed forces. It is
more mobile due to its 6x6 configuration. This vehicle is more suited to follow motorized infantry,
or mechanizes armored units.
FB-6A Chinese 4x4 Mobile Short-Range Air Defense
System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > FB-6A Chinese 4x4 Mobile Short-Range Air Defense System

Tiers:

Notes
The FB-6A is a copy of the US Army's AN/TWQ-1 Avenger Short Range Air Defense (SHORAD)
system. The HMMWV copy that carries the pedestal launcher is the Shenyang SFQ2040.
The main difference between FN-6A and its successor FB-6A is that the SAM system is broken
down into two portions in the FB-6A: FB-6A SAM system consists of two vehicles, one carrying
the engagement radar, while the other carrying the missile launcher and missiles.
Although the 12.7 mm heavy machine gun is no longer the standard equipment of FB-6A system,
it can be added as an option, and is interchangeable with other machine guns. The total numbers
of missiles carried by the launching vehicle of FB-6A remain the same as FN-6A, still totaling
eight.
A command vehicle and 8 launching vehicles form an air defense battery when fighting as a
coherent unit, and this in turn can be integrated into larger air defense networks. Alternatively, the
launching vehicle can be directly integrated into larger air defense networks without the need of
the command vehicle. The launch vehicle can be task organized to fight alone without the radar
however, aircraft acquisition become more difficult and engagement times become longer.

System
Alternative Designation: FB-6A Missile Launching Vehicle
Date of Introduction: ~2006
Proliferation: Not Widely Proliferated
Type: Short Range Air Defense System
Crew: 2 ea
Chassis: Shenyang SFQ2040
Maximum Effective Range: 6,000 m
Minimum Range: 500 m
Target Altitude (Max): 4,500 m
Target Altitude (Min): 15 m
Fire on the Move: INA; its parent, the US Avenger can fire on the move so, it is prudent to assume
that the FB-6A can also
Reaction Time: 2-3 seconds

Dimensions (Chassis: Shenyang SFQ2040)

Length: 4,600 mm
Width: 2,100 mm
Height: 3,000 mm
Weight, Combat: 4.6 mt

Automotive (Chassis: Shenyang SFQ2040)

Engine Name: Cummins 4BTAA-92
Engine Type: Turbo-diesel engine
Engine Power: ~150 hp
Cruising Range: INA km
Speed, Maximum Road: 100 km/h
Speed, Average Cruising: INA km/h
Fording Depth: ~1.5 m
Side Slope: ~40 %
Slope Climbing: ~60 %

Communication
Radio: Yes; Type INA

Main Weapon System

System
Name: INA
Type: Pedestal mounted on Shenyang SFQ2040 4x4 tactical vehicle
Basic Load: 8 missiles
Traverse Range: 360 %

FN-6 (A single source stated that the DY-90 may be found on the FB-6A)
Type: Surface to Air Missile
Guidance: Passive IR
Caliber / Length: 1,862 mm
Missile Weight: 20 kg
Missile Diameter: 90 mm
Missile Speed: 2.2 mach
Seeker Field of View: INA
Self-Destruct Time: INA
Maximum Elevation: INA
Minimum Elevation: INA
Proximity Fuze: Yes
Rate of Fire, Sustained: ~1 round every 5 seconds. Gunner must acquire the target before they
can go into the launch sequence. This process is expedited when the launch vehicle is teamed
with the search/acquisition radar vehicle.
Missile Stages: A launch motor ejects the missile out of the launch tube; once clear of the
vehicle, the flight motor ignites and carries the missile to its target
Probability of Kill: 70 %
Maximum Target Speed: 300 km/h
Maximum Effective Range: 6,000 m

Fire Control / Radar

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: INA
Direct Fire: INA
Acquisition Range: 12 km

Radar
Name: Subsystem to the FB-6A
Type: Planar array or electronically scanned passive phased array
Function: Scan and track
Frequency / Band: INA
Range: >12 km
Number of Targets System Can Track: INA

Protection
Vehicle Armor: No
Pedistal Armor: No
Applique Armor: No
NBC Protection: Over-pressure in pedestal only
FIM-92 Stinger American Man-Portable Air-Defense
System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > FIM-92 Stinger American Man-
Portable Air-Defense System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The FIM-92 Stinger is a Man-Portable Air-Defense System (MANPADS) that operates as an
infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM). It can be adapted to fire from a wide variety of
ground vehicles and helicopters (as an AAM). Developed in the United States, it entered service
in 1981 and is used by the militaries of the United States and 29 other countries. It is principally
manufactured by Raytheon Missile Systems and is produced under license by EADS in Germany
and by Roketsan in Turkey, with 70,000 missiles produced.

System
Alternative Designation: FIM-92A Basic Stinger
System: Grip-stock (with battery coolant unit, IFF, impulse generator, and seeker redesign),
missile, night sight, radio and other acquisition aides
Date of Introduction: 1981
Crew : 1, Normally 2 with a loader ea
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated.
Over 30 countries
In Service: 1981-Present

Armament

Weapon 1
Diameter : INA m
Fire on Move: Yes, in short halt
Launcher Name: Stinger grip-stock
Length : 1.52+ launch tube m
Reaction Time : 6 tracking and missile activation (3-5 cooling) sec
Reload Time : less than 10 sec
System Weight: 15.2 launch-ready 2.6 belt-pack IFF
Time between Launches : INA min
Type: Missile

Munition

Munition 1
Altitude, Maximum : 3500 m
Combat Load, Dismount : 2.0 rds
Combat Load, from AD vehicle : 5.0 rds
Combat Load, one: 1.0
Diameter : 70.0 mm
Fuze Type: Contact with time delay
Guidance: Cooled 2nd gen passive IR homing (4.1-4.4 mm)
Length : 1.52 mm
Name: FIM-92A
Probability of Hit: INA PCT
Propulsion: Solid fuel, dual-thrust (ejector motor and sustainer motor)
Range, Maximum : 4,000+ m
Range, Minimum : 200.0 m
Seeker Field of View : INA deg
Self-Destruct Time: 20.0 sec
Speed : 745 m/s, Mach 2.2 m/s
Target Maneuver Limit: Up to 8 g
Tracking Rate: INA
Type: Frag-HE
Type: Missile
Weight : 1.0 kg
Weight : 10.0 kg

Fire Control System

ADAD: British passive thermal IR scanners on remote tripod or vehicle mount with 240 o FOV
automatic cueing system.
IFF: AN/PPX-1 trigger-activated on grip-stock, with battery belt-pack
Target Alert Display Set (TADDS): US portable graphic display set w/audio alert, VHF radio, and
IFF.

Day Sight
Acquisition Range : 4000+ km
Field of View : INA deg
Field of View : INA deg
Type: Ring and bead, most launchers Optical sight with lead bias available.

Night Sight
Type: Optional AN/PAS-18, Wide- Angle Stinger Pointer System (WASP) thermal sight.

Night Sights
Acquisition Range : 20-30 side or tail aspect, 10 head-on aspect km
Field of View : 20o x 12 o deg

Radar
Radar Equipment: Providing Omni-directional Reporting of Targets at Extended Ranges
(REPORTER), German/Dutch EW system with I/J band radar and IFF. Range: 40 km. Altitude:
15-4000 m.
Radar Other: Several U.S. and foreign radars are available for use with Stinger.

Variants
The MANPADS has been adapted for launch from APC or IFV chassis. It has also been adapted
for light utility vehicles and combat support vehicles, such as the German Wiesel-based
Fliegerfaust-2 (FLF-2). A variety of air defense launcher systems can use Stinger, Mistral, or
other MANPADS.:
FIM-92A: Stinger Basic: The basic model.
FIM-92B: Stinger POST: In this version, the infrared seeker head was replaced by a combined IR/
UV seeker that utilized rosette scanning. This resulted in achieving significantly higher resistance
to enemy countermeasures (flares) and natural disturbances. Production ran from 1981 to 1987;
a total of 600 missiles were produced.[
FIM-92C: Stinger RMP: The resistance to interference was increased again by adding more
powerful digital computer components. Moreover, the software of the missile could now be
reconfigured in a short time in order to respond quickly and efficiently to new types of
countermeasures. Until 1991, some 20,000 units were produced for the U.S. Army alone.
FIM-92D: Various modifications were continued with this version in order to increase the
resistance to interference.
FIM-92E: Stinger—RMP Block I: By adding a new rollover sensor and revised control software, the
flight behavior was significantly improved. Additionally, the performance against small targets
such as drones, cruise missiles and light reconnaissance helicopters was improved. The first
deliveries began in 1995. Almost the entire stock of U.S. Stinger missiles was replaced by this
version.
FIM-92F: A further improvement of the E version and the current production version.
FIM-92G: An unspecified upgrade for the D variant.[
FIM-92H: Indicates a D variant that has been upgraded to the E standard.
Stinger—RMP Block II: This variant was a planned developed based on the E version. The
improvements included an imaging infrared seeker head from the AIM-9X. With this modification,
the detection distance and the resistance to jamming was to be greatly increased. Changes to
the airframe would furthermore enable a significant increase in range. Although the missile
reached the testing phase, the program was dropped in 2002 for budgetary reasons.
FIM-92J: Block 1 missile upgrade to replace aging components to extend service life an
additional 10 years. Upgrades include a proximity fuse warhead section, equipped with a target
detection device to increase effectiveness against unmanned aerial vehicles.
FIM-92K: variant of FIM-92J designed to use a vehicle datalink rather than the missile's own
seeker for targeting.
FN-6 Chinese Man-Portable Air Defence System
(MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > FN-6 Chinese Man-Portable Air
Defence System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The FN-6 is a man-portable air defense missile system (MANPADS) designed and manufactured
in China by the Defense Company Poly Technologies. it is deployed as a two-man team however,
a second soldier is not required to put ready the system to fire or fire the system. It is a third
generation passive infrared (IR) man portable air defense system. The FN-6 has the capability of
all-direction attack and anti-infrared jamming. The FN-6 is a fire-and-forget system that is easy to
transport and use. The FN-6 is especially designed to engage low flying targets flying at or less
than 300m/s.

System
Alternative Designation: FN-6 or Fei Nu-6
Description: Shoulder fired, IR homing, heat seeking, surface to air missile designed to destroy
fixed wing aircraft, rotary wing aircraft, and UAVs
Date of Introduction: INA
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated
Propellant: Solid
Maximum Velocity: 600 m/s
Maximum Range: 5,500 m
Maximum Altitude: 3.8 km
Minimum Range: 500 m
Minimum Altitude: 15 m
Attack Characteristics: Missile can attack incoming, outgoing, and crossing aircraft
Proximity fuze: Yes
Crew: 2 (can be fired without second team member)
Guidance System: Infrared Homing
Fire-and-Forget: Yes

Dimensions
Missile Weight: 10.7 kg
System Weight: 17 kg
Missile Length: 1495 mm
Missile Diameter: 72 mm
Fin Span: 0.18 m

Additional Options (Not required for missile to fire)

IFF: Yes
Enhanced Optical Sight: Yes
Night Sight: Yes

Variants
FN-6A: Vehicle mounted version of FN-6 first revealed to public in 2005. The system is based on
a Chinese HMMWVS, 4x4 light tactical vehicle.
QW-1: Export version of FN-6
FN-16: FN-16 is an improvement of earlier FN-6, with better all aspect attack capability and better
resistance against electronic countermeasures. Another major improvement is in its seeker,
which in addition to the original IR guidance, UV guidance is also incorporated, a practice
adopted in the later version of FIM-92 Stinger. Like its predecessor FN-6, FN-16 can also be fitted
with both IFF systems used on FN-6, and just like FN-6, FN-16 is re-designated as FY-16 (Fei Ying
meaning Flying Eagle) when equipped with IFFs.
HN-6: HN-6 is a further development of FN/FY-6/16. HN-6 utilizes fire control systems (FCS) of
earlier FN/FY-6/16 MANPADS, but a new FCS sight of unknown designation has also been
developed. In addition to improved performance over the original FN/FY-6/16 MANPADS, HN-6
incorporates a protective cap over the seeker of missile, offering better protection against the
environmental elements. Based on the photos and video clips of PLA training, this protective cap
does not appear to be automatically ejected when the missile is fired, but instead, it is manually
removed before firing the missile. Another improvement of HN-6 over the earlier FN/FY-6/16
MANPADS is that it incorporates a fire station similar to that of RBS 70 and Mistral: a seat is
attached to the light weight tripod firing stand that can be folded for transportation and storage,
and the operator is protected by a bulletproof glass shield.
Gepard German 35mm Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Guns > Gepard German 35mm Self-
Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
The Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard ("anti-aircraft cannon tank Cheetah", better known as the
Flakpanzer Gepard) is an all-weather-capable German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG)[1].
It was developed in the 1960s and fielded in the 1970s, and has been upgraded several times
with the latest electronics. It constituted a cornerstone of the air defence of the German Army
(Bundeswehr) and a number of other NATO countries. In Germany, the Gepard was phased out in
late 2010 to be replaced by "Leichtes Flugabwehrsystem (LeFlaSys)", a mobile and stationary air
defence system using the LFK NG missile and the new MANTIS gun system. The mobile platform
of SysFla will likely be based on the GTK Boxer.

System
Alternative Designations: 5PFZ-B2L Upgrade variant known as FlakPz 1A2
Date of Introduction: 1974
Proliferation: Brazil: 36 surplus from

Bundeswehr.
Germany: 377 originally built for the Bundeswehr, 94 remained in service until 2010 and are
currently stored until SysFla is fully introduced.

Jordan: 60 have been received from withdrawn Dutch surplus for 21 million dollars.

Romania: 43 delivered (36 + 7 for spares), all ex-Bundeswehr stocks.

Former operators

Belgium: 55 delivered, withdrawn from service.

Chile: Former user. Four vehicles delivered in 2008, and returned in January 2011. Equipment
originally operated by the Bundeswehr. Order of 30 vehicles cancelled due to high overhaul/
upgrade costs.

Netherlands: 95 delivered, withdrawn from service and placed in stored as of 2006

Crew: 3
Chassis: Leopard 1 tank chassis
Manufacturer: Krauss-Maffei Wegmann
Targets: Helicopters and Low-Flying Aircraft
In Service: See Proliferation
Note #1: The vehicle is based on the hull of the Leopard 1 tank with a large fully rotating turret
carrying the armament—a pair of 35 mm Oerlikon KDA autocannons and the two radar dishes—a
general search radar at the rear of the turret and the tracking radar, and a laser rangefinder, at the
front between the guns.
Note #2: Since the eighties, Stinger teams have been accompanying the Gepard units to take
advantage of their long-range scanning capacity. To combine this capacity in a single unit, a
missile system upgrade that mounts the NATO ManPad Stinger surface-to-air missile (in twin
packs) to the autocannons was developed. The system was tested by the German Bundeswehr
but not bought due to budget restrictions and the fielding of the Ozelot Light Flak (leFla) System

Dimensions
Length, Hull: INA
Length, With Gun Forward: 7.68 m
Width: 3.71 m
Height, with Radar Lowered: 3.29 m
Height, With Radar Up: 4.23 m
Weight: 47.3 tons

Automotive
Engine Name: MTU MB 838 Ca M500 Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 830 hp
Maximum Range: 600 km
Maximum Speed: 65 km/h
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Vertical Step: 1.15 m
Trench: 3 m
Fording: 1.2 m
Fuel Capacity: 985 liters
Combined Operating Time: 48 hrs

Main Weapon System

Caliber, Type: 35x228 gun, KDA
Number of Barrels: 2
Rate of Fire: 1,100 rds/min (550/barrel)
Ammunition Loader: Twin Belt
Reload Time: INA
Elevation: -10 to +85 deg
Fire on the Move: Yes (est)
Basic Load: 680 ea
Turret: The electrically driven turret is powered by a 40 kW generator driven by a 4-cylinder, 3.8
litre Mercedes-Benz OM 314 multi-fuel engine

Main Weapon System Ammunition

Type: Frangible APDS (FAPDS) for upgrades. On impact with the target surface, the penetrator
breaks into several KE fragments. The round has Frag-HE effects with the higher velocity and flat
trajectory of a sabot round.
Tactical AA range: 3,500 m (self-destruct)
Tracer Range: INA
Effective Altitude: 3,100 m
Min Altitude: 0 m
Self-Destruct: 6-12 sec
Range: 4,000 m
Tactical AA Range: 3,500 m
Effective: 3,500 (est) m
Self-Destruct Time: 6-12 sec
Penetration: 115mm at 1,000 m
Type: APDS-T
Other Ammunition Type: HEI

Radar Systems

Radar 1
Name: INA
Type: Search Radar
Location: at the rear of the turret
Band: S band
Maximum Range: 15 km

Radar 2
Name: INA
Type: Tracking Radar
Location: at the front between the guns
Band: KU Band
Maximum Range: 15 km

Armored Command Vehicle

Description: SYSTEM WILL LINK TO AN ACV WHICH MAY HAVE A RADAR FOR EW AND TARGET
ACQUISITION. FOR EXAMPLE, SEE SBORKA ACV AND RADAR (PG 6-15).

Fire Control
FC System: EADS digital computer-based FCS
Sights With Magnification: Stabilized video sights for -1A2 upgrade
Magnification: INA
Field of View: INA
Night Sights: Thermal for -1A2 upgrade
IFF: Yes, MSR-400
Navigation System: Computerized
Laser Rangefinder: ND Yag
Linked to Air Defense Net: Yes
Radars: INA
Name: INA
Function: Fire Control
Detection Range: 15 km
Tracking Range: 15 km
Frequency Band: Ku
Search on the Move: Yes
Other Fire Control: GUNS USE AIR WATCHES AND FORWARD OBSERVERS AND ARE LINKED TO
AD NETS

Protection
Armor Type: Conventional steel
Hull Armor: 10–70 mm RHAe
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: INA
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
German version: Search radar: S band, 15 km range Tracking radar: Ku band, 15 km range Laser
rangefinder
Netherland's version: Search radar: X band, 15 km range Tracking radar: X/Ka band, 13 km range
HQ-10 (SA-20 Gargoyle) Chinese Long-Range Air
Defense Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
HQ-10 (SA-20 Gargoyle) Chinese Long-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The Chinese HQ-D is a export of the Russian S-300PMU-1 (NATO: SA-20 Gargoyle).

The SA-20 Gargoyle (S-300PMU-1) Russian Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System was first
introduced in 1993 with the new and larger 48N6 missiles for the first time in a land-based
system and introduced all the same performance improvements from the S300FM version
including the increased speed, range, TVM guidance and ABM capability. The warhead is slightly
smaller than the naval version at 143 kg (315 lb). This version also saw the introduction of the
new and more capable 30N6E TOMB STONE radar. The S-300PMU1 air defense missile system
can simultaneously engage up to 36 air targets by 72 missiles.

The S-300PMU-1 was introduced in 1993 and for the first time introduces several different kinds
of missiles in a single system. In addition to the 5V55R and 48N6E missiles the S-300PMU-1 can
utilise two new missiles, the 9M96E1 and 9M96E2. Both are significantly smaller than the
previous missiles at 330 and 420 kg (730 and 930 lb) respectively, and carry smaller 24 kg (53 lb)
warhead. The 9M96E1 has an engagement range of 1–40 km (0.62–25 mi) and the 9M96E2 of
1–120 km (0.62–75 mi). They are still carried 4 per TEL. Rather than just relying on aerodynamic
fins for manoeuvring, they use a gas-dynamic system which allows them to have an excellent
probability of kill (Pk) despite the much smaller warhead. The Pk is estimated at 0.7 against a
tactical ballistic missile for either missile. The S-300PMU-1 typically uses the 83M6E command
and control system, although it is also compatible with the older Baikal-1E and Senezh-M1E CCS
command and control systems. The 83M6E system incorporates the 64N6E (BIG BIRD)
surveillance/detection radar. The fire control/illumination and guidance radar used is the 30N6E,
optionally matched with a 76N6 low altitude detection radar and a 96L6E all altitude detection
radar. The 83M6E command and control system can control up to 12 TELs, both the self-
propelled 5P85SE vehicle and the 5P85TE towed launchers. Generally support vehicles are also
included, such as the 40V6M tow vehicle, intended for lifting of the antenna post

System
Alternative Designation: SA-20 Gargoyle, SA-20A Gargoyle, S-300PMU-1, С-300ПМУ-1
Date of Introduction: 1993
Manufacturer: MZiK
Type: long range surface-to-air missile systems. multi-channel mobile air defense system
Family: S-300 Family
Proliferation: Algeria
Air Force [N/A] (S-300PMU2)
Armenia
Air Force [N/A] (S-300PM)
Azerbaijan
Air Force [N/A] (S-300PM/PMU2)
China
Air Force [128] (64 S-300PMU1, 64 S-300PMU2)
Greece
Air Force [12] (S-300PMU1)
Iran
Air Force [32] (S-300PMU2)
Russia
Air Force [180] (S-300PM1/PM2)
Navy [56] (S-300PM1)
Vietnam
Air Force [12] (S-300PMU1)
In Service: 1993-Present
Crew: INA ea
Chassis: MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: 5 Minutes
Maximum Range of Fire: 150 km
Maximum Altitude: 27 km
Number of Targets Engaged Simultaneously: 6 ea
Reload Vehicile: 5T58 reload vehicle
Note #1: Capable of hitting ballistic and aerodynamic targets. Became the first multi-channel
anti-aircraft missile system, is able to accompany each system (ADMS) to 6 goals and build
them up to 12 missiles
Note #2: A typical SA-20 battery consists of 48 missiles on 12 mobile launchers. Each battery
can launch a 48N6 missile every three seconds.

Dimensions (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Length: 11.7 m
Width: 3.07 m
Height: 2.92 m
Maximum Load: 15 tons
Ground Pressure: INA

Automotive (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Engine Name: D12A-525 38.9-liter Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 525 hp
Cruising Range: 650 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 65 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious km/h
Configuration: 8x8
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 40 deg
Vertical Step: 0.6 m
Trench: 2 m
Fording Depth: 1.3 m

Communications
Note: See Fire Control

Missile System
Note #1: The S-300 family missiles have four clipped folding triangular moving control fins at the
rear and four thrust vector control vanes in the motor efflux.
Note #2: Missiles are vertically launched by a hot gas cartridge in the canister base. The motor
ignites once the missile reaches an altitude of 25 m.

Missile Launcher
Name: 5P85S or 5P85D launchers
Type: Tube Launcher
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Capability: Yes
Note: The missiles can be fired in a salvo with an interval between 3 and 5 seconds

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 48N6/48N6E
Engine Type: Single-stage, solid-fuel-propelled
Type: INA
Length: 7.5 m
Width: 0.5 m
Weight: 1,780 kg
Warhead Weight: 70-100 kg
Maximum Range: 150 km
Guidance System: Track-via-missile
TVM Guidance Capable: Yes
ABM Capable: Yes
Maximum Velocity: 2,000 m/s
Kill Probability: 0.70 to 0.93 single shot
Ballistic Targets Range: 5-40 km
Basic Load: 4 per TEL

Missile (Option 2)
Name: 5V55R/5V55KD
Type: INA
Length: 7 m
Diameter: 450 mm
Weight: 1,450 kg
Warhead Weight: 100 kg
Maximum Range: 90 km
Guidance System: SARH
Maximum Velocity: 1,900 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 1,150 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL

Missile (Option 3)
Name: 9M96E1
Type: INA
Length: INA
Width: INA
Weight: 330 kg
Warhead Weight: 24 kg
Maximum Range: 40 km
Guidance System: Active radar homing
Maximum Velocity: 900 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 4,800–5,000 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL
Probability of Kill: 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile

Missile (Option 4)
Name: 9M96E2
Type: INA
Width: INA
Weight: 420 kg
Warhead Weight: 24 kg
Maximum Range: 120 km
Guidance System: Active radar homing
Maximum Velocity: 1,000 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 4,800–5,000 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL
Probability of Kill: 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile

Fire Control
Command Post Vehicle: The 54K8 command-post vehicle has six operator positions. The
command post can monitor data within a 300-km radius and can track 100 targets while
controlling up to six interceptions. Two missiles can be launched against each target if required.

Fire Control System

Name: 83M6E command and control system, although it is also compatible with the older
Baikal-1E and Senezh-M1E CCS command and control systems.
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes, no less than 1km
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Number of Targets Engaged Simultaneously: 6 ea
Note #1: The vehicle lowers four hydraulic jacks for launch
Note #2: The S-300PMU1 air defense missile system can simultaneously engage up to 36 air
targets by 72 missiles.

Radar #1
Name: 64N6E
Type: Regiment Radar
NATO Reporting Name: BIG BIRD
Frequency/Band: C-Band
Target Detection Range: 300 km
Simultaneously Detected Targets: 300

Radar #2
Name: 30N6E(1)
Type: Fire control/illumination and guidance radar
NATO Reporting Name: FLAP LID B
NATO Frequency Band: H-J
Target Detection Range: 200 km
Simultaneously Tracked Targets: 6 ea
Simultaneously Engaged Targets: 6 ea

Radar #3
Name: 36D6
Type: INA
NATO Reporting Name: TIN SHIELD
NATO Frequency Band: E/F
Target Detection Range: 180-360 km
Simultaneously Tracked Targets: 120 ea

Radar #4
Name: 96L6E
Type: All altitude detection
NATO Reporting Name: CHEESE BOARD
NATO Frequency Band: INA
Target Detection Range: 300 km
Simultaneously Tracked Targets: 100 ea

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA
Camouflage Nets: Yes, Standard
Note: Protection. Additional elements of protection are the placement of components of C-300 in
the trenches (practiced as placing on the hills for a better view and more rapid care of the
horizon, and in the trenches for stealth and protection against fragments of explosions).

Variants
S-300PMU2 Favorit/SA-20B: This is an upgraded variant with larger 9M96E and 9M96E2
missiles developed for the S-400 . It can also fire the previous 5V55K , 5V55R , 48N6E and
48N6E2 missiles. It is equipped with an improved guidance system. Unveiled in 1997, the system
has an increased range of 124 mi (200 km). The 48N6E2 missile features a warhead designed to
destroy ballistic missiles.
HQ-16 Chinese 6x6 Medium-Range Surface-to-Air
Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > HQ-16 Chinese
6x6 Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The HQ-16 is a Chinese-made, medium range, surface-to-air missile system which was
introduced in the Chinese armed forces in September 2011. The HQ-16 is produced by China
Aerospace Science and Technology Corp (CASC). Using advanced technologies of intermittent
illumination, semi-active radar homing guidance, phased array radar, vertical cold launch, and
radio communication network, the HQ-16 can be operated in a strong elector-magnetic
interference environment and in all weather conditions.

The HQ-16 is a land based version of the HHQ-16 system used in ships and fired from VLS
(Vertical Launch System) containers. The HQ-16 is based on a joint development of the Russian
Buk-M1 (SA-11 'Gadfly') and Buk-2M (SA-17 'Grizzly') Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) systems for
use from mobile ground vehicles and later from ships. The HQ-16 is able to engage aerial targets
at high altitude. The mid-range HQ-16 is also able to intercept very low-flying targets at a
distance of up to about 40 kilometers, filling the gap between the HQ-7 short-range SAM and the
HQ-9 long-range SAM systems. The HQ-16 missile can hit targets at an altitude from 400 to
10,000 meters. According to the SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) arms
transfers’ database, three units of the LY-80 (HQ-16 alternated designation) were ordered by
Pakistan in 2014 and delivered in 2015/2016. The Pakistan Army formally inducted the LY-80
(HQ-16) medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system on March 12, 2017. In January 2018,
the Pakistani army performed the first live firing with the LY-80 during the Al Bayza-2019 military
exercise. The HQ-16 is mainly used to protect stationary assets such as airfields, bridges,
command posts, concentrations of troops, and other high value assets.

The battalion of the HQ-16 consists of twelve launcher vehicles (four in each battery), a
command and control vehicle, three tracking and guidance radar vehicles (one in each battery), a
target searching radar vehicle, and several missile transport and reloading vehicles, and power
supply vehicles, most using the same 6 x 6 chassis.
System
Alternative Designation: HQ-16A, LY-80 (Export Version), Hong Qi 16 (Red Flag 16), CSA-16
Date of Introduction: Development began in 2005 and entered service in 2011
Proliferation: Currently the HQ-16 is being widely used in China. Export version of this air defense
system has been exported to Pakistan.
Function: In Chinese armed forces the HQ-16 fits the gap between the short-range HQ-7 and
medium- to long rande HQ-9. This air defense system is mainly used to protect stationary assets
such as airfields, command posts, concentration of troops, bridges, and other important targets.
Chassis: 6 x 6 high mobility wheeled truck based upon the Taian TA5350
Target: Aircraft, cruise missiles, UAVs, and short and medium range ballistic missiles
Crew: INA

Dimensions (Chassis: TA5350)

Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Empty: 15 tons
Payload Capacity: 15 tons

Automotive (Chassis: TA5350)

Engine Name: Deutz BF6M1015
Engine Type: Turbocharged Diesel
Engine Power: 250 hp
Fording Depth: 1 m
Range, Cruising: 1,000 km
Maximum Road Speed: 85 km/h
Gradient: 60 %
Side slope: 30 %
Vertical step: .5 m
Trench: .6 m
Other Capabilities: Central tire inflation system
Crew Capacity: 1 driver, 5 passengers

Main Weapon System

Launcher
Name: INA
Type: Transporter-Erector-Launcher on a 6 x 6 chassis with cold-launch vertical launch tubes.
Missile Storage: Missiles are store in containers and are launched vertically.
Firing Position: In the firing position, the wheels are raised off the ground and the vehicle is
supported at four points by hydraulic jacks: two at the rear and one on each side.
Note: The HQ-16 launcher is based on Taian TA5350 6x6 special wheeled chassis. The TEL
carries 6 containers with missiles. Missiles are launcher vertically. Two missiles can be launched
within a short period of time.

Missile
Name: INA. It is reported that the missile is very similar to the 9M38 Missile.
Type: Surface-to-air missile
Length: 5 m
Diameter: 0.34 m
Weight: 330 kg
Warhead Type: HE-Frag
Warhead Weight: 70 kg
Maximum Altitude: 10 km
Minimum Altitude: 100 m
Fire on Move: No
Elevation: Vertical Launch
Probability of Kill: 85% vs aircraft and 60% vs cruise missiles
Guidance System: inertial navigation, radio mid-course updates, semi-active terminal homing
Missile Speed: Mach 4
Range of Proximity Fuse: 35 m
Maximum Range vs. Aircraft: 40 km
Cruise Missile Range: 3.5 to 18 km

Fire Control System

IFF: Yes, within the radar
Guidance System: Inertial navigation, radio mid-course updates, semi-active terminal homing

Search Radar Guidance Vehicle

Name: INA
Type: Search Radar Guidance Vehicle
Maximum Range: 150 km
Maximum Altitude: 20 km
Band: solid-state S-band three-dimensional mast-mounted passive phased-array radar.
IFF: Yes
Note: When a target is identified, the vehicle automatically performs identification-friend-or-foe
(IFF), threat analysis and flight-path processing tasks. It then provides target eng agement data
to the tracking-and-guidance radar.

Tracking-and-Guidance Radar Vehicle

Name: INA
Type: Tracking-and-Guidance Radar Vehicle
Function: The tracking-and-guidance radar provides target acquisition, tracking and identification
of target types. It controls the missile launch and illuminates the target after the missile is fired.
Maximum Range: 85 km
Band: L-Band
Fire Control and Guidance: Fire control and guidance can be provided for up to eight missiles.
Targets: It can detect up to six targets and track four simultaneously.

Protection
Armor Hull: Protection from small arms fire and projectile splinters
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
HQ-16A: An improved version that uses an improved missile with slightly better performance.
HQ-16B: A 70-km range version of the HQ-16 has been developed by the China Academy of
Defense Technology (CASIC), according to IHS Jane's Defence Weekly(Sept. 7, 2016).
Development of this variant reportedly began in 2005. The HQ-16B title is a Western designation.
LY-80: An export version of the HQ-16A.
HHQ-16 (Red Sea 16): This is the naval variant installed on China’s Type 054A JIANGKAI II-class
frigates. The missile can reportedly intercept sea-skimming missiles flying less than 30 ft (10 m)
above the surface of the ocean. Aboard the JIANGKAI II-class frigates, a single, 32-cell vertical
launch system carries the missiles. Guidance is provided by four MR090 Front Dome C/X-band
fire-control radars.
HQ-17: According to some reports, this is an improved version of the HQ-16 with range of 56 mi
(90 km). This variant may include digital electronics, new display screens, and improved training
and simulation facilities. (Military Periscope, June 2017)
HQ-7B (FM-90) Chinese 6x6 Short-Range Air Defense
Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
HQ-7B (FM-90) Chinese 6x6 Short-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The original HongQi 7 (HQ-7) short-range air defense missile system has been developed in
China in the 1980s. It was a copy of the French Crotale. In 1978-1979 China imported some of
the Thomson-CSF Crotale systems for evaluation and reverse engineered them. First Chinese
clone was produced for testing in 1983. Its production commenced in the late 1980s. Sometimes
it is referred as Sino-Crotale. Its improved variant, the HQ-7A, was introduced in 1998.

The HQ-7B is the latest version, based on an indigenous 6x6 armored chassis. It was first
revealed somewhere in 2009. This air defense system is widely used by the Chinese armed
forces. It is also being proposed for export customers as the FM-90. This air defense system has
been exported to Pakistan.

A TELAR vehicle carries four missiles and is fitted with engagement radar. It appears that
engagement radar is similar to that of the previous HQ-7A.

System
Alternative Designation: HQ-7B (FM-90)
Date of Introduction: 2009
Chassis / TELAR: P4R 4x4
Crew: 3 ea
Proliferation: Widely proliferated
Target: Helicopters, fixed wing aircraft, and cruise missiles, ARM missiles, ASM missiles
In Service: 2009-Present
Note: This air defense system is widely used by the Chinese armed forces. It is also being
proposed for export customers as the FM-90. This air defense system has been exported to
Pakistan

Dimensions
Height: 3.41 m
Length: 6.22 m
Width: 2.72 m
Weight: 15 mt

Radar #1
Name: Mirador IV pulse doppler
Detection Range: 18.5 km
Function: Target acquisition, surveillance
Antenna Rotation Rate: 60 rpm
Altitude Coverage: 0-4,500 m
Target Detection: 30 targets per rotation
Multiple Target Tracking: 12 targets
Frequency Band: E
Note: a battery of HQ-7B consists of one vehicle with acquisition radar and three TELAR vehicles.
Also each battery is supported by a maintenance group with 10 support vehicles

Radar #2
Name: INA, located on launcher vehicle
Function: Fire control
Targets Tracked: 1
Missile Guidance, Simultaneous: 2
Detection Range: 17 km
Altitude Coverage: 0-5,000 m
Frequency: 12-18 GHz
Frequency Band: J-monopulse
Associated Radar: I-band (8-10 GHz) cmd

Automotive
Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: INA
Range, Cruising: 600 km
Max Road Speed: 90 km/h
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Vertical Step: 0.5 m
Trench: 0.6 m
Fording: 0.8 m

Main Weapon System

Launcher
Name: INA
Type: TELAR Vehicle
Fire on the Move: YEs
Reaction Time: 6.5 sec
Reload Time: 2 min

Missile
Name: Crotale EDIR
Type: all-weather short-range anti-air missile
Purpose: can be used to intercept low-flight anti-ship missiles and aircraft
Manufacturer: Thales Group Samsung Group
Length: 2.35 m
Diameter: 0.166=5 m
Missile Weight: 76 kg
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 13 kg
Detonation Mechanism: infrared fuse radio fuse
Engine: solid-propellant fuel
Operational Range: 11 km
Flight Ceiling: 6,000 m
Speed: 1,200 m/s
Guidance System: semi-active radar homing electro-optical sensors Infra-red search and track
Hit Probability: single shot is more than 85%

Fire Control System

IFF: Yes, dipole on ACU
Countermeasures: Digital C2 and ECM
Missile Tracker: IR, for remote control

Day Camera
Specification: TV tracker, low elevation, range: 14km

Optical Sight
Specification: Back-up binocular tracker

Day / Night Camera

Specification: Thermal sight
Field of View: 8.1 / 2.7 degrees
Elevation: 5.4 / 1.8 degrees
Range: 19 km

Protection
Armor Protection: Protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters
NBC Protection: Yes

Variants
FM-80 / HQ-7: Improved version with E/F band TA radar, EO range of 15km, IR localizer and HQ-7
missile range of 7km
 HQ-7 (FM-80) Chinese Short-Range Air Defense Missile
System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
HQ-7 (FM-80) Chinese Short-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The HQ-7 SAM is used by PLA and PLAAF for short-range air-defense. At some PLAAF bases, the
HQ-7 is deployed in hardened shelters. The PLA has mounted the HQ-7 on towed trailers. The
HongQi 7 (HQ-7) short-range air defense missile system has been developed in China in the
1980s. It is a reverse engineered copy of the French Crotale. Sometimes it is referred as Sino
Crotale. In 1978-1979 China imported some of the Thomson-CSF Crotale systems for evaluation.
These where both land-based and ship-based versions. Some French R-440 Sea Crotale systems
were purchased and installed on the Chinese warships. Eventually China reverse engineered this
system. First Chinese clone of the ground-based version was produced for testing in 1983. In
1986-1988 it was approved for production. The HQ-7 was also deployed by the Chinese air force
and protected the air bases from air attacks. Since 1989 the HQ-7 was proposed for export
customers as the FM-80.

System
Alternative Designation: HQ-7, FM-80, HongQi 7, Fei Meng, Flying Midge" or Flying Mongoose,
Date of Introduction: 1988
Type: Short-Range Air Defense Missile System
Family: HQ-7
Proliferation: Algeria:

Algerian Navy: on board C28A Class Corvette

Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Army: 2 Regiments of FM-90 in service.

Bangladesh Navy:FM-90N in service.

Bangladesh Air Force: 5 Batteries of FM-90 in service.

People's Republic of China:

People's Liberation Army Air Force
People's Liberation Army Ground Force

People's Liberation Army Navy

Pakistan:
Pakistan Army
Pakistan Navy

Turkmenistan:
Turkmen Air Force: 5

Iran: INA
Manufacturer: China, Company: INA
In Service: 1988-Present
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R chassis
Displacement Time: INA minutes
Emplacement Time: INA minutes
Fire on the Move: INA
Note #1: It is a reverse engineered copy of the French Crotale.
Note #2: A battery of HQ-7 consists of one vehicle with acquisition radar and two or three TELAR
vehicles. Also each battery is supported by a maintenance group with around 10 support
vehicles.

Dimensions (Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R Chassis)

Length: INA m
Width: INA m
Height: INA m
Weight, Combat: INA kg
Ground Pressure: INA kg/m

Automotive (Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R Chassis)

Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: petrol / diesel
Engine Power: INA hp
Cruising Range: 600 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 80 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 30 deg
Vertical Step: 0.5 m
Trench: 0.5 m
Fording Depth: 0.5 m

Communications

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: TELAR vehicle
Firing Interval: 3 seconds
Operational Response Time: 6-10 seconds
Single-Shot Kill Rate: 85-90 %

Missile
Name: 4-cel or 8-cel missile launcher
Type: Short-Range Air Defense Missile
Length: 3 m
Diameter: 0.55 m
Wingspan: 0.55 m
Weight: 84.5 kg
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 15 kg
Maximum Range of Fire: up to 12 km
Minimum Range of Fire: 500-700 m
Maximum Altitude of Fire: 5.5 km
Minimum Altitude of Fire: 15 m
Basic Load: 4 ea
Speed: Mach 2.3 or 750 m/s
Missile Maneuverability: 20 G
Maximum Kill Distance at 400 m/s: 8.5 km
Maximum Kill Distance at 300 m/s: 10 km
Maximum Kill Distance at Helicopter: 12 km
Minimum Kill Distance: 500 m
Homing Range: 17 km
Target Seeking Range: 18.4 km
Guidance System: Radar
Note: The HQ-7 can engage helicopters, aircraft, cruise missiles, air-to-ground missiles and anti-
radiation missiles.

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Optical Aiming System: Yes
Target Processing Unit: Yes, the system can process 30 targets & track 12 targets
simultaneously
Generators: 4 x 40 kW generators
Target Processing Unit: Yes
Network: Wired Network

Radar #1
Name: INA
Type: Doppler Search Radar
Band: E/F Band
Range: 18.4 km
TV Tracking System: Yes
IR Localiser: Yes

Protection
Hull Armor: Protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters.
Turret Armor: Protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters.
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Countermeasures: Resists active and passive jamming and rejects ground and atmospheric
clutter
IFF: Yes

Variants
FM-80 (Feimeng 80),: export version of the HQ-7. It was revealed in 1989.
HHQ-7: a naval version of the HQ-7. It was introduced in the 1990s. It has a bank of 8 missiles.
For over a decade it was the standard Chinese ship-based air defense system. Currently a more
capable HQ-9 with a longer range is being fitted on newly-built Chinese warships.
Shahab Tagheb: an Iranian short-range air defense missile system. It was revealed in 1999. It
was developed with Chinese assistance and by transferring technology of the HQ-7.
HQ-7A: improved variant introduced in 1998. It has a maximum range of fire of 15 km. Detection
range is 25 km and tracking range is 20 km. Also this missile has a maximum speed of 900 m/s
in stead of 750 m/s.
HQ-7B: latest variant, based on indigenous 6x6 armored chassis. It was first revealed
somewhere in 2009. This air defense system is wisely used by the Chinese armed forces. It is
more mobile due to its 6x6 configuration. This vehicle is more suited to follow motorized infantry,
or mechanizes armored units.
HQ-9 (Hong Qi 9) Chinese 8x8 Long-Range Air Defense
Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
HQ-9 (Hong Qi 9) Chinese 8x8 Long-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The HQ-9 (Hong Qi-9) is a Surface to Air missile (SAM) engineered to attack airborne radars,
essentially a surface to air anti-radiation missile (ARM) that can attack single or multiple
electromagnetic radiating systems in the 1-18 Ghz band. It is also effective against fixed wing
aircraft, rotary wing aircraft, and UAVs. The HQ-9 has limited success against cruise missiles and
ballistic missiles. Sources conflict in identifying the organization for combat of the HQ-9 battery
and battalion. We assess that the following is true: A HQ-9 battery will usually have 8 TELs, 1
HT-233 Radar, and a TWS-312 CP. In addition, associated support vehicles (generator, missile
resupply) may be seen in the area.

The battery can operate independently of the battalion as listed above with some degradation in
search capability. This degradation will be eliminated when the organization is deployed as a
battalion as this will bring additional radars to include the Type 120 Low Angle Search Radar and
the Type 305B Radar. The battalion formation will include 3 batteries (24 TELs) though some
sources state that the battalion can control 48 TELs.

The battalion also deploys with a site survey team which does not deploy with the battery,
missile resupply, and its own TWS 312 Command Post. It is safe to assume that other mission
and soldier support items will be found in the area of the HQ-9 formation. The HQ-9 has been
designed to be able to use several of the Chinese radars. The assessment above is the most
likely deployment course of action. Refs: http://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/missile-threat-and-
proliferation/todays-missile-threat/china-anti-access-area-denial-coming-soon/hq-9/ https://
www.armyrecognition.com/china_chinese_army_missile_systems_vehicles/hq-9_ground-to-
air_medium_range_air_defense_missile_technical_data_sheet_specifications_pictures.html
https://medium.com/@skunkworksLH/hq-9-long-range-air-defense-missile-system-ee58232185a
 System
Alternative Designation: HQ-9, FT-2000, Hóng Qí
Date of Introduction: 1997
Manufacturer: CPMIEC
Type: Track-Via-Missile (TVM), Self-propelled surface-to-air missile (SAM) system
Family: INA
Proliferation: China: 32, Algeria: INA, Bangladesh: INA
Crew: 1+5 ea
Chassis: Tai'an TAS5501 10 x 10 high mobility cross country truck
Displacement Time: INA min
Emplacement Time: INA min
Target: Low-flying aircraft, cruise missiles, air-to-ground missiles, and tactical ballistic missiles.
Effective against any airborne radar system.
Maximum Effective Range: 200 km
Minimum Effective Range: 12 km
Target Altitude Maximum: 3,000 m
Target Altitude Minimum: 20,000 m
Fire on the Move: No
System Reaction Time: 10 seconds
Fuse Type: Active Fuze, which activates at 5 km from the target.
Probability of Kill: INA
Note: The HQ-9 can intercept various aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, cruise missiles, air-to-ground
missiles, guided bombs and theater ballistic missiles at medium- to long ranges.

Dimensions
Length (Vehicle): 11 m
Width (Vehicle): 3 m
Height (Vehicle): 3 m
Weight, Combat (Vehicle): 18 tons
Payload Capacity: 20 tons
Ground Pressure: INA kg/m
Weight, Warhead: 180 kg

Automotive
Prime Mover: Tai'an TAS5501 10 x 10 high mobility cross country truck
Engine Name: Deutz Turbocharged Diesel
Engine Type: Turbocharged Diesel
Engine Power: 517 hp
Vehicle Diameter: 466 mm
Cruising Range: 800 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 80 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: 70 km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Vehicle Configuration: 8x8
Gradient: 45 deg
Side Slope: 30 deg
Vertical Step: 0.5 m
Trench: 1.8 m
Fording Depth: 1.1 m
All Wheel Drive: Yes
Central Tire Inflation System: Yes

Communications

TBR-142
VHF FM Transceiver: Yes, TBR-142(I)
VHF Range: 1 to 50 km
Megahertz: 40.000 to 59.975 MHz
Output Power: 1 to 0.3 Watts
Power Source: 12V Ni-Ca Rechargeable Battery or external 12V DC power source
Dimensions: 217x135x58 mm
Weight: 2.7 kg
Antennas: 3 Total: a 1.3m whip antenna, a 0.3m short antenna, and a 10m wire antenna
Proliferated: Widely with Artillery/Gun/Missile/Reconnaissance Units
Control Device: TBR-142(II)
Multi-function Field Phone: TBR-142(IIID)
Anti-Aircraft Control Unit: TBR-142(IIIG)
ZXY88-200 C2 Capable: Yes
Messaging: Capability – Limited
Amplifier: Available
Physical Conditions: Terrain and Weather favorable
Missile System
Name: Taian TAS5380
Guidance: inertial guidance in the initial stages with radio command mid-course correction and
TVM for end game.
launcher Type: TAS5380 8 × 8
Fuse Type: Active Fuze, which activates at 5 km from the target.
Missile Type: two-stage missiles with thrust vector control.
Rocket Engine: Two-stage solid propellant rocket
Missile Length: 6.8 m
Missile Weight: 1,300 kg
Warhead Weight: 180 kg
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Missile Speed: 4.2 Mach
Maximum Effective Range: 200 km
Minimum Effective Range: 12 kg
Maximum Altitude: 3,000 m
Minimum Altitude: 20,000 m
Launch Type: Verticaly Cold Launched
Min Elevation: INA deg
Max Elevation: +90 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Max Rate of Fire: INA rds/min
Missile Engagement Time: 12-15 seconds
Time the Max Rate of Fire can be Sustained: INA
Range Finder Type: system
Inertial guidance with mid-course update and terminal active radar homing
Self-Destruct Time: INA
Thrust Vector Control: Yes
Note: Equivalent to the Russian S-300

Fire Control
Note: To reduce the cost, the HQ-9 is designed to be flexible enough to employ a wide range of
radars, both the search/surveillance/acquisition radar and the tracking/engagement/fire control
radar (FCR).

Fire Control System

Name: HT-233 Radar
Computerized FCS: Yes, KS-1 SAM, SJ-212, itself an enlarged and improved version of the SJ-202
fire control radar (FCR) used in HQ-2J.[ H-200 & SJ-231 FCRs of latter models of KS-1 SAM are
also compatible with HQ-9.
Direct Fire: INA
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
Guidance: Track via Missile (TVM) semi-active radar homing

Radar #1
Name: HT-233 Radar
Type: Primary Target Radar
Function: Primary radar for the HQ-9. Fire Control Radar (Some reports state that this radar can
also search and target like the radar found the the U.S. Patriot system)
Frequency/Band: G (4-6 GHz) 300 MHz
Range: 300 km
Number of Targets System can Track: 100 ea
Azimuth of Search: 120 deg
Elevation of Search: 0-90 deg
Number of Missile Radar can Guide at once: 6 missiles to 6 targets or 6 missiles to 3 targets (2
missiles to each target)
Peak Power Output: 1 (Average 60 kW) MW
Note: most advanced FCRs HQ-9 could employ
Lens Arrangement: AN/MPQ-53

Guiding System: The HT-233 Radar can guide up to 6 missiles to 6 seperate targets, or to 3
targets witha pair of missile for each target

Radar #2
Name: Type 305B Radar
Type: Standar Search Radar
Alternate Designation: LLQ-305B
Function: Standard search radar for HQ-9. This 3-D radar has an antenna height of 3.5 meters,
and employs sixty 350 mm waveguide feeds. It operates in the S-band at a wavelength of 11.67
cm. Mechanically steered planar array with electronic beam-steering for height-finding. It is
similar to many radars used in the West but is build for greater mobility in the field, making is
more survivable.
Variant: YLC-2V acquisition radar

Radar #3
Name: Type 120 Radar
Type: Low altitude search radar
Alternate Designation: LLQ-120
Fuction: Low altitude search radar. A telescoping radar with an antenna height of 2.3 meters
folded, and 7 meters unfolded. Uses a feed network of sixteen 230mm wave guides. It rotates at
a maximum of ten revolutions per minute, and operates in the L-band at a wavelength of 23.75
cm. Uses a hydraulically elevated mast to increase low altitude coverage. Operating in L-band
improves detection range against stealth aircraft and cruise missiles.
Variant: JY-11B

Radar #4
Name: Type 305A radar
Type: Search Radar
Function: Type 305A (also known as LLQ-305A) radar is another search radar for HQ-9 system.
This AESA radar is designed maximize the anti-ballistic capability of HQ-9, and it resembles
Thales Ground Master 400 AESA radar. Very little info is released about this radar other than it
can also act as Fire-control radar.

Radar #5
Name: YLC-20 passive sensor
Type: Search Radar
Function: Although Type 305 radars are effective against stealthy targets such as F-35, full
stealth target such as B-2 is difficult to detect. YLC-20 passive radar was conceptually based on
KRTP-91 Tamara passive sensor, incorporating experience obtained from documentation
acquired during the abortive attempt to procure six Czech VERA passive sensors. YLC-20 passive
radar was first revealed in 2006.

Radar #6
Name: DWL002 passive sensor
Type: Passive Radar
Function: DWL002 passive radar is the development of earlier YLC-20, incorporating Kolchuga
passive sensor, four of which were sold to China. Like its predecessor YLC-20, DWL002 is also
developed by China Electronics Technology Corp. (CETC).

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No, Not supposed to be stationed near the front line of the battle field
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA
IR Signature: No

Variants
HQ-9A: Upgraded electronics and software. Production began by 2013. Range: 200 km. Altitude:
30,000 m. Dual seeker. Improved electronic equipment and software provide the HQ-9A with
higher accuracy and probability of kill. Can have semi-active radar homing (SARH).
HQ-9B / HHQ-9B: Range: 200 km. Altitude: 30,000 m. Dual seeker. Found on the LUYANG III class
destroyers in 2014. Longer 300 km range; an additional seeker provides semi-active radar
homing (SARH) and infrared homing modes.
HQ-9C: Expected to have an active radar homing mode. Currently in development; incorporates
fully active radar homing,
HHQ-9: Naval variant identical to HQ-9; launched from VLS tubes in Lanzhou class destroyers.
HHQ-9A: Naval variant identical to HQ-9A.
FT-2000: Anti-radiation system; range of up to 100 km.
FD-2000: Identical to original HQ-9, but designed for export with minor electronic improvements
Khordad-3 Iranian Medium-Range Surface-to-Air
Missile (SAM) System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > Khordad-3
Iranian Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
The 3rd Khordad is the most advanced version of the Ra'ad air defense system. It has the
greatest reported range of any of the variants. Khordad-3 equipped with Opt-Electronic System
and Taer-2 Missile and Sayyad-2C Missile which also known as Khordad-3 Missile System.

The technical data of the individual Raad versions are based on official Iranian publications. The
extent to which the information can be accurate is difficult to verify.

System
Alternative Designation: Khordad-3, 3-Khordad, Ra'ad 3
Date of Introduction: 2012
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Family: Ra'ad
Manufacturer: IRGC aerospace force
Proliferation: Iran: +400 Ra'ad-1/Khordad
In Service: 2012-Present
Crew: INA. ea
Chassis: MZKT-6922
Displacement Time: INA minutes
Emplacement Time: INA minutes
Fire on the Move: No
Note: A 3rd Khordad battalion consists of four batteries, each consisting of one 3rd Khordad
TELARs linked to two Alam al Hoda TELs for a total of four TELARS and eight TELs. Overall air
surveillance is achieved with a Bashir 3D phased array surveillance radar operating in the S-band
with a range of 190 mi (350 km).

Dimensions (Chassis: MZKT-6922)

Length: 7.5 m
Width: 3.3 m
Height: 5.1 m
Weight, Combat: INA kg
Ground Pressure: INA kg/m

Automotive (Chassis: MZKT-6922)

Engine Name: YaMZ-7513.10-02
Engine Type: turbocharged 8-cylinder diesel
Engine Power: 420 hp
Cruising Range: 1,000 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 80 km/h
Speed, Off-Road: 30 km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Fording Depth: INA m
Fuel Endurance: 1,000 km

Communications
Primary: INA

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: INA

Missile Set #1
Name: Taer-2
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile
Basic Load: 3 ea
Engine: Solid Fuel Rocket
Maximum Effective Range: 50 km
Minimum Effective Range: 1,000 m
Ceiling: 25 km
Speed: Mach 3.5
Guidance System: Radar

Missile Set #2
Name: Sayyad-2C
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile
Basic Load: 3 ea
Engine: Solid Fuel Rocket
Maximum Effective Range: 75 km
Minimum Effective Range: INA m
Ceiling: 30 km
Speed: Mach 4.5
Guidance System: Radar

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Camera Optics Range: 80 km
Note: The system can engage two targets at a time.

Radar #1
Name: Alam-Al-Hoodi Air Defense System
Type: Long-range radar
Band: VHF
Range: INA
Number of Targets System can Track: INA
Note: Very little is written about the radar systems of the Ra'ad.

Radar #2
Name: Bashir 3D array surveillance radar
Type: Air surveillance
Band: S-Band
Maximum Effective Range: 350 km

Protection
Hull Armor: No
Turret Armor: No
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: Thunderbolt Air Defense Systems
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
3rd Khordad: The 3rd Khordad is the most advanced version of the Ra'ad air defense system. It
has the greatest reported range of any of the variants.
Tabas: The Tabas is a transporter-erector-launcher radar variant of the Ra'ad fitted with a radar
similar to the "Fire Dome" radar fitted to the Buk-M1. It can reportedly only engage a single target
at a time, while providing guidance to two missiles.
Alam al Hoda: The Alam al Hoda is a transporter-erector-launcher in the Ra'ad family. The TEL
can carry three missiles.
KS-19 Russian 100mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns > KS-19 Russian 100mm Towed Anti-
Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
100 mm air defense gun KS-19 was a Soviet anti-aircraft gun. Initially deployed aboard ships as
the B-34 during the Second World War, a ground-mounted version was introduced into service
after the war as the KS-19.

The KS-19 is a heavy towed anti aircraft gun that has largely disappeared from front line arsenals
due to increased use of more effective surface-to-air missiles. Being a towed weapon an external
form of mobility was required, usually an AT-S Medium or AT-T Heavy tracked artillery tractor. The
15 man crew were carried on the tractor along with ready use ammunition for the gun.
Ammunition was loaded as a single round into the loading tray and a well trained crew could fire
15 rounds maximum per minute.

Anti Aircraft ammunition includes high explosive, high explosive fragmentation and
fragmentation types. The KS-19's onboard sights can be used to engage air targets; however
increased accuracy was achieved if used in conjunction with a fire control radar such as the SON
9 (NATO Reporting name 'Fire Can') and PUAZO-6/19 director.

As the KS-19 is a heavy calibre Anti-Aircraft gun it also has some utility in the ground role
especially against armored targets. As a result of this two armor piecing rounds were produced:
the AP-T (Armour Piercing-Tracer) and APC-T (Armour Piercing Capped-Tracer) with the AP-T
round reportedly able to penetrate 185 mm of armor at 1000 m.

The KS-19 was used in action by communist forces in both Korea and Vietnam.

System
Alternative Designations: KS-19
Date of Introduction: 1949
Proliferation: At Least 20 Countries
Crew: 15
Carriage: Towed 2-axle, 4-wheel carriage
Prime Movers: Towing vehicle AT-S or AT-T
Max Towed Speed: 35 km/h
Emplacement Time: 7 sec
Displacement Time: 6 sec

Dimensions
Length Overall: 9.3 m
Width Overall: 2.32 m
Combat Weight: 11,000 kg

Armament
Caliber, Type: 100-mm Gun
Number of Barrels: 1
Breech Mechanism: Rising Block
Service Life of Barrel: 2,800 rds
Rate of Fire: Maximum: INA
Practical: 10-15 fd/min
Loader Type: Manual
Reaction Time: 30 sec
Reload Time: INA sec
Traverse: 360 deg
Traverse Rate: 61 deg/sec
Elevation: -3 to 89 deg
Elevation Rate:: 12 deg/sec

Weapons and Ammunition Types

100-mm Gun Frag-HE AP-T APC-T: Typical Combat Load 100

Main Armament Ammunition

Type: Frag-HE, AP-T, APC-T
Range With On-Carriage Sight: 3,500 m
Range With Off-Carriage Radar: 12,600 m
Max Altitude: 14,500 m
Max Effective Altitude: 13,700 m
With On-Carriage Sight Altitude: 3,500 m
Min: 0
Frag-HE Projectile Weight: 15.61 kg
AP-T Projectile Weight: 15.89 kg
APC-T Projectile Weight: 16 kg
Muzzle Velocity: 900-1,000 m/s
Fuze Type: Proximity and Time
Self-Destruct: 30 sec

Fire Control
On-Carriages: INA
PO-IM Telescope Field of View: 14 deg
PO-IM Telescope Power: 5x
PO-IM Telescope Range: 3,500 m
PG Panoramic Telescope Field of View: 10 deg
PG Panoramic Telescope Power: 4x
Rangefinder: D-49 (off carriage)
Radar Name: SON-9/SON-9A (FIRE CAN)
Radar Function: Fire Control
Radar Detection Range: 80 km
Radar Tracking Range: 35 km
Radar Frequency: 2.7-2.9 GHz (E/F-band)
Radar Peak Power: 300 kw
PUAZO 6-19 or 6-19M: fire control director
LD 2000 (LuDun-2000) Chinese 8x8 Mobile Air Defense
Gun Missile System
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Guns > LD 2000 (LuDun-2000)
Chinese 8x8 Mobile Air Defense Gun Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The LD2000 (LuDun-2000) is a ground-based anti-aircraft air defense weapon system designed,
developed and manufactured by the Chinese Defense Company NORINCO (China North
Industries Corporation). The system was unveiled during the defense exhibition IDEX in 2005.
Modern critical ground assets are vulnerable to a growing number of precision-guided weapon
and aerial threats, and particularly to cruise missiles. In response. China North Industries
Corporation (NORINCO) has developed a unique and effective solution to these threats - LD2000
Ground-Based Close-In Weapon System based on the proven CIWS of naval application. LD2000
is the effective and efficient weapon system for close-in air defense in various scenarios. With
highly accurate firepower and multiple target engagement capability. The LD2000 achieves
satisfying hit probability to typical low-altitude, high-speed cruise missile targets. The system is
also highly capable of intercepting low-altitude aircraft and UAV. The LD2000 can intercept flying
targets at a velocity of Mach 2 or below. It has a reaction time of 9.8 sec and the capability to
track up to 48 targets.

System
Alternative Designation: HQ-6A, LD2000 Gai,
Date of Introduction: 2005
Chassis: 8 x 8, WS-2400
Proliferation: INA
Manufactuer: NORINCO
Crew: 9 ea
Target: Low altitude, high speed cruise missiles; low altitude aircraft; and UAVs traveling less
than Mach 2
Number of Tracks System Can Manage: Up to 48 targets
Reaction Time: 9.8 sec
Range: 2.5km for gun attacking air threats and 3km attacking ground threats; 6km for SAMs
In Service: 2005-Present
Note: LD2000 includes a combat unit that consists of an Intelligence & Command Vehicle (ICV)
and up to eight Combat Vehicles (CV), supported by Ammunition Supply Vehicles (ASV). and
other combat support vehicles. Besides the ready-to-service basic configuration and extended
configuration, LD2000 also can be upgraded to multi-layer gun-missile integrated air defense
system

Dimensions (Chassis: WS2400)

Length: 11.44 m
Width: 3.05 m
Height: 2.97 m
Weight, Empty: 19 tons

Automotive (Chassis: WS2400)

Engine Name: Deutz Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 517
Payload Capacity: 22 tons
Operational Range: 650 km
Speed: 75 km/h

Communications

Main Weapon System

Note #1: The 30-mm cannon is remotely controlled and mounted to the rear of the truck
Note #2: The cannon is operated by a gunner in the fully enclosed module to the behind the cab

System
Name: Type 730C (Land Based)
Type: "Gatling" Gun
Cailber/Length: 30 mm
Crew: Automated, with human oversight
Barrels: 7 ea
Length: INA
Diameter: INA
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Maximum Elevation: INA
Fire on Move: No
Minimum Elevation: INA
Reaction Time: 9.8 sec
Rate of Fire: 4,600 - 5,800 cyclic rpm
Maximum Effective Range: 2.5km attacking air threats and 3km attacking ground threats
Basic Load: 1,000 rounds (500 rounds in each of two magazines located on either side of the
cannons. Each magazine is loaded with a type of 30mm ammunition, AP, APDS, or HEI)
Feed System: Two ammunition boxes, each holding 500 rounds (total 1000 rounds)
Guidance System: TR47C J-band radar OFC-3 electro-optical fire control system

Ammunitionn
Name: INA
Type: Sabot Armor-Piercing Rounds
Caliber: 30 mm
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Basic Load: 1,000 rounds (500 rounds in each of two magazines located on either side of the
cannons. Each magazine is loaded with a type of 30mm ammunition, AP, APDS, or HEI)
Note: The LD2000 can fire tungsten APDS and HEI ammunitions for improved airborne weapon
target destruction. One direct hit of APDS projectile will definitely detonate the warhead of
incoming air-to-ground weapon target

Secondary Weapon Systemm

Missile System
Name: TY-90 (Sky Swallow-90)
Type: Suface-to-Air Missile
Manufacturer: China Aviation Industry Corporation I
Length: 1.9 m
Diameter: 90 mm
Weight: 20 kg
Warhead Weight: 3 kg
Detonation Mechanism: Impact / proximity
Engine: Solid-fuel rocket motor
Propellant: Solid fuel
Operational Range: 0.5 – 6 km
Flight Ceiling: 6 km
Flight Altitude: 0 – 6 km
Speed: > Mach 2
Guidance System: ImIR IR
Basic Load: 6 ea

Fire Control System

FCS Name: OFC-3
Computerized FCS: Yes
FCS Type: Photoelectric tracking system
Laser Rangefinder: Yes
IFF: INA
Guidance System: TR47C J-band radar
OFC-3 electro-optical fire control system
Main Gun Stabilization: INA
Night Vision Camera: Yes

Radar
Name: TR47C
Type: Fire Control Radar
Band: J
CCD Camera: Yes
Laser Rangefinder: Yes
Infrared Thermal Imager: Yes
Detection Range, Small Target: 10 km
Azimuth Scan: azimuth is scanned mechanically, while the elevation is scanned electronically,
incorporating a total of 169 transceivers of phased array technology that enables the radar to
pick up the splashes of 30 mm rounds
Number of targets: Up to 48
Note: The system can track a sea-skimming target with 0.1 square metre radar cross section at 8
km, extended to 15 km if the radar cross section is increased to 2 square metres, and further
extended to 20 km if the radar cross section is increased to 10 square metres, though the targets
could not be engaged until much closer (3 km) due to the limited range of the gun

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
LD 2000 with Missiles: Some LD 2000s have up to 6 SAMs attached to the side(s) of the gun
mount (see pictures). Versions with missiles have an additional radar mounted on top of the
shelter between the cab of the truck and the gun. Missile option include: TY-90, DK-9, and HQ-10
SAM
LD 2000 with 11 barreled "Gatling" gun: Has higher rate of fire than the seven-barreled version.
 M-1939 (61-K) Russian 37mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns > M-1939 (61-K) Russian 37mm
Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
The 37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K) (Russian: 37-мм автоматическая
зенитная пушка образца 1939 года (61-К)) is a Soviet 37 mm calibre anti-aircraft gun
developed during the late 1930s and used during World War II. The land-based version was
replaced in Soviet service by the ZSU-57-2 during the 1950s. Guns of this type were successfully
used throughout the Eastern Front against dive bombers and other low- and medium-altitude
targets. It also had some usefulness against lightly armoured ground targets. Crews of the 37
mm AD guns shot down 14,657 Axis planes. The mean quantity of 37 mm ammunition to shoot
down one enemy plane was 905 rounds

System
Alternative Designations: None
Date of Introduction: 1939 (61-K)
Description: 37mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Proliferation: Total: +20,000
Over 30 Countries still use the M-1939
Crew: 8, 4 (est) while traveling
Carriage: Four Wheels
Emplacement Time (sec): 8.5 while traveling. Gun can be fired from a halt without dropping
trails. 30 full emplace, to drop trails.
Displacement Time (sec): 8 sec while traveling.
30 from full emplacement
In Service: 1939-Present

Dimensions
Length Overall: 6.04 m
Length of Barrel: 2.73 m
Height Overall: 2.11 m
Width Overall: 1.95 m
Combat Weight: 2,050 kg

Automotive
Prime Mover: Utility Vehicles, Small, and Medium Trucks
Max Towed Speed: 60 km/h
Cross Country: 25 km/h
Fording Depth: 0.7 m

Main Armament
Caliber, Type: 37-mm Rifled
Number of Barrels: 1
Breech Mechanism: Rising Block
Cyclic Rate of Fire: 180 rd/min
Practical Rate of Fire: 80 rd/min
Clip Capacity: 5, gun magazine holds 2 clips for 10 rounds rds
Loader Type: Manual Gravity Feed
Reaction Time: 4.5, 4 to stop and fire during a move (without radar) sec
Reload Time: 2 per clip sec
Traverse: 360 deg
Traverse Rate: 61 deg/sec
Elevation: -5 to +85 deg
Elevation Rate:: 22 deg/sec

Ammunition
Type: HE, HE-FRAG-T, AP, AP-T, HVAP, HVAP-T, HEI-T
Max Range: 8,500 m
Max Effective Range (slant): 3,500 m
Max Effective (ground targets): 3,500 m
Max Altitude: 6,000 m
Max Effective Altitude: 3,000 m
Armor Penetration: 55mm @ 500m
HE Projectile Weight: 0.74 kg
AP Projectile Weight: ,77 kg
HE-FRAG-T Projectile Weight: 0.73 kg
HVAP Projectile Weight: 0.62 kg
HEI-T Projectile Weight: INA
HE Muzzle Velocity: 880 m/s
AP Muzzle Velocity: 880 m/s
HE-FRAG-T Muzzle Velocity: 880 m/s
HVAP Muzzle Velocity: 960 m/s
Self-Destruct: 8 to 12 sec
Self-Destruct Range: 3,700 to 4,700 m

Weapons and Ammunition Types

1 x 37-mm AA gun HE HE-FRAG-T AP AP-T HVAP HVAP-T HEI-T: Typical
Combat Load 500

Variants
Type 55: copy of the single barreled 37 mm M1939
Type 63: twin 37 mm guns with vertical stabilization mounted on a T-34 chassis.
Type 65: copy of the twin barreled 37 mm
Type 74: upgraded version of the Type 65 with a greater rate of fire
Type 74SD: Type 74 with servo system removed for operation with Type 800 laser course
director system
Type 79-III: upgraded version of the Type 74 with electro-optical director, and powered traverse
and elevation.
Type 76: Naval version of the twin 37 mm.
P793: Advanced twin-barrel version, with electro-optical predicting sight and higher rate of fire
and lengthened barrels giving a higher muzzle velocity (1,000 m/s). Operated by a crew of 5 or 6.
MAZ-7910 Russian 8x8 Air Defense Missile System
Carrier
Logistics > Transportation > MAZ-7910 Russian 8x8 Air Defense Missile System Carrier

Tiers:

Notes
In 1974, MAZ made the prototype of a pipe hauler MAZ 7910. According to the information the
only prototype was made, the other information says that mass production in small quantities
started in 1976. This version has a single cabin. It could take three 800 mm pipes with a total
weight of 18 tonnes. Overall dimensions — 11,450x3050x3550 mm. Curb weight — 23,300 kg.
Payload — 18 tonnes. Top speed — 60 kph.

System
Alternative Designations: MAZ 7910
Date of Introduction: 1976
Proliferation: Widelty Proliferated
Manufacturer: MAZ
In Service: INA
Crew: 2 ea

Automotive
Engine Name: D12A-525
Engine Type: V-12 water-cooled diesel
Engine Power: 525 hp at 2,100 rpm
Power-to-Weight Ratio: 26.25 hp/metric ton
Maximum Speed, Road: 60 km/h
Maximum Speed, Off-Road: 30 km/h
Maximum Range: 800 km
Cargo Capacity Example: take three 800 mm pipes with a total weight of 18 tonnes

Dimensions (Chassis: MAZ-7910 8 x 8 Truck)

Length: 9.40 m
Width: 3.10 m
Height: 3.70 m
Curb Weight: 23,300 kg
Payload: 18 tons

Communications
VHF Radio: R-168 Akveduk
HF Radio: R-161 Poisk

Protection
Note: There is not information on the protection available to the MAZ 7910

Variants
MAZ-543P: The MAZ-543P (carrying capacity - 19600 kg) was used for 9K76 Temp-S system.
MAZ-543M: The MAZ-543M version was designed to carry the BM-30 Smerch Multiple rocket
launcher.
MAZ-543: Designed in the 1960s, the MAZ-543 was presented on 7 November 1965 during the
Moscow Red Square military parade as part of SS-1с Scud B (9K72 Elbrus) system. The vehicle is
powered by a 38.9 litre D12A-525 tank diesel engine producing around 525 horsepower, and
gives a maximum road speed of 37 mph (60 km/h). There have been a number of variants
MAZ-543A: he 1967 MAZ-543A, arrived (with extra carrying capacity up to 22000 kg). It served
as the basis for several civilian vehicles, including the AA-60(543)-160 aerodrome fire-fighting
vehicle (1973), the AA-70(543)-172 experimental emergency vehicle, and the KS-5571 crane. In
1974 at the Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy, a new prototype modification
(MAZ-7310) was presented. It has been in production since 1976.
MAZ-547: The MAZ-547 version is a six-axle version, used as Transporter erector launcher for
the SS-20 Saber.
MAZ-7910: This variant is used to carry the air defense missile complex S-300PMU-2.
MAZ-74106: This variant is used mainly to transport the air search radar 64N6 BIG BIRD for the
S-300PM.
WS2400: In 1986, People's Republic of China fielded its version of MAZ-543. Initially designated
WS580 but later renamed WS2400, this Chinese version is one of the Wanshan series trucks
manufactured by Wanshan Special Vehicle, a wholly owned subsidiary of China Aerospace
Sanjiang Space Co. Ltd., which is in turn a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Industry
Corporation (CASIC).
MIM-23A Hawk American Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM)
System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
MIM-23A Hawk American Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
The Raytheon MIM-23 Hawk (or HAWK: Homing All the Way Killer) is an American medium-range
surface-to-air missile. It was designed to be a much more mobile counterpart to the MIM-14 Nike
Hercules, trading off range and altitude capability for a much smaller size and weight. Its low-
level performance was greatly improved over Nike through the adoption of new radars and a
continuous wave semi-active radar homing guidance system.

Hawk was originally intended to attack aircraft, especially those flying at medium and low
altitudes. It entered service with the Army in this role in 1959. In 1971 it underwent a major
improvement program as the Improved Hawk, or I-Hawk, which made several improvements to
the missile and replaced all of the radar systems with new models. Improvements continued
throughout the next twenty years, adding improved ECCM, a potential home-on-jam feature, and
in 1995, a new warhead that made it capable against short-range tactical missiles. Jane's
reported that the original system's single shot kill probability was 0.56; I-Hawk improved this to
0.85.

A typical Basic Hawk battery consists of:

1 × PAR: Pulse Acquisition Radar—a search radar with a 20 rpm rotation, for high/medium
altitude target detection.
1 × CWAR: Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar—a search doppler radar with a 20 rpm rotation,
for low altitude target detection.
2 × HPIR: High Power Illuminator doppler Radar—target tracking, illumination and missile
guidance.
1 × ROR: Range Only Radar—K-band pulse radar which provides range information when the other
systems are jammed or unavailable.
1 × ICC: Information Coordination Central
1 × BCC: Battery Control Central
1 × AFCC: Assault Fire Command Console—miniature battery control central for remote control
of one firing section of the battery. The AFCC controls one CWAR, one HPI, and three launchers
with a total of nine missiles.
1 × PCP: Platoon Command Post
2 × LCS: Launcher Section Controls
6 × M-192: Launchers with 18 missiles.
6 × SEA: Generators 56 kVA (400 Hz) each.
12 × M-390: Missile transport pallets with 36 missiles
3 × M-501: Missile loading tractors.
1 × [bucket loader]
1 × Missile test shop AN/MSM-43.

System
Alternative Designation: MIM-23 Hawk, MIM-23A
Date of Introduction: 1960
Type: medium-range surface-to-air missile.
Family: MIM-23 Hawk Family
Manufacturer: Raytheon Company
Proliferation: In service. Approximately 37,000 were produced.

Egypt [78+]
France [26]
Iran [N/A]
Israel [N/A]
Italy [12]
Japan [180]
Jordan [14]
Kuwait [24]
Romania [8]
Saudi Arabia [N/A]
Singapore [N/A]
South Korea [158]
Spain [52]
Sweden [N/A] (RBS 97)
Taiwan [100]
Turkey [N/A]
United Arab Emirates [N/A]
In Service: 1960-Present
Crew: INA ea
Displacement Time: INA minutes
Emplacement Time: INA minutes
Fire on the Move: No
Note: The original Hawk has been phased out of NATO and U.S. service, although several
countries have missiles in storage. All active Hawk missiles are the I-Hawk variant.

Dimensions
Length: 5.08 m
Diameter: 0.37 m
Wingspan: 1.21 m
Weight, Combat: 590 kg
Warhead Weight: 45 kg

Automotive
Engine Name: 1 x Aerojet dual-thrust solid-fuel rocket (M22E8 motor)
Engine Type: Solid-fuel rocket engine
Speed: Mach 2.5
Transporter: The Hawk missile is transported and launched from the M192 towed triple-missile
launcher.
M22E8 Motor Burn Rate: 25-32 seconds

Communications

Missile System
Name: (M3)
MIM-23A
Type: Semi-active Radar Homing Missile
Guidance: Semi-active Radar Homing
Length/Caliber: INA
Maximum Effective Range: 25 km
Minimum Effective Range: 2 km
Maximum Altitude: 14 km
Minimum Altitude: 30 m
Max Elevation: INA
Min Elevation: INA
Traverse Range: INA
Traverse Left: INA
Traverse Right: INA
Max Rate of Fire: INA
Launcher: M192 towed triple-missile launcher
Reflector: parabolic reflector
Warhead Type: Conventional high-explosive blast fragmentation
Warhead Weight: 45 kg
Warhead Fragments Speed: 2,000 meters per second
Warhead Fragments: 4,000 8-gram (0.28 oz) fragments
Warhead Fragments Arc: 18 deg
Fuze Type: w/proximity and contact fuzes
Speed: Mach 2.5
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing
Kill Probability: 0.56

Fire Control
Note: The original Hawk system used 4 or in some models 6 radars: to detect (PAR and CWAR),
to track (CWAR and HPIR) and to engage (HPIR and ROR) targets.

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA

Radar #1
Name: AN/MPQ-35 (Basic Hawk)
Type: PAR Pulse Acquisition Radar
Radar Pulse Power: 450 kW
Pusle Length: 3 µs
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 800 and 667 Hz alternately
Radar Ghz Range: 1.25 to 1.35 GHz range
Antenna Dimensions: 6.7 m × 1.4 m
Rotation Rate: 20 rpm
Note: The BCC – Battery Control Central and the CWAR are synchronized by the PAR revolutions
and the PAR system trigger.

Radar #2
Name: AN/MPQ-34 (Basic Hawk)
Type: CWAR Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar
Power Rating: 200 Watts
Frequency: 10 GHz (X-Band)

Radar #3
Name: AN/MPQ-33/39 (Basic Hawk)
Type: HPIR High Power Illuminating Radar
Power Output: 125 Watts
Operating Ghz Band: 10–10.25 GHz band
Note: The unit comes mounted on its own mobile trailer. Unit automatically acquires and tracks
designated targets in azimuth elevation and range rate.

Radar #4
Name: AN/MPQ-37 (Basic Hawk)
Type: ROR Range Only Radar
Radar Type: Pulse Radar
Ku Band Frequency: 15.5-17.5 GHz
Power Output: 120 kW
Pusle Length: 0.6 µs
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 1600 Hz
Antenna: 1.2m dish
Range: 83 km (52 mi) versus 3 m2 (32 sq ft) target.

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No

Variants
I-Hawk (Improved Hawk /Hawk B/MIM-23B): This variant reached initial operating capability
(IOC) in 1972. Upgrades from the original Hawk included solid-state electronics, factory certified
and sealed missile round, all-altitude capability, digital automatic data processor for the
information coordination central (ICC), improved solid-pro pellant rocket motor and a larger
warhead.
Hawk Mobility Enhancement (HME): This was jointly developed by Raytheon and the Dutch air
force. It reduced number of vehicles in a Hawk firing unit from 14 trucks and trailers to seven,
updated the Hawk launcher and simplified reloading.
Patriot /Hawk Interoperability: This is a software upgrade to permitting Hawk missile platoons to
receive targeting data from Patriot information coordination center (ICC). An April 1988 test
simulated an interception of a short-range tactical missile by shooting down a missile traveling
at Mach 2 and at an altitude of more than 25,000 ft (7,620 m).
Sparrow /Hawk Demonstration Program: In 1985, Raytheon combined elements of two of its
missile products into one system. The Sparrow /Hawk system replaced the three I-Hawks on the
M192 launcher with eight AIM-7 Sparrow missiles (the original launcher had nine missiles).
NOAH (Norwegian Adapted Hawk ):
Iran MIM-23 Hawk variant: Iran reportedly made several upgrades to MIM-23 missiles for the
carriages of its F-14 Tomcats. Some were displayed in Tehran in September 1998.
Danish Enhanced Hawk (DEHAWK): Introduced in December 2002, the Danish Enhanced Hawk
(DEHAWK) was developed by Terma and Thales. After several years of delays, the program was
handed over to the Danish Air Materiel Command.
MIM-23B I-Hawk American Surface-to-Air Missile
(SAM) System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > MIM-23B I-
Hawk American Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
The Raytheon MIM-23 Hawk (or HAWK: Homing All the Way Killer) is an American medium-range
surface-to-air missile.

The MIM-23 I-Hawk or MIM-23B has a larger 74 kg (163 lb) blast-fragmentation warhead, a
smaller and improved guidance package, and a new M112 rocket motor. The new warhead
produces approximately 14,000 2-gram (0.071 oz) fragments that cover a much larger 70 degree
arc. The missiles M112 rocket motor has a boost phase of 5 seconds and a sustain phase of 21
seconds. The motors total weight is 395 kg (871 lb) including 295 kg (650 lb) of propellant. This
new motor improves the engagement envelope to 1.5 to 40 km (0.93 to 24.85 mi) in range at high
altitude, and 2.5 to 20 km (1.6 to 12.4 mi) at low altitude, the minimum engagement altitude is 60
meters (200 ft). The missile was operational in 1971. All US units had converted to this standard
by 1978.

A typical Phase-III MIM-23B Hawk battery consists of:

1 × PAR: Pulse Acquisition Radar—a search radar with a 20 (+/−2) rpm rotation, for high/medium
altitude target detection.
1 × CWAR: Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar—a search doppler radar with a 20 (+/−2) rpm
rotation, for low altitude target detection.
2 × HIPIR: HIgh Power Illuminator doppler Radar—target tracking, illumination and missile
guidance.
1 × FDC: Fire Direction Center
1 × IFF: Identification Friend or Foe Transceiver
6 × DLN: Digital Launchers with 18 missiles.
6 × MEP-816: Generators 60KW (400 Hz) each.
12 × M-390: Missile transport pallets with 36 missiles
3 × M-501: Missile loading tractors.
1 × [bucket loader]

System
Alternative Designation: MIM-23B Hawk, MIM-23 I-Hawk
Date of Introduction: 1971
Type: medium-range surface-to-air missile.
Family: MIM-23 Hawk Family
Manufacturer: Raytheon Company
Proliferation: In service. Approximately 37,000 were produced.

Egypt [78+]
France [26]
Iran [N/A]
Israel [N/A]
Italy [12]
Japan [180]
Jordan [14]
Kuwait [24]
Romania [8]
Saudi Arabia [N/A]
Singapore [N/A]
South Korea [158]
Spain [52]
Sweden [N/A] (RBS 97)
Taiwan [100]
Turkey [N/A]
United Arab Emirates [N/A]
In Service: 1971-Present
Crew: INA ea
Displacement Time: INA minutes
Emplacement Time: INA minutes
Fire on the Move: No
Note #1: The original Hawk has been phased out of NATO and U.S. service, although several
countries have missiles in storage. All active Hawk missiles are the I-Hawk variant.
Note #2: Product Improvement Plan In 1973 the US Army started an extensive multi-phase Hawk
PIP (Product Improvement Plan), mainly intended to improve and upgrade the numerous items of
ground equipment.

Phase I
Phase I involved replacement of the CWAR with the AN/MPQ-55 Improved CWAR (ICWAR), and
the upgrade of the AN/MPQ-50 PAR to Improved PAR (IPAR) configuration by the addition of a
digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator). The first PIP Phase I systems were fielded between 1979
and 1981.

Phase II
Developed from 1978 and fielded between 1983 and 1986. upgraded the AN/MPQ-46 HPI to AN/
MPQ-57 standard by replacing some of the vacuum tube based electronics with modern solid-
state circuits, and added an optical TAS (Tracking Adjunct System). The TAS, designated
OD-179/TVY, is an electro-optical (TV) tracking system that increases Hawk operability and
survivability in a high-ECM environment.
Phase III

The PIP Phase III development was started in 1983, and was first fielded by U. S. forces in 1989.
Phase III was a major upgrade which significantly enhanced the computer hardware and
software for most components of the system, a new CWAR the AN/MPQ-62, added single-scan
target detection capability, and upgraded the HPI to AN/MPQ-61 standard by addition of a Low-
Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement (LASHE) system. LASHE allows the Hawk system to
counter saturation attacks by simultaneously intercepting multiple low-level targets. The ROR
was phased out in Phase III Hawk units.

Dimensions
Length: 5.03 m
Diameter: 0.37 m
Wingspan: 1.21 m
Weight, Combat: 640 kg
Warhead Weight: 54 kg

Automotive
Engine Name: 1 x Aerojet dual-thrust solid-fuel rocket (M112 motor)
Engine Type: Solid-fuel rocket engine
Speed: Mach 2.7
Transporter: The Hawk missile is transported and launched from the M192 towed triple-missile
launcher.
M112 Motor Burn Rate: a 5-second boost phase and a sustain phase of around 21 seconds.
M112 Motor Weight: 395 kg including 295 kg of propellant.

Communications
Note: See Fire Control

Missile System
Name: MIM-23B
Type: Semi-active Radar Homing Missile
Guidance: Semi-active Radar Homing
Length/Caliber: INA
Maximum Effective Range: 35 km
Minimum Effective Range: 1.5 km
Maximum Altitude: 18 km
Minimum Altitude: 30 m
Max Elevation: INA
Min Elevation: INA
Traverse Range: INA
Traverse Left: INA
Traverse Right: INA
Max Rate of Fire: INA
Launcher: M192 towed triple-missile launcher
Reflector: low side lobe, high-gain plane antenna to reduce sensitivity to ground clutter
Warhead Type: Conventional high-explosive blast fragmentation
Warhead Weight: 54 kg
Warhead Fragments Speed: 2,000 meters per second
Warhead Fragments: 14,000 2-gram (0.071 oz) fragments
Warhead Fragments Arc: 70 deg
Fuze Type: radio frequency proximity and impact fuses
Speed: Mach 2.5
Guidance System: X-band CW monopulse semi-active radar seeker.
Kill Probability: 0.85 (Improvement from the MIM-23A)
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): 300-400 hours
Peak Velocity: 500 m/s
Maximum Maneuver Speed: 15 Gs

Fire Control
Note: The original Hawk system used 4 or in some models 6 radars: to detect (PAR and CWAR),
to track (CWAR and HPIR) and to engage (HPIR and ROR) targets.

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Digital Data Processing Central Information Coordinator: Yes, for Target Processing, Threat
Ordering, and Intercept Evaluation.

Radar #1
Name: AN/MPQ-50 (Improved Hawk to Phase III)
Type: PAR Pulse Acquisition Radar
Digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator): Yes
Frequency: 500 to 1,000 MHz
Band: C-Band
Peak Operating Power: 1,000 watts
High PRF Range: 104 km
Low PRF Range: 96 km

Radar #2
Name: AN/MPQ-48 (Improved Hawk)
Type: CWAR Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar
Power Rating: 400 Watts
Frequency: 10 GHz (X-Band)
Range: 69 km (43 mi) (CW) to 63 km (39 mi) (FM) versus 3 m2 (32 sq ft) target.

Radar #3
Name: AN/MPQ-46 (Improved Hawk – Phase I)
Type: HPIR High Power Illuminating Radar
Power Output: 125 Watts
Operating GHz Band: 10-20 GHz J band
Range: 99 km (62 mi) (high PRF) to 93 km (58 mi) (low PRF) versus 3 m2 (32 sq ft) target.

Radar #4
Name: AN/MPQ-51 (Improved Hawk – Phase II)
Type: ROR Range Only Radar
Frequency: 15.5-17.5 GHz)
Pusle Radar: Yes
Power Output: 120 kW
Pusle Length: 0.6 µs
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 1600 Hz
Range: 83 km (52 mi) versus 3 m2 (32 sq ft) target

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No

Variants
I-Hawk (Improved Hawk /Hawk B/MIM-23B): This variant reached initial operating capability
(IOC) in 1972. Upgrades from the original Hawk included solid-state electronics, factory certified
and sealed missile round, all-altitude capability, digital automatic data processor for the
information coordination central (ICC), improved solid-pro pellant rocket motor and a larger
warhead.
Hawk Mobility Enhancement (HME): This was jointly developed by Raytheon and the Dutch air
force. It reduced number of vehicles in a Hawk firing unit from 14 trucks and trailers to seven,
updated the Hawk launcher and simplified reloading.
Patriot /Hawk Interoperability: This is a software upgrade to permitting Hawk missile platoons to
receive targeting data from Patriot information coordination center (ICC). An April 1988 test
simulated an interception of a short-range tactical missile by shooting down a missile traveling
at Mach 2 and at an altitude of more than 25,000 ft (7,620 m).
Sparrow /Hawk Demonstration Program: In 1985, Raytheon combined elements of two of its
missile products into one system. The Sparrow /Hawk system replaced the three I-Hawks on the
M192 launcher with eight AIM-7 Sparrow missiles (the original launcher had nine missiles).
NOAH (Norwegian Adapted Hawk ): INA
Iran MIM-23 Hawk variant: Iran reportedly made several upgrades to MIM-23 missiles for the
carriages of its F-14 Tomcats. Some were displayed in Tehran in September 1998.
Danish Enhanced Hawk (DEHAWK): Introduced in December 2002, the Danish Enhanced Hawk
(DEHAWK) was developed by Terma and Thales. After several years of delays, the program was
handed over to the Danish Air Materiel Command.
MIM-23B Shahin Iranian Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM)
System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > MIM-23B
Shahin Iranian Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
The Raytheon MIM-23 Hawk (or HAWK: Homing All the Way Killer) is an American medium-range
surface-to-air missile.

Iran reportedly made several upgrades to MIM-23 missiles for the carriages of its F-14 Tomcats.
Some were displayed in Tehran in September 1998. The Iranian Air Force has its own version of
the MIM-23 Hawk, the Shahin, which it claims to be under production.

A typical Phase-III MIM-23B Hawk battery consists of:

1 × PAR: Pulse Acquisition Radar—a search radar with a 20 (+/−2) rpm rotation, for high/medium
altitude target detection.
1 × CWAR: Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar—a search doppler radar with a 20 (+/−2) rpm
rotation, for low altitude target detection.
2 × HIPIR: HIgh Power Illuminator doppler Radar—target tracking, illumination and missile
guidance.
1 × FDC: Fire Direction Center
1 × IFF: Identification Friend or Foe Transceiver
6 × DLN: Digital Launchers with 18 missiles.
6 × MEP-816: Generators 60KW (400 Hz) each.
12 × M-390: Missile transport pallets with 36 missiles
3 × M-501: Missile loading tractors.
1 × [bucket loader]

System
Alternative Designation: MIM-23B Shahin, Shahin
Date of Introduction: 1971
Type: Medium-range surface-to-air missile.
Family: MIM-23 Hawk Family
Manufacturer: Raytheon Company
Proliferation: Iran: INA

MIM-23A/MIM-23B: In service. Approximately 37,000 were produced.

Egypt [78+]
France [26]
Iran [N/A]
Israel [N/A]
Italy [12]
Japan [180]
Jordan [14]
Kuwait [24]
Romania [8]
Saudi Arabia [N/A]
Singapore [N/A]
South Korea [158]
Spain [52]
Sweden [N/A] (RBS 97)
Taiwan [100]
Turkey [N/A]
United Arab Emirates [N/A]
In Service: 1971-Present
Crew: INA ea
Displacement Time: INA minutes
Emplacement Time: INA minutes
Fire on the Move: No
Note #1: The original Hawk has been phased out of NATO and U.S. service, although several
countries have missiles in storage. All active Hawk missiles are the I-Hawk variant.
Note #2: Product Improvement Plan In 1973 the US Army started an extensive multi-phase Hawk
PIP (Product Improvement Plan), mainly intended to improve and upgrade the numerous items of
ground equipment.

Phase I
Phase I involved replacement of the CWAR with the AN/MPQ-55 Improved CWAR (ICWAR), and
the upgrade of the AN/MPQ-50 PAR to Improved PAR (IPAR) configuration by the addition of a
digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator). The first PIP Phase I systems were fielded between 1979
and 1981.

Phase II
Developed from 1978 and fielded between 1983 and 1986. upgraded the AN/MPQ-46 HPI to AN/
MPQ-57 standard by replacing some of the vacuum tube based electronics with modern solid-
state circuits, and added an optical TAS (Tracking Adjunct System). The TAS, designated
OD-179/TVY, is an electro-optical (TV) tracking system that increases Hawk operability and
survivability in a high-ECM environment.
Phase III

The PIP Phase III development was started in 1983, and was first fielded by U. S. forces in 1989.
Phase III was a major upgrade which significantly enhanced the computer hardware and
software for most components of the system, a new CWAR the AN/MPQ-62, added single-scan
target detection capability, and upgraded the HPI to AN/MPQ-61 standard by addition of a Low-
Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement (LASHE) system. LASHE allows the Hawk system to
counter saturation attacks by simultaneously intercepting multiple low-level targets. The ROR
was phased out in Phase III Hawk units.

Dimensions
Length: 5.03 m
Diameter: 0.37 m
Wingspan: 1.21 m
Weight, Combat: 640 kg
Warhead Weight: 54 kg

Automotive
Engine Name: 1 x Aerojet dual-thrust solid-fuel rocket (M112 motor)
Engine Type: Solid-fuel rocket engine
Speed: Mach 2.7
Transporter: The Hawk missile is transported and launched from the M192 towed triple-missile
launcher.
M112 Motor Burn Rate: a 5-second boost phase and a sustain phase of around 21 seconds.
M112 Motor Weight: 395 kg including 295 kg of propellant.

Communications
Note: See Fire Control

Missile System
Name: MIM-23B
Type: Semi-active Radar Homing Missile
Guidance: Semi-active Radar Homing
Length/Caliber: INA
Maximum Effective Range: 35 km
Minimum Effective Range: 1.5 km
Maximum Altitude: 18 km
Minimum Altitude: 30 m
Max Elevation: INA
Min Elevation: INA
Traverse Range: INA
Traverse Left: INA
Traverse Right: INA
Max Rate of Fire: INA
Launcher: M192 towed triple-missile launcher
Reflector: low side lobe, high-gain plane antenna to reduce sensitivity to ground clutter
Warhead Type: Conventional high-explosive blast fragmentation
Warhead Weight: 54 kg
Warhead Fragments Speed: 2,000 meters per second
Warhead Fragments: 14,000 2-gram (0.071 oz) fragments
Warhead Fragments Arc: 70 deg
Fuze Type: radio frequency proximity and impact fuses
Speed: Mach 2.5
Guidance System: X-band CW monopulse semi-active radar seeker.
Kill Probability: 0.85 (Improvement from the MIM-23A)
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): 300-400 hours
Peak Velocity: 500 m/s
Maximum Maneuver Speed: 15 Gs

Fire Control
Note: The original Hawk system used 4 or in some models 6 radars: to detect (PAR and CWAR),
to track (CWAR and HPIR) and to engage (HPIR and ROR) targets.

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Digital Data Processing Central Information Coordinator: Yes, for Target Processing, Threat
Ordering, and Intercept Evaluation.

Radar #1
Name: AN/MPQ-50 (Improved Hawk to Phase III)
Type: PAR Pulse Acquisition Radar
Digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator): Yes
Frequency: 500 to 1,000 MHz
Band: C-Band
Peak Operating Power: 1,000 watts
High PRF Range: 104 km
Low PRF Range: 96 km

Radar #2
Name: AN/MPQ-48 (Improved Hawk)
Type: CWAR Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar
Power Rating: 400 Watts
Frequency: 10 GHz (X-Band)
Range: 69 km (43 mi) (CW) to 63 km (39 mi) (FM) versus 3 m2 (32 sq ft) target.

Radar #3
Name: AN/MPQ-46 (Improved Hawk – Phase I)
Type: HPIR High Power Illuminating Radar
Power Output: 125 Watts
Operating GHz Band: 10-20 GHz J band
Range: 99 km (62 mi) (high PRF) to 93 km (58 mi) (low PRF) versus 3 m2 (32 sq ft) target.

Radar #4
Name: AN/MPQ-51 (Improved Hawk – Phase II)
Type: ROR Range Only Radar
Frequency: 15.5-17.5 GHz)
Pusle Radar: Yes
Power Output: 120 kW
Pusle Length: 0.6 µs
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 1600 Hz
Range: 83 km (52 mi) versus 3 m2 (32 sq ft) target.

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No

Variants
I-Hawk (Improved Hawk /Hawk B/MIM-23B): This variant reached initial operating capability
(IOC) in 1972. Upgrades from the original Hawk included solid-state electronics, factory certified
and sealed missile round, all-altitude capability, digital automatic data processor for the
information coordination central (ICC), improved solid-pro pellant rocket motor and a larger
warhead.
Hawk Mobility Enhancement (HME): This was jointly developed by Raytheon and the Dutch air
force. It reduced number of vehicles in a Hawk firing unit from 14 trucks and trailers to seven,
updated the Hawk launcher and simplified reloading.
Patriot /Hawk Interoperability: This is a software upgrade to permitting Hawk missile platoons to
receive targeting data from Patriot information coordination center (ICC). An April 1988 test
simulated an interception of a short-range tactical missile by shooting down a missile traveling
at Mach 2 and at an altitude of more than 25,000 ft (7,620 m).
Sparrow /Hawk Demonstration Program: In 1985, Raytheon combined elements of two of its
missile products into one system. The Sparrow /Hawk system replaced the three I-Hawks on the
M192 launcher with eight AIM-7 Sparrow missiles (the original launcher had nine missiles).
NOAH (Norwegian Adapted Hawk ): INA
Iran MIM-23 Hawk variant: Iran reportedly made several upgrades to MIM-23 missiles for the
carriages of its F-14 Tomcats. Some were displayed in Tehran in September 1998.
Danish Enhanced Hawk (DEHAWK): Introduced in December 2002, the Danish Enhanced Hawk
(DEHAWK) was developed by Terma and Thales. After several years of delays, the program was
handed over to the Danish Air Materiel Command.
Misagh-1 Iranian Man-Portable Surface-to-Air Missile
System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > Misagh-1 Iranian Man-Portable
Surface-to-Air Missile System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The Misagh 1 (also Mithaq-1, etc.) is an Iranian man-portable surface-to-air missile. It was
developed by the Shahid Kazemi Industrial Complex in Tehran. It is a variant or reverse-
engineered clone of the Chinese QW-1 Vanguard missile system and is comparable to the Soviet
SA-16 Gimlet missile. It is used by Iran and has been exported to Hezbollah in Lebanon and to
the Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq and to Syria as well.

The MANPADS was supplemented by the newer Misagh-2 missile system.

Visually, the Misagh-1 is virtually indistinguishable from the QW-1 it is cloned from, other QW-
series missiles, the Misagh-2 upgrade, and Pakistan's Anza missiles.

Missile System

System
Name: Misagh-1
Type: Man-Portable Surface-to-Air Missile System (MANPADS)
Proliferation: Iran Syria Iraq (Popular Mobilization Forces) Hezbollah Yemen (Houthis)
Uncertain
Date of Introduction: Mid 1990s
Manufacturer: Shahid Shah Abhady Industrial Complex
Crew: 1
Engine: Solid Rocket Motor
Guidance System: Passive infrared homing
Speed: 600 m/s
Maximum Engagement Altitude: 4,000 m
Minimum Engagement Altitude: 30 m
Maximum Engagement Range: 500 m
Minimum Engagement Range: 5,000 m
Warhead Type: HE-fragmentation
Fuze: Impact

Dimensions
Length: 1.477 m
Diameter: 0.71 m m
Height: INA
Weight: 16.9 kg
Warhead Weight: 1.42 kg

Variants
Misagh-2: The Misagh-2 is an Iranian man-portable infrared-guided surface-to-air missile. The
Misagh-2 is the successor to the Misagh-1. Like its predecessor, the Misagh-2 is based on
Chinese technology.[1] Iran’s defense minister launched the domestic mass production of the
Misagh-2 on 5 February 2006. This missile destroys its target within 5 second and has an
operation temperature of -40°C to +60°C. Near the target its speed reaches 2.7+ Mach.
Misagh-2 Iranian Man-Portable Surface-to-Air Missile
System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > Misagh-2 Iranian Man-Portable
Surface-to-Air Missile System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The Misagh-2 is an Iranian man-portable infrared-guided surface-to-air missile. The Misagh-2 is
the successor to the Misagh-1. Like its predecessor, the Misagh-2 is based on Chinese
technology.[1] Iran’s defense minister launched the domestic mass production of the Misagh-2
on 5 February 2006. This missile destroys its target within 5 second and has an operation
temperature of -40°C to +60°C. Near the target its speed reaches 2.7+ Mach.

It is roughly comparable to the Soviet SA-18 Grouse missiles.

Missile System

System
Name: Misagh-2
Type: Man-Portable Surface-to-Air Missile System (MANPADS)
Proliferation: Iran Syria Iraq (Popular Mobilization Forces) Hezbollah Yemen (Houthis)
Uncertain
Date of Introduction: 2006
Manufacturer: Shahid Shah Abhady Industrial Complex
Crew: 1
Engine: Solid Rocket Motor
Guidance System: Passive IR homing device and night vision (operating in the medium IR range)
Speed: 850 m/s
Maximum Engagement Altitude: 4,000 m
Minimum Engagement Altitude: 10 m
Maximum Engagement Range: 6,000 m
Minimum Engagement Range: 500 m
Warhead Type:
Storage Life: 8 Years
Reaction Time: 5 to 10 sec.
Targets: Tactical aircraft, helicopter, UAV and cruise missile

Dimensions
Length: 1,590 m m
Diameter: INA m
Weight: 11.32 kg
Warhead Weight: 1.42 kg

Variants
Misagh-1: The Misagh 1 (also Mithaq-1, etc.) is an Iranian man-portable surface-to-air missile. It
was developed by the Shahid Kazemi Industrial Complex in Tehran. It is a variant or reverse-
engineered clone of the Chinese QW-1 Vanguard missile system and is comparable to the Soviet
SA-16 Gimlet missile. It is used by Iran and has been exported to Hezbollah in Lebanon and to
the Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq and to Syria as well. The MANPADS was supplemented
by the newer Misagh-2 missile system.
Misagh-2 Russian Man Portable Air-Defense Missile
System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > Misagh-2 Russian Man Portable
Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The Misagh-2 is an Iranian man-portable infrared-guided surface-to-air missile. The Misagh-2 is
the successor to the Misagh-1. Like its predecessor, the Misagh-2 is based on Chinese
technology. Iran’s defense minister launched the domestic mass production of the Misagh-2 on 5
February 2006. This missile destroys its target within 5 seconds and has an operating
temperature of -40°C to +60°C. Near the target, its speed reaches 2.7+ Mach. It is roughly
comparable to the Soviet SA-18 Grouse.

System
Alternative Designation: Misagh-2
Date of Introduction: 2006
Proliferation: INA
Type: Man Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Family: Misagh
Crew: 1 ea
Mission Type: The main mission of the Misagh-2 is to strike tactical targets such as fighters,
attackers and armed helicopters at low and very low altitude

Dimensions
Note: See Missile System m
Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Launch Platform: Man portable
Launcher Weight: 5.26 kg

System
Name:
Type:
Engine: solid rocket motor
Length: 1,590
Diameter: INA
Missile Weight: 11.32 kg
Warhead Weight: 1.42 kg
Maximum Effective Range: 5,000 m
Speed: 850 m/s
Guidance System: Fire and Forget Infrared seeker with a Passive IR homing device and night
vision (operating in the medium IR range)
Maximum Altitude, Helicopters: 2.5 km
Maximum Altitude, Subsonic Aircraft: 3.5 km
Reaction Time: 5 seconds
Storage Life: 8 Years
Anti-Infrared Capable: Yes, the Misagh-2 has the latest anti-infrared interference technology
Note: The Misagh has advanced detective technology and Guidance Control Technology

Variants
Misagh-1: Original version
Oerlikon GDF-001 Iranian 35mm Towed Anti-Aircraft
Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns > Oerlikon GDF-001 Iranian 35mm
Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
Iran imports many of the military weapons and equipment from Russia, China, Switzerland, and
America.
The Oerlikon GDF or Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon is a towed anti-aircraft gun made by Oerlikon
Contraves (renamed as Rheinmetall Air Defence AG following the merger with Rheinmetall in
2009). The system was originally designated as 2 ZLA/353 ML but this was later changed to
GDF-001. It was developed in the late 1950s and is used by around 30 countries. The Swiss
designation is Mod 63/75.

System
Alternative Designation: Oerlikon GDF, Oerlikon GDF-001, 2 ZLA/353 ML
Date of Introduction: 1950's
Proliferation: Argentina
Air Force [12] (GDF-001, 5 Skyguard FCS)
Army [12] (GDF-002, Super Fledermaus FCS)
Navy [N/A] (GDF-001)
Austria
Air Force [24] (GDF-002)
Brazil [39] (GDF-001, Super Fledermaus FCS)
Cameroon [18] (GDF-002, Super Fledermaus FCS/PG99, SEMIC 825)
Colombia [N/A]
Chile [N/A] (GDF-005)
Cyprus [16] (GDF-005, Skyguard FCS)
Ecuador [30] (GDF-003)
Finland [N/A] (GDF-005)
Indonesia
Marines [N/A] (Type 90, AF902 FCS)
Iran [N/A] (GDF-003, Skyguard FCS) (unconfirmed)
Japan [10] (Super Fledermaus FCS)
Malaysia [16] (GDF-005, Skyguard FCS)
Oman [10] (GDF-005 twin GDF)
Pakistan [248] (Skyguard FCS)
Romania [24] (GDF-007)
Saudi Arabia [128] (GDF-005, Skyguard FCS)
Singapore
Air Force [N/A] (GDF-002, Super Fledermaus FCS)
South Korea [20] (GDF-003)
South Africa [40] (GDF-002, Super Fledermaus FCS)
Spain [91] (Super Fledermaus/Skyguard FCS)
Switzerland [N/A] (Skyguard)
Taiwan [20] (GDF-006)
Thailand [8] (GDF-007, 4 Skyguard 3 FCS)
Turkey [120] (GDF-003)
Type: 35mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Family: GDF Series
Manufacturer: Oerlikon Contraves (renamed as Rheinmetall Air Defence AG following the merger
with Rheinmetall in 2009).
In Service: 1950's- Present
Crew: 3 ea
Carriage: 4 wheels with outriggers
Displacement Time: 3 min
Emplacement Time: 1.5 min

Dimensions
Length, Traveling: 7.80 m
Length, Firing: 8.83 m
Barrel, Length: 3.15 m
Width, Traveling: 2.26 m
Width, Firing: 4.49 m
Height, Traveling: 2.60 m
Height, Firing: 1.72 m
Weight, Without Ammunition: 6,300 kg
Weight, Traveling: 6,700 kg
Ground Clearance: 330 mm

Automotive Requirement
Prime Mover:
Communications
Primary: INA

Cannon Weapon System

System
Name: Oerlikon GDF Twin Autocannons
Type: 35mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Number of Barrels: 2 ea
Length, Barrel: 3.15 m
Bore: 35-mm/90-cal, rifled
Breech Type: Gas-operated positive lock
Loader Type: Manual
Max Rate of Fire: 550 rounds/min per barrel
Maximum Range: 4,000 m
Recoil System: Hydromechanical
Muzzle Brake Type: INA
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
Max Elevation: +92 deg
Min Elevation: -5 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg

Ammunition (Option 1)
Name: INA
Type: HEI-T, 35mm
Caliber: 35 mm
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
Basic Load: The two ready ammunition boxes hold 56 rounds and are fitted on the cradle, outside
of the gun breeches
Flight Time to 1,000 meters: 0.96 sec
Flight Time to 2,000 meters: 2.18 sec
Flight Time to 2,000 meters: 3.78 sec
Length: 387 mm
Weight, Round: 1.580 kg
Weight, Projectile: 535 g

Ammunition (Option 2)
Name: INA
Type: HEI, 35mm Projectile
Caliber: 35 mm
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
Basic Load: The two ready ammunition boxes hold 56 rounds and are fitted on the cradle, outside
of the gun breeches
Length: 387 mm
Weight, Round: 1.565 kg
Weight, Projectile: 550 g

Ammunition (Option 3)
Name: INA
Type: SAPHEI-T, 35mm Projectile
Caliber: 35 mm
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
Basic Load: The two ready ammunition boxes hold 56 rounds and are fitted on the cradle, outside
of the gun breeches
Length: 387 mm
Weight, Round: 1.552 kg
Weight, Projectile: 550 g

Fire Control
Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes, external fire-control system, usually the Super Fledermaus or Skyguard
system.
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Collimator: INA
Stabilizer: Yes, stabilizing jack at each end.

Variants
GDF-002: Introduced in 1980. Improved Ferranti sight and digital data bus. The gun has 112
rounds ready and 126 in reserve (238 rounds total)
GDF-003: Minor enhancements including protective covers and automatic weapon lubrication.
GDF-005: Introduced in 1985. Fitted with Gunking 3D computer-controlled sight with a laser
range finder and digital fire control system. Integrated power supply and diagnostics. 280 rounds
on the gun and an automatic re-loading system.
GDF-006: GDF-001/002/003 upgraded with AHEAD system.
GDF-007: GDF-005 upgraded with AHEAD system.
GDF-009: Unveiled at IDEF 2015, held in may 2015 in Istanbul. To date, its exterior significantly
changed, although the installation has retained the design of the original serial versions of the
systems.Unlike other variants, this one relies on an internal power source.The GDF-009 model is
based on a four-wheeled carriage, and is raised off the ground by three stabilisers when deployed
in the firing position. It also features an automatic levelling system that can compensate for a
maximum tilt angle of up to 7°.Mounted on the forward part of the carriage is the integrated
battery, which functions as the gun's power supply unit and can be recharged from an external
source if required
AHEAD: An upgrade for the GDF series guns built around a special projectile which explodes at a
pre-calculated point in front of the target, sending a cone of 152 tungsten sub-projectiles at the
target. Used by Canada, Pakistan, Greece, Oman, Spain, Taiwan, and Chile (unconfirmed).
KDC gun: This is derived from a naval gun mount and has a breech block recoil brake and rate-of-
fire limiter. There is a fully automatic reloader; total ammunition capacity is 280 rounds. Guns are
elevated to 90 degrees; reload continues automatically.
Skyguard Gun Missile System: The system combines GDF-series guns with the four-round
Aspide surface-to-air missile (SAM) box launcher.
NDF-A: The NDF-A is the simplest of three combat improvement kits for existing mounts. It
offers a Ferranti sight, automatic breech block lubrication, a rate-of-fire limiter for better accuracy
and a permanently attached camouflage kit.
NDF-B: The variants is the same as NDF-A, with the addition of an automatic reload system and
gunner cab.
NDF-C: The NDF-C version is the same as NDF-A, but substituting Gun King for the Ferranti sight
and adding integrated power supply.
Oerlikon GDF Swiss 35mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun with
Skyguard Radar
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns > Oerlikon GDF Swiss 35mm Towed
Anti-Aircraft Gun with Skyguard Radar

Tiers:

Notes
The Oerlikon GDF or Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon is a towed anti-aircraft gun made by Oerlikon
Contraves (renamed as Rheinmetall Air Defence AG following the merger with Rheinmetall in
2009). The system was originally designated as 2 ZLA/353 ML but this was later changed to
GDF-001. It was developed in the late 1950s and is used by around 30 countries.

The system uses twin autocannons, firing 35×228mm NATO-standard ammunition. It was
originally designated 353 MK and is now designated as the KD series. The same KD series
35mm cannons are used in the Leopard 1 based Gepard and Type 74 tank based Type 87 SPAAG
and Marksman self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (SPAAG). The system could be paired with the
off-gun (remote) Super Fledermaus fire control radar, which in the late 1970s was upgraded to
the Skyguard system. The weapons was aimed either directly, by way of an advanced sighting
system, or automatically, by locking onto the target with radar. Early models carried 112 rounds
ready to fire, and an additional 126 stored on the chassis as reloads. Later versions with
automated reloading carry 280 rounds total. A typical engagement burst is 28 rounds

System
Alternative Designations: Skyguard Gun/Missile Air Defense System (See VARIANTS, Skyguard)
Date if Introduction: Circa 1981-84
Proliferation: At least 3 countries
Crew: 3
Carriage: 4-wheeled/2-axle towed chassis
Combat Weight (kg): 6,400
Travel Position Length Overall (m): 7.8
Firing Position Length Overall (m): 8.83
Length of Barrel (m): INA
Travel Position Height (m): 2.6
Firing Position Height (m): 1.72
Travel Position Width Overall (m): 2.26
Firing Position Width Overall (m): 4.49
Max. Towed Speed (km/h): 60
Emplacement Time (min): 1.5
Battery Emplacement Time (m): 15
Displacement Time: 5

Armament
Gun Caliber Type: 35x228 35-mm autocannon
Gun Number of Barrels: 2
Gun Operation: Gas-operated
Gun Rate of Fire (rd/min): Cyclic: 1,100 (550/barrel)
Practical: INA, bursts up to 25
rounds
Gun Loader Type: 2x56-rd magazine automatic feed
Traverse (o): 360
Traverse Rate (o/sec): 120
Elevation Rate (o/sec): -5 to +92
Reaction time (sec): INA: INA

Main Armament Ammunition

Best Ammunition Mix: See Above
Type: AHEAD (Advanced Hit Efficiency
and Destruction), designated AG
35x228. The AHEAD round uses
a programmable time fuze and
HE charge to dispense a cloud of
152 pellets (3,800 from a 25-
round burst) at or in the path of
a target helicopter, LAV, or soft
target. Other
fuze modes include proximity
and PD.
Tactical AA Range (m): 4,000 (self-destruct)
Tracer Range (m): 3,100-4,000
Effective Altitude (m): 4,000 (est)
Self-destruct time (sec): 6-12
Range (m): 4,000
Self-Destruct Time (sec): 6-12
Penetration (mm, KE): 115+ at 1,000 m
Tactical AA (m): 4,000
Tactical AA range: 4,000

Fire Control System

On-Carriage Sights: Lead-computing optical sight, or GUN
KING electro-optical system on GDF-005

Off-Carriage
Name: Skyguard radar and CP system Platform: Towed compartment
Platform: Towed compartment
Sights: SEC-Vidicon TV Tracking System
Range (km): 25 day only
Laser Rangefinder: Yes

Search and Track Radars

Name: Skyguard Mk II (SW)
Function: Dual mode doppler MTI
Detection Range (km): 25-45
Tracking Range (km): 25
Frequency: 8-20 GHz, I/J Band
Rotation Rate/min: 60
Mean Power (W): 200
Link: System uses a wire link among major components. Digital data is invulnerable to ECM,
frequency hops.
Weapons and Ammunition Types: Typical Combat Load
35-mm automatic cannon: 238
FAPDS: 74
APFSDS-T (Preferred mix): 119
AHEAD: 74
APFSDS-T (Estimated w/ AHEAD): 74

Other Fire Control

Description: GUNS ARE LINKED TO BATTERY/BATTALION NETS AND THE IADS, AND RECEIVE
DIGITAL ALERTS OF APPROACHING
AIRCRAFT. GUNS, BATTERY, AND BATTALION USE AIR WATCHES AND FORWARD OBSERVERS
FOR FAST RESPONSE.

Variants
Skyguard: SYSTEM/COMPLEX DESCRIBED FOR THE OPFOR HAS A RADAR, 2 ASPIDE MISSILE
LAUNCHERS AND GENERATORS. AD COMPLEXES CAN VARY WIDELY. SINCE THEY ARE
ORGANIZED AROUND THE SKYGUARD RADAR/CP UNIT, THEY MAY BE GUNS ONLY OR MISSILE
LAUNCHERS ONLY. THE MOST EFFECTIVE AD ARRANGEMENT IS THE ONE NOTED ABOVE, AS A
GUN/MISSILE SYSTEM.
GDF-001: SYSTEM HAS A SIMPLE SIGHT.
GDF-002: SYSTEM LINKS TO SKYGUARD.
GDF-003: ADDS GUN SYSTEM UPGRADES.
GDF-005: UPGRADE (FOR -003 WITH NDF-C KIT) HAS GUN KING 3-D AUTONOMOUS SIGHT
SYSTEM, ONBOARD POWER SUPPLY AND AUTO-LOADER. CAN FIRE AHEAD ROUNDS.
Oerlikon GDF Switzerland 35mm Towed Anti-Aircraft
Gun
Artillery > Towed Artillery > Towed Gun > Oerlikon GDF Switzerland 35mm Towed Anti-Aircraft
Gun

Tiers:

Notes
The Oerlikon GDF[3] or Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon is a towed anti-aircraft gun made by Oerlikon
Contraves (renamed as Rheinmetall Air Defence AG following the merger with Rheinmetall in
2009). The system was originally designated as 2 ZLA/353 ML but this was later changed to
GDF-001. It was developed in the late 1950s and is used by around 30 countries. The Swiss
designation is Mod 63/75.

System
Alternative Designation: Oerlikon GDF, Oerlikon GDF-001, 2 ZLA/353 ML
Date of Introduction: 1950's
Proliferation: Argentina
Air Force [12] (GDF-001, 5 Skyguard FCS)
Army [12] (GDF-002, Super Fledermaus FCS)
Navy [N/A] (GDF-001)
Austria
Air Force [24] (GDF-002)
Brazil [39] (GDF-001, Super Fledermaus FCS)
Cameroon [18] (GDF-002, Super Fledermaus FCS/PG99, SEMIC 825)
Colombia [N/A]
Chile [N/A] (GDF-005)
Cyprus [16] (GDF-005, Skyguard FCS)
Ecuador [30] (GDF-003)
Finland [N/A] (GDF-005)
Indonesia
Marines [N/A] (Type 90, AF902 FCS)
Iran [N/A] (GDF-003, Skyguard FCS) (unconfirmed)
Japan [10] (Super Fledermaus FCS)
Malaysia [16] (GDF-005, Skyguard FCS)
Oman [10] (GDF-005 twin GDF)
Pakistan [248] (Skyguard FCS)
Romania [24] (GDF-007)
Saudi Arabia [128] (GDF-005, Skyguard FCS)
Singapore
Air Force [N/A] (GDF-002, Super Fledermaus FCS)
South Korea [20] (GDF-003)
South Africa [40] (GDF-002, Super Fledermaus FCS)
Spain [91] (Super Fledermaus/Skyguard FCS)
Switzerland [N/A] (Skyguard)
Taiwan [20] (GDF-006)
Thailand [8] (GDF-007, 4 Skyguard 3 FCS)
Turkey [120] (GDF-003)
Type: 35mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Family: GDF Series
Manufacturer: Oerlikon Contraves (renamed as Rheinmetall Air Defence AG following the merger
with Rheinmetall in 2009).
In Service: 1950's- Present
Crew: 3 ea
Carriage: 4 wheels with outriggers
Displacement Time: 3 min
Emplacement Time: 1.5 min

Dimensions
Length, Traveling: 7.80 m
Length, Firing: 8.83 m
Barrel, Length: 3.15 m
Width, Traveling: 2.26 m
Width, Firing: 4.49 m
Height, Traveling: 2.60 m
Height, Firing: 1.72 m
Weight, Without Ammunition: 6,300 kg
Weight, Traveling: 6,700 kg
Ground Clearance: 330 mm

Automotive Requirement
Prime Mover:

Communications
Primary: INA

Cannon Weapon System

System
Name: Oerlikon GDF Twin Autocannons
Type: 35mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Number of Barrels: 2 ea
Length, Barrel: 3.15 m
Bore: 35-mm/90-cal, rifled
Breech Type: Gas-operated positive lock
Loader Type: Manual
Max Rate of Fire: 550 rounds/min per barrel
Maximum Range: 4,000 m
Recoil System: Hydromechanical
Muzzle Brake Type: INA
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
Max Elevation: +92 deg
Min Elevation: -5 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg

Ammunition (Option 1)
Name: INA
Type: HEI-T, 35mm
Caliber: 35 mm
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
Basic Load: The two ready ammunition boxes hold 56 rounds and are fitted on the cradle, outside
of the gun breeches
Flight Time to 1,000 meters: 0.96 sec
Flight Time to 2,000 meters: 2.18 sec
Flight Time to 2,000 meters: 3.78 sec
Length: 387 mm
Weight, Round: 1.580 kg
Weight, Projectile: 535 g

Ammunition (Option 2)
Name: INA
Type: HEI, 35mm Projectile
Caliber: 35 mm
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
Basic Load: The two ready ammunition boxes hold 56 rounds and are fitted on the cradle, outside
of the gun breeches
Length: 387 mm
Weight, Round: 1.565 kg
Weight, Projectile: 550 g

Ammunition (Option 3)
Name: INA
Type: SAPHEI-T, 35mm Projectile
Caliber: 35 mm
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
Basic Load: The two ready ammunition boxes hold 56 rounds and are fitted on the cradle, outside
of the gun breeches
Length: 387 mm
Weight, Round: 1.552 kg
Weight, Projectile: 550 g

Fire Control
Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes, external fire-control system, usually the Super Fledermaus or Skyguard
system.
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Collimator: INA
Stabilizer: Yes, stabilizing jack at each end.

Variants
GDF-002: Introduced in 1980. Improved Ferranti sight and digital data bus. The gun has 112
rounds ready and 126 in reserve (238 rounds total)
GDF-003: Minor enhancements including protective covers and automatic weapon lubrication.
GDF-005: Introduced in 1985. Fitted with Gunking 3D computer-controlled sight with a laser
range finder and digital fire control system. Integrated power supply and diagnostics. 280 rounds
on the gun and an automatic re-loading system.
GDF-006: GDF-001/002/003 upgraded with AHEAD system.
GDF-007: GDF-005 upgraded with AHEAD system.
GDF-009: Unveiled at IDEF 2015, held in may 2015 in Istanbul. To date, its exterior significantly
changed, although the installation has retained the design of the original serial versions of the
systems.Unlike other variants, this one relies on an internal power source.The GDF-009 model is
based on a four-wheeled carriage, and is raised off the ground by three stabilisers when deployed
in the firing position. It also features an automatic levelling system that can compensate for a
maximum tilt angle of up to 7°.Mounted on the forward part of the carriage is the integrated
battery, which functions as the gun's power supply unit and can be recharged from an external
source if required
AHEAD: An upgrade for the GDF series guns built around a special projectile which explodes at a
pre-calculated point in front of the target, sending a cone of 152 tungsten sub-projectiles at the
target. Used by Canada, Pakistan, Greece, Oman, Spain, Taiwan, and Chile (unconfirmed).
KDC gun: This is derived from a naval gun mount and has a breech block recoil brake and rate-of-
fire limiter. There is a fully automatic reloader; total ammunition capacity is 280 rounds. Guns are
elevated to 90 degrees; reload continues automatically.
Skyguard Gun Missile System: The system combines GDF-series guns with the four-round
Aspide surface-to-air missile (SAM) box launcher.
NDF-A: The NDF-A is the simplest of three combat improvement kits for existing mounts. It
offers a Ferranti sight, automatic breech block lubrication, a rate-of-fire limiter for better accuracy
and a permanently attached camouflage kit.
NDF-B: The variants is the same as NDF-A, with the addition of an automatic reload system and
gunner cab.
NDF-C: The NDF-C version is the same as NDF-A, but substituting Gun King for the Ferranti sight
and adding integrated power supply.
Pantsir-S1 (SA-22 Greyhound) Russian Short-Range Air
Defense Gun/Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
Pantsir-S1 (SA-22 Greyhound) Russian Short-Range Air Defense Gun/Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
Iran imports many of their military weapons and equipment from China and Russia. The SAM-22
is a exported Pantsir-S1 (SA-22 Greyhound).

The Pantsir missile system is a family of self-propelled, medium-range surface-to-air missile

systems. Pantsir-S1 (Russian: Панцирь-С1, NATO reporting name SA-22 Greyhound) is the first
version and is a combined short to medium range surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft artillery
weapon system produced by KBP of Tula, Russia. The system is a further development of 2K22
Tunguska (NATO reporting name: SA-19/SA-N-11) and represents the latest air defence
technology by using phased array radars for both target acquisition and tracking. Although more
are planned to made later into 2019, only 112 of the 200 made continue to operate due to newer,
more efficient models being made.

The Pantsir-S1 was designed to provide point air defence of military/industrial/administrative

installations against aircraft, helicopters, precision munitions, cruise missiles and UAVs and to
provide additional protection to air defence units from enemy air attacks employing precision
munitions especially at the low to extremely low ranges.

The first finished version was completed in 1995 with the 1L36 radar, later another was designed.
It is a short to medium range ground-based air defence system, wheeled, tracked or stationary
with two to three operators. Its air defense consists of automatic anti-aircraft guns and surface-
to-air missiles with radar or optical target-tracking and radio-command guidance.

Its purpose is the protection of civil and military point and area targets, for motorised or
mechanised troops up to regimental size or as defensive asset of higher ranking air defence
systems like S-300/S-400. The system has capability for anti-munitions missions. It can hit
targets on the waterline/above-water. It can operate in a fully automatic mode. It has the ability
to work in a completely passive mode. The probability of hitting a target for 1 rocket is not less
than 0.7 with a reaction time of 4–6 seconds.It can fire missiles and gun armament while in
motion. For its main radar station, early detection in height may be between 0-60° or 26-82°
depending on the mode. The system has claimed significant advantages over other systems,
such as Crotale NG (France), Roland-3 (France + USA), Rapier 2000 (UK), SeaRAM (Germany +
USA). This is not confirmed by comparative testing, but clearly follows from declared limit of
possibilities of systems (2010). In 2013, there was a variant with two radar stations for early
detection * standing back to back *. The system has a modular structure which enables a fast
and easy replacement of any part.

After receiving target coordinates (from any source) it may defeat the target (using all the radar
except the early detection radar) within a range from -5 to +85 degrees (vertical). The interval
between missile launches is 1-1.5 seconds (a world record for analogue systems).

S-400 Triumf and Pantsir missile system can be integrated into a two-layer defense system.

System
Alternative Designation: SA-22E

Other spellings: Pantsyr, Pantzyr, Pantzir.

Date of Introduction: By 2004
Proliferation: Algeria: 938; Iran: 10; Russia: 100; Syria: 916; UAE: 1,500
Target: FW, heli, CM, ASM, UAV, guided bomb
Primary Components per Battery: 6 ea
Combat Vehicle Description: N/A
Crew: 3 ea
Combat Weight: 20 mt
Chassis: Kamaz-6560
Radio: R-173, R-173P

Dimensions
Height, Overall: INA m
Length, Overall: 10 m
Width, Overall: 2.5 m
Wheelbase: 3.6 m

Automotive
Automotive Performance: Performance data based on Kamaz-6560
Engine Type: YaMZ-5367 diesel, 450hp
Speed: 90 km/h
Cruising Range: 1000 km
Fording Depths: 1.8 m
Ground Clearance: 400 mm
Side slope: 40 %
Vertical Step: 600 mm
Angel of Approach: 31 deg

Armament

Gun
Name: 2A38
Type: Autocannon
Rate of Fire (2 twin guns): 4,800 rd/min
Reload Time: 15-16 min, gun ammunition and missiles min
Elevation: -5 to + 87 deg
Fire on Move: Yes

Missile
Name: 57E6-E/9M335/SA-22E
Max. Range: <12,000 1,500 m 18,000 above 1,500m Min. Range: 1,500 m
Max. Altitude: 10,000 Min. Altitude: 5, 0 with degraded Ph m
Length in Cannister: 3.2 Diameter (mm): 170/90 second stage m
Weight: 65 kg
Weight in Container: 85 kg
Missile Speed: 1,300 m/s
Guidance: Radar SACLOS, ACLOS, Homeon- Jam
Seeker Field of View: INA deg
Warhead Type: Fragmenting rod and HE
Warhead Weight: 16 kg
Fuze Type: Proximity, PD, and KE impact
Probability of Hit (Undegraded): 80 %
Simultaneous Missiles: 3
Self-Destruct: INA sec
System Reaction time: 5-6 sec
Fire on Move: Yes, short halt or slow move
Simultaneous Targets: 2 per vehicle

Main Armament Ammunition

Description: An optimized mix uses 2 rounds, with each having similar ballistics. The below
rounds offer flat trajectory, long range, armor penetration, high P-hit, and frangible round (KE/'CE)
effects.
Type: APFSDS-T, M929
Range: 200-2,500+ m
Altitude: 0-3,000 m
Penetration: 45 (RHA) 2,000 m mm CE
Other Ammuntion Types: Earlier 30 x 165 rounds: Frag-HE and HEI-T, API, API-T, APDS

Weapons & Ammunition Types Typical Combat Load

57E6-E Missiles: Pantsir -S1 12
-S1-0 12
On Launchers 8
Spares inside 4
2 x 30-mm twin-barrel autocannons Mix of FAPDS-T and APFSDS-T: 1,400

Fire Control

Gunner's Sight
Gunner: 1TPP1
Field of View: 1.8 x 2.6 deg
Acq Range Air Targets: 18 Auto-tracker: Dual Infrared/video tracker km
IFF: Yes
Stabilized day/night: Yes
Dual Channel Infrared Thermal Sight: Yes
Video Tracker: Yes
Passive acquisition modes: Yes

Target Acquisition Radar

Range: INA
Altitude: INA
Output Power: 10 kW
RF Band: E

Tracking Radar
Range: INA
Altitude: 3500 m
Output Power: 150 kW
RF Band: J
Variants
PANTSIR-S1: The gun/missile system module can be mounted on various chassis. The early
version is mounted on a Ural-5323 truck, used for site defense of stationary targets. It had three
radars and 2A72 gun. A production version has newer radars, guns, and 12 missile launchers.
PANTSIR-S1-0: "Unified Armament Turret" with 8 launchers (12 SAMS) and 2 guns mounts on
various chassis (e.g., trucks, BTR-80, BMP-3, BMD-3, trailers, and stands). Russians now offer
this variant on the 2S6 (GM-352) chassis. A low cost version has missiles and only EO guidance.
PGZ-07/PGZ-09 Chinese 35mm Self-Propelled Anti-
Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Guns > PGZ-07/PGZ-09 Chinese
35mm Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
The PGZ-07, now renamed as PGZ-09 is a Chinese-made 35mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun.
Some pictures take in Nanning Guagnxi show that the PGZ-07 is in service with Chinese armed
forces (PLA People's Liberation Army). There is only one PLA division stationed in Nanning, the
123rd Mechanized Infantry Division. The PGZ-07 can fire five types of lethal and versatile
ammunitions, HEI (High Explosive Incendiary), HEI-T (High Explosive Incendiary Tracer), SAPHEI-
T (Semi-armor-piercing high-explosive incendiary), PMBDPF and TP-T (Target Practice Tracer)
cartridges. The PGZ-07 anti-aircraft gun system can defeat almost any air threat, as well as
various ground and surface targets, including light armoured vehicles.

System
Alternative Designation: Type 07, PGZ-09, Type 09
Chassis: PLZ-05 self propelled artillery
Date of Introduction: 2009
Crew: 3 ea
In Service: 2009-present
Proliferation: Not proliferated
Target: Low to medium altitude, fixed wing, rotary wing, UAS, and cruise missiles
Night Vision: Yes
Range: 50-5,000 m
Laser Range Finder: Yes
All Weather / IR Sighting: Yes
Basic Load: 2,380 rounds. 560 per gun loaded and 630 per gun at the ready.
Dimensions
Height: 4.82m with radar up; 3.4m with radar down m
Length: 6.7 m
Width: 3.2 m
Weight: 35 mt

Radar #1 (Tracking)
Name: INA
Location: Front of Turret
Range of Traverse: 0 degrees, must traverse with turret
Range of Elevation: INA
Type: INA

Radar #2 (Searching)
Name: INA
Location: Above Turret
Range of Traverse: 360 degrees
Range of Elevation: INA
Type: Doppler
Range of Radar: Approximately 20 km

Automotive
Engine Name: INA
Engine Power: 800 hp
Engine Type: 8V150 diesel
Fording Depth: INA m
Range, Cruising: 450 km
Speed, Max on Road: 55 kph

Communications
VHF Radio: R-168-100U (Standard VHF)

Data
Note: System can connect via data-link to communicate with other systems in the battalion

Main Weapon System

Weapon #1 (2 x 35mm Cannons)

Name: GDF-002, PG99
Cailber/Length: 35mm mm
Type: Anti-Aircraft Gun similar if not the Oerlikon 35mm KDA autocannon used on the German
Gepard.
Length: INA
Diameter: INA
Fire on Move: No
Maximum Range: 4,000 m
Rate of Fire: 1,100 rds/min
Action: Gas Operated
Reload Time: 7.5 sec
Note: The gun mount is electrically powered with an off carriage power supply unit and manual
controls are provided for emergency use.

Ammunition
Name: INA
Caliber: 35 mm
Ammunition Types: The 35mm twin-gun can fire four types of lethal and versatile ammunitions,
HEI (High Explosive Incendiary), HEI-T (High Explosive Incendiary Tracer), SAPHEI-T (Semi-armor-
piercing high-explosive incendiary Tracer) and TP-T (Target Practice Tracer ) cartridges
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
Basic Load: 2,380 rounds. 560 per gun loaded and 630 per gun at the ready.

Fire Control System

FCS Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
IFF: Yes
Laser Range Finder: Yes
Infrared Goniometer: Yes
Thermal Image Tracker: Yes
Doppler Radar: Yes
Optical / Day Sight: Yes

Protection
Armor, Hull: protection from small arms fire and projectile splinters
NBC Protection: Yes, optional
Armor: Light armor protects against small arms and shrapnel. Steel front slope also protects
against small arms fire.
Smoke Generation: Yes, 8 x Smoke Grenade Launchers
R440 Crotale French 4x4 Short-Range Air Defense
Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
R440 Crotale French 4x4 Short-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The Crotale EDIR is an all-weather short-range anti-air missile, which can be used to intercept
low-flight anti-ship missiles and aircraft. It has been developed by Thomson CSF Matra and
exists in two versions, a mobile land-based version and a ship-launched one.

Originally the Crotale R440 system was developed by Rockwell International and Thomson-
Houston (and Mistral) in France for South Africa, where it was named Cactus. However, the
achievements of the system impressed the French Armed Forces, who purchased the system
both for the air force and for the navy.

The firing system includes the main sensors of the ship, the firing system of the turret, and a
central coordination system. The turret holds eight missiles ready for launch in watertight
containers. The magazine behind the turret holds 18 missiles.

The French army first utilised a 4x4 wheeled vehicle, armed with four launchers. In order to
ensure higher mobility, it was decided to mount the system on the chassis of the French AMX-30
main battle tank. At the same time, the number of launchers were increased to six. In Finnish
Army service, the Crotale NG system has been mounted on Sisu Pasi vehicles. Here the number
of launchers is eight.

The Crotale system has also been installed on various military ships. For instance the French
Navy La Fayette class frigates have a Crotale 8-tubed launcher near the helicopter flight deck.

System
Alternative Designation: R440 Crotale
Date of Introduction: 1972
Type: French Short-Range Air Defense Missile System
Family: Crotale
Proliferation: The original Crotale SAM system, with both land and sea (Sea Crotale) systems.
Over 330 systems and several thousand missiles were produced and exported to more than 15
countries.
Function: The Crotale is a point defense system, designed to protect high value targets, such as
airfields, military bases, ammunition depots, and so on. The original design aim of the Crotale
was to engage supersonic low-flying aircraft.
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R 4x4 armored chassis
Displacement Time: 5 minutes
Emplacement Time: 5 minutes
Fire on the Move: No, it takes 5 minutes to launch the missiles from travelling.
Note #1: The Crotale is one of the most successful SAM design ever built. This air defense
system still evolves and remains in production for more than 40 years. A wide range of its
variants have been built. It is in service with 15 countries.
Note #2: A typical battery of the Crotale consists of two or three TELAR vehicle and one vehicle
with acquisition radar. TELARs and acquisition and coordination unit are connected with cables.
These are supported by a host of maintenance and support vehicles. It takes 2 minutes to reload
all four missiles.

Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Ground Pressure: INA
Note: There is no available information on the dimensions of the Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R 4x4
armored chassis.

Automotive
Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: INA
Cruising Range: 600 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 80 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Vertical Step: 0.5 m
Trench: 0.5 m
Fording Depth: 0.8 m
Note: mobility of this vehicle is rather limited. It was developed as a point defense system, rather
than operate alongside land force maneuver elements. It takes about 5 minutes to launch
missiles from travelling. There is also a towed variant, that is less mobile.

Communications
Tactical Radio: INA

Missile System
Name: VT-1
TELAR: Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R 4x4 armored chassis
Length: 3 m
Diameter: 0.55 m
Engine: solid-propellant fuel
Missile Weight: 84.5 kg
Basic Load: 4 ea
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 15 kg
Max Elevation: INA deg
Min Elevation: INA deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Maximum Range Of Fire: up to 12 km
Minimum Range of Fire: 500-700 m
Guidance System: semi-active radar homing
electro-optical sensors
Infra-red search and track.
Maximum Altitude of Fire: 5.5 km
Detonation Mechansim: infrared fuse, radio fuse
Speed: 1,200 m/s
Hit Probability, 1 Missile: 80 %
Hit Probability, 2 Missile: 96 %
Additional Missiles: VT-1 or the Mk3 Missiles can be fired from the R440 Crotale

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: Crotale Acquisition and Coordination Unit (ACU)
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Optical Aiming System: Yes

Radar
Name:
Type: Engagement Radar
Frequency/Band:
Maximum Detection Range: 18.4 km
Maximum Tracking Range: 17 km
Number of Targets System can Detect: 30
Number of Targets System can Track: 12
Note: This vehicle detects targets, tracks them, identifies targets, identifies weather it is friend or
foe.

Protection
Hull Armor: Armor of this vehicle provides protection against small arms fire and artillery shell
splinters.
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
R440 Crotale: The original Crotale SAM system, with both land and sea (Sea Crotale) systems.
Over 330 systems and several thousand missiles were produced and exported to more than 15
countries.
HQ-7: China developed the HQ-7 system partly from reverse-engineering Crotale. An improved
version, the HQ-7A/FM-90, is known to exist.
Shahab Thaqeb: In 2002 Iran revealed details concerning a domestically produced surface-to-air
missile system, named Shahab Thaqeb. The system, mounted on a 4-wheel trailer, closely
resemembled the Chinese HQ-7/FM-80/90 series which Iran had already received. It was unclear
whether these systems were actually manufactured in Iran, or whether some portion of the
assembly had been conducted domestically.
R460 SICA (Shahine): Thomson-CSF (now Thales) developed a specific version of the Crotale
known as "Shahine" for Saudi Arabia. The system became operational in 1980. The main visible
differences are mainly the carrier (an AMX 30 armoured carrier instead of the non protected
classic carrier), and that it carries a six missile firing unit (instead of four). The purpose of the
changes was to allow the Shahine firing and acquisition units to follow and protect the armoured
units of the Saudi Armed Forces on the battlefield. The Shahine units were among the first
vehicles to liberate Kuwait City in February 1991 – a picture taken of the scene was widely
publicised by Newsweek magazine.
Liberty Forward Area Air Defense System: Developed in conjunction with LTV for the US Army's
Line of Sight-Forward Heavy competition, the Liberty air defense system consisted of either 6
R460 SICA or 6 VT-1 missiles mounted on an M1A1 Abrams chassis along with a pair of 25mm
cannons
Crotale NG (VT-1): An updated version, New Generation. Finland was the first operator of the
system. The cost of the system is roughly 8 million euros (excluding the vehicle). Greece is
another user, and paid 1 Billion French Francs in 1998 for 11 systems: 9 for the Hellenic Air Force
and 2 for the Hellenic Navy. In 2002 euros, that would have amounted up to 12 million euros per
unit.
Crotale Mk.3 (system): In January 2008, France test-fired the new Crotale Mk.3 system at the
CELM missile launch test center in Biscarrosse. The Crotale Mk.3 system's VT1 missile
successfully intercepted a Banshee target drone at 970 metre altitude and 8 km range in 11
seconds on 15 January 2008. Later, on 31 January 2008, the system successfully intercepted
another target drone at a 500-metre altitude and 15 km range in 35 seconds.
Ra'ad (Thunder) Iranian Medium-Range Surface-to-Air
Missile (SAM) System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > Ra'ad (Thunder)
Iranian Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
Raad or Ra'd (Persian: , meaning "thunder") is an Iranian aerial defence system deployed in
September 2012. The system is designed to enhance Iran's capabilities in terms of defense, and
as a partner to Bavar 373 air defense system. According to Fars news agency the Raad is
designed to confront fighter jets, cruise missiles, smart bombs, helicopters and drones. The
system is also designed specially for US fighters. The system is equipped with "Taer" (Bird)
missiles, which can trace and hit targets in ranges up to 50 km and in altitudes from 25 to 27 km
(75,000 feet), Ra'd is ranked as a mid-range radar system and air defense system.

The technical data of the individual Raad versions are based on official Iranian publications. The
extent to which the information can be accurate is difficult to verify.

System
Alternative Designation: Ra'ad, Thunder, Ra'd, Raad
Date of Introduction: 2012
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Family: Ra'ad
Manufacturer: IRGC aerospace force
Proliferation: Iran: +400
In Service: 2012-Present
Crew: INA ea
Chassis: MZKT-6922
Displacement Time: INA minutes
Emplacement Time: INA minutes
Fire on the Move: No
Dimensions (Chassis: MZKT-6922)
Length: 7.5 m
Width: 3.3 m
Height: 5.1 m
Weight, Combat: INA kg
Ground Pressure: INA kg/m

Automotive (Chassis: MZKT-6922)

Engine Name: YaMZ-7513.10-02
Engine Type: turbocharged 8-cylinder diesel
Engine Power: 420 hp
Cruising Range: 1,000 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 80 km/h
Speed, Off-Road: 30 km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Fording Depth: INA m
Fuel Endurance: 1,000 km

Communications
Primary: INA

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: INA

Missile
Name: Taer-2
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile
Basic Load: 3 ea
Engine: Solid Fuel Rocket
Maximum Effective Range: 50 km
Minimum Effective Range: 1,000 m
Ceiling: 25 km
Speed: Mach 3.5
Guidance System:
 Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Camera Optics Range: 80 km

Radar
Name: Alam-Al-Hoodi Air Defense System
Type: Long-range radar
Band: VHF
Range: INA
Number of Targets System can Track: INA
Note: Very little is written about the radar systems of the Ra'ad.

Protection
Hull Armor: No
Turret Armor: No
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: Thunderbolt Air Defense Systems
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
3rd Khordad: The 3rd Khordad is the most advanced version of the Ra'ad air defense system. It
has the greatest reported range of any of the variants.
Tabas: The Tabas is a transporter-erector-launcher radar variant of the Ra'ad fitted with a radar
similar to the "Fire Dome" radar fitted to the Buk-M1. It can reportedly only engage a single target
at a time, while providing guidance to two missiles.
Alam al Hoda: The Alam al Hoda is a transporter-erector-launcher in the Ra'ad family. The TEL
can carry three missiles.
Rapier British Towed Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > Rapier British Towed Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
Rapier is a surface-to-air missile developed for the British Army to replace their towed Bofors 40/
L70 anti-aircraft guns. The system is unusual as it uses a manual optical guidance system,
sending guidance commands to the missile in flight over a radio link. This results in a high level
of accuracy, therefore a large warhead is not required.

Entering service in 1972, it eventually replaced all other anti-aircraft weapons in Army service;
both the Bofors guns used against low-altitude targets and the Thunderbird missile[4] used
against longer-range and higher-altitude targets. As the expected air threat moved from medium-
altitude strategic missions to low-altitude strikes, the fast reaction time and high maneuverability
of the Rapier made it more effective than either of these weapons, replacing most of them by
1977.

Rapier was later selected by the RAF Regiment to replace their Bofors guns and Tigercat
missiles. It also saw international sales. It remains one of the UK's primary air-defence weapons,
and its deployment is expected to continue until 2020.

The original Rapier took the form of a wheeled launcher with four missiles, an optical tracker unit,
a generator, and trailer of stores. The launcher consists of a vertical cylindrical unit carrying two
missiles on each side, the surveillance radar dish and "Identification Friend or Foe" (IFF) system
under a radome on top, the guidance computer and radar electronics at the bottom, and a
prominent parabolic antenna for sending guidance commands to the missiles on the front.

The search radar was of the pulsed Doppler type with a range of about 15 km. The aerial, located
at the top of the launcher, rotated about once a second, looking for moving targets through their
doppler shift. When one was located, a lamp would light up on the Selector Engagement Zone
(SEZ), a box containing 32 orange lamps arranged in a circle about the size of an automobile
steering wheel. The radar operator could also blank out returns from other directions, providing
jamming resistance.

The optical tracker unit was made up of a stationary lower section and a rotating upper section.
The lower section housed the operator controls, while the upper section housed the tracking
optics. The operator's optical system was a modified telescope containing a Dove prism to
prevent the image 'toppling' as the optics rotate in azimuth. This system meant that, unlike a
periscope, the operator did not have to move in order to track the target. The upper section also
contained a separate missile tracking system that was slaved to the operator's optics, based on
a television camera optimized for the IR band.
Upon detection of a target, the optical tracking system would be slewed to target azimuth and
the operator would then search for the target in elevation. The operator's field of view would
depend on the target range: "wide" at about 20 degrees or "track" at about 4.8 degrees. When the
target was found the operator switches to "track" and uses a joystick to keep the target centred
in the telescope. Once a steady track was established the missile was fired. The TV camera on
the tracker was tuned to track the four flares on the missile's tail. Like the operator's telescope,
the TV system had two views, one about 11 degrees wide for the initial "capture", and another at
0.55 degrees for midcourse tracking.

The difference between the line-of-sight of the operator's telescope and the missile's flare was
calculated by the computer in the base of the launcher. Guidance updates were sent to the
missile through the transmitter on the launcher platform, and received on small antennas on the
rear of the mid-body fins. The operator simply kept the telescope's crosshairs on the target using
the joystick, and the missile would automatically fly into the line-of-sight, a system of operation
known as SACLOS. The basic concept is very similar to the one used by most anti-tank missiles,
with the exception that those systems normally use small wires to send guidance information to
the missile, rather than a radio link.

The missile contained a small 1.4 kg warhead with a contact fuse and a single-stage solid-rocket
motor that accelerated the missile to about 650 m/s (about Mach 2). Engagement time to the
maximum effective range was about 13 seconds. Response time from the start of the target
detection to missile launch is about 6 seconds, which has been repeatedly confirmed in live
firing.

The whole system, along with its crew, was delivered by two Land Rovers designated as the Fire
Unit Truck (FUT) and the Detachment Support Vehicle (DSV). Royal Artillery batteries comprised
three troops each of four fire units while RAF Regiment squadrons had eight fire units. By 1980
each Royal Artillery fire unit consisted of a (24 volt) 101 FC 1 tonne Land Rover towing the Rapier
Launcher and carrying 4 missiles on board, a 109-inch 3/4 ton 24v FFR (Fitted For Radio) Land
Rover towing a 1-ton Missile Supply Trailer (MST), containing up to a further 10 missiles. Blindfire
radar (see below) was only provided for 1⁄3 of fire units in British Army service, and for all fire
units in the RAF Regiment.

System
Alternative Designation: Rapier
Date of Introduction: 1971
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile System
Family: Rapier Series
Proliferation: Total: ≈25,000 missiles, 600 launchers and 350 radars.

Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran Army

Kenya
Kenyan Air Force

A Republic of Singapore Air Force Rapier SAM system

Malaysia
Malaysian Army – 15 launchers
Oman
Royal Air Force of Oman

Swiss Air Force

Turkey
Turkish Air Force – 86 launchers, modernized in Turkey. To be replaced by HISAR-A in year 2021.

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates Army

United Kingdom
British Army – 124 launchers, serve with Royal Artillery

Zambia
Zambian Air Force
In Service: 1971-Present
Crew: 6 ea
Chassis: The launcher is carried on a two-wheeled A-frame trailer. In the firing position, the
wheels are removed and it is stabilized on four adjustable legs.
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: INA
Fire on the Move: No
Rapier Fire Unit: A Rapier fire unit includes the trailer-mounted launcher with four missiles and
surveillance radar, tripod-mounted optical tracker and generator. Two light trucks are used for
towing the launcher and a trailer carrying nine reload missiles.
Rapier Battery: A battery typically includes a headquarters and a repair section equipped with a
Land Rover with diagnostic and performance test gear and a trailer with ready use spare parts.
There is also a battery repair team with two vehicles: one for optical and hydraulic repairs and
one for major electronic repairs. An ordnance spares vehicle is also provided.
Airborne Capable: Yes, Individual Rapier components can be transported slung under helicopters
such as the SA 330 Puma or CH-47 Chinook . A C-130 cargo aircraft can carry a complete system
with radar tracker or two optical systems.
Targets: Supersonic, Low-Level, High-Maneuverability Aircraft, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,
Supersonic Missiles, Cruise Missiles, and Fixed/Rotary-Wing Aircraft

Automotive
Note: The launcher is carried on a two-wheeled A-frame trailer. In the firing position, the wheels
are removed and it is stabilized on four adjustable legs.

Communications
Radio: INA

Missile System
Mk 1 Missile Launcher
Type: Towed Trailer
Length: 3.8 m
Width: 2.2 m
Height: 2.6 m
Weight: 1,227 kg
Maximum Elevation: +60 deg
Minimum Elevation: -5 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Rate of Fire: 7 rds/min
Note: The launcher consists of a large cylindrical unit carrying two missiles on each side; the
surveillance radar dish and IFF system under a radome on top; the guidance computer and radar
transmitter and receiver electronics at the bottom; and a prominent parabolic antenna for
sending guidance commands to the missiles at the front.

Mk 1 Missile
Type: Anti-Ship Missile
Length: 2.24 m
Diameter: 133 mm
Wingspan: 381 mm
Weight: 43 kg
Fragmentation Warhead Weight: 1.40 kg
Armor Piercing Warhead Weight: 0.55 kg
Propulsion: 1 x IMI Troy dual-thrust solid-propellant rocket
Warhead Types: semi-armor-piercing, contact fuze
Speed: >Mach 2
Maximum Range: 8 km
Minimum Range: 500 m
Maximum Altitude: 3,000 m
Minimum Altitude: very low level
Maneuver Limit: 22 g
Guidance System: Semi-Automatic Command to Line-of-Sight (SACLOS)

Mk 2 Missile Launcher
Type: Towed Trailer
Length: 4.1 m
Width: 2.2 m
Height: 2.6 m
Weight: 2,400 kg
Maximum Elevation: +60 deg
Minimum Elevation: -5 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Rate of Fire: 7 rds/min
Note: The launcher consists of a large cylindrical unit carrying two missiles on each side; the
surveillance radar dish and IFF system under a radome on top; the guidance computer and radar
transmitter and receiver electronics at the bottom; and a prominent parabolic antenna for
sending guidance commands to the missiles at the front.

Mk 2 Missile
Type: Anti-Ship Missile
Length: 2.24 m
Diameter: 133 mm
Wingspan: 381 mm
Weight: 43 kg
Fragmentation Warhead Weight: 1.40 kg
Armor Piercing Warhead Weight: 0.55 kg
Propulsion: 1 x Roxel Thermopylae two-stage, solid-propellent rocket
Warhead Types: high-explosive shaped charge, fragmentation; infrared, laser, impact, proximity
fuze (active multimode)
Speed: Mach 2.5
Maximum Range: 25 km
Minimum Range: 8 km
Maximum Altitude: 500 m
Minimum Altitude: very low level
Maneuver Limit: 35 g
Guidance System: Semi-Automatic Command to Line-of-Sight (SACLOS)

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Time to Engage Target from Detection: 6-8 seconds
Time to Engage Re-Engage Target: 3-6 seconds
Reload Time: 2.5 minutes for 4 missiles
Successor Identification Friend or Foe (SIFF): Yes, with a Range of 15 km
Passive Infra-Red Electro-Optic Sensor: Yes
Optical Tracker: 1 x optical tracker or Marconi I/J-band frequency-agile

Radar
Name: Dagger
Type: Target Acquisition and Surveillance Radar
Frequency/Band: K Band
Range: 15 km
Number of Targets System can Track: INA

Protection
Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: INA
Smoke Equipment: No

Variants
Laserfire Rapier: With the range of upgrades and new components, the original low-cost Rapier
system was gone. In order to address international market requirements for a lower-cost system,
BAC started development of the "Rapier Laserfire" in 1982. Laserfire replaced the original optical
tracker unit with a new lidar (laser radar) illuminating system that is considerably smaller,
allowing the entire system to be mounted on a single pallet that could itself be mounted on a
truck or other flatbed vehicle. Laserfire used a millimetric Doppler radar. Due to its very high
frequency of operation and ability to transform its beamshape from narrow azimuth and high
elevation to wide azimuth and narrow elevation, Laserfire was able to detect helicopters hovering
or travelling at low altitude and in areas of high clutter by detecting the movement of the
helicopter's rotor blades. Initial engagement is similar to the original Rapier, but the target was
illuminated and automatically tracked by a high power YAG:Nd laser. After the missile was
launched the laser alternately illuminated the target and missile to determine their locations, and
guidance was sent to the missile as normal (see laser guidance). Laserfire thus represented a
fairly major upgrade to the original optical system, allowing semi-automatic engagements, and
greatly reducing operator skill and training requirements. On the downside, Laserfire no longer
has the optical system of the original, which served an important second duty by allowing the
aircraft to be visually identified at long range. Additionally, while the Laserfire tracking system
was capable of being operated at night, target acquisition was optical, like the original Rapier.
Field Standard B1: Shortly after introducing FSA, "Field Standard B" (FSB) added a number of
basic upgrades. Additionally, the search radar was upgraded to be easily shut down in case of an
anti-radiation missile attack. FSB included lessons from the Falklands campaign, notable the
'pointing stick' that enabled the detachment commander of a fire unit to point the aiming unit at a
target.
Darkfire Rapier/Field Standard B2: In 1985 development started on a new tracker that replaced
the original optical system with a new IR thermal imager system to improve its abilities,
especially at night. This version was known as "Rapier Darkfire" for this reason. Trials of the new
system started in 1987, and were deployed operationally in 1990 as "Field Standard B2" (FSB2),
the earlier upgrades retroactively becoming FSB1. This system was also known as "Rapier 90".
Cooling for the imager was provided by bottles of compressed gas. FSB2 also introduced a
number of improvements that greatly improved Rapier capabilities. First and foremost was the
Tactical Control Console that allowed four Rapier launchers to be controlled from a central
location. The launchers themselves were upgraded to carry six missiles instead of four,
improving battery capacity. Finally, the search radar was updated to use a new planar array radar,
although its capabilities remained generally the same as the earlier model.
Rapier 2000/Field Standard C: In 1992, shortly after the introduction of Rapier 90, another major
upgrade series started at MBDA (previously Matra BAe Dynamics). Emerging as "Rapier 2000", or
"Field Standard C" (FSC) in British service, the system reached its ultimate form. Development of
the FSC system began at the end of the 1980s and the systems first entered service in 1996. By
this time the Cold War was over and British air defence capabilities were significantly reduced,
with fewer and smaller batteries, albeit every fire unit with Blindfire. There is also an export
version of this version, known as Jernas. Malaysia is the first export customer for Jernas. FSC
was effectively a new system, although Blindfire was little changed and it could fire both Mk 1
and Mk 2 missiles. The Surveillance radar was removed from the launcher and became a
separate element and each launcher now carried eight missiles. With the missiles increasingly
relying on radar guidance since the introduction of Blindfire, it made sense to upgrade the
original search radar to something much more modern. This was supplied by the Alenia Marconi
"Dagger", a 3D pulse doppler radar with an integrated Cossor IFF Mark 10 system. Dagger is
mounted on its own trailer, so the radome on top of the launcher unit was no longer needed. In its
place, a much more modern optical tracking system was added. The new tracker used a Stirling-
cycle cooler instead of compressed gas bottles. The use of much smaller electronics greatly
reduced stack height of the whole launcher, allowing an additional two missiles to be added, for a
total of eight. In operation, the Rapier 2000 is similar to earlier Blindfire-equipped systems.
Targets are acquired visually or through the Dagger radar, and then the Blindfire and optical
tracker are slewed onto the target. The optical system can be used solely to track the missile, or
it can be used for all guidance, like the original Rapier. In either case the engagement is entirely
automatic, with no operator guidance needed. The optical system can also be used as a search
system, seeking out IR sources, allowing radar-quiet operation. In 2006 a Ministry of Defence
study in Ground Based Air Defence recommended further reductions, based on a reduced air
threat and the improved air defence capabilities afforded by the Typhoon fighter. These included
removing the role from the RAF Regiment as a measure to preserve Royal Artillery units in the
face of significant cuts to the Army. Nevertheless, the Royal Artillery units were placed under
command of the HQ 1 Group RAF (within HQ Air Command) and the Joint Ground-Based Air
Defence HQ was formed.
Tracked Rapier: With sales to Iran came the additional requirement for a fully mobile version of
Rapier to protect the Chieftain tanks being supplied on a UK MOD contract. BAC responded by
adapting the Rapier system to fit on the M548, a cargo-carrier version of the ubiquitous M113.
Development started in 1974 as "Tracked Rapier", with the first public showing at the 1977 Paris
Air Show as a static display unit. The system had not yet been fully developed when the Shah fell
from power in 1978. The vehicles were later purchased by the British Army as part of a Fixed-
price Develop and Supply contract. The first production Tracked Rapier was accepted on time
and to cost at Wellington Barracks in early 1981, and entered service with 11 (Sphinx) Air
Defence Battery, of 22 Air Defence Regiment, Royal Artillery in 1983 in Napier Barracks near
Dortmund. The initial proposal for the system was to simply mount the towed launcher, (less its
running gear) and its petrol generator set on the flat bed of the M548 carrier. When this was
shown to Mr G.R. Jefferson, the GW Managing Director, he was not very impressed. Aware of the
amount of money available, he required a much more extensive change. Greville Beale and
Adrian Pollicutt led development of a very significant new arrangement was produced in quite a
short period.
Rapier (Export) Iranian Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > Rapier (Export) Iranian Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
Rapier is a surface-to-air missile developed for the British Army to replace their towed Bofors 40/
L70 anti-aircraft guns. The system is unusual as it uses a manual optical guidance system,
sending guidance commands to the missile in flight over a radio link. This results in a high level
of accuracy, therefore a large warhead is not required.

Entering service in 1972, it eventually replaced all other anti-aircraft weapons in Army service;
both the Bofors guns used against low-altitude targets and the Thunderbird missile[4] used
against longer-range and higher-altitude targets. As the expected air threat moved from medium-
altitude strategic missions to low-altitude strikes, the fast reaction time and high maneuverability
of the Rapier made it more effective than either of these weapons, replacing most of them by
1977.

Rapier was later selected by the RAF Regiment to replace their Bofors guns and Tigercat
missiles. It also saw international sales. It remains one of the UK's primary air-defence weapons,
and its deployment is expected to continue until 2020.

The original Rapier took the form of a wheeled launcher with four missiles, an optical tracker unit,
a generator, and trailer of stores. The launcher consists of a vertical cylindrical unit carrying two
missiles on each side, the surveillance radar dish and "Identification Friend or Foe" (IFF) system
under a radome on top, the guidance computer and radar electronics at the bottom, and a
prominent parabolic antenna for sending guidance commands to the missiles on the front.

The search radar was of the pulsed Doppler type with a range of about 15 km. The aerial, located
at the top of the launcher, rotated about once a second, looking for moving targets through their
doppler shift. When one was located, a lamp would light up on the Selector Engagement Zone
(SEZ), a box containing 32 orange lamps arranged in a circle about the size of an automobile
steering wheel. The radar operator could also blank out returns from other directions, providing
jamming resistance.

The optical tracker unit was made up of a stationary lower section and a rotating upper section.
The lower section housed the operator controls, while the upper section housed the tracking
optics. The operator's optical system was a modified telescope containing a Dove prism to
prevent the image 'toppling' as the optics rotate in azimuth. This system meant that, unlike a
periscope, the operator did not have to move in order to track the target. The upper section also
contained a separate missile tracking system that was slaved to the operator's optics, based on
a television camera optimized for the IR band.
Upon detection of a target, the optical tracking system would be slewed to target azimuth and
the operator would then search for the target in elevation. The operator's field of view would
depend on the target range: "wide" at about 20 degrees or "track" at about 4.8 degrees. When the
target was found the operator switches to "track" and uses a joystick to keep the target centred
in the telescope. Once a steady track was established the missile was fired. The TV camera on
the tracker was tuned to track the four flares on the missile's tail. Like the operator's telescope,
the TV system had two views, one about 11 degrees wide for the initial "capture", and another at
0.55 degrees for midcourse tracking.

The difference between the line-of-sight of the operator's telescope and the missile's flare was
calculated by the computer in the base of the launcher. Guidance updates were sent to the
missile through the transmitter on the launcher platform, and received on small antennas on the
rear of the mid-body fins. The operator simply kept the telescope's crosshairs on the target using
the joystick, and the missile would automatically fly into the line-of-sight, a system of operation
known as SACLOS. The basic concept is very similar to the one used by most anti-tank missiles,
with the exception that those systems normally use small wires to send guidance information to
the missile, rather than a radio link.

The missile contained a small 1.4 kg warhead with a contact fuse and a single-stage solid-rocket
motor that accelerated the missile to about 650 m/s (about Mach 2). Engagement time to the
maximum effective range was about 13 seconds. Response time from the start of the target
detection to missile launch is about 6 seconds, which has been repeatedly confirmed in live
firing.

The whole system, along with its crew, was delivered by two Land Rovers designated as the Fire
Unit Truck (FUT) and the Detachment Support Vehicle (DSV). Royal Artillery batteries comprised
three troops each of four fire units while RAF Regiment squadrons had eight fire units. By 1980
each Royal Artillery fire unit consisted of a (24 volt) 101 FC 1 tonne Land Rover towing the Rapier
Launcher and carrying 4 missiles on board, a 109-inch 3/4 ton 24v FFR (Fitted For Radio) Land
Rover towing a 1-ton Missile Supply Trailer (MST), containing up to a further 10 missiles. Blindfire
radar (see below) was only provided for 1⁄3 of fire units in British Army service, and for all fire
units in the RAF Regiment.

System
Alternative Designation: Rapier
Date of Introduction: 1971
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile System
Family: Rapier Series
Proliferation: Total: ≈25,000 missiles, 600 launchers and 350 radars.

Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran Army

In 1973, Iran became the first customer for Blindfire radars for its Rapier systems. Iran ordered a
total of 45 launchers. The British army purchased its first Blindfire radars in 1979, which entered
service with its Rapier Field Standard A systems.

Kenya
Kenyan Air Force
A Republic of Singapore Air Force Rapier SAM system

Malaysia
Malaysian Army – 15 launchers

Oman
Royal Air Force of Oman

Swiss Air Force

Turkey
Turkish Air Force – 86 launchers, modernized in Turkey. To be replaced by HISAR-A in year 2021.

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates Army

United Kingdom
British Army – 124 launchers, serve with Royal Artillery

Zambia
Zambian Air Force
In Service: 1971-Present
Crew: 6 ea
Chassis: The launcher is carried on a two-wheeled A-frame trailer. In the firing position, the
wheels are removed and it is stabilized on four adjustable legs.
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: INA
Fire on the Move: No
Rapier Fire Unit: A Rapier fire unit includes the trailer-mounted launcher with four missiles and
surveillance radar, tripod-mounted optical tracker and generator. Two light trucks are used for
towing the launcher and a trailer carrying nine reload missiles.
Rapier Battery: A battery typically includes a headquarters and a repair section equipped with a
Land Rover with diagnostic and performance test gear and a trailer with ready use spare parts.
There is also a battery repair team with two vehicles: one for optical and hydraulic repairs and
one for major electronic repairs. An ordnance spares vehicle is also provided.
Airborne Capable: Yes, Individual Rapier components can be transported slung under helicopters
such as the SA 330 Puma or CH-47 Chinook . A C-130 cargo aircraft can carry a complete system
with radar tracker or two optical systems.
Targets: Supersonic, Low-Level, High-Maneuverability Aircraft, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,
Supersonic Missiles, Cruise Missiles, and Fixed/Rotary-Wing Aircraft

Automotive
Note: The launcher is carried on a two-wheeled A-frame trailer. In the firing position, the wheels
are removed and it is stabilized on four adjustable legs.

Communications
Radio: INA
Missile System

Mk 1 Missile Launcher
Type: Towed Trailer
Length: 3.8 m
Width: 2.2 m
Height: 2.6 m
Weight: 1,227 kg
Maximum Elevation: +60 deg
Minimum Elevation: -5 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Rate of Fire: 7 rds/min
Note: The launcher consists of a large cylindrical unit carrying two missiles on each side; the
surveillance radar dish and IFF system under a radome on top; the guidance computer and radar
transmitter and receiver electronics at the bottom; and a prominent parabolic antenna for
sending guidance commands to the missiles at the front.

Mk 1 Missile
Type: Anti-Ship Missile
Length: 2.24 m
Diameter: 133 mm
Wingspan: 381 mm
Weight: 43 kg
Fragmentation Warhead Weight: 1.40 kg
Armor Piercing Warhead Weight: 0.55 kg
Propulsion: 1 x IMI Troy dual-thrust solid-propellant rocket
Warhead Types: semi-armor-piercing, contact fuze
Speed: >Mach 2
Maximum Range: 8 km
Minimum Range: 500 m
Maximum Altitude: 3,000 m
Minimum Altitude: very low level
Maneuver Limit: 22 g
Guidance System: Semi-Automatic Command to Line-of-Sight (SACLOS)
Mk 2 Missile Launcher
Type: Towed Trailer
Length: 4.1 m
Width: 2.2 m
Height: 2.6 m
Weight: 2,400 kg
Maximum Elevation: +60 deg
Minimum Elevation: -5 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Rate of Fire: 7 rds/min
Note: The launcher consists of a large cylindrical unit carrying two missiles on each side; the
surveillance radar dish and IFF system under a radome on top; the guidance computer and radar
transmitter and receiver electronics at the bottom; and a prominent parabolic antenna for
sending guidance commands to the missiles at the front.

Mk 2 Missile
Type: Anti-Ship Missile
Length: 2.24 m
Diameter: 133 mm
Wingspan: 381 mm
Weight: 43 kg
Fragmentation Warhead Weight: 1.40 kg
Armor Piercing Warhead Weight: 0.55 kg
Propulsion: 1 x Roxel Thermopylae two-stage, solid-propellent rocket
Warhead Types: high-explosive shaped charge, fragmentation; infrared, laser, impact, proximity
fuze (active multimode)
Speed: Mach 2.5
Maximum Range: 25 km
Minimum Range: 8 km
Maximum Altitude: 500 m
Minimum Altitude: very low level
Maneuver Limit: 35 g
Guidance System: Semi-Automatic Command to Line-of-Sight (SACLOS)

Fire Control
 Fire Control System
Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes
Indirect Fire: Yes
Time to Engage Target from Detection: 6-8 seconds
Time to Engage Re-Engage Target: 3-6 seconds
Reload Time: 2.5 minutes for 4 missiles
Successor Identification Friend or Foe (SIFF): Yes, with a Range of 15 km
Passive Infra-Red Electro-Optic Sensor: Yes
Optical Tracker: 1 x optical tracker or Marconi I/J-band frequency-agile

Radar
Name: Dagger
Type: Target Acquisition and Surveillance Radar
Frequency/Band: K Band
Range: 15 km
Number of Targets System can Track: INA

Protection
Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: INA
Smoke Equipment: No

Variants
Laserfire Rapier: With the range of upgrades and new components, the original low-cost Rapier
system was gone. In order to address international market requirements for a lower-cost system,
BAC started development of the "Rapier Laserfire" in 1982. Laserfire replaced the original optical
tracker unit with a new lidar (laser radar) illuminating system that is considerably smaller,
allowing the entire system to be mounted on a single pallet that could itself be mounted on a
truck or other flatbed vehicle. Laserfire used a millimetric Doppler radar. Due to its very high
frequency of operation and ability to transform its beamshape from narrow azimuth and high
elevation to wide azimuth and narrow elevation, Laserfire was able to detect helicopters hovering
or travelling at low altitude and in areas of high clutter by detecting the movement of the
helicopter's rotor blades. Initial engagement is similar to the original Rapier, but the target was
illuminated and automatically tracked by a high power YAG:Nd laser. After the missile was
launched the laser alternately illuminated the target and missile to determine their locations, and
guidance was sent to the missile as normal (see laser guidance). Laserfire thus represented a
fairly major upgrade to the original optical system, allowing semi-automatic engagements, and
greatly reducing operator skill and training requirements. On the downside, Laserfire no longer
has the optical system of the original, which served an important second duty by allowing the
aircraft to be visually identified at long range. Additionally, while the Laserfire tracking system
was capable of being operated at night, target acquisition was optical, like the original Rapier.
Field Standard B1: Shortly after introducing FSA, "Field Standard B" (FSB) added a number of
basic upgrades. Additionally, the search radar was upgraded to be easily shut down in case of an
anti-radiation missile attack. FSB included lessons from the Falklands campaign, notable the
'pointing stick' that enabled the detachment commander of a fire unit to point the aiming unit at a
target.
Darkfire Rapier/Field Standard B2: In 1985 development started on a new tracker that replaced
the original optical system with a new IR thermal imager system to improve its abilities,
especially at night. This version was known as "Rapier Darkfire" for this reason. Trials of the new
system started in 1987, and were deployed operationally in 1990 as "Field Standard B2" (FSB2),
the earlier upgrades retroactively becoming FSB1. This system was also known as "Rapier 90".
Cooling for the imager was provided by bottles of compressed gas. FSB2 also introduced a
number of improvements that greatly improved Rapier capabilities. First and foremost was the
Tactical Control Console that allowed four Rapier launchers to be controlled from a central
location. The launchers themselves were upgraded to carry six missiles instead of four,
improving battery capacity. Finally, the search radar was updated to use a new planar array radar,
although its capabilities remained generally the same as the earlier model.
Rapier 2000/Field Standard C: In 1992, shortly after the introduction of Rapier 90, another major
upgrade series started at MBDA (previously Matra BAe Dynamics). Emerging as "Rapier 2000", or
"Field Standard C" (FSC) in British service, the system reached its ultimate form. Development of
the FSC system began at the end of the 1980s and the systems first entered service in 1996. By
this time the Cold War was over and British air defence capabilities were significantly reduced,
with fewer and smaller batteries, albeit every fire unit with Blindfire. There is also an export
version of this version, known as Jernas. Malaysia is the first export customer for Jernas. FSC
was effectively a new system, although Blindfire was little changed and it could fire both Mk 1
and Mk 2 missiles. The Surveillance radar was removed from the launcher and became a
separate element and each launcher now carried eight missiles. With the missiles increasingly
relying on radar guidance since the introduction of Blindfire, it made sense to upgrade the
original search radar to something much more modern. This was supplied by the Alenia Marconi
"Dagger", a 3D pulse doppler radar with an integrated Cossor IFF Mark 10 system. Dagger is
mounted on its own trailer, so the radome on top of the launcher unit was no longer needed. In its
place, a much more modern optical tracking system was added. The new tracker used a Stirling-
cycle cooler instead of compressed gas bottles. The use of much smaller electronics greatly
reduced stack height of the whole launcher, allowing an additional two missiles to be added, for a
total of eight. In operation, the Rapier 2000 is similar to earlier Blindfire-equipped systems.
Targets are acquired visually or through the Dagger radar, and then the Blindfire and optical
tracker are slewed onto the target. The optical system can be used solely to track the missile, or
it can be used for all guidance, like the original Rapier. In either case the engagement is entirely
automatic, with no operator guidance needed. The optical system can also be used as a search
system, seeking out IR sources, allowing radar-quiet operation. In 2006 a Ministry of Defence
study in Ground Based Air Defence recommended further reductions, based on a reduced air
threat and the improved air defence capabilities afforded by the Typhoon fighter. These included
removing the role from the RAF Regiment as a measure to preserve Royal Artillery units in the
face of significant cuts to the Army. Nevertheless, the Royal Artillery units were placed under
command of the HQ 1 Group RAF (within HQ Air Command) and the Joint Ground-Based Air
Defence HQ was formed.
Tracked Rapier: With sales to Iran came the additional requirement for a fully mobile version of
Rapier to protect the Chieftain tanks being supplied on a UK MOD contract. BAC responded by
adapting the Rapier system to fit on the M548, a cargo-carrier version of the ubiquitous M113.
Development started in 1974 as "Tracked Rapier", with the first public showing at the 1977 Paris
Air Show as a static display unit. The system had not yet been fully developed when the Shah fell
from power in 1978. The vehicles were later purchased by the British Army as part of a Fixed-
price Develop and Supply contract. The first production Tracked Rapier was accepted on time
and to cost at Wellington Barracks in early 1981, and entered service with 11 (Sphinx) Air
Defence Battery, of 22 Air Defence Regiment, Royal Artillery in 1983 in Napier Barracks near
Dortmund. The initial proposal for the system was to simply mount the towed launcher, (less its
running gear) and its petrol generator set on the flat bed of the M548 carrier. When this was
shown to Mr G.R. Jefferson, the GW Managing Director, he was not very impressed. Aware of the
amount of money available, he required a much more extensive change. Greville Beale and
Adrian Pollicutt led development of a very significant new arrangement was produced in quite a
short period.
S-125 Neva/Pechora (SA-3 Goa) (Export) North Korean
6x6 Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > S-125 Neva/
Pechora (SA-3 Goa) (Export) North Korean 6x6 Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-125 Neva/Pechora, NATO reporting name SA-3 Goa) Soviet surface-to-air missile system
was designed by Aleksei Isaev to complement the S-25 and S-75. It has a shorter effective range
and lower engagement altitude than either of its predecessors and also flies slower, but due to
its two-stage design it is more effective against more maneuverable targets. It is also able to
engage lower flying targets than the previous systems, and being more modern it is much more
resistant to ECM than the S-75. The 5V24 (V-600) missiles reach around Mach 3 to 3.5 in flight,
both stages powered by solid fuel rocket motors. The S-125, like the S-75, uses radio command
guidance.

The launchers are accompanied by a command building or truck and three primary radar
systems:

* P-15 "Flat Face" or P-15M(2) "Squat Eye" 380 kW C-band target acquisition radar (also used by
the SA-6
and SA-8, range 250 km/155 miles)

* SNR-125 "Low Blow" 250 kW I/D-band tracking, fire control and guidance radar (range 40
km/25 miles,
second mode 80 km/50 miles)

* PRV-11 "Side Net" E-band height finder (also used by SA-2, SA-4 and SA-5, range 28 km/17
miles, max height 32 km/105,000 ft)

The S-125 system uses 2 different missile versions. The V-600 (or 5V24) had the smallest
warhead with only 60 kg of high explosive. It had a range of about 15 km.
The later version is named V-601 (or 5V27). It has a length of 6.09 m, a wing span of 2.2 m and a
body diameter of 0.375 m. This missile weighs 953 kg at launch, and has a 70 kg warhead
containing 33 kg of HE and 4,500 fragments. The minimum range is 3.5 km, and the maximum is
35 km (with the Pechora 2A). The intercept altitudes are between 100 m and 18 km.

The S-125M (1970) system uses 5V27. The intercept altitudes are between 20 m and 14 km. The
minimum range is 2.5 km, and the maximum is 22 km. The S-125M1 (1978) system uses 5V27D.
In the early 1980s established for each system 1-2 radar simulator (against anti radar missiles
assigned). The S-125 is somewhat mobile, an improvement over the S-75 system. The missiles
are typically deployed on fixed turrets containing two or four but can be carried ready-to-fire on
ZIL trucks in pairs. Reloading the fixed launchers takes a few minutes.

System
Alternative Designation: NICKNAMES
SA-3 Goa (NATO reporting name for S-125)
SA-N-1 Goa (NATO reporting name for Volna)
M-1 Volna (naval version of S-125)
Neva (Soviet service nickname)
Pechora (export model nickname)
ItO 79 (Finnish service)
Type: Russian Surface-to-Air Missile System
Date of Introduction: Twin launcher 1961/ quadruple launcher 1973.
Proliferation: At least 39 countries.
North Korea 140 batteries
Manufacturer: JSC Defense Systems (Pechora-M)
In Service: 1961-Present
Crew:
Chassis: The S-125 is normally transported from battalion storage areas on modified ZIL-131 (6 x
6) or ZIL-157 (6 x 6) trucks and loaded onto the launchers.
Emplacement Time: Approximately one minute is required to load the missiles onto the launch
rails, but nearly an hour is required between missile launches due to missile preparation, truck
transit and other reloading procedures.
Displacement Time: See Emplacement
Target Types: FW, heli, CM; Also ASMs, UAVs Pechora-M

Dimensions (Chassis: ZIL-131)

Length: 7.04 m
Width: 2.49 m
Height, Cab: 2.49 m
Height, Transport Body: 2.97 m
Wheelbase: 3.30 m
Curb Weight: 6,700 kg
Automotive (Chassis: ZIL-131)
Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: V8 gasoline (carburetor)
Engine Power: INA
Maximum Road Distance: INA
Maximum Speed: 80 km/h
Seating Capacity: 3 ea
Payload: 5000 kg plus trailer 5000 kg (on road), or 3,500 kg plus trailer 4000 kg off road.

Main Weapon System

Note: The S-125 is fired from trainable launchers which are normally fixed, but can be relocated.
The crew loads the missiles with the aid of a conveyor onto the ground-mounted, trainable
launcher for firing, with both twin and quadruple launchers in use. A pair of missiles are carried in
tandem on a modified truck or tracked vehicle. The S-125 is normally transported from battalion
storage areas on modified ZIL-131 (6 x 6) or ZIL-157 (6 x 6) trucks and loaded onto the
launchers. Approximately one minute is required to load the missiles onto the launch rails, but
nearly an hour is required between missile launches due to missile preparation, truck transit and
other reloading procedures.

Missile Launcher
Description: Towed twin or quad-rail launcher
Displacement Time : 100; 30 Pechora-M min
Reaction Time : 8; 2-3 Pechora-M sec
Reload Time : 50 (quad launcher) min

Missile (Option 1)
Name: V-600 (5V24)
Type: SAM
Length : 6.1 mm
Diameter : 550.0 mm
Propulsion : Solid fuel booster
Altitude, Maximum : 18,300.0 m
Altitude, Minimum : 20, 7.5 blast radius m
Combat Load : 2 or 4 rds
Fuze Type: Proximity RF, 20 m detection
Guidance: Command RF
Kill Radius : 12.5 m
Probability of Hit: 70 FW, 70 heli; 80 Pechora-M, -2M PCT
Range, Maximum : 25,000; 28,000 Pechora-2A m
Range, Minimum : 2400.0 m
Simultaneous Missiles: 2 per target
Speed : 650-1,150 km/h
Warhead Type: Fragmenting Rod-HE
Velocity : 4321.0 km/h
Weight: 946.0 kg

Missile (Option 2)
Name: V-601 (or 5V27)
Type: SAM
Length: 6.09 m
Diameter: 0.375 m
Wing Span: 2.2 m
Weight: 953 kg
Warhead Weight: 70 kg warhead containing 33 kg of HE and 4,500 fragments
Propellant: Solid propellant rocket motor
Minimum Range: 3.5 km
Maximum Range: 35 km
Intercept Altitudes: 00 m and 18 km

Fire Control System

Radar #1
Name: FLAT FACE (P-15) Radar
Function: Target Acquisition
Range: 200-250 km
Frequency: C band (UHF)
Associated Weapon System: SA_3 GOA possibly SA-8 GECKO SAM, LOW BLOW missile control
radar
Number of Missiles: Can guide three missiles simultaneosly
Power: 380kw
PRF: 200-700pps
Vehicle Mount: Long-range surveillance and target acquisition is handled by the van-mounted
P-15 FLAT FACE) radar.
Parabolic Reflectors: Two eliptical parabolic reflectors measuring 11x5.5 m. Reflectors arranged
one above the other on van roof.
Note #1: The P-15 radar has been replaced in many S-125 units by the P-15M SQUAT EYE radar.
Note #2: Target data generated by these tracking radars is passed to the battalion's LOW BLOW
trailer-mounted fire control radar.

Radar #2
Name: LOW BLOW
Function: A Fire Control, Trk/FC, and Missile Guidance Radar
Frequency, Fire Control: I band
Range, Fire Control: 40 km
Scan, Fire Control: Scan (trough) 16HZ
Frequency, Trk/FC: I band
Range, Trk/FC: 40-85 km
Scan, Trk/FC: Scan (Para) 25HZ
Frequency, Missile Guidance: D band
Range, Missile Guidance: 29 km
Mount: Four-wheeled trailer-mounted
Parabolic Dishes: Two scanning parabolic dishes one above the other
Associated Weapon System: SA-3 GOA SAM, FLAT FACE, SQUAT EYE acquisition radar.

Radar #3
Name: SIDE NET (PRV-11)
Function: Height Radar
Frequency: E band, 2.7 GHz
Pulse Repetition Time (PRT): 3 and 1,3 ms
Pulsewidth: 3 and 1.5 µs
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 330 and 730 Hz
Peak Power: 1.2 MW
Average Power: 1.3 kW
Maximum Range: 28 km
Maximum Altitude: 32 km
Associated Weeapon System: SA-2/3/5

Radar Upgrade (SQUAT EYE would replace the FLAT FACE (P-15 Radar)
Name: SQUAT EYE ( P-15M(2))
Function: Target Acquisition
Maximum Range: 128 km
Frequency: C-band
Power: 380kw
Associated Weapon System: SA-3/5

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA

Variants
SA-3A: : Two-rail launcher. Missiles without interstage fins.
SA-3B (GOA MOD 1): SA-3B (GOA Mod 1): two-rail launcher. Missiles have inter-stage fins.
SA-3C: four-rail launcher.
NEWA SC: Polish modernized system
PECHORA-M : Upgrade fielded in 1994 and used in at least 3 countries. It has digitized FCS, and
laser/EO/thermal auto-tracker for use without a radar. It added the Kasta-2E2 TA EW radar.
PECHORA-2/UNV MODEL 1999 : Further upgrade with truck-mounted low blow FC radar), tracks
2 targets. It is resistant to aircraft ECM.
PECHORA-2M: Russian mobile variant of -2, with launcher mounted on a truck chassis modified
into a transporter-erector-launcher (TEL). Other changes: the 2-rail launcher has a storage
compartment underneath for support and test equipment. Navigation and automated fire control
terminal are mounted onboard. The cab has room for two or three crew members. The latest
missile is 5V27DE. The trailer-mounted unv model 1999 FC radar (up to 300 m away) can
emplace and displace in 5 minutes or less. This system has been
S-125 Neva/Pechora (SA-3 Goa) Russian 6x6 Surface-
to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems > S-125 Neva/
Pechora (SA-3 Goa) Russian 6x6 Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-125 Neva/Pechora, NATO reporting name SA-3 Goa) Soviet surface-to-air missile system
was designed by Aleksei Isaev to complement the S-25 and S-75. It has a shorter effective range
and lower engagement altitude than either of its predecessors and also flies slower, but due to
its two-stage design it is more effective against more maneuverable targets. It is also able to
engage lower flying targets than the previous systems, and being more modern it is much more
resistant to ECM than the S-75. The 5V24 (V-600) missiles reach around Mach 3 to 3.5 in flight,
both stages powered by solid fuel rocket motors. The S-125, like the S-75, uses radio command
guidance.

The launchers are accompanied by a command building or truck and three primary radar
systems:

* P-15 "Flat Face" or P-15M(2) "Squat Eye" 380 kW C-band target acquisition radar (also used by
the SA-6
and SA-8, range 250 km/155 miles)

* SNR-125 "Low Blow" 250 kW I/D-band tracking, fire control and guidance radar (range 40
km/25 miles,
second mode 80 km/50 miles)

* PRV-11 "Side Net" E-band height finder (also used by SA-2, SA-4 and SA-5, range 28 km/17
miles, max height 32 km/105,000 ft)

The S-125 system uses 2 different missile versions. The V-600 (or 5V24) had the smallest
warhead with only 60 kg of high explosive. It had a range of about 15 km.

The later version is named V-601 (or 5V27). It has a length of 6.09 m, a wing span of 2.2 m and a
body diameter of 0.375 m. This missile weighs 953 kg at launch, and has a 70 kg warhead
containing 33 kg of HE and 4,500 fragments. The minimum range is 3.5 km, and the maximum is
35 km (with the Pechora 2A). The intercept altitudes are between 100 m and 18 km.

The S-125M (1970) system uses 5V27. The intercept altitudes are between 20 m and 14 km. The
minimum range is 2.5 km, and the maximum is 22 km. The S-125M1 (1978) system uses 5V27D.
In the early 1980s established for each system 1-2 radar simulator (against anti radar missiles
assigned). The S-125 is somewhat mobile, an improvement over the S-75 system. The missiles
are typically deployed on fixed turrets containing two or four but can be carried ready-to-fire on
ZIL trucks in pairs. Reloading the fixed launchers takes a few minutes.

System
Alternative Designation: NICKNAMES
SA-3 Goa (NATO reporting name for S-125)
SA-N-1 Goa (NATO reporting name for Volna)
M-1 Volna (naval version of S-125)
Neva (Soviet service nickname)
Pechora (export model nickname)
ItO 79 (Finnish service)
Type: Russian Surface-to-Air Missile System
Date of Introduction: Twin launcher 1961/ quadruple launcher 1973.
Proliferation: At least 39 countries.
North Korea 140 batteries
Manufacturer: JSC Defense Systems (Pechora-M)
In Service: 1961-Present
Crew:
Chassis: The S-125 is normally transported from battalion storage areas on modified ZIL-131 (6 x
6) or ZIL-157 (6 x 6) trucks and loaded onto the launchers.
Emplacement Time: Approximately one minute is required to load the missiles onto the launch
rails, but nearly an hour is required between missile launches due to missile preparation, truck
transit and other reloading procedures.
Displacement Time: See Emplacement
Target Types: FW, heli, CM; Also ASMs, UAVs Pechora-M

Dimensions (Chassis: ZIL-131)

Length: 7.04 m
Width: 2.49 m
Height, Cab: 2.49 m
Height, Transport Body: 2.97 m
Wheelbase: 3.30 m
Curb Weight: 6,700 kg

Automotive (Chassis: ZIL-131)

Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: V8 gasoline (carburetor)
Engine Power: INA
Maximum Road Distance: INA
Maximum Speed: 80 km/h
Seating Capacity: 3 ea
Payload: 5000 kg plus trailer 5000 kg (on road), or 3,500 kg plus trailer 4000 kg off road.

Main Weapon System

Note: The S-125 is fired from trainable launchers which are normally fixed, but can be relocated.
The crew loads the missiles with the aid of a conveyor onto the ground-mounted, trainable
launcher for firing, with both twin and quadruple launchers in use. A pair of missiles are carried in
tandem on a modified truck or tracked vehicle. The S-125 is normally transported from battalion
storage areas on modified ZIL-131 (6 x 6) or ZIL-157 (6 x 6) trucks and loaded onto the
launchers. Approximately one minute is required to load the missiles onto the launch rails, but
nearly an hour is required between missile launches due to missile preparation, truck transit and
other reloading procedures.

Missile Launcher
Description: Towed twin or quad-rail launcher
Displacement Time : 100; 30 Pechora-M min
Reaction Time : 8; 2-3 Pechora-M sec
Reload Time : 50 (quad launcher) min

Missile (Option 1)
Name: V-600 (5V24)
Type: SAM
Length : 6.1 mm
Diameter : 550.0 mm
Propulsion : Solid fuel booster
Altitude, Maximum : 18,300.0 m
Altitude, Minimum : 20, 7.5 blast radius m
Combat Load : 2 or 4 rds
Fuze Type: Proximity RF, 20 m detection
Guidance: Command RF
Kill Radius : 12.5 m
Probability of Hit: 70 FW, 70 heli; 80 Pechora-M, -2M PCT
Range, Maximum : 25,000; 28,000 Pechora-2A m
Range, Minimum : 2400.0 m
Simultaneous Missiles: 2 per target
Speed : 650-1,150 km/h
Warhead Type: Fragmenting Rod-HE
Velocity : 4321.0 km/h
Weight: 946.0 kg

Missile (Option 2)
Name: V-601 (or 5V27)
Type: SAM
Length: 6.09 m
Diameter: 0.375 m
Wing Span: 2.2 m
Weight: 953 kg
Warhead Weight: 70 kg warhead containing 33 kg of HE and 4,500 fragments
Propellant: Solid propellant rocket motor
Minimum Range: 3.5 km
Maximum Range: 35 km
Intercept Altitudes: 00 m and 18 km

Fire Control System

Radar #1
Name: FLAT FACE (P-15) Radar
Function: Target Acquisition
Range: 200-250 km
Frequency: C band (UHF)
Associated Weapon System: SA_3 GOA possibly SA-8 GECKO SAM, LOW BLOW missile control
radar
Number of Missiles: Can guide three missiles simultaneosly
Power: 380kw
PRF: 200-700pps
Vehicle Mount: Long-range surveillance and target acquisition is handled by the van-mounted
P-15 FLAT FACE) radar.
Parabolic Reflectors: Two eliptical parabolic reflectors measuring 11x5.5 m. Reflectors arranged
one above the other on van roof.
Note #1: The P-15 radar has been replaced in many S-125 units by the P-15M SQUAT EYE radar.
Note #2: Target data generated by these tracking radars is passed to the battalion's LOW BLOW
trailer-mounted fire control radar.

Radar #2
Name: LOW BLOW
Function: A Fire Control, Trk/FC, and Missile Guidance Radar
Frequency, Fire Control: I band
Range, Fire Control: 40 km
Scan, Fire Control: Scan (trough) 16HZ
Frequency, Trk/FC: I band
Range, Trk/FC: 40-85 km
Scan, Trk/FC: Scan (Para) 25HZ
Frequency, Missile Guidance: D band
Range, Missile Guidance: 29 km
Mount: Four-wheeled trailer-mounted
Parabolic Dishes: Two scanning parabolic dishes one above the other
Associated Weapon System: SA-3 GOA SAM, FLAT FACE, SQUAT EYE acquisition radar.

Radar #3
Name: SIDE NET (PRV-11)
Function: Height Radar
Frequency: E band, 2.7 GHz
Pulse Repetition Time (PRT): 3 and 1,3 ms
Pulsewidth: 3 and 1.5 µs
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 330 and 730 Hz
Peak Power: 1.2 MW
Average Power: 1.3 kW
Maximum Range: 28 km
Maximum Altitude: 32 km
Associated Weeapon System: SA-2/3/5

Radar Upgrade (SQUAT EYE would replace the FLAT FACE (P-15 Radar)
Name: SQUAT EYE ( P-15M(2))
Function: Target Acquisition
Maximum Range: 128 km
Frequency: C-band
Power: 380kw
Associated Weapon System: SA-3/5

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA

Variants
SA-3A: : Two-rail launcher. Missiles without interstage fins.
SA-3B (GOA MOD 1): SA-3B (GOA Mod 1): two-rail launcher. Missiles have inter-stage fins.
SA-3C: four-rail launcher.
NEWA SC: Polish modernized system
PECHORA-M : Upgrade fielded in 1994 and used in at least 3 countries. It has digitized FCS, and
laser/EO/thermal auto-tracker for use without a radar. It added the Kasta-2E2 TA EW radar.
PECHORA-2/UNV MODEL 1999 : Further upgrade with truck-mounted low blow FC radar), tracks
2 targets. It is resistant to aircraft ECM.
PECHORA-2M: Russian mobile variant of -2, with launcher mounted on a truck chassis modified
into a transporter-erector-launcher (TEL). Other changes: the 2-rail launcher has a storage
compartment underneath for support and test equipment. Navigation and automated fire control
terminal are mounted onboard. The cab has room for two or three crew members. The latest
missile is 5V27DE. The trailer-mounted unv model 1999 FC radar (up to 300 m away) can
emplace and displace in 5 minutes or less. This system has been
S-200 Dubna (SA-5 Gammon) (Export) Iranian Surface-
to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-200 Dubna (SA-5 Gammon) (Export) Iranian Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-200 Volga (SA-5 Gammon**) is a Russian long-range, high-altitude strategic surface-to-air
missile (SAM). It is a fixed-site, point defense SAM that relies on long range early warning and
ground control intercept radars (Big Back, Bar Lock , Tin Shield and Side Net ) for target tracking
information and 5N62 series Square Pair** radar for fire control.

The S-200 surface-to-air missile system was designed for the defense of the most important
administrative, industrial, and military installations from all types of air attack. S-200 provides
defeat of modern and advanced aircraft, including air command and control centers, AWACS
aircraft, aircraft jamming creation and other manned and unmanned aerial vehicles. The S-200 is
an all-weather system that can be operated in various climatic conditions.

By 1966, the S-200 was officially accepted into service in order to replace the failed anti-ballistic
missile RZ-25/5V11 "Dal". The Dal was assigned the NATO reporting name SA-5 "Griffon" before
it was cancelled.

The first S-200 operational regiments were deployed in 1966 with 18 sites and 342 launchers in
service by the end of the year. By 1968 there were 40 sites, and by 1969 there were 60 sites. The
growth in numbers then gradually increased throughout the 1970s (1,100 launchers) and early
1980s until the peak of 130 sites and 2,030 launchers was reached in 1980–1990.

Each missile is launched by 4 solid-fueled strap-on rocket boosters.[7] After they burn out and
drop away (between 3 and 5.1 seconds from launch) it fires a 5D67 liquid fueled sustainer rocket
engine (for 51–150 seconds) which burns a fuel called TG-02 Samin (50% xylidine and 50%
triethylamine), oxidized by an agent called AK-27P Melange (red fuming nitric acid enriched with
nitrogen oxides, phosphoric acid and hydrofluoric acid). Maximum range is between 150 km (81
nmi) and 300 km (160 nmi), depending on the model. The missile uses radio illumination mid-
course correction to fly towards the target with a terminal semi-active radar homing phase.
Maximum target speed is around Mach 6 for new model and Mach 4 for earlier model. Effective
altitude is 300 m (980 ft) to 20,000 m (66,000 ft) for early models and up to 35,000 m (115,000 ft)
for later models. The warhead is either 217 kg (478 lb) high-explosive fragmentation (16,000 × 2
g fragmentation pellets and 21,000 × 3.5 g pellets) triggered by radar proximity fuse or command
signal, or a 25 kt nuclear warhead triggered by command signal only. Each missile weighs around
7,108 kg (15,670 lb) at takeoff.

The system utilises radio semi active guidance throughout the missile's flight, which is far more
accurate at long range than the command guidance method used by the earlier S-75 Dvina and
other missiles. The existence of an optional terminal passive radar homing mode for use against
airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft remains unconfirmed. Peak missile speed is around Mach
8 and the single-shot kill probability is quoted as 0.85, presumably against a high altitude
bomber-type target.

The fire control radar of the S-200 system is the 5N62 (NATO: Square Pair) H band continuous
wave radar, whose range is 270 km (170 mi). It is used for both the tracking of targets and their
illumination.

Additional radar systems

* P-14/5N84A "Tall King" A-band early warning radar (range 600 km (370 mi), 2–6 RPM,
maximum search altitude 46 km (29 mi))

* "Big Back" E-band early warning radar 600 km (370 mi)

Kabina 66/5N87 "Back Net" or "Back Trap" E-band early warning radar (with special low-altitude
search mod, range 370 km (230 mi), 3–6 RPM)

* P-35/37 "Bar Lock\Bar Lock B" 1,000 kW E\F-band target detection and tracking radar (with
integrated IFF, range 392 km (244 mi), 7 RPM)

* "Side Net" or "Odd Pair" E-band height finding radar (also used by the SA-2, SA-4 and SA-6, range
240 km (150 mi), 3–6 RPM)
P-15M(2) "Squat Eye" 380 kW C-band target detection radar (range 128 km (80 mi)

System
Alternative Designation: SA-5 Gammon; S-200 Vega
Type: A very long range, medium-to-high altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) system.
Date of Introduction: 1967
Family: SA-5 Series
In Service: 1967-Present
Proliferation: Algeria – 10

Azerbaijan – 15

Bulgaria – 1 battalion.

India – 3 Battalions in Army, 4 Groups (Battalions) in the Indian Air Force

Iran – 10 Upgraded battalions, in service. Will be replaced by Sayyad-2/Sayyad-3
(Talash)system.

Kazakhstan –
North Korea – 4 battalions (2008). 40 systems in 2010 (number of constituent elements is
unknown).[61][62]

Myanmar – 20 launchers from North Korea.

Poland – 2 squadrons. Plan to replaced new anti aircraft systems Wisła.

Syria – 2 air defense regiments comprising 2 divisions including 2 S-200 batteries

44 launchers /) in service as of 2010, S-200VE 48 launchers in 2012 Syrian Armed Forces
constructed a new S-200 site at Kweires Airport, near Aleppo, in July 2016. The system is
operated by the Syrian Air Defense Force.

Turkmenistan – INA

Uzbekistan – INA
Wars: First Libyan Civil War
Syrian Civil War
Crew: INA ea
Displacement Time: INA min
Emplacement Time: INA min
Fire on the Move: No
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Dimensions
Missile Length: 10.72 m
Wingspan: 2.85 m
Mainbody Diamter: 0.85 m
Solid Propellant Booster Length: 4.90 m
Solid Propellant Booster Width: 0.48 m
Note: Each Missile has four jettisonable, wraparound solid propellant boosters

Automotive
Engine: 4 x solid-fuel boosters; solid-fuel second stage
Speed: Mach 4
Maximum Range: 7 km
Minimum Range: 300 km
Maximum Altitude: INA
Minimum Altitude: 35 km
Communications
Primary: INA
Secondary: INA

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: Rail
Maximum Effective Range: 250 km
Minimum Effective Range: The missile's minimum range of 60 km is due to the booster burn
time and jettison requirements, limiting the system to engagements against relatively large
unmaneuverable targets at ranges up to 250 km. km
Note: Each Missile has four jettisonable, wraparound solid propellant boosters

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 5V21
Type: HE-Frag
Variant: Angara (A)
Length: 10.5 m
Diameter: 86 mm
Booster Length: 4.9 m
Booster Diameter: 0.48 m
Effective Range: 150-180 km
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 2)
Name: 5V28
Type: HE-Frag
Variant: Vega (V)
Length: 10.7 m
Diameter: 86 mm
Booster Length: 4.9 m
Booster Diameter: 0.48 m
Effective Range: 200 km
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 3)
Name: 5V28
Type: HE-Frag, Nuclear
Variant: Vega M (VM)
Length: 10.7 m
Diameter: 86 mm
Booster Length: 4.9 m
Booster Diameter: 0.48 m
Effective Range: 250 km
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No, due to booster burn time and jettison requirements
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA

Radar #1
Name: P-15M(2)
Type: Squat Eye
Function: INA
Frequency: C-band
Range: 128 km
Associated Weapon System: SA-3/5
Recognition: Power 380kw

Radar #2
Name: P-14
Type: TALL KING
Function: Electronic Warfare
Range: 605 km
Frequency: A Band
Associated Weapon System: SA-5
Recongintion: Scan 2-6rpm

Radar #3
Name: PRV-11
Type: SIDE NET
Function: Height
Range: 28 km 32km Max altitude
Frequency: E-band
Associated Weapon System: SA-2/3/5
Recognition: INA

Radar #4
Name: INA
Type: BACK NET
Function: EW/GCI
Range: 300 km
Frequency: E-Band
Associated Weapon System: SA-5
Recognition: 3-6 rpm Scan

Radar #5
Name: P-35/37
Type: BAR LOCK
Function: EW
Range: 200 km
Frequency: E/F-bands
Associated Weapon System: SA-5
Recognition: INA

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No

Variants
SA-5a (S-200A Angara): This missile attained initial operating capability in 1962 on the "Tallinn
line" with conventional warheads. System includes a V-860/5V21 or V-860P/5V21A missile;
range, 88 mi (160 km); and ceiling, 66,000 ft (20 km).
SA-5b (S-200V Vega): This version reached initial operating capability in 1970 with nuclear
warhead. Other versions include the S-200 Vega with a V-870 missile and range 186 mi (300 km).
Also: S-200M Vega-M with a V-880E/5V28E missile, export version, high-explosive warhead only,
with a range of 155 mi (250 km) and, ceiling of 95,000 ft (29 km).
SA-5c (S-200D Dubna): The SA-5c’s initial operating capability was attained in 1975 with a dual-
capable (nuclear or conventional) warhead and upgraded terminal homing capability.
Characteristics include a 5V25V, V-880M/5V28M or V-880MN/5V28MN2 missile, with a range of
248 mi (400 km) and a ceiling of 125,000 ft (40 km).
SA-5d: This designation was briefly used for the SA-X-12 Gladiator missile.
SA-5e: This variant attained initial operating capability in 1983 with a passive anti-radiation
seeker. It was probably designed to be used against AWACS aircraft
S-200 Dubna (SA-5 Gammon) (Export) North Korean
Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-200 Dubna (SA-5 Gammon) (Export) North Korean Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-200 Volga (SA-5 Gammon**) is a Russian long-range, high-altitude strategic surface-to-air
missile (SAM). It is a fixed-site, point defense SAM that relies on long range early warning and
ground control intercept radars (Big Back, Bar Lock , Tin Shield and Side Net ) for target tracking
information and 5N62 series Square Pair** radar for fire control.

The S-200 surface-to-air missile system was designed for the defense of the most important
administrative, industrial and military installations from all types of air attack. S-200 provides
defeat of modern and advanced aircraft, including air command and control centers, AWACS
aircraft, aircraft jamming creation and other manned and unmanned aerial vehicles. The S-200 is
an all-weather system that can be operated in various climatic conditions.

By 1966, the S-200 was officially accepted into service in order to replace the failed anti-ballistic
missile RZ-25/5V11 "Dal". The Dal was assigned the NATO reporting name SA-5 "Griffon" before
it was cancelled.

The first S-200 operational regiments were deployed in 1966 with 18 sites and 342 launchers in
service by the end of the year. By 1968 there were 40 sites, and by 1969 there were 60 sites. The
growth in numbers then gradually increased throughout the 1970s (1,100 launchers) and early
1980s until the peak of 130 sites and 2,030 launchers was reached in 1980–1990.

Each missile is launched by 4 solid-fueled strap-on rocket boosters.[7] After they burn out and
drop away (between 3 and 5.1 seconds from launch) it fires a 5D67 liquid fueled sustainer rocket
engine (for 51–150 seconds) which burns a fuel called TG-02 Samin (50% xylidine and 50%
triethylamine), oxidized by an agent called AK-27P Melange (red fuming nitric acid enriched with
nitrogen oxides, phosphoric acid and hydrofluoric acid). Maximum range is between 150 km (81
nmi) and 300 km (160 nmi), depending on the model. The missile uses radio illumination mid-
course correction to fly towards the target with a terminal semi-active radar homing phase.
Maximum target speed is around Mach 6 for new model and Mach 4 for earlier model. Effective
altitude is 300 m (980 ft) to 20,000 m (66,000 ft) for early models and up to 35,000 m (115,000 ft)
for later models. The warhead is either 217 kg (478 lb) high-explosive fragmentation (16,000 × 2
g fragmentation pellets and 21,000 × 3.5 g pellets) triggered by radar proximity fuse or command
signal, or a 25 kt nuclear warhead triggered by command signal only. Each missile weighs around
7,108 kg (15,670 lb) at takeoff.

The system utilises radio semi active guidance throughout the missile's flight, which is far more
accurate at long range than the command guidance method used by the earlier S-75 Dvina and
other missiles. The existence of an optional terminal passive radar homing mode for use against
airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft remains unconfirmed. Peak missile speed is around Mach
8 and the single-shot kill probability is quoted as 0.85, presumably against a high altitude
bomber-type target.

The fire control radar of the S-200 system is the 5N62 (NATO: Square Pair) H band continuous
wave radar, whose range is 270 km (170 mi). It is used for both the tracking of targets and their
illumination.

Additional radar systems

* P-14/5N84A "Tall King" A-band early warning radar (range 600 km (370 mi), 2–6 RPM,
maximum search altitude 46 km (29 mi))

* "Big Back" E-band early warning radar 600 km (370 mi)

Kabina 66/5N87 "Back Net" or "Back Trap" E-band early warning radar (with special low-altitude
search mod, range 370 km (230 mi), 3–6 RPM)

* P-35/37 "Bar Lock\Bar Lock B" 1,000 kW E\F-band target detection and tracking radar (with
integrated IFF, range 392 km (244 mi), 7 RPM)

* "Side Net" or "Odd Pair" E-band height finding radar (also used by the SA-2, SA-4 and SA-6, range
240 km (150 mi), 3–6 RPM)
P-15M(2) "Squat Eye" 380 kW C-band target detection radar (range 128 km (80 mi)

System
Alternative Designation: SA-5 Gammon; S-200 Angara (Russian system designation)
S-200 Volga (Russian system designation)
S-200 Vega (Russian system designation)
V-860 (Russian missile designator)
5V28 (Russian missile designator)
Type: A very long range, medium-to-high altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) system.
Date of Introduction: 1967
Family: SA-5 Series
In Service: 1967-Present
Proliferation: Algeria – 10

Azerbaijan – 15
Bulgaria – 1 battalion.

India – 3 Battalions in Army, 4 Groups (Battalions) in the Indian Air Force

Iran – 10 Upgraded battalions, in service. Will be replaced by Sayyad-2/Sayyad-3

(Talash)system.

Kazakhstan –
North Korea – 4 battalions (2008). 40 systems in 2010 (number of constituent elements is
unknown).[61][62]

Myanmar – 20 launchers from North Korea.

Poland – 2 squadrons. Plan to replaced new anti aircraft systems Wisła.

Syria – 2 air defense regiments comprising 2 divisions including 2 S-200 batteries

44 launchers /) in service as of 2010, S-200VE 48 launchers in 2012 Syrian Armed Forces
constructed a new S-200 site at Kweires Airport, near Aleppo, in July 2016. The system is
operated by the Syrian Air Defense Force.

Turkmenistan – INA

Uzbekistan – INA
Wars: First Libyan Civil War
Syrian Civil War
Crew: INA ea
Displacement Time: INA min
Emplacement Time: INA min
Fire on the Move: No
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Dimensions
Missile Length: 10.72 m
Wingspan: 2.85 m
Mainbody Diamter: 0.85 m
Solid Propellant Booster Length: 4.9 m
Solid Propellant Booster Width: 0.48 m
Note: Each Missile has four jettisonable, wraparound solid propellant boosters

Automotive
Engine: 4 x solid-fuel boosters; solid-fuel second stage
Speed: Mach 4
Maximum Range: 7 km
Minimum Range: 300 km
Maximum Altitude: INA
Minimum Altitude: 35 km

Communications
Primary: INA
Secondary: INA

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: Rail
Maximum Effective Range: 250 km
Minimum Effective Range: The missile's minimum range of 60 km is due to the booster burn
time and jettison requirements, limiting the system to engagements against relatively large
unmaneuverable targets at ranges up to 250 km. km
Note: Each Missile has four jettisonable, wraparound solid propellant boosters

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 5V21
Type: HE-Frag
Variant: Angara (A)
Length: 10.5 m
Diameter: 86 mm
Booster Length: 4.9 m
Booster Diameter: 0.48 m
Effective Range: 150-180 km
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 2)
Name: 5V28
Type: HE-Frag
Variant: Vega (V)
Length: 10.7 m
Diameter: 86 mm
Booster Length: 4.9 m
Booster Diameter: 0.48 m
Effective Range: 200 km
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 3)
Name: 5V28
Type: HE-Frag, Nuclear
Variant: Vega M (VM)
Length: 10.7 m
Diameter: 86 mm
Booster Length: 4.9 m
Booster Diameter: 0.48 m
Effective Range: 250 km
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No, due to booster burn time and jettison requirements
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Radar #1
Name: P-15M(2)
Type: Squat Eye
Function: INA
Frequency: C-band
Range: 128 km
Associated Weapon System: SA-3/5
Recognition: Power 380kw

Radar #2
Name: P-14
Type: TALL KING
Function: Electronic Warfare
Range: 605 km
Frequency: A Band
Associated Weapon System: SA-5
Recongintion: Scan 2-6rpm

Radar #3
Name: PRV-11
Type: SIDE NET
Function: Height
Range: 28 km 32km Max altitude
Frequency: E-band
Associated Weapon System: SA-2/3/5
Recognition: INA

Radar #4
Name: INA
Type: BACK NET
Function: EW/GCI
Range: 300 km
Frequency: E-Band
Associated Weapon System: SA-5
Recognition: 3-6 rpm Scan

Radar #5
Name: P-35/37
Type: BAR LOCK
Function: EW
Range: 200 km
Frequency: E/F-bands
Associated Weapon System: SA-5
Recognition: INA

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No

Variants
SA-5a (S-200A Angara): This missile attained initial operating capability in 1962 on the "Tallinn
line" with conventional warheads. System includes a V-860/5V21 or V-860P/5V21A missile;
range, 88 mi (160 km); and ceiling, 66,000 ft (20 km).
SA-5b (S-200V Vega): This version reached initial operating capability in 1970 with nuclear
warhead. Other versions include the S-200 Vega with a V-870 missile and range 186 mi (300 km).
Also: S-200M Vega-M with a V-880E/5V28E missile, export version, high-explosive warhead only,
with a range of 155 mi (250 km) and, ceiling of 95,000 ft (29 km).
SA-5c (S-200D Dubna): The SA-5c’s initial operating capability was attained in 1975 with a dual-
capable (nuclear or conventional) warhead and upgraded terminal homing capability.
Characteristics include a 5V25V, V-880M/5V28M or V-880MN/5V28MN2 missile, with a range of
248 mi (400 km) and a ceiling of 125,000 ft (40 km).
SA-5d: This designation was briefly used for the SA-X-12 Gladiator missile.
SA-5e: This variant attained initial operating capability in 1983 with a passive anti-radiation
seeker. It was probably designed to be used against AWACS aircraft
S-200 Dubna (SA-5 Gammon) Russian Surface-to-Air
Missile (SAM) System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-200 Dubna (SA-5 Gammon) Russian Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-200 Volga (SA-5 Gammon**) is a Russian long-range, high-altitude strategic surface-to-air
missile (SAM). It is a fixed-site, point defense SAM that relies on long range early warning and
ground control intercept radars (Big Back, Bar Lock , Tin Shield and Side Net ) for target tracking
information and 5N62 series Square Pair** radar for fire control.

The S-200 surface-to-air missile system was designed for the defense of the most important
administrative, industrial, and military installations from all types of air attack. S-200 provides
defeat of modern and advanced aircraft, including air command and control centers, AWACS
aircraft, aircraft jamming creation and other manned and unmanned aerial vehicles. The S-200 is
an all-weather system that can be operated in various climatic conditions.

By 1966, the S-200 was officially accepted into service in order to replace the failed anti-ballistic
missile RZ-25/5V11 "Dal". The Dal was assigned the NATO reporting name SA-5 "Griffon" before
it was cancelled.

The first S-200 operational regiments were deployed in 1966 with 18 sites and 342 launchers in
service by the end of the year. By 1968 there were 40 sites, and by 1969 there were 60 sites. The
growth in numbers then gradually increased throughout the 1970s (1,100 launchers) and early
1980s until the peak of 130 sites and 2,030 launchers was reached in 1980–1990.

Each missile is launched by 4 solid-fueled strap-on rocket boosters.[7] After they burn out and
drop away (between 3 and 5.1 seconds from launch) it fires a 5D67 liquid fueled sustainer rocket
engine (for 51–150 seconds) which burns a fuel called TG-02 Samin (50% xylidine and 50%
triethylamine), oxidized by an agent called AK-27P Melange (red fuming nitric acid enriched with
nitrogen oxides, phosphoric acid and hydrofluoric acid). Maximum range is between 150 km (81
nmi) and 300 km (160 nmi), depending on the model. The missile uses radio illumination mid-
course correction to fly towards the target with a terminal semi-active radar homing phase.
Maximum target speed is around Mach 6 for new model and Mach 4 for earlier model. Effective
altitude is 300 m (980 ft) to 20,000 m (66,000 ft) for early models and up to 35,000 m (115,000 ft)
for later models. The warhead is either 217 kg (478 lb) high-explosive fragmentation (16,000 × 2
g fragmentation pellets and 21,000 × 3.5 g pellets) triggered by radar proximity fuse or command
signal, or a 25 kt nuclear warhead triggered by command signal only. Each missile weighs around
7,108 kg (15,670 lb) at takeoff.

The system utilises radio semi active guidance throughout the missile's flight, which is far more
accurate at long range than the command guidance method used by the earlier S-75 Dvina and
other missiles. The existence of an optional terminal passive radar homing mode for use against
airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft remains unconfirmed. Peak missile speed is around Mach
8 and the single-shot kill probability is quoted as 0.85, presumably against a high altitude
bomber-type target.

The fire control radar of the S-200 system is the 5N62 (NATO: Square Pair) H band continuous
wave radar, whose range is 270 km (170 mi). It is used for both the tracking of targets and their
illumination.

Additional radar systems

* P-14/5N84A "Tall King" A-band early warning radar (range 600 km (370 mi), 2–6 RPM,
maximum search altitude 46 km (29 mi))

* "Big Back" E-band early warning radar 600 km (370 mi)

Kabina 66/5N87 "Back Net" or "Back Trap" E-band early warning radar (with special low-altitude
search mod, range 370 km (230 mi), 3–6 RPM)

* P-35/37 "Bar Lock\Bar Lock B" 1,000 kW E\F-band target detection and tracking radar (with
integrated IFF, range 392 km (244 mi), 7 RPM)

* "Side Net" or "Odd Pair" E-band height finding radar (also used by the SA-2, SA-4 and SA-6, range
240 km (150 mi), 3–6 RPM)
P-15M(2) "Squat Eye" 380 kW C-band target detection radar (range 128 km (80 mi)

System
Alternative Designation: SA-5 Gammon; S-200 Angara (Russian system designation)
S-200 Volga (Russian system designation)
S-200 Vega (Russian system designation)
V-860 (Russian missile designator)
5V28 (Russian missile designator)
Type: A very long range, medium-to-high altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) system.
Date of Introduction: 1967
Family: SA-5 Series
In Service: 1967-Present
Proliferation: Algeria – 10

Azerbaijan – 15
Bulgaria – 1 battalion.

India – 3 Battalions in Army, 4 Groups (Battalions) in the Indian Air Force

Iran – 10 Upgraded battalions, in service. Will be replaced by Sayyad-2/Sayyad-3

(Talash)system.

Kazakhstan –
North Korea – 4 battalions (2008). 40 systems in 2010 (number of constituent elements is
unknown).[61][62]

Myanmar – 20 launchers from North Korea.

Poland – 2 squadrons. Plan to replaced new anti aircraft systems Wisła.

Syria – 2 air defense regiments comprising 2 divisions including 2 S-200 batteries

44 launchers /) in service as of 2010, S-200VE 48 launchers in 2012 Syrian Armed Forces
constructed a new S-200 site at Kweires Airport, near Aleppo, in July 2016. The system is
operated by the Syrian Air Defense Force.

Turkmenistan – INA

Uzbekistan – INA
Wars: First Libyan Civil War
Syrian Civil War
Crew: INA ea
Displacement Time: INA min
Emplacement Time: INA min
Fire on the Move: No
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Dimensions
Missile Length: 10.72 m
Wingspan: 2.85 m
Mainbody Diamter: 0.85 m
Solid Propellant Booster Length: 4.9 m
Solid Propellant Booster Width: 0.48 m
Note: Each Missile has four jettisonable, wraparound solid propellant boosters

Automotive
Engine: 4 x solid-fuel boosters; solid-fuel second stage
Speed: Mach 4
Maximum Range: 7 km
Minimum Range: 300 km
Maximum Altitude: INA
Minimum Altitude: 35 km

Communications
Primary: INA
Secondary: INA

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: Rail
Maximum Effective Range: 250 km
Minimum Effective Range: The missile's minimum range of 60 km is due to the booster burn
time and jettison requirements, limiting the system to engagements against relatively large
unmaneuverable targets at ranges up to 250 km. km
Note: Each Missile has four jettisonable, wraparound solid propellant boosters

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 5V21
Type: HE-Frag
Variant: Angara (A)
Length: 10.5 m
Diameter: 86 mm
Booster Length: 4.9 m
Booster Diameter: 0.48 m
Effective Range: 150-180 km
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 2)
Name: 5V28
Type: HE-Frag
Variant: Vega (V)
Length: 10.7 m
Diameter: 86 mm
Booster Length: 4.9 m
Booster Diameter: 0.48 m
Effective Range: 200 km
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 3)
Name: 5V28
Type: HE-Frag, Nuclear
Variant: Vega M (VM)
Length: 10.7 m
Diameter: 86 mm
Booster Length: 4.9 m
Booster Diameter: 0.48 m
Effective Range: 250 km
Maximum Speed: Mach 4
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No, due to booster burn time and jettison requirements
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

Radar #1
Name: P-15M(2)
Type: Squat Eye
Function: INA
Frequency: C-band
Range: 128 km
Associated Weapon System: SA-3/5
Recognition: Power 380kw

Radar #2
Name: P-14
Type: TALL KING
Function: Electronic Warfare
Range: 605 km
Frequency: A Band
Associated Weapon System: SA-5
Recongintion: Scan 2-6rpm

Radar #3
Name: PRV-11
Type: SIDE NET
Function: Height
Range: 28 km 32km Max altitude
Frequency: E-band
Associated Weapon System: SA-2/3/5
Recognition: INA

Radar #4
Name: INA
Type: BACK NET
Function: EW/GCI
Range: 300 km
Frequency: E-Band
Associated Weapon System: SA-5
Recognition: 3-6 rpm Scan

Radar #5
Name: P-35/37
Type: BAR LOCK
Function: EW
Range: 200 km
Frequency: E/F-bands
Associated Weapon System: SA-5
Recognition: INA

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No

Variants
SA-5a (S-200A Angara): This missile attained initial operating capability in 1962 on the "Tallinn
line" with conventional warheads. System includes a V-860/5V21 or V-860P/5V21A missile;
range, 88 mi (160 km); and ceiling, 66,000 ft (20 km).
SA-5b (S-200V Vega): This version reached initial operating capability in 1970 with nuclear
warhead. Other versions include the S-200 Vega with a V-870 missile and range 186 mi (300 km).
Also: S-200M Vega-M with a V-880E/5V28E missile, export version, high-explosive warhead only,
with a range of 155 mi (250 km) and, ceiling of 95,000 ft (29 km).
SA-5c (S-200D Dubna): The SA-5c’s initial operating capability was attained in 1975 with a dual-
capable (nuclear or conventional) warhead and upgraded terminal homing capability.
Characteristics include a 5V25V, V-880M/5V28M or V-880MN/5V28MN2 missile, with a range of
248 mi (400 km) and a ceiling of 125,000 ft (40 km).
SA-5d: This designation was briefly used for the SA-X-12 Gladiator missile.
SA-5e: This variant attained initial operating capability in 1983 with a passive anti-radiation
seeker. It was probably designed to be used against AWACS aircraft
S-300PMU-1 (SA-20 Gargoyle) Russian Long-Range Air
Defense Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-300PMU-1 (SA-20 Gargoyle) Russian Long-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The SA-20 Gargoyle (S-300PMU-1) Russian Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System was first
introduced in 1993 with the new and larger 48N6 missiles for the first time in a land-based
system and introduced all the same performance improvements from the S300FM version
including the increased speed, range, TVM guidance and ABM capability. The warhead is slightly
smaller than the naval version at 143 kg (315 lb). This version also saw the introduction of the
new and more capable 30N6E TOMB STONE radar. The S-300PMU1 air defense missile system
can simultaneously engage up to 36 air targets by 72 missiles.

The S-300PMU-1 was introduced in 1993 and for the first time introduces several different kinds
of missiles in a single system. In addition to the 5V55R and 48N6E missiles the S-300PMU-1 can
utilise two new missiles, the 9M96E1 and 9M96E2. Both are significantly smaller than the
previous missiles at 330 and 420 kg (730 and 930 lb) respectively, and carry smaller 24 kg (53 lb)
warhead. The 9M96E1 has an engagement range of 1–40 km (0.62–25 mi) and the 9M96E2 of
1–120 km (0.62–75 mi). They are still carried 4 per TEL. Rather than just relying on aerodynamic
fins for manoeuvring, they use a gas-dynamic system which allows them to have an excellent
probability of kill (Pk) despite the much smaller warhead. The Pk is estimated at 0.7 against a
tactical ballistic missile for either missile. The S-300PMU-1 typically uses the 83M6E command
and control system, although it is also compatible with the older Baikal-1E and Senezh-M1E CCS
command and control systems. The 83M6E system incorporates the 64N6E (BIG BIRD)
surveillance/detection radar. The fire control/illumination and guidance radar used is the 30N6E,
optionally matched with a 76N6 low altitude detection radar and a 96L6E all altitude detection
radar. The 83M6E command and control system can control up to 12 TELs, both the self-
propelled 5P85SE vehicle and the 5P85TE towed launchers. Generally support vehicles are also
included, such as the 40V6M tow vehicle, intended for lifting of the antenna post

System
Alternative Designation: SA-20 Gargoyle, SA-20A Gargoyle, S-300PMU-1, С-300ПМУ-1
Date of Introduction: 1993
Manufacturer: MZiK
Type: long range surface-to-air missile systems. multi-channel mobile air defense system
Family: S-300 Family
Proliferation: Algeria
Air Force [N/A] (S-300PMU2)
Armenia
Air Force [N/A] (S-300PM)
Azerbaijan
Air Force [N/A] (S-300PM/PMU2)
China
Air Force [128] (64 S-300PMU1, 64 S-300PMU2)
Greece
Air Force [12] (S-300PMU1)
Iran
Air Force [32] (S-300PMU2)
Russia
Air Force [180] (S-300PM1/PM2)
Navy [56] (S-300PM1)
Vietnam
Air Force [12] (S-300PMU1)
In Service: 1993-Present
Crew: INA ea
Chassis: MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: 5 Minutes
Maximum Range of Fire: 150 km
Maximum Altitude: 27 km
Number of Targets Engaged Simultaneously: 6 ea
Reload Vehicile: 5T58 reload vehicle
Note #1: Capable of hitting ballistic and aerodynamic targets. Became the first multi-channel
anti-aircraft missile system, is able to accompany each system (ADMS) to 6 goals and build
them up to 12 missiles
Note #2: A typical SA-20 battery consists of 48 missiles on 12 mobile launchers. Each battery
can launch a 48N6 missile every three seconds.

Dimensions (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Length: 11.7 m
Width: 3.07 m
Height: 2.92 m
Maximum Load: 15 tons
Ground Pressure: INA

Automotive (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Engine Name: D12A-525 38.9-liter Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 525 hp
Cruising Range: 650 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 65 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious km/h
Configuration: 8x8
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 40 deg
Vertical Step: 0.6 m
Trench: 2 m
Fording Depth: 1.3 m

Communications
Note: See Fire Control

Missile System
Note #1: The S-300 family missiles have four clipped folding triangular moving control fins at the
rear and four thrust vector control vanes in the motor efflux.
Note #2: Missiles are vertically launched by a hot gas cartridge in the canister base. The motor
ignites once the missile reaches an altitude of 25 m.

Missile Launcher
Name: 5P85S or 5P85D launchers
Type: Tube Launcher
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Capability: Yes
Note: The missiles can be fired in a salvo with an interval between 3 and 5 seconds

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 48N6/48N6E
Engine Type: Single-stage, solid-fuel-propelled
Type: INA
Length: 7.5 m
Width: 0.5 m
Weight: 1,780 kg
Warhead Weight: 70-100 kg
Maximum Range: 150 km
Guidance System: Track-via-missile
TVM Guidance Capable: Yes
ABM Capable: Yes
Maximum Velocity: 2,000 m/s
Kill Probability: 0.70 to 0.93 single shot
Ballistic Targets Range: 5-40 km
Basic Load: 4 per TEL

Missile (Option 2)
Name: 5V55R/5V55KD
Type: INA
Length: 7 m
Diameter: 450 mm
Weight: 1,450 kg
Warhead Weight: 100 kg
Maximum Range: 90 km
Guidance System: SARH
Maximum Velocity: 1,900 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 1,150 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL

Missile (Option 3)
Name: 9M96E1
Type: INA
Length: INA
Width: INA
Weight: 330 kg
Warhead Weight: 24 kg
Maximum Range: 40 km
Guidance System: Active radar homing
Maximum Velocity: 900 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 4,800–5,000 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL
Probability of Kill: 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile

Missile (Option 4)
Name: 9M96E2
Type: INA
Width: INA
Weight: 420 kg
Warhead Weight: 24 kg
Maximum Range: 120 km
Guidance System: Active radar homing
Maximum Velocity: 1,000 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 4,800–5,000 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL
Probability of Kill: 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile

Fire Control
Command Post Vehicle: The 54K8 command-post vehicle has six operator positions. The
command post can monitor data within a 300-km radius and can track 100 targets while
controlling up to six interceptions. Two missiles can be launched against each target if required.

Fire Control System

Name: 83M6E command and control system, although it is also compatible with the older
Baikal-1E and Senezh-M1E CCS command and control systems.
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes, no less than 1km
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Number of Targets Engaged Simultaneously: 6 ea
Note #1: The vehicle lowers four hydraulic jacks for launch
Note #2: The S-300PMU1 air defense missile system can simultaneously engage up to 36 air
targets by 72 missiles.

Radar #1
Name: 64N6E
Type: Regiment Radar
NATO Reporting Name: BIG BIRD
Frequency/Band: C-Band
Target Detection Range: 300 km
Simultaneously Detected Targets: 300

Radar #2
Name: 30N6E(1)
Type: Fire control/illumination and guidance radar
NATO Reporting Name: FLAP LID B
NATO Frequency Band: H-J
Target Detection Range: 200 km
Simultaneously Tracked Targets: 6 ea
Simultaneously Engaged Targets: 6 ea

Radar #3
Name: 36D6
Type: INA
NATO Reporting Name: TIN SHIELD
NATO Frequency Band: E/F
Target Detection Range: 180-360 km
Simultaneously Tracked Targets: 120 ea

Radar #4
Name: 96L6E
Type: All altitude detection
NATO Reporting Name: CHEESE BOARD
NATO Frequency Band: INA
Target Detection Range: 300 km
Simultaneously Tracked Targets: 100 ea

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA
Camouflage Nets: Yes, Standard
Note: Protection. Additional elements of protection are the placement of components of C-300 in
the trenches (practiced as placing on the hills for a better view and more rapid care of the
horizon, and in the trenches for stealth and protection against fragments of explosions).
Variants
S-300PMU2 Favorit/SA-20B: This is an upgraded variant with larger 9M96E and 9M96E2
missiles developed for the S-400 . It can also fire the previous 5V55K , 5V55R , 48N6E and
48N6E2 missiles. It is equipped with an improved guidance system. Unveiled in 1997, the system
has an increased range of 124 mi (200 km). The 48N6E2 missile features a warhead designed to
destroy ballistic missiles.
S-300PMU-2 Favourite (SA-20B) Russian Long-Range
Air Defense Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-300PMU-2 Favourite (SA-20B) Russian Long-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-300PMU-2 or Favorit air defense missile system was developed specially for export. It
evolved from the S-300PM-2, which was developed for the Russian Armed Forces. The
S-300PMU-2 has the highest capabilities in the S-300P family. It was introduced in 1997. As of
2016 this system is 19 years old. The S-300PMU-2 is referred in the West as SA-20B Gargoyle. It
uses a 30N6E1 (Tomb Stone) radar. This radar has a range of 300 km, can detect 100 targets,
track and engage 36 of them and guide 72 missiles. It is worth noting that earlier radars of the
S-300 family could simultaneously engage only 6 targets and guide 12 missiles.

Unlike the previous S-300PMU-1, the S-300PMU-2 don't use the 36D6 (Tin Shield) and 76N6
(Clam Shell) radars. Instead the system uses 96L6 all-altitude detector and acquisition radar. The
96L6 works in L-band. It has a 300 km range and very high resolution. The system can detect and
track 100 targets. It identifies 4 target classes, including aircraft, helicopters, remotely piloted
aerial vehicles, and missiles. It is claimed that this radar can also detect stealthy targets.

The S-300PMU2 Favorit system is comprised of:

* 83M6E2 command post (CP)

* up to six 90Zh6E2 air defence missile complexes
* 48N6E2 air defence missiles
* technical support facilities.

A battery of the S-300PMU-2 also includes the 30N6E2 X-band engagement radar, the 96L6E L-
band acquisition radar, eight (maximum of twelve are supported ) 5P58TE/SE or 5T58-2 TELs
with missiles a 54K6E2 or 55K6E command post and a 22T6E2 missile loader. Also battalions
uses one or two 64N6E2 S-band radars.

System
Alternative Designation: S-300PPMU-2 Favorit; SA-20B
Date of Introduction: 1997
Manufacturer: MZiK
Type: long range surface-to-air missile systems. multi-channel mobile air defense system
Family: S-300 Family
Proliferation: The S-300PMU-2 has been exported to Azerbaijan, China, Iran, and possibly Algeria.
Recently it has been reported that production of all S-300 series systems will be stopped by 2016
in favor to the new generation S-400 system.

Algeria
Air Force [N/A] (S-300PMU2)
Armenia
Air Force [N/A] (S-300PM)
Azerbaijan
Air Force [N/A] (S-300PM/PMU2)
China
Air Force [128] (64 S-300PMU1, 64 S-300PMU2)
Greece
Air Force [12] (S-300PMU1)
Iran
Air Force [32] (S-300PMU2)
Russia
Air Force [180] (S-300PM1/PM2)
Navy [56] (S-300PM1)
Vietnam
Air Force [12] (S-300PMU1)
In Service: 1997-Present
Crew: INA ea
Chassis: MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: 5 Minutes
Number of Targets Engaged Simultaneously: 6 ea
Reload Vehicile: 5T58 reload vehicle
Note #1: Capable of hitting ballistic and aerodynamic targets. Became the first multi-channel
anti-aircraft missile system, is able to accompany each system (ADMS) to 6 goals and build
them up to 12 missiles
Note #2: The S-300PMU2 Favorit can engage targets flying from 10 m to 27 km above the
surface at a speed of up to 10,000 km/h. It is claimed that it has a kill ratio ranging from 0.8 to
0.93 against aircraft and from 0.8 to 0.98 against Tomahawk-class cruise missiles.

Dimensions (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Length: 11.7 m
Width: 3.07 m
Height: 2.92 m
Maximum Load: 15 tons
Ground Pressure: INA

Automotive (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Engine Name: D12A-525 38.9-liter Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 525 hp
Cruising Range: 650 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 65 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious km/h
Configuration: 8x8
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 40 deg
Vertical Step: 0.6 m
Trench: 2 m
Fording Depth: 1.3 m

Communications
Note: See Fire Control

Missile System
Note #1: This system is apparently capable against not just short range ballistic missiles, but
now also medium range ballistic missiles.
Note #2: Against ballistic targets, such as theater ballistic missiles the S-300PMU-2 system uses
the 48N6E2 missiles. Role of the 9M96E2 is to defeat more capable targets, like high speed re-
entry vehicles in 35 km altitude, and ballistic missiles with a range of more than 2 000 km. The
9M96E is also capable of engaging cruise missiles, anti-radiation missiles, guided bombs and
other precision guided munitions. The 48N6 missiles has single shot kill probability of 80% to
93% for an aerial target, 40% to 85% for cruise missiles and 50% to 77% for theater ballistic
missiles. The 9M96 missiles has a single shot kill probability of 70% against Harpoon class
missile and 90% against a manned aircraft.

Missile Launcher
Name: Like the S-300PMU-1, 12 TELs can be controlled, with any mix of 5P85SE2 self-propelled
and 5P85TE2 trailer launchers.s
Type: The missiles use "cold" vertical launch - before starting sue-tainer they launched from a
container to height over 30 metres.
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Capability: Yes
Note #1: The missiles can be fired in a salvo with an interval between 3 and 5 seconds

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 48N6E2 missile
Engine Type: Single-stage, solid-fuel-propelled
Type: SAM
Length: 7.5 m
Diameter: 0.5
Weight: 1,800 kg
Warhead Weight: 150 kg
Maximum Range: 200 km
Speed: Mach 6
Maximum Altitude: 10 m
Minimum Altitude: 28 km
Maximum Target Speed: Mach 8
Ballistic Missile Engagement: Yes, his missile is optimized to engage ballistic missiles.
Guidance System: Track-via-missile
Basic Load: 4 per TEL

Missile (Option 2)
Name: 9M96E1
Type: SAM
Length: 4.75 m
Diameter: 0.24 m
Weight: 330 kg
Warhead Weight: 24 kg
Maximum Range: 40 km
Maximum Altitude: 20 km
Guidance System: Active radar homing
Maximum Velocity: 900 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 4,800–5,000 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL
Probability of Kill: 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile

Missile (Option 3)
Name: 9M96E2
Type: SAM
Length: 5.56 m
Diameter: 0.24 m
Weight: 420 kg
Warhead Weight: 24 kg
Maximum Range: 120 km
Maximum Altitude: 35 km
Guidance System: Active radar homing
Maximum Velocity: 1,000 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 4,800–5,000 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL
Probability of Kill: 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile
Guidance System: Active radar homing

Fire Control
Command Post Vehicle: The 54K8 command-post vehicle has six operator positions. The
command post can monitor data within a 300-km radius and can track 100 targets while
controlling up to six interceptions. Two missiles can be launched against each target if required.

Fire Control Radar System Vehicle

Name: 30N6E2 (Tomb Stone) fire control/illumination and guidance radar
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes, no less than 1km
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Maximum Detection Range: 300 km
Missile Control: up to 72
Time to work: 5 min
Number of Targets Detection: 100
Number of Targets to Track and Engage: 36
Maximum Elevation: +60 deg
Minimum Elevation: -3 deg
Azimuth Detection: 360 deg
Maximum Target Speed: 30 - 2,800 m/s

Air Surveillance Radar Vehicle

Name: 64N6E2
Type: Long-range air surveillance radar
Maximum Detection Range: 600 km
Band: S-Band
Jamming Resistance: Yes, The system has high resistance against jamming.
Note: It is the most capable radar of the S-300 missile system and has a key role of defeating
ballistic missiles and electronic warfare aircraft.

Command Post Vehicle

Name: 83M6E2 Command Post (CP)
Note: The 83M6E2 command post (CP) is intended for operational control of multichannel SAM
system S-300 PMU, S-300 PMU1. S-300 PMU2, S-200DE and S-200VE and cooperation among
SAM system groupings and with higher command. The 83M6E2 is a highly mobile automated
control aid providing the above SAM systems with designation of targets including modem and
future aircraft, cruise missiles, ballistic targets and other air attack means over the entire range
of there practical employment, cooperation between SAM systems (also under intensive
jamming conditions). To control the SAM systems, the 83M6E2 uses its own radar data and data
received from the controlled SAM systems, as well as information derived from higher control
aids, electronic reconnaissance troops and neighbouring SAM systems groupings.

All-Altitude Detector and Acquisition Radar Vehicle

Name: 96L6
Type: All-Altitude Detector and Acquisition Radar
Band: L-Band
Maximum Range: 300 km
Detect and Track Targets: 100
Target Class Identification: It identifies 4 target classes, including aircraft, helicopters, remotely
piloted aerial vehicles, and missiles. It is claimed that this radar can also detect stealthy targets.

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA
Camouflage Nets: Yes, Standard
Note: Protection. Additional elements of protection are the placement of components of C-300 in
the trenches (practiced as placing on the hills for a better view and more rapid care of the
horizon, and in the trenches for stealth and protection against fragments of explosions).
Variants
Note: The S-300 Family has over 25 different varients.
S-300P (SA-10 Grumble) Russian 8x8 Long-Range
Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-300P (SA-10 Grumble) Russian 8x8 Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-300P (transliterated from Russian С-300П, NATO reporting name SA-10 Grumble) is the
original version of the S-300 system which became operational in 1978. In 1987, over 80 of these
sites were active, mainly in the area around Moscow. The P suffix stand for PVO-Strany (country
air defence system). An S-300PT unit consists of a 36D6 (NATO reporting name TIN SHIELD)
surveillance radar, a 30N6 (FLAP LID) fire control system and 5P85-1 launch vehicles. The 5P85-1
vehicle is a semi-trailer truck. Usually a 76N6 (CLAM SHELL) low altitude detection radar is also a
part of the unit.

This system broke substantial new ground, including the use of a passive electronically scanned
array radar and multiple engagements on the same Fire-control system (FCS). Nevertheless, it
had some limitations. It took over one hour to set up this semi-mobile system for firing and the
hot vertical launch method employed scorched the TEL.

9S32 engagement radar

It was originally intended to fit the Track Via Missile (TVM) guidance system onto this model.
However, the TVM system had problems tracking targets below 500 m. Rather than accept the
limitation, the Soviets decided that the tracking of low altitude targets was a must and decided to
use a pure command-guidance system until the TVM head was ready. This allowed the minimum
engagement altitude to be set at 25 m.

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: S-300PM
Date of Introduction: 1987
Target: FW, heli, TBM, CM, ASM, UAV
Proliferation: At least 20 countries still use the S-300P
Primary Components per Battery: 1 5P85S cmd TEL. 1 5P85D slaveTEL. 1 5P85 trailer launcher.
1 30N6 radar/fire control vehicle A 5P85SU launcher has a command shelter behind the cab. A
5P58DU TEL does not.
Manufacturer: MZiK
In Service: 1987-Present
Crew: 6 ea
Chassis: MAZ-7910 8 x 8 Truck

Dimensions (Chassis: MAZ-7910 8 x 8 Truck)

Length: 9.40 m
Width: 3.10 m
Height: 3.70 m
Weight: 20,000 kg

Automotive (Chassis: MAZ-7910 8 x 8 Truck)

Engine Name: D12A-525
Engine Type: V-12 water-cooled diesel
Engine Power: 525 hp at 2,100 rpm
Power-to-Weight Ratio: 26.25 hp/metric ton
Maximum Speed, Road: 60 km/h
Maximum Speed, Off-Road: 30 km/h
Maximum Range: 800 km

Communications
VHF Radio: R-168 Akveduk
HF Radio: R-161 Poisk

Weapon System

Launcher System
Name: 5P85-1 Launch Vehicles
Type: INA
Launcher Maximum Elevation: +90 deg
Launcher Minimum Elevation: INA
Max Targets Engaged: 6 simultaneously
Max Missiles Guided: 12 simultaneously
Set-ip Time: 9 to 11 seconds
Close-down Time: 5 min
Rate of Fire: 1/3-5 sec
Armament: 4 x 5V55R SAMs per launcher
Missile
Name: 5V55R
Type: Radar Guided Missile
Length: 7 m
Diameter: 450mm
Weight: 1,450 kg
Warhead Weight: 100 kg
Maximum Target Speed: 1,150 m/s
Maximum Velocity: 1,900 m/s
Operational Range: 47 km - 75 km
Note #1: The S-300P can fire the following list of missiles: 5V55K; 5V55R; 5V55V; 5V55KD;
5V55U
Note #2: missile has active radar w/terminal homing system that can engage up to 6 targets at
once

Fire Control
Note: The original S-300P utilises a combination of the 5N66M continuous-wave radar Doppler
radar for target acquisition and the 30N6 FLAP LID A I/J-band phased array digitally steered
tracking and engagement radar. Both are mounted on trailers.

Radar #1
Name: 30N6 Flap Lid FLAP Lid
Type: Engagement Radar
Antenna: 2.75 sq m
Band: I-J (8-20 GHz)
Interception Range: 90 km
Minimum Interception Altitude: 25 m
Maximum Target Velocity: 4,200 kmh
Target Elevation Coverage: 0-50 degrees
Screening angle: 100 degrees
Mount: The 30N6 FLAP LID A is mounted on a small trailer
Note: The 36D6 TIN SHIELD radar can also be used to augment the S-300 system to provide
earlier target detection than the FLAP LID radar allows. It can detect a missile-sized target flying
at an altitude of 60 metres (200 ft) at least 20 km (12 mi) away, at an altitude of 100 m (330 ft) at
least 30 km (19 mi) away, and at high altitude up to 175 km (109 mi) away. In addition a 64N6
BIG BIRD E/F band target acquisition radar can be used which has a maximum detection range
of 300 km (190 mi).

Radar #2
Name: 76N6 Clam Shell
Type: Acquisition Radar
Band: I (8-10 GHz)
Power: 1.4 kW continuous wave
Turn-on Time: 3 min
Setup Time (40V6M mast): 1 hour
Detection Range, Target Flying at 500 meters: 90 km
Detection Range, Target Flying at 1,000 meters: 120 km
Target Tracking: up to 180
Target Resolution Azimuth: 1 deg
Target Resolution Range: 1.9 km
Target Resolution Velocity: 8.7 kmh
Minimum detectable Radar Cross-Section (RCS): 0.02 sq m
Maximum Target Speed: Mach 2.1
Average Power: 1.4 kW
Peak Power: 55.0 kW
Mean Time Between Failures: 100 hours
Mount: he 76N6 CLAM SHELL (5N66M etc.) is mounted on a large trailer with a mast which is
between 24 and 39 m (79 and 128 ft) tall. Usually is used with a mast.

Radar #3
Name: 64N6 (Big Bird) Surveillance Radar
Type: Designation Radar
Crew: 6 ea
Weight: 60,000 kg
Band: 2 GHz
Coverage Azimuth: 360 deg or 180 deg
Elevation Detection Mode: 13.4 deg
Elevation Tracking Mode: 28 deg
Ballistic Target Detection Sector Azimuth: 60 deg
Ballistic Target Detection Sector Elevation: 0-55 deg; or 20-75 deg
64N6E2: 0-75 deg
Detection Range (Mig-21 Type Target): 260 km
Detection Range, Ballistic Target: 127 km
Accuracy Range: 150 m
Accuracy Azimuth: 0.5 deg
Accuracy Elevation: 0.5 deg
Scan Rate: 12 sec
Tracking: 200 targets simultaneously
Emplacement Time: 5 min
Displacement Time: INA
Mount: The 64N6 BIG BIRD is mounted on a large trailer along with a generator and typically
towed with the now familiar 8-wheeled truck

Protection
Note: INA. There is very little information about the protection capabilities of the SA-10.

Variants
S-300PS/S-300PM: introduced in 1985 and is the only version thought to have been fitted with a
nuclear warhead. This model saw the introduction of the modern TEL and mobile radar and
command-post vehicles that were all based on the MAZ-7910 8 × 8 truck
S-300PMU: introduced in 1992 for the export market and featured the upgraded 5V55U missile
which still utilised the intermediate SARH terminal guidance method and smaller warhead of the
5V55R but increased the engagement envelope to give this missile roughly the same range and
altitude capabilities as the newer 48N6 missile (max. range 150 km/93 mi). The radars were also
upgraded, with the surveillance radar for the S-300PMU being designated 64N6 (BIG BIRD) and
the illumination and guidance radar being designated 30N6-1 in the GRAU index
S-300PMU-1/2 (SA-20): The S-300PMU-1 (Russian: С-300ПМУ-1, US DoD designation SA-20A,
NATO reporting name SA-20 Gargoyle) was also introduced in 1993 with the new and larger 48N6
missiles for the first time in a land-based system and introduced all the same performance
improvements from the S300FM version including the increased speed, range, TVM guidance
and ABM capability.[14][15] The warhead is slightly smaller than the naval version at 143 kg (315
lb). This version also saw the introduction of the new and more capable 30N6E TOMB STONE
radar.
S-300PMU-2: ntroduced in 1997 (presented ready 1996), is an upgrade to the S-300PMU-1 with
range extended once again to 195 km (121 mi) with the introduction of the 48N6E2 missile. This
system is apparently capable against not just short range ballistic missiles, but now also
medium range ballistic missiles.
S-300V (SA-12a Gladiator) Russian Long-Range Air
Defense Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-300V (SA-12a Gladiator) Russian Long-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-300V air defense missile system was developed to engage short- and intermediate-range
ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft, as well as early warning and
electronic warfare aircraft. It was designed to counter the threat posed by Lance and Pershing
ballistic missiles. The main role of the S-300V is to protect task forces and vital industrial and
military installations against massed air attacks. Its reporting name in the West is SA-12 or
Gladiator/Giant.

The S-300V consists of:

9M82 SA-12b GIANT missile

9M83 SA-12a GLADIATOR missile
9A82 SA-12b GIANT TELAR
9A93 SA-12a GLADIATOR TELAR
9A84 GIANT Launcher/Loader Vehicle (LLV)
9A85 GLADIATOR Launcher/Loader Vehicle (LLV)
9S15 BILL BOARD Surveillance Radar system
9S19 HIGH SCREEN Sector Radar system
9S32 GRILL PAN Guidance Radar system
9S457 Command Station

Note: The S-300V comes in two versions:

1. SA-12a Gladiator
2. SA-12b Giant

Once equipped with 9M83 missiles is referred in the West as SA-12A or Gladiator. When
equipped with 9M82 missiles it is referred as SA-12B or Giant.

The 9M83 SA-12a GLADIATOR is a dual-role anti-missile and anti-aircraft missile with a
maximum range between 75 and 90 km.

The 9M82 SA-12b GIANT missile, configured primarily for the ATBM role, is a longer range
system [maximum range between 100 and 200 km] with a longer fuselage with larger solid-fuel
motor.
The 9A82 SA-12b GIANT and 9A93 SA-12a GLADIATOR TELAR vehicles are similar, though the
9A83-1 carries four 9M83 SA-12a GLADIATOR missiles, whereas the 9A82 carries only two 9M82
SA-12b GIANT missiles. The configuration of the vehicles command radar is also different. On
the 9A83-1 the radar is mounted on a folding mast providing 360º coverage in azimuth and full
hemispheric coverage in elevation. The radar on the 9M82 TELAR is mounted in a semi-fixed
position over the cab, providing 90º coverage on either side in azimuth and 110º in elevation. The
TELARs are not capable of autonomous engagements, requiring the support of the GRILL PAN
radar.

The 9S457-1 Command Post Vehicle is the command and control vehicle for the SA-12 system,
which is supported by the BILL BOARD A surveillance radar and the HIGH SCREEN sector radar.
The CPV and its associated radars can detect up to 200 targets, track as many as 70 targets and
designate 24 of the targets to the brigade's four GRILL PAN radar systems for engagement by the
SA-12a and SA-12b TELARs.

The BILL BOARD A radar provides general surveillance, with the antenna rotating every 6-12
seconds. The radar, which can detect up to 200 targets, provides target coverage of 0-55º in
elevation and 10-250 km in range with an accuracy is 30-35 min of arc in azimuth and 250 m in
range. and.

The HIGH SCREEN sector radar supports the ATBM role, providing surveillance of anticipated
azimuths of threat missiles. The radar is switches to a tracking mode when high speed targets
are detected, automatically transmitting the trajectory parameters to the Command Post Vehicle.
The CPV prioritizes the threat and instructs the HIGH SCREEN radar to track specific missiles,
with the maximum being 16 simultaneous targets.

The GRILL PAN radar system controls the battery's launcher vehicles (TELARs and LLVs). It can
simultaneously track up to 12 targets and control up to six missiles against these targets The
radar can acquire targets with a radar cross-section of 2m2 at a range of 150 km in manual
mode and 140 km in automatic mode. The GRILL PAN tracks targets assigned to it by the CP
while simultaneously maintaining a horizon search for new targets.

The LLVs (9A85 GLADIATOR and 9A83 GLADIATOR) resemble normal TELARs, but with a loading
crane rather than command radars. While the primary role of the LLV is to replenish the TELARs,
they can also erecting and launch missiles if needed, though they are dependent on the use of
command radars from neighboring TELARs.

System
Alternative Designation: S-300V; SA-12s Gladiator; 9K81 Antey-300
Date of Introduction: 1988
Type: The S-300V air defense missile system was developed to engage short- and intermediate-
range ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft, as well as early warning
and electronic warfare aircraft.
Family: S-300 Family
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated
The S-300 is mainly used in Eastern Europe and Asia although sources are inconsistent about
which countries possess the system.
Crew: 3 ea
In Service: 1988-Present
Displacement Time: 5 min
Emplacement Time: 5 min
Note #1: A battery of the S-300V typically includes up two six launchers in two variants,
command post vehicle, surveillance radar, sector surveillance radar, and up to 6 reloading
vehicles/launchers in two variants.
Note #2: S-300V system may be controlled by an upper level command post system 9S52
Polyana-D4 integrating it with Buk missile system into a brigade

Dimensions
Hull Length: 9.30 m
Hull Width: 4.50 m
Hull Height: 3.40 m
Weight: 50 tons
Ground Pressure: INA

Automotive
Engine Name: V-84
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 840 hp
Cruising Range: 250 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 53 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Gradient: 40 %
Side Slope: 20 %
Vertical Step: 0.7
Trench: 2.5
Fording Depth: 1.2 m

Communications

Missile System

Launcher
Name: 9A93 SA-12a GLADIATOR TELAR
Type: TELAR
Maximum Elevation: +90
Minimum Elevation: INA
Note: The TELARs are not capable of autonomous engagements, requiring the support of the
GRILL PAN radar.

Missile
Name: 9M83 SA-12a GLADIATOR Missile
Type: Semi-Active Radar Homing Missile
Basic Load: Carries four 9M83 SA-12a GLADIATOR missiles
Length: 7.0 m
Diameter: 800 mm
Weight: 2,345 kg
Warhead Type: HE fragmentation
Warhead Weight: 150 kg
Guidance System: Semi-Active Radar Homing Missile
Maximum Velocity: 1,700 m/s
Operational Range: 6–75 km
Maximum Altitude: 25 km
Minimum Altitude: 250 m
Maximum Speed: 1,700 m/s, Mach 5.75
Chance to Defeat Ballistic Missiles: 40-65% chance of defeating ballistic missile
Chance to Defeat Cruise Missiles: 50-70% defeating cruise missile
Chance to Defeat Enemy Aircraft: 70-90% chance of defeating enemy aircraft

Launcher/Loader Vehcile (LLV)

Name: 9A85 GLADIATOR Launcher/Loader Vehicle (LLV)
Crew: 3 ea
Crane: Yes
Basic Load: Four 9M82 missiles
Reloading Time: 50-60 minutes
Note #1: There are two variants of reloading vehicles
Note #2: These vehicles are combination of the TEL and reloading vehicle. A unique capability of
these vehicles is that they can launch missiles themselves. Firing data is acquired from the
launcher vehicle

Command Station
Name: 9S457 Command Station (Command Post Vehicle)
Crew: 7 ea
Mission: It controls radars and up to 4 launcher vehicles
Target Tracking: It can track up to 70 air targets simultaneously. It prioritizes which targets
should be attacked first and transmits firing data to launcher vehicles
Note: he CPV and its associated radars can detect up to 200 targets, track as many as 70 targets
and designate 24 of the targets to the brigade's four GRILL PAN radar systems for engagement
by the SA-12a and SA-12b TELARs

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: INA
Indirect Fire: Yes

Radar #1
Name: 9S15 BILL BOARD Surveillance Radar system
Type: Phased-Array Surveillance Radar system
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 360 deg
Traverse Right: 360 deg
Crew: 4 ea
Detection Range: 330 km
Aircraft Detection: At a range of 240 km aircraft are detected with a chance of 50%
Ballistic Missile Detection: It detects ballistic missiles at a range of about 150 km
Antenna Rotating Speed: 6-12 sec
Target Detection: up to 200 targets
Target Coverage Elevation: 0-55º in Elevation
Target Coverage Range: 10-250 km
Target Coverage Accuracy: 30-35 min of arc in azimuth and 250 m in range

Radar #2
Name: 9S19 HIGH SCREEN Sector Radar system
Type: Sector Radar system
Purpose: The HIGH SCREEN sector radar supporst the ATBM role, providing surveillance of
anticipated azimuths of threat missiles
Crew: 4 ea
Mission: t is used to detect high speed targets, such as ballistic missile warheads
Detection Range: 175 km
Maximum Targets, Simultaneous: maximum being 16 simultaneous targets
Note: The radar is switches to a tracking mode when high speed targets are detected,
automatically transmiting the trajectory parameters to the Command Post Vehicle

Radar #3
Name: 9S32 GRILL PAN Guidance Radar system
Type: Parabolic dish target-illumination radar on telescoping mast on missile launch vehicle
Purpose: The GRILL PAN radar system controls the battery's launcher vehicles (TELARs and
LLVs)
Sector Scan: 90-deg sector scan through 50 deg elevation on separate vehicle
Guidance System: inertial guidance with semi-active terminal homing
Band: X-Band
Multichannel: Yes
Peak Power: 150 kW
Maximum Range: 250 km
Beamwidth: 0.5 deg
Antenna: ransmission type of space fed phased-array antenna
Maximum Targets, Simultaneous: It can simultaneously track up to 12 targets and control up to
six missiles against these targets
Radar Cross-Section: radar cross-section of 2m2 at a range of 150 km in manual mode and 140
km in automatic mode
Note: The GRILL PAN tracks targets assigned to it by the CP while simultaneously maintaining a
horizon search for new targets

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Note: The S-300V is considered as a survivable system. Once all the missiles are launched the
launcher vehicles can briefly redeploy. It uses shoot, scoot and hide tactics in order to avoid
being destroyed.

Variants
SA-12b Giant: The S-300V with a 9M82 SA-12b GIANT missile and 9A82 SA-12b GIANT TELAR
S-300VM: S-300VM is an upgraded version of the S-300V. It seems that it is also called S-300V3.
Western reporting name for this system is SA-23 Gladiator/Giant. It has new command post
vehicle and new radars. It fires improved 9M83M and 9M82M missiles with a longer range.
Missiles have a range of 200 km and can reach targets at altitude of 30 km. The S-300VM is in
service with Russia.
Antey 2500: Antey 2500 an export version of the S-300VM. It can engage up to 24 aircraft or up
to 16 ballistic missiles simultaneously. This system can engage ballistic missiles at a range of
250 km and aircraft at a range of 200 km. Two battalions of these air defense systems were
exported to Venezuela. These were delivered in 2013. Estimated export price of this system is 1
billion dollars.
S-300V4: S-300V4 improved version. It seems that this system is also called S-300VMD. It has a
range of 300 km. Russian armed forces issued production order for this air defense system.
Deliveries commenced in 2014.
S-300V (SA-12b Giant) Russian Long-Range Air
Defense Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-300V (SA-12b Giant) Russian Long-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-300V air defense missile system was developed to engage short- and intermediate-range
ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft, as well as early warning and
electronic warfare aircraft. It was designed to counter the threat posed by Lance and Pershing
ballistic missiles. The main role of the S-300V is to protect task forces and vital industrial and
military installations against massed air attacks. Its reporting name in the West is SA-12 or
Gladiator/Giant.

The S-300V consists of:

9M82 SA-12b GIANT missile

9M83 SA-12a GLADIATOR missile
9A82 SA-12b GIANT TELAR
9A93 SA-12a GLADIATOR TELAR
9A84 GIANT Launcher/Loader Vehicle (LLV)
9A85 GLADIATOR Launcher/Loader Vehicle (LLV)
9S15 BILL BOARD Surveillance Radar system
9S19 HIGH SCREEN Sector Radar system
9S32 GRILL PAN Guidance Radar system
9S457 Command Station

Note: The S-300V comes in two versions:

1. SA-12a Gladiator
2. SA-12b Giant

Once equipped with 9M83 missiles is referred in the West as SA-12A or Gladiator. When
equipped with 9M82 missiles it is referred as SA-12B or Giant.

The 9M83 SA-12a GLADIATOR is a dual-role anti-missile and anti-aircraft missile with a
maximum range between 75 and 90 km.

The 9M82 SA-12b GIANT missile, configured primarily for the ATBM role, is a longer range
system [maximum range between 100 and 200 km] with a longer fuselage with larger solid-fuel
motor.
The 9A82 SA-12b GIANT and 9A93 SA-12a GLADIATOR TELAR vehicles are similar, though the
9A83-1 carries four 9M83 SA-12a GLADIATOR missiles, whereas the 9A82 carries only two 9M82
SA-12b GIANT missiles. The configuration of the vehicles command radar is also different. On
the 9A83-1 the radar is mounted on a folding mast providing 360º coverage in azimuth and full
hemispheric coverage in elevation. The radar on the 9M82 TELAR is mounted in a semi-fixed
position over the cab, providing 90º coverage on either side in azimuth and 110º in elevation. The
TELARs are not capable of autonomous engagements, requiring the support of the GRILL PAN
radar.

The 9S457-1 Command Post Vehicle is the command and control vehicle for the SA-12 system,
which is supported by the BILL BOARD A surveillance radar and the HIGH SCREEN sector radar.
The CPV and its associated radars can detect up to 200 targets, track as many as 70 targets and
designate 24 of the targets to the brigade's four GRILL PAN radar systems for engagement by the
SA-12a and SA-12b TELARs.

The BILL BOARD A radar provides general surveillance, with the antenna rotating every 6-12
seconds. The radar, which can detect up to 200 targets, provides target coverage of 0-55º in
elevation and 10-250 km in range with an accuracy is 30-35 min of arc in azimuth and 250 m in
range. and.

The HIGH SCREEN sector radar supports the ATBM role, providing surveillance of anticipated
azimuths of threat missiles. The radar is switches to a tracking mode when high speed targets
are detected, automatically transmitting the trajectory parameters to the Command Post Vehicle.
The CPV prioritizes the threat and instructs the HIGH SCREEN radar to track specific missiles,
with the maximum being 16 simultaneous targets.

The GRILL PAN radar system controls the battery's launcher vehicles (TELARs and LLVs). It can
simultaneously track up to 12 targets and control up to six missiles against these targets The
radar can acquire targets with a radar cross-section of 2m2 at a range of 150 km in manual
mode and 140 km in automatic mode. The GRILL PAN tracks targets assigned to it by the CP
while simultaneously maintaining a horizon search for new targets.

The LLVs (9A85 GLADIATOR and 9A83 GLADIATOR) resemble normal TELARs, but with a loading
crane rather than command radars. While the primary role of the LLV is to replenish the TELARs,
they can also erecting and launch missiles if needed, though they are dependent on the use of
command radars from neighboring TELARs.

System
Alternative Designation: S-300V; SA-12b Giant
Date of Introduction: 1988
Type: The S-300V air defense missile system was developed to engage short- and intermediate-
range ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft, as well as early warning
and electronic warfare aircraft.
Family: S-300 Family
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated
The S-300 is mainly used in Eastern Europe and Asia although sources are inconsistent about
which countries possess the system.
Crew: 3 ea
In Service: 1988-Present
Emplacement Time: 5 min
Displacement Time: 5 min
Note #1: A battery of the S-300V typically includes up two six launchers in two variants,
command post vehicle, surveillance radar, sector surveillance radar, and up to 6 reloading
vehicles/launchers in two variants.
Note #2: S-300V system may be controlled by an upper level command post system 9S52
Polyana-D4 integrating it with Buk missile system into a brigade

Dimensions
Hull Length: 9.50 m
Hull Width: 2.90 m
Hull Height: 3.30 m
Weight, Total: 50 tons
Chassis Weight: 20,000 kg
Ground Pressure: INA

Automotive
Engine Name: V-84
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 840 hp
Cruising Range: 250 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 53 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Gradient: 40 %
Side Slope: 20 %
Vertical Step: 0.7
Trench: 2.5
Fording Depth: 1.2 m

Communications
Radio: R-168 Akveduk, Russia’s fifth generation tactical radio system

Missile System

Launcher
Name: 9A82 SA-12b GIANT TELAR
Type: TELAR
Maximum Elevation: +90
Minimum Elevation: INA
Note: The TELARs are not capable of autonomous engagements, requiring the support of the
GRILL PAN radar.

Missile
Name: 9M82 SA-12b GIANT missile
Type: Semi-Active Radar Homing Missile
Basic Load: carries only two 9M82 SA-12b GIANT missiles
Length: 8.5 m
Diameter: 800 mm
Weight: 4,730 kg
Warhead Type: HE fragmentation
Warhead Weight: 150 kg
Guidance System: Semi-Active Radar Homing Missile
Maximum Velocity: 2,400 m/s
Maximum Range, Aircraft: 13 km
Maximum Range, SRBM: 25 km
Maximum Range, Ballistic Targets: 40 km
Minimum Range, Ballistic Targets: 20 km
Maximum Altitude: 30,000 m
Minimum Altitude: 1,000 m
Maximum Speed: 2,400 m/s, Mach 8.00
Chance to Defeat Ballistic Missiles: 40-65% chance of defeating ballistic missile.
Note: The larger 9M82 is used to engage intermediate-range ballistic missiles, AWACS and
jamming aircraft at ranges of up to 100 km. Warheads of 9M82 and 9M83 missiles are packed
with 150 kg of explosives

Launcher/Loader Vehcile (LLV)

Name: 9A85 GLADIATOR Launcher/Loader Vehicle (LLV)
Crew: 3 ea
Crane: Yes
Basic Load: carries only two 9M82 SA-12b GIANT missiles
Reloading Time: 50-60 minutes
Note #1: There are two variants of reloading vehicles
Note #2: These vehicles are combination of the TEL and reloading vehicle. A unique capability of
these vehicles is that they can launch missiles themselves. Firing data is acquired from the
launcher vehicle
 Command Station
Name: 9S457 Command Station (Command Post Vehicle)
Crew: 7 ea
Mission: It controls radars and up to 4 launcher vehicles
Target Tracking: It can track up to 70 air targets simultaneously. It prioritizes which targets
should be attacked first and transmits firing data to launcher vehicles
Note: he CPV and its associated radars can detect up to 200 targets, track as many as 70 targets
and designate 24 of the targets to the brigade's four GRILL PAN radar systems for engagement
by the SA-12a and SA-12b TELARs

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: INA
Indirect Fire: Yes

Radar #1
Name: 9S15 BILL BOARD Surveillance Radar system
Type: Phased-Array Surveillance Radar system
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Left: 360 deg
Traverse Right: 360 deg
Crew: 4 ea
Detection Range: 330 km
Aircraft Detection: At a range of 240 km aircraft are detected with a chance of 50%
Ballistic Missile Detection: It detects ballistic missiles at a range of about 150 km
Antenna Rotating Speed: 6-12 sec
Target Detection: up to 200 targets
Target Coverage Elevation: 0-55º in Elevation
Target Coverage Range: 10-250 km
Target Coverage Accuracy: 30-35 min of arc in azimuth and 250 m in range

Radar #2
Name: 9S19 HIGH SCREEN Sector Radar system
Type: Sector Radar system
Purpose: The HIGH SCREEN sector radar supporst the ATBM role, providing surveillance of
anticipated azimuths of threat missiles
Crew: 4 ea
Mission: t is used to detect high speed targets, such as ballistic missile warheads
Detection Range: 175 km
Maximum Targets, Simultaneous: maximum being 16 simultaneous targets
Note: The radar is switches to a tracking mode when high speed targets are detected,
automatically transmiting the trajectory parameters to the Command Post Vehicle

Radar #3
Name: 9S32 GRILL PAN Guidance Radar system
Type: Parabolic dish target-illumination radar on telescoping mast on missile launch vehicle
Purpose: The GRILL PAN radar system controls the battery's launcher vehicles (TELARs and
LLVs)
Sector Scan: 90-deg sector scan through 50 deg elevation on separate vehicle
Guidance System: inertial guidance with semi-active terminal homing
Band: X-Band
Multichannel: Yes
Peak Power: 150 kW
Maximum Range: 250 km
Beamwidth: 0.5 deg
Antenna: ransmission type of space fed phased-array antenna
Maximum Targets, Simultaneous: It can simultaneously track up to 12 targets and control up to
six missiles against these targets
Radar Cross-Section: radar cross-section of 2m2 at a range of 150 km in manual mode and 140
km in automatic mode
Note: The GRILL PAN tracks targets assigned to it by the CP while simultaneously maintaining a
horizon search for new targets

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Note: The S-300V is considered as a survivable system. Once all the missiles are launched the
launcher vehicles can briefly redeploy. It uses shoot, scoot and hide tactics in order to avoid
being destroyed.

Variants
SA-12a Gladiator: The S-300V with a 9M83 SA-12a GLADIATOR missile 9A93 SA-12a GLADIATOR
TELAR
S-300VM: S-300VM is an upgraded version of the S-300V. It seems that it is also called S-300V3.
Western reporting name for this system is SA-23 Gladiator/Giant. It has new command post
vehicle and new radars. It fires improved 9M83M and 9M82M missiles with a longer range.
Missiles have a range of 200 km and can reach targets at altitude of 30 km. The S-300VM is in
service with Russia.
Antey 2500: Antey 2500 an export version of the S-300VM. It can engage up to 24 aircraft or up
to 16 ballistic missiles simultaneously. This system can engage ballistic missiles at a range of
250 km and aircraft at a range of 200 km. Two battalions of these air defense systems were
exported to Venezuela. These were delivered in 2013. Estimated export price of this system is 1
billion dollars.
S-300V4: S-300V4 improved version. It seems that this system is also called S-300VMD. It has a
range of 300 km. Russian armed forces issued production order for this air defense system.
Deliveries commenced in 2014.
S-400 Triumph (SA-21 Growler) Russian Long-Range
Surface-to-air Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-400 Triumph (SA-21 Growler) Russian Long-Range Surface-to-air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-400 Triumph (NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler), previously known as the S-300PMU-3,
is an anti-aircraft weapon system developed in the 1990s by Russia's Almaz Central Design
Bureau as an upgrade of the S-300 family. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces
since 2007. In 2017 the S-400 was described by The Economist as "one of the best air-defence
systems currently made". According to Siemon Wezeman Senior Researcher of SIPRI the S-400
"is among the most advanced air defence systems available"

SYSTEM
Alternative Designations: Triumf, Triumph as a translation
Date of Introduction: 2007
Proliferation: Russia: 328+; Belarus: 2; China: INA; Turkey: INA; Saudi Arabia: INA; India: INA
Target: FW, IRBMs to 3,500 km, heli, CM, ASM, UAV, and artillery rocket

Primary Components
Description: Group/brigade 2-8 bns and 91N6 E2. Each bn has 6-12 trailer launchers (TLs, aka
mobile erectorlaunchers or MELs) , 55K6E 8x8 van, 5T58-2 SAM transporter, 22T6-2 loading
crane, and radars. Battery (firing unit) has 3 TLs.

ARMAMENT

Trailer Launcher (TL) or MEL

Name: 5P85TE2
Tractor: BAZ-64022 6x6 tractor
Missiles per Launcher: 3 x 40N6, 4 x 9M96E2 (current likely mix)
Automotive Performance: For 5P85TE2 TL
Cruising Range (km): 800 (est)
Road/ Dirt Road Speed (km/h): 60/30 (est)

Missile
Name: 40N6 “big missile”
Type: Solid-fuel
Launch Mode: Vertical launch
Launch Range (km): 5-400
Max Range TBMs: 40
Targets: 28-48
Guidance: Track-Via-Missile, missile active radar homing, home on jam
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Warhead Weight (kg): 180+
Fuze Type: Radio command
Probability of Hit (Ph%): 90 FW. 80 heli
Simultaneous missiles: up to 2 per target (doubles probability of hit)
Weight (kg): 2,000, 2,800 in canister

9M96E2/9M96M “small missile”

Description: A canister of 4 can fit on the SA-21 launcher in place of a big missile. It is possible
that most launchers in most batteries (by the Near Term) will have 2 canisters of small missiles
(8 total).

Other Missiles
Description: The system can also launch older missiles for SA-10 and SA-20 systems. There are
reports of a 48N6DM missile, which offers longer range than the 48N6. This may have been an
interim missile for use until 40N6 was fielded.

Missiles
Description: Typical Combat Load
TEL and trailer launcher: 7
40N6 (with 1x 9M96E2 canister): 3, Near Term 2
9M96M/E2 (“small missile”): 4, Near Term 8
SA-18S MANPADS: 2
ARMAMENT
Name: 92N2E
Description: This VHF target acquisition radar is at Brigade level. The first search priority is
stealth aerial systems. Because of limited sector coverage, it is likely that up to 4 will be used.
Detection Range (km): At least 400
Azimuth Coverage (°): 120, 360 with rotation
Function: Dual (TA/FC) radar vehicle and CP
Unit Associated With: Trailer with KrAZ-260 tractor
Mobility: MAZ-7930 8x8 van
Operation: Digital links to battery, battalion, and brigade/IADS processing center
Emplacement/Displacement time (min): 15
Range (km): 400
Targets Tracked Simultaneously: up to 150
Frequency Band: I/J, 3-D phased array
NATO Designation: GRAVESTONE
Unit: Battery (SAM system), for 3 launchers
Detection and Guidance (km): 400 auto-track
Targets Engaged Simultaneously: up to 6 (est)
Missiles Guided Simultaneously: up to 12 (est)

OTHER ASSETS
Description: A RECENT COUNTER-STEALTH RADAR SYSTEM IS THE NEBO-M MOBILE MULTI-
BAND SYSTEM, WITH THREE VEHICLES. RLM-D HAS L-BAND RADAR. RLM-S HAS X-BAND. RLM-
M HAS A VHF RADAR, SIMILAR TO NEBO-SVU. THE SYSTEM IS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED
AGAINST STEALTH AIRCRAFT AND F-35. A RECENT RUSSIAN CONTRACT CALLS FOR 100
SYSTEMS TO REPLACE NEBO-SVU IN SA-20B/S-400 UNITS, AND WILL BE INCLUDED IN SA-23/
S-300V4 UNITS.

VARIANTS
Description: THE S-400 SERIES USES A NEW ARRAY OF TRUCKS, TRACTORS, AND TRAILERS.
DUE TO S-400 PRODUCTION DELAYS, THE SA-20 SERIES WAS CONFUSED WITH IT. MANY S-400
UPGRADES CAN BE APPLIED TO SA-10, SA-12, AND SA-23. CHINA IS ORDERING SA-20B AND
UPGRADING OTHER LAUNCHERS TO SA-20B CAPABILITY.

S-400/SA-21A
Description: THE SYSTEM WAS FIELDED IN 2007 WITH RUSSIAN VEHICLES. EARLY UNITS ARE
STRATEGIC AND USE ONLY 40N6 400-KM BIG MISSILES. MOST LAUNCHERS CAN ALSO MOUNT
CANISTERS OF 9M96 SERIES SMALL MISSILES.

SA-21B/S-400M/SAMODERZHETS
Description: UNLIKE THE OTHER. SAMS, SA-21A’S 40N6 WILL RANGE 400 KM.

NOTES
Description: THERE ARE ALSO REPORTS OF A SYSTEM IN DEVELOPMENT CALLED S-500, WITH
LONGER RANGE AND A DESIGN VELOCITY OF 10,000 M/S. NO DETAILS ARE AVAILABLE. THE
PHASED-ARRAY RADARS FEATURE LOW DETECTION, AND HIGH JAM RESISTANCE.
S-500 Russian Long-Range Air Defense and Anti-
Ballistic Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
S-500 Russian Long-Range Air Defense and Anti-Ballistic Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-500 is a new-generation surface-to-air missile system. It is designed for intercepting and
destroying intercontinental ballistic missiles, hypersonic cruise missiles, and aircraft. It is also
designed to defend against Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft and
other jamming aircraft. With a planning range of 600 km (370 mi) for ballistic missiles (BM) and
500 km (310 mi) for aircraft, the S-500 is able to detect and simultaneously engage up to 10
ballistic hypersonic targets flying at a speed of 5 kilometers per second (3.1 mi/s; 18,000 km/h;
11,000 mph) to a limit of 7 km/s (4.3 mi/s; 25,000 km/h; 16,000 mph). It can destroy hypersonic
cruise missiles and other aerial targets to include spacecraft at speeds of higher than Mach 5.
The altitude of a target can be as high as 200 km (120 mi). It is effective against ballistic
missiles with a launch range of 3,500 km (2,200 mi), the radar reaches a radius of 3,000 km
(1,300 km for the EPR 0,1 square meter). Other targets that the S-500 has been successful at
engaging include unmanned aerial vehicles, low Earth orbit satellites, space weapons launched
from hypersonic aircraft, drones, and hypersonic orbital platforms.

The system is highly mobile and is capable of rapid deployability. Experts believe that the
system's capabilities can affect enemy intercontinental ballistic missiles at the middle and end
portions of flight, but reports by Almaz-Antey say that the external target-designation system
(RLS Voronezh-DM and missile defense system A-135 radar Don-2N) will be capable of mid-early
flight portion interception of enemy ballistic missiles, which is one of the final stages of the
S-500 project. The S-500 and its crew have a response time of less than 4 seconds (Compared to
the S-400's less than 10).

The S-500 will work with the S-400 and replace the S-300. It is anticipated that initially, the S-500
will be deployed to protect Moscow and critical infrastructure however, a naval version is being
developed to be deployed in the new Lider-class destroyer which is to enter service in 2020.

The S-500 will consist of:

* 77P6 launch vehicle, based on the BAZ-69096 10x10 truck

* 55K6MA and 85Zh6-2 command posts, based on BAZ-69092-12 6x6

* 91N6A(M) acquisition and battle management radar, a modification of the 91N6 (Big Bird)
towed by the BAZ-

* 6403.01 8x8 tractor

* 96L6-TsP acquisition radar, an upgraded version of the 96L6 (Cheese Board) on BAZ-69096
10x10

* 76T6 multimode engagement radar on BAZ-6909-022 8x8

* 77T6 ABM engagement radar on BAZ-69096 10x10

System
Alternative Designation: Prometheus, Prometey, 55R6M, Triumfator-M, Samoderzhets
Date of Introduction: Production started in 2014; Deployment is targeted for 2019/2020
Proliferation: Not exported though Turkey has shown interest
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: S-500 launcher, based on the BAZ-69069 chassis
Displacement Time: See Emplacement
Emplacement Time: It has been reported that the S-500 can launch missiles within 10 minutes
from travelling. Also it can be considered as a survivable system, as after launching its missiles it
can briefly redeploy.
Maximum Effective Range: 600 km
Target Altitude Maximum: 200 km
Target Altitude Minimum: INA m
Fire on the Move: No
Probability of Kill: INA
Note #1: It can be seen as an advanced version of the S-400.
Note #2: The S-500 missiles will be used only against the most important targets, such as
intercontinental ballistic missiles, AWACS and jamming aircraft.

Dimensions
Length: 14.5 m
Width: 3 m
Height: INA
Weight: 54 tons

Automotive
Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 550
Maximum Road Speed: 70 km/h
Maximum Road Range: 1,000 km
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Vertical Step: 0.6 m
Trench: 2 m
Fording: 1.7 m

Communications
Tactical Radio: VHF: Azart-P (4km), Azart-N (12km), and Azart-BM (40km).

Main Weapon System

Note: Some sources claim that this system is capable of tracking 5-20 ballistic targets and
intercepting up to 5-10 ballistic targets simultaneously. It can defeat ballistic missiles travelling
at a speed of 5-7 kilometers per second. It has been reported that this air defense system can
also target low orbital satellites.

Launcher
Name: 77P6 launch vehicle, based on the BAZ-69096 10x10 truck
Type: Launch Vehicle

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 77N6 missile
Type: A new Surface-to-Air Missile that source say, "In May 2018, Russia conducted the longest
range surface-to-air missile test to date with the S-500. According to reports citing unnamed
sources familiar with U.S. intelligence on the program, the S-500 was able to hit a target just shy
of 300 miles (482 km) away, which is some 50 miles further than the previous record."
Length: INA
Diameter: INA
Weight: INA
Maximum Range: 500-600 km
Maximum Altitude: 40 km
Note #1: The S-500 will likely use a variety of missiles in addition to the 77N6 missile series,
currently under development for the S-400, as a hit-to-kill interceptor for ballistic missile targets.

Missile (Option 2)
Name: 40N6E
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile
Maximum Range: 400 km
Maximum Altitude: 185 km
Maximum Velocity: 3840 m/s
Maximum Target Velocity: 4,800 m/s
Weight: 1,893 kg
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing or active radar homing
Note: With an active radar homing head, climbs to designated altitude then guidance switches to
search & destroy mode. Effective against low-altitude targets at extremely long range (below the
radio horizon).

Missile (Option 3)
Name: 48N6DM/ 48N6E3
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile
Maximum Range: 250 km
Maximum Altitude: 60 km
Maximum Velocity: 2,000 m/s
Maximum Target Velocity: 4,800 m/s
Weight: 1,835 kg
Guidance System: Semi-active radar homing

S-500 Components

55K6MA and 85Zh6-2 Command Posts Vehicles

Chassis: based on BAZ-69092-12 6x6

91N6A(M) Acquisition and Battle Management Radar

Chassis: towed by the BAZ-6403.01 8x8 tractor
Note: A modification of the 91N6 (Big Bird)

96L6-TsP Acquisition Radar

Chassis: BAZ-69096 10x10
Note: an upgraded version of the 96L6 (Cheese Board)

76T6 Multimode Engagement Radar

Chassis: BAZ-6909-022 8x8

77T6 ABM Engagement Radar

Chassis: BAZ-69096 10x10

Protection
Armor: All systems are light skinned
NBC Protection: Likely
S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) (Export) North Korean
Strategic Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems
(More than 31 km) > S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) (Export) North Korean Strategic Surface-to-Air
Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-75 (Russian: С-75; NATO reporting name SA-2 Guideline) is a Soviet-designed, high-altitude
air defence system, built around a surface-to-air missile with command guidance. Following its
first deployment in 1957 it became one of the most widely deployed air defence systems in
history. It scored the first destruction of an enemy aircraft by a surface-to-air missile, with the
shooting down of a Taiwanese Martin RB-57D Canberra over China on 7 October 1959 that was
hit by a salvo of three V-750 (1D) missiles at an altitude of 20 km (65,600 ft). This success was
credited to Chinese fighter aircraft at the time in order to keep the S-75 program secret.

This system first gained international fame when an S-75 battery, using the newer, longer-range
and higher-altitude V-750VN (13D) missile was deployed in the 1960 U-2 incident, when it shot
down the U-2 of Francis Gary Powers overflying the Soviet Union on May 1, 1960. The system
was also deployed in Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when it shot down another U-2
(piloted by Rudolf Anderson) overflying Cuba on October 27, 1962, almost precipitating a nuclear
war. North Vietnamese forces used the S-75 extensively during the Vietnam War to successfully
defend Hanoi and Haiphong against US bombing. It has also been locally produced in the
People's Republic of China under the names HQ-1 and HQ-2.

Each battalion will typically have six, semi-fixed, single-rail launchers for their V-750 missiles
positioned approximately 60 to 100 m (200 to 330 ft) apart from each other in a hexagonal
"flower" pattern, with radars and guidance systems placed in the center. It was this unique
"flower" shape that led to the sites being easily recognizable in reconnaissance photos. Typically
another six missiles are stored on tractor-trailers near the center of the site.

The V-750 is a two-stage missile consisting of a solid-fuel booster and a storable liquid-fuel
upper stage, which burns red fuming nitric acid as the oxidizer and kerosene as the fuel. The
booster fires for about 4–5 seconds and the main engine for about 22 seconds, by which time
the missile is traveling at about Mach 3. The booster mounts four large, cropped-delta wing fins
that have small control surfaces in their trailing edges to control roll. The upper stage has
smaller cropped-deltas near the middle of the airframe, with a smaller set of control surfaces at
the extreme rear and (in most models) much smaller fins on the nose.

The missiles are guided using radio control signals (sent on one of three channels) from the
guidance computers at the site. The earlier S-75 models received their commands via two sets of
four small antennas in front of the forward fins while the D model and later models used four
much larger strip antennas running between the forward and middle fins. The guidance system
at an S-75 site can handle only one target at a time, but it can direct three missiles against it.
Additional missiles could be fired against the same target after one or more missiles of the first
salvo had completed their run, freeing the radio channel.

The missile typically mounts a 195 kg (430 lb) fragmentation warhead, with proximity, contact,
and command fusing. The warhead has a lethal radius of about 65 m (213 ft) at lower altitudes,
but at higher altitudes the thinner atmosphere allows for a wider radius of up to 250 m (820 ft).
The missile itself is accurate to about 75 m (246 ft), which explains why two were typically fired
in a salvo. One version, the SA-2E, mounted a 295 kg (650 lb) nuclear warhead of an estimated
15 kiloton yield or a conventional warhead of similar weight.

Typical range for the missile is about 45 km (28 mi), with a maximum altitude around 20,000 m
(66,000 ft). The radar and guidance system imposed a fairly long short-range cutoff of about 500
to 1,000 m (1,600 to 3,300 ft), making them fairly safe for engagements at low level.

System
Alternative Designation: Volga-75SM, S-75 Dvina, V-75 Volkhov
Date of Introduction: 1957
Function: The SA-2 Guideline is a long-range, high-altitude, surface-to-air missile (SAM) in
widespread use in Russia and other countries.
Proliferation: Total: +4,600 Launchers Built

Armenia – 79 Launchers
Azerbaijan – 25
Bulgaria – 18
People's Republic of China
Cuba
Egypt – 240, Tayer el-Sabah variant
Ethiopia – Some developed into self-propelled systems
Iran – 300+ Launchers, HQ-2J and indigenous Sayyad-1/1A & 2.
Kyrgyzstan – few
Libya
Mongolia
Myanmar – 48 next 250 in 2008
North Korea – up to 270
Pakistan – HQ-2B in service with the Pakistan Air Force.
Romania
Sudan – 700
Syria – 275
Tajikistan – few
Vietnam – 280
Yemen
Zimbabwe
In Service: 1957-Present
Manufacturer: Raspletin KB-1 (head developer),
Grushin MKB Fakel (missile developer),
Lavochkin OKB
Crew: INA
Wars: Vietnam War, Six-Day War, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Yom
Kippur War, Cold War, Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War, War in Abkhazia (1992–93), First Libyan Civil War,
Syrian Civil War, Yemeni Civil War (2015–present), Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,
Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)
Guidance System: Radio command guidance from Fan Song A/B; or E/F-band missile control
radar; or
Fan Song D/E G-band missile control radar
Many installations have Spoon Rest early warning radar.
Note: Each battalion will typically have six, semi-fixed, single-rail launchers for their V-750
missiles positioned approximately 60 to 100 m (200 to 330 ft) apart from each other in a
hexagonal "flower" pattern, with radars and guidance systems placed in the center. It was this
unique "flower" shape that led to the sites being easily recognizable in reconnaissance photos.
Typically another six missiles are stored on tractor-trailers near the center of the site.

Dimensions
Booster Diameter: 0.70 m
Second Stage Diameter: 0.50 m
Length: 10.47 m
Wingspan: 2.50 m
Total Weight: INA

Automotive
Primary Propulsion Type: solid-fuel booster
Primary Propulsion Duration: 4-5 sec
Secondary Propulsion Type: liquid-fuel (nitric acid/hydrocarbon) sustainer
Secondardy Propulsion Duration: 22 sec
Note: The missiles themselves are carried by a special transloader semi-trailer, which is towed by
a Zil truck.

Communications
Primary: INA
Secondary: INA

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: Rail Guided
Launcher Weight: 2,165 kg
Launch Rail/Tubes: Single rail, ground mounted (not mobile)
Reload Time: 12 min
Note: S-75 Dvina and equipped with either V-750 or V-750V missiles.

Missile
Name: Either the V-750 or V-750V missiles.
Type: Standard
Missile Length: 10.60 m
Missile Diameter: 0.70 m
Weight at Launch: 2,300 kg
Warhead Weight: 190 kg
Warhead Type: HE 200kg (295kg SA-2E) 188kg (HQ-2B/F/J/P), possible nuclear
Guidance System: Command
Maximum Velocity (Mach): Mach 4
Bursting Radius Low Altitude: 125-135 m
Bursting Radius High Altitude: 250 m
Kill Radius: 65 m
CEP: 76 m
Maximum Effective Range: 30 km
Minimum Effective Range: 7 km
Maximum Altitude: 22,000 m
Minimum Altitude: 3,000 m

Fire Control System

Radar #1
Name: Spoon Rest
Type: Spoon Rest is a Russian ground-based, early warning radar that later evolved into the Knife
Rest** series.
Band: A
Frequency: 147-161 MHz
Pulse Width: 4-6 microseconds
Maximum Range: 275 km
Vertical Beamwidth: 2.5 deg
Horizontal Beamwidth: 7-9 deg
Peak Power: 180-350 kW
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 310-400 Hz

Radar #2
Name: P-15 Flat Face
Type: 2D UHF radar developed and operated by the former Soviet Union
Band: L-Band
Frequency: 810-950 MHz
Peak Power: 400 kW
Maximum Range: 250 km

Radar #3
Name: PRV-11 Side Net
Type: Side Net is a ground-based height-finding radar used in a ground control intercept (GCI)
mode with early-warning radars Bar Lock , Back Net and Tall King
Band: E Band
Frequency: 2,560-2,710 MHz
Antenna Height: 8.50 m
Antenna Width: 3.50 m
Average Range: 180 km
Maximum Range: 400 km
NOD CYCLES/SEC: 5-30
Pulse Width: 3/1.5 micro sec
Average Power: 1.3 kW
Peak Power: 1.2 MW

Radar #4
Name: Fan Song A/B/F
Type: Fire control & Tracking Radar
Band: E/F, G Band
Frequency: 3 GHz (S-band)
Peak Power: 600 kW
Maximum Range: 60 km

Variants
SA-2A (Guideline Mod 0): This was the initial variant of the SA-2, which was deployed around
Moscow, Leningrad and in the Baku region. It was guided by the Fan Song A radar system. It was
probably a pre-production version.
SA-2B (Guideline Mod 1): This improved version replaced the Mod 0. It is slightly longer than the
Guideline Mod 0 and is guided by the Fan Song B radar system.
SA-2C (Guideline Mod 2): Developed at the same time as the Guideline-B, this variant is equipped
with a modified Fan Song C/D G-band engagement radar. The missile itself has a longer
engagement range and can attack targets that are at lower altitudes than earlier versions of the
SA-2.
SA-2D (Guideline Mod 3): This short-lived variant fired V-750AK missiles and operated with the
Fan Song E radar. It was more capable of defeating targets in hostile electronic warfare
environments. It was eventually superseded in Soviet service by the Guideline Mod 4.
SA-2E (Guideline Mod 4): This variant, also known as the S-75M Volga, used the V-755 missile,
which was characterized by a swelled warhead section that could be fitted with a 25 kT nuclear
warhead. It was guided by the Fan Song F radar.
SA-2F (Guideline Mod 5): This variant, also designated the S-75M3 Volkhov, was developed with
some technology derived from the SA-3 Goa ** (see separate record). It utilizes the improved Fan
Song E radar, which is much more capable of hitting targets in a heavy ECM environment. This is
accomplished by deploying a two-man t eam in a "dog house" on top of the radar. These two
crewmembers track targets when the normal automatic tracking system has been jammed.
S-75 Volga 2A: This version was developed in 1995. Twelve digital assemblies replaced 78
analog assemblies. It fired an upgraded V-755 missile and used a modernized Fan Song F radar.
It was primarily intended for export.
S-75 Volga 2T: Belarusian firm Tetraedr in 2004 began offering the S-75 Volga 2T upgrade kit.
This included digital electronics and enhanced radars, launch control and missiles.
SA-N-2: This is the naval version of the SA-2. The mount included a twin-arm launcher fed by a
large drum magazine. A navalized version of the Fan Song E radar was equipped, along with a
High Lune** height finding radar.
Iraqi modified SA-2 Guideline: Iraq announced in 1989 that it had modified a number of SA-2s
with an infrared terminal guidance system that improved the missile's capability against targets
in high ECM environments. If the missile lost lock at this stage, the weapon could switch back to
radio guidance. Iraq also attempted other modifications
CSS-8: his is a short-range ballistic missile based on the SA-2.
Sayyad-1: This is an Iranian reverse-engineered version of the SA-2. It is believed to have entered
service in 1998. The design is also influenced by the Chinese HQ-2 and may feature some North
Korean technology.
Sayyad-2: This is an Iranian upgrade of the Sayyad-1, based on both the SA-2 and the Chinese
HQ-2.
RM-75MVU-1/VU-1 target missiles: his is a low-altitude (RM-75MVU-1) and high-altitude
(RM-75VU-1) target missile based on the SA-2 was announced by Russia in mid-2004. The target
missiles were to be used to test new surface-to-air missile systems being designed by the Almaz
research and production association.
Qaher-1/-M2: These variants based on the S-75/SA-2 have been used by Houthi rebels in Yemen.
The Qaher-1 was revealed in 2015 with a range of 186.4 mi (300 km) and warhead weighing
440.9 lb (200 kg).
S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) Russian Strategic Surface-
to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Medium-Range Missile Systems
(More than 31 km) > S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) Russian Strategic Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The S-75 (Russian: С-75; NATO reporting name SA-2 Guideline) is a Soviet-designed, high-altitude
air defence system, built around a surface-to-air missile with command guidance. Following its
first deployment in 1957 it became one of the most widely deployed air defence systems in
history. It scored the first destruction of an enemy aircraft by a surface-to-air missile, with the
shooting down of a Taiwanese Martin RB-57D Canberra over China on 7 October 1959 that was
hit by a salvo of three V-750 (1D) missiles at an altitude of 20 km (65,600 ft). This success was
credited to Chinese fighter aircraft at the time in order to keep the S-75 program secret.

This system first gained international fame when an S-75 battery, using the newer, longer-range
and higher-altitude V-750VN (13D) missile was deployed in the 1960 U-2 incident, when it shot
down the U-2 of Francis Gary Powers overflying the Soviet Union on May 1, 1960. The system
was also deployed in Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when it shot down another U-2
(piloted by Rudolf Anderson) overflying Cuba on October 27, 1962, almost precipitating a nuclear
war. North Vietnamese forces used the S-75 extensively during the Vietnam War to successfully
defend Hanoi and Haiphong against US bombing. It has also been locally produced in the
People's Republic of China under the names HQ-1 and HQ-2.

Each battalion will typically have six, semi-fixed, single-rail launchers for their V-750 missiles
positioned approximately 60 to 100 m (200 to 330 ft) apart from each other in a hexagonal
"flower" pattern, with radars and guidance systems placed in the center. It was this unique
"flower" shape that led to the sites being easily recognizable in reconnaissance photos. Typically
another six missiles are stored on tractor-trailers near the center of the site.

The V-750 is a two-stage missile consisting of a solid-fuel booster and a storable liquid-fuel
upper stage, which burns red fuming nitric acid as the oxidizer and kerosene as the fuel. The
booster fires for about 4–5 seconds and the main engine for about 22 seconds, by which time
the missile is traveling at about Mach 3. The booster mounts four large, cropped-delta wing fins
that have small control surfaces in their trailing edges to control roll. The upper stage has
smaller cropped-deltas near the middle of the airframe, with a smaller set of control surfaces at
the extreme rear and (in most models) much smaller fins on the nose.

The missiles are guided using radio control signals (sent on one of three channels) from the
guidance computers at the site. The earlier S-75 models received their commands via two sets of
four small antennas in front of the forward fins while the D model and later models used four
much larger strip antennas running between the forward and middle fins. The guidance system
at an S-75 site can handle only one target at a time, but it can direct three missiles against it.
Additional missiles could be fired against the same target after one or more missiles of the first
salvo had completed their run, freeing the radio channel.

The missile typically mounts a 195 kg (430 lb) fragmentation warhead, with proximity, contact,
and command fusing. The warhead has a lethal radius of about 65 m (213 ft) at lower altitudes,
but at higher altitudes the thinner atmosphere allows for a wider radius of up to 250 m (820 ft).
The missile itself is accurate to about 75 m (246 ft), which explains why two were typically fired
in a salvo. One version, the SA-2E, mounted a 295 kg (650 lb) nuclear warhead of an estimated
15 kiloton yield or a conventional warhead of similar weight.

Typical range for the missile is about 45 km (28 mi), with a maximum altitude around 20,000 m
(66,000 ft). The radar and guidance system imposed a fairly long short-range cutoff of about 500
to 1,000 m (1,600 to 3,300 ft), making them fairly safe for engagements at low level.

System
Alternative Designation: Volga-75SM, S-75 Dvina, V-75 Volkhov
Date of Introduction: 1957
Function: The SA-2 Guideline is a long-range, high-altitude, surface-to-air missile (SAM) in
widespread use in Russia and other countries.
Proliferation: Total: +4,600 Launchers Built

Armenia – 79 Launchers
Azerbaijan – 25
Bulgaria – 18
People's Republic of China
Cuba
Egypt – 240, Tayer el-Sabah variant
Ethiopia – Some developed into self-propelled systems
Iran – 300+ Launchers, HQ-2J and indigenous Sayyad-1/1A & 2.
Kyrgyzstan – few
Libya
Mongolia
Myanmar – 48 next 250 in 2008
North Korea – up to 270
Pakistan – HQ-2B in service with the Pakistan Air Force.
Romania
Sudan – 700
Syria – 275
Tajikistan – few
Vietnam – 280
Yemen
Zimbabwe
In Service: 1957-Present
Manufacturer: Raspletin KB-1 (head developer),
Grushin MKB Fakel (missile developer),
Lavochkin OKB
Crew: INA
Wars: Vietnam War, Six-Day War, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Yom
Kippur War, Cold War, Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War, War in Abkhazia (1992–93), First Libyan Civil War,
Syrian Civil War, Yemeni Civil War (2015–present), Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,
Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)
Guidance System: Radio command guidance from Fan Song A/B; or E/F-band missile control
radar; or
Fan Song D/E G-band missile control radar
Many installations have Spoon Rest early warning radar.
Note: Each battalion will typically have six, semi-fixed, single-rail launchers for their V-750
missiles positioned approximately 60 to 100 m (200 to 330 ft) apart from each other in a
hexagonal "flower" pattern, with radars and guidance systems placed in the center. It was this
unique "flower" shape that led to the sites being easily recognizable in reconnaissance photos.
Typically another six missiles are stored on tractor-trailers near the center of the site.

Dimensions
Booster Diameter: 0.70 m
Second Stage Diameter: 0.50 m
Length: 10.47 m
Wingspan: 2.50 m
Total Weight: INA

Automotive
Primary Propulsion Type: solid-fuel booster
Primary Propulsion Duration: 4-5 sec
Secondary Propulsion Type: liquid-fuel (nitric acid/hydrocarbon) sustainer
Secondardy Propulsion Duration: 22 sec
Note: The missiles themselves are carried by a special transloader semi-trailer, which is towed by
a Zil truck.

Communications
Primary: INA
Secondary: INA

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: Rail Guided
Launcher Weight: 2,165 kg
Launch Rail/Tubes: Single rail, ground mounted (not mobile)
Reload Time: 12 min
Note: S-75 Dvina and equipped with either V-750 or V-750V missiles.
Missile
Name: Either the V-750 or V-750V missiles.
Type: Standard
Missile Length: 10.60 m
Missile Diameter: 0.70 m
Weight at Launch: 2,300 kg
Warhead Weight: 190 kg
Warhead Type: HE 200kg (295kg SA-2E) 188kg (HQ-2B/F/J/P), possible nuclear
Guidance System: Command
Maximum Velocity (Mach): Mach 4
Bursting Radius Low Altitude: 125-135 m
Bursting Radius High Altitude: 250 m
Kill Radius: 65 m
CEP: 76 m
Maximum Effective Range: 30 km
Minimum Effective Range: 7 km
Maximum Altitude: 22,000 m
Minimum Altitude: 3,000 m

Fire Control System

Radar #1
Name: Spoon Rest
Type: Spoon Rest is a Russian ground-based, early warning radar that later evolved into the Knife
Rest** series.
Band: A
Frequency: 147-161 MHz
Pulse Width: 4-6 microseconds
Maximum Range: 275 km
Vertical Beamwidth: 2.5 deg
Horizontal Beamwidth: 7-9 deg
Peak Power: 180-350 kW
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 310-400 Hz

Radar #2
Name: P-15 Flat Face
Type: 2D UHF radar developed and operated by the former Soviet Union
Band: L-Band
Frequency: 810-950 MHz
Peak Power: 400 kW
Maximum Range: 250 km

Radar #3
Name: PRV-11 Side Net
Type: Side Net is a ground-based height-finding radar used in a ground control intercept (GCI)
mode with early-warning radars Bar Lock , Back Net and Tall King
Band: E Band
Frequency: 2,560-2,710 MHz
Antenna Height: 8.50 m
Antenna Width: 3.50 m
Average Range: 180 km
Maximum Range: 400 km
NOD CYCLES/SEC: 5-30
Pulse Width: 3/1.5 micro sec
Average Power: 1.3 kW
Peak Power: 1.2 MW

Radar #4
Name: Fan Song A/B/F
Type: Fire control & Tracking Radar
Band: E/F, G Band
Frequency: 3 GHz (S-band)
Peak Power: 600 kW
Maximum Range: 60 km

Variants
SA-2A (Guideline Mod 0): This was the initial variant of the SA-2, which was deployed around
Moscow, Leningrad and in the Baku region. It was guided by the Fan Song A radar system. It was
probably a pre-production version.
SA-2B (Guideline Mod 1): This improved version replaced the Mod 0. It is slightly longer than the
Guideline Mod 0 and is guided by the Fan Song B radar system.
SA-2C (Guideline Mod 2): Developed at the same time as the Guideline-B, this variant is equipped
with a modified Fan Song C/D G-band engagement radar. The missile itself has a longer
engagement range and can attack targets that are at lower altitudes than earlier versions of the
SA-2.
SA-2D (Guideline Mod 3): This short-lived variant fired V-750AK missiles and operated with the
Fan Song E radar. It was more capable of defeating targets in hostile electronic warfare
environments. It was eventually superseded in Soviet service by the Guideline Mod 4.
SA-2E (Guideline Mod 4): This variant, also known as the S-75M Volga, used the V-755 missile,
which was characterized by a swelled warhead section that could be fitted with a 25 kT nuclear
warhead. It was guided by the Fan Song F radar.
SA-2F (Guideline Mod 5): This variant, also designated the S-75M3 Volkhov, was developed with
some technology derived from the SA-3 Goa ** (see separate record). It utilizes the improved Fan
Song E radar, which is much more capable of hitting targets in a heavy ECM environment. This is
accomplished by deploying a two-man t eam in a "dog house" on top of the radar. These two
crewmembers track targets when the normal automatic tracking system has been jammed.
S-75 Volga 2A: This version was developed in 1995. Twelve digital assemblies replaced 78
analog assemblies. It fired an upgraded V-755 missile and used a modernized Fan Song F radar.
It was primarily intended for export.
S-75 Volga 2T: Belarusian firm Tetraedr in 2004 began offering the S-75 Volga 2T upgrade kit.
This included digital electronics and enhanced radars, launch control and missiles.
SA-N-2: This is the naval version of the SA-2. The mount included a twin-arm launcher fed by a
large drum magazine. A navalized version of the Fan Song E radar was equipped, along with a
High Lune** height finding radar.
Iraqi modified SA-2 Guideline: Iraq announced in 1989 that it had modified a number of SA-2s
with an infrared terminal guidance system that improved the missile's capability against targets
in high ECM environments. If the missile lost lock at this stage, the weapon could switch back to
radio guidance. Iraq also attempted other modifications
CSS-8: his is a short-range ballistic missile based on the SA-2.
Sayyad-1: This is an Iranian reverse-engineered version of the SA-2. It is believed to have entered
service in 1998. The design is also influenced by the Chinese HQ-2 and may feature some North
Korean technology.
Sayyad-2: This is an Iranian upgrade of the Sayyad-1, based on both the SA-2 and the Chinese
HQ-2.
RM-75MVU-1/VU-1 target missiles: his is a low-altitude (RM-75MVU-1) and high-altitude
(RM-75VU-1) target missile based on the SA-2 was announced by Russia in mid-2004. The target
missiles were to be used to test new surface-to-air missile systems being designed by the Almaz
research and production association.
Qaher-1/-M2: These variants based on the S-75/SA-2 have been used by Houthi rebels in Yemen.
The Qaher-1 was revealed in 2015 with a range of 186.4 mi (300 km) and warhead weighing
440.9 lb (200 kg).
SA-20C (S-300PMU-2) Iranian-Long Range Air Defense
Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Long-Range Missile Systems (More than 80 km) >
SA-20C (S-300PMU-2) Iranian-Long Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The SA-20C is a exported version of the S-300PMU-2

The S-300PMU-2 or SA-20B Favorit air defense missile system was developed specially for
export. It evolved from the S-300PM-2, which was developed for the Russian Armed Forces. The
S-300PMU-2 has the highest capabilities in the S-300P family. It was introduced in 1997. As of
2016 this system is 19 years old. The S-300PMU-2 is referred in the West as SA-20B Gargoyle. It
uses a 30N6E1 (Tomb Stone) radar. This radar has a range of 300 km, can detect 100 targets,
track and engage 36 of them and guide 72 missiles. It is worth noting that earlier radars of the
S-300 family could simultaneously engage only 6 targets and guide 12 missiles.

The S-300PMU-2 Favourite (DoD designation SA-20B), introduced in 1997 (presented ready
1996), is an upgrade to the S-300PMU-1 with range extended once again to 195 km (121 mi) with
the introduction of the 48N6E2 missile. This system is apparently capable against not just short
range ballistic missiles, but now also medium range ballistic missiles. It uses the 83M6E2
command and control system, consisting of the 54K6E2 command post vehicle and the 64N6E2
surveillance/detection radar. It employs the 30N6E2 fire control/illumination and guidance radar.
Like the S-300PMU-1, 12 TELs can be controlled, with any mix of 5P85SE2 self-propelled and
5P85TE2 trailer launchers. Optionally it can make use of the 96L6E all altitude detection radar
and 76N6 low altitude detection radar. A version titled HQ-15 is currently in Chinese service.

System
Alternative Designation: SA-20C, Iranian S-300PMU-2)
Date of Introduction: 1997
Manufacturer: MZiK
Type: long range surface-to-air missile systems. multi-channel mobile air defense system
Family: S-300 Family
Proliferation: Iran - Originally purchased in 2007, Iran’s S-300 order was blocked until April 2015
when the Kremlin lifted its self-imposed ban on the sale due to the international lifting of some
sanctions against Iran. The country purchased and received an unknown number of S-300s
(probably the S-300PMU2 system, a modified version of the S-300PMU1 in 2016, it was fully
tested and implemented in 2017. Iran received four S-300PMU2 batteries from Russia in 2016,
each consisting of a 96L6E target acquisition radar, a 30N6E2 target engagement radar, and four
5P85TE2 towed transporter-erector-launchers (TELs).[114] These systems are supported by two
64N6E2 battle management radars and linked using FL-95 antenna masts. Iran also owns an
unknown number of the domestically produced type Bavar 373, developed before the arrival of
Russian S-300 systems. S-300s are operated by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force.
In Service: 1997-Present
Crew: INA ea
Chassis: MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: 5 Minutes
Maximum Range of Fire: 165 km
Maximum Altitude: 27 km
Number of Targets Engaged Simultaneously: 6 ea
Reload Vehicile: 5T58 reload vehicle
Note #1: Capable of hitting ballistic and aerodynamic targets. Became the first multi-channel
anti-aircraft missile system, is able to accompany each system (ADMS) to 6 goals and build
them up to 12 missiles
Note #2: A typical SA-20 battery consists of 48 missiles on 12 mobile launchers. Each battery
can launch a 48N6 missile every three seconds.

Dimensions (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Length: 11.7 m
Width: 3.07 m
Height: 2.92 m
Maximum Load: 15 tons
Ground Pressure: INA

Automotive (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Engine Name: D12A-525 38.9-liter Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 525 hp
Cruising Range: 650 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 65 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious km/h
Configuration: 8x8
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 40 deg
Vertical Step: 0.6 m
Trench: 2 m
Fording Depth: 1.3 m

Communications
Note: See Fire Control

Missile System
Note #1: The S-300 family missiles have four clipped folding triangular moving control fins at the
rear and four thrust vector control vanes in the motor efflux.
Note #2: Missiles are vertically launched by a hot gas cartridge in the canister base. The motor
ignites once the missile reaches an altitude of 25 m.

Missile Launcher
Name: 5P85S or 5P85D launchers
Type: Tube Launcher
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Capability: Yes
Note: The missiles can be fired in a salvo with an interval between 3 and 5 seconds

Missile (Option 1)
Name: 48N6E2
Engine Type: Single-stage, solid-fuel-propelled
Type: INA
Length: 7.5 m
Width: 0.5 m
Weight: 1,780 kg
Warhead Weight: 70-100 kg
Maximum Range: 200 km
Guidance System: Track-via-missile
TVM Guidance Capable: Yes
ABM Capable: Yes
Maximum Velocity: 2,000 m/s
Speed: Mach 6
Kill Probability: 0.70 to 0.93 single shot
Ballistic Targets Range: 5-40 km
Basic Load: 4 per TEL
Maximum Altitude: 28 km
Minimum Altitude: 10 m
Note: The 48N6E2 can engage targets with a maximum speed of Mach 8.

Missile (Option 2)
Name: 5V55R/5V55KD
Type: INA
Length: 7 m
Diameter: 450 mm
Weight: 1,450 kg
Warhead Weight: 100 kg
Maximum Range: 90 km
Guidance System: SARH
Maximum Velocity: 1,900 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 1,150 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL

Missile (Option 3)
Name: 9M96E1
Type: INA
Length: INA
Width: INA
Weight: 330 kg
Warhead Weight: 24 kg
Maximum Range: 40 km
Guidance System: Active radar homing
Maximum Velocity: 900 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 4,800–5,000 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL
Probability of Kill: 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile

Missile (Option 4)
Name: 9M96E2
Type: INA
Width: INA
Weight: 420 kg
Warhead Weight: 24 kg
Maximum Range: 120 km
Guidance System: Active radar homing
Maximum Velocity: 1,000 m/s
Maximum Target Speed: 4,800–5,000 m/s
Basic Load: 4 per TEL
Probability of Kill: 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile

Fire Control
Command Post Vehicle: 54K6E2 Command Post Vehicle

Fire Control System

Name: 83M6E2 Command and Control System
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes, no less than 1km
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Number of Targets Engaged Simultaneously: 6 ea
GPS/GLONASS Enabled: Yes
Loran-C Capable: Yes
Fiber-optic Gyros: Yes
Note #1: The vehicle lowers four hydraulic jacks for launch
Note #2: The S-300PMU2 air defense missile system can simultaneously engage up to 36 air
targets by 72 missiles.

Radar #1
Name: 64N6 BIG BIRD
Type: Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar
NATO Reporting Name: BIG BIRD
Frequency/Band: 3D S-band radar
Target Detection Range: 600 km
Simultaneously Detected Targets: +300
Note #1: It has 3 400 elements on each side (a total of 7 800), which is a great number for a
radar in this band
Note #2: Regiment Radar

Radar #2
Name: 30N6E2 Tomb Stone
Type: Illumination and Guidance Radar
Mission: primarily designed to be used as an engagement radar and to track targets and guide
missiles to impact using a command link channel
NATO Reporting Name: FLAP LID B
NATO Frequency Band: I-J
Target Detection Range: 300 km
Azimuth Detection: 360 deg
Number of Tragets Detection: 100 ea
Simultaneously Engaged Targets: 6 ea
Maximum Target Speed: 30 - 2,800 m/s
Antenna: Antenna RPN 30N6E2 may rise to a special mobile tower 40V6M.
Chassis: The 30N6E2 Tomb stone radar is mounted on the high mobility truck chassis 8x8
MAZ-7910 vehicle derived from the MAZ-543
Missile Control: 72 km
Time Ready to Work: 5 min
Maximum Elevation: +60 deg
Minimum Elevation: -3 deg

Radar #3
Name: 96L6E - CHEESE BOARD Radar
Type: 3D early-warning and acquisition radar
NATO Reporting Name: CHEESE BOARD
Introduction Date: 1997
NATO Frequency Band: INA
Target Detection Range: 300 km
Simultaneously Tracked Targets: 100 ea
Works in Conjunction with: the 83M6E2 control post and S-300MPU2 launchers
Chassis: MAZ-7930 (8x8) truck chassis and is intended for use with the S-300PMU and
S-300PMU1 air defence systems as an upgrade to replace several existing radar's with a single
more capable system
Band: C-Band
Crew: Three operators are needed to run the set. Up to five operator consoles are provided
Antenna: The phased-array antenna with 96 radiating rows employs mechanical beamsteering in
azimuth and electronic beamsteering in elevation
Antenna Rotation: 5-10 rpm
Mean Time Betweeen Critical Failure: 10,000 hours
High Jam Resistance: Yes
Frequency Hoppying: Yes
High Clutter Rejection: Yes
Operation Modes: There are two operation modes implemented: Low altitude targets can be
acquired by constraining the mainlobe elevation angle between -3° and +1.5° using an antenna
rotation of 5 rpm
Note: The 96L6E “Cheese Board” is designed to replace the 36D6 “Tin Shield B” and 76N6 “Clam
Shell”.

Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA
Camouflage Nets: Yes, Standard
Note: Protection. Additional elements of protection are the placement of components of C-300 in
the trenches (practiced as placing on the hills for a better view and more rapid care of the
horizon, and in the trenches for stealth and protection against fragments of explosions).

Variants
S-300PMU2 Favorit/SA-20B: This is an upgraded variant with larger 9M96E and 9M96E2
missiles developed for the S-400 . It can also fire the previous 5V55K , 5V55R , 48N6E and
48N6E2 missiles. It is equipped with an improved guidance system. Unveiled in 1997, the system
has an increased range of 124 mi (200 km). The 48N6E2 missile features a warhead designed to
destroy ballistic missiles.
SAM-14 (SA-14 Gremlin) Iranian Man-Portable Air
Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > SAM-14 (SA-14 Gremlin) Iranian
Man-Portable Air Defense Missile System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The 9K34 Strela-3, NATO reporting name: SA-14 Gremlin is a man-portable air defense missile
system (MANPADS) developed in the Soviet Union as a response to the poor performance of the
earlier 9K32 Strela 2 (SA-7 Grail) system. The missile was largely based on the earlier Strela 2,
and thus development proceeded rapidly. The new weapon was accepted into service in the
Soviet Army in January 1974.

The most significant change over the Strela 2 was the introduction of an all-new infra-red homing
seeker head. The new seeker worked on FM modulation (con-scan) principle, which is less
vulnerable to jamming and decoy flares than the earlier AM (spin-scan) seekers, which were
easily fooled by flares and even the most primitive infrared jammers. The new seeker also
introduced detector element cooling in the form of a pressurized nitrogen bottle attached to the
launcher.

The effect of cooling was to expand the seeker's lead sulphide detector element's sensitivity
range to longer wavelengths (slightly over 4 µm as opposed to 2.8 µm of uncooled PbS
elements). In practice this made possible the tracking of cooler targets over longer ranges, and
enabled forward-hemisphere engagement of jets under favourable circumstances. The seeker
also had better tracking rate, enabling the missile to track maneuvering of fast and approaching
targets.

A negative side effect from the aforementioned improvements was increased missile weight,
which caused a slight decrease in the kinematic performance of the original Strela-2 (SA-7).
Against relatively slow, low-altitude battlefield air threats the overall effectiveness was much
improved.
Strela-3 missiles have been exported to over 30 countries.

The original Strela-3 missile was the 9M36. The follow-on to the Strela-3 was Igla.

The naval version of this missile has the NATO reporting name of SA-N-8.

System
Alternative Designations: 9K34 Strela-3 SA-14
Date of Introduction: 1978
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated Worldwide
Target: Air Defense
Description: The 9K34 Strela-3, NATO reporting name: SA-14 Gremlin) is a man-portable air
defense missile system (MANPADS) developed in the Soviet Union as a response to the poor
performance of the earlier 9K32 Strela 2 (SA-7 Grail) system.
Crew: 1, Normally 2 with a loader

Armament
Launcher Name: 9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin)
Missile Name: 9M36 or 9M36-1
Length: 1.4 m
Diameter: 75 mm
Weight: 10.3 kg
Reaction Time: 25 sec
Fire on the Move: Yes, in short halt
Max Range: 6,000 m
Min Range: 600 m
Max Altitude: 6,000 m
Min Altitude: 10; 0 with degraded Ph m
Fin Span: INA
Missile Speed: 600 m/s
Propulsion: 2-stage solid-propellant rocket
Guidance: 1-color passive IR homing
Seeker Field of View: INA
Tracking Rate: INA
Warhead Type: Frag-HE
Warhead Weight: 1.0 kg
Fuze Type: Contact/grazing
Probability of Hit: 50 FW/50 heli Ph%

Weapons and Ammunition Types

Ready missiles: Typical Combat Load
One-man 1
Normal Dismount 2
From AD Vehicle 5

Fire Control
Sights with magnification: Launch tube has simple sights
Gunner: INA
Gunner Field of View: INA
Gunner Acquisition Range: INA
Gunner Night Sight: None standard, but available
Acquisition Range: 6,000
IFF: Yes
SAM-14 (SA-16 Gimlet) Iranian Man-Portable Air-
Defense Systems (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > SAM-14 (SA-16 Gimlet) Iranian
Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The SAM-14 is a export of the Russian 9K310 Igla-1 (NATO: SA-16 Gimlet)

The 9K310 Igla-1 system and its 9M313 missile were accepted into service in the Soviet army on
11 March 1981. The main differences from the Strela-3 included an optional Identification Friend
or Foe system to prevent firing on friendly aircraft, an automatic lead and super elevation to
simplify shooting and reduce minimum firing range, a slightly larger rocket, reduced drag and
better guidance system extend maximum range and improve performance against fast and
maneuverable targets, an improved lethality on target achieved by a combination of delayed
impact fuzing, terminal maneuver to hit the fuselage rather than jet nozzle, an additional charge
to set off the remaining rocket fuel (if any) on impact, an improved resistance to infrared
countermeasures (both decoy flares and ALQ-144 series jamming emitters), and slightly
improved seeker sensitivity.

9K38 Igla (SA-18) missile and launcher top and 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16) missile and launcher below.
The seeker has two detectors – a cooled MWIR InSb detector for detection of the target and
uncooled PbS SWIR detector for detection of IR decoys (flares). The built-in logic determines
whether the detected object is a target or a decoy. The latest version (Igla-S) is reported to have
additional detectors around the main seeker to provide further resistance against pulsed IRCM
devices commonly used on helicopters.

The 9M313 missile features an aerospike mounted on a tripod (Igla's 9M39 missile has
aerospike attached directly to the seeker dome), which reduces a shock wave, thus providing
less dome heating and greater range. The name Igla is derived from these devices.

Like many other MANPADS, Igla-1 and Igla feature so-called rolling airframe missiles. These
missiles roll in flight (900 – 1200 rpm) so steering the missile requires just a single pair of
control surfaces, unlike roll-stabilized missiles, which require separate control surfaces for pitch
and yaw. Both 9M313 and 9M39 missiles contain a gas generator, which drives a small gas
turbine to provide electrical power, and the pistons, which move the canards used to steer the
missile in a bang-bang mode. In addition to that, two exhaust tubes of the gas generator are
placed perpendicular to the steering canards to provide maneuverability immediately after launch
when the missile airspeed is too low for canards to be effective. Later versions of Igla are
reported to use proportional control to drive the canards, which enables greater precision and
less oscillation of the flight path.

According to the manufacturer, South African tests have shown the Igla's superiority over the
contemporary (1982 service entry) but smaller and lighter American FIM-92A Stinger missile.
According to Kolomna OKB, the Igla-1 has a Pk (probability of kill) of 0.30 to 0.48 against
unprotected targets which is reduced to 0.24 in the presence of decoy flares and jamming. In
another report, the manufacturer claimed a Pk of 0.59 against an approaching and 0.44 against
receding F-4 Phantom II fighter not employing infrared countermeasures or evasive maneuvers

System
Alternative Designation: 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
Date of Introduction: 1981
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated
Type: Russian Man-Portable Infrared Homing Surface-to-Air Missile
Manufacturer: KB Mashinostroyeniya – developer of the system
Family: Igla
Crew: 1 ea
In Service: 1981-Present

Dimensions
Length: 1,574 m
Diameter: 72 mm
Height: INA
Weight, Missile Only: 10.8 kg
Weight, Full System: 13.9 kg

Missile System

System
Name: 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
Type: Russian Man-Portable Infrared Homing Surface-to-Air Missile
Launcher Name: 9P322 fibre glass launch canister
Missile Name: 9M313 missile
Warhead Weight: 1.17 kg
Explosive Weight: 390 grams
Detonation Mechanism: contact and grazing fuzes
Engine: solid fuel rocket motor
Operational Range: 5.2 km
Flight Ceiling: 3.5 km
Speed: 570 m/s
Guidance System: dual waveband infra-red (S-version
Taget Engagement Altitude: 100 to 3,500 m
Taget Engagement Range: 500 - 5,000 m
Reaction Time: 5-10 seconds
IFF System: Yes

Variants
Igla-1E: Export version.
Igla-1M: Improved version of 9K38 Igla. Entered service in Soviet Military during the late 1980s.
Igla-1D: A version for paratroopers and special forces.
Igla-1V: Air-launched version, mainly for combat helicopters.
Igla-1N: A version with heavier warhead at the cost of a slight reduction in range and speed.
Igla-1A: Export version
Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch): Newest variant with improved range, seeker, resistance to
countermeasures, and warhead.
Strelets Igla-S: The Strelets is designed for remote automated firing of the Igla and Igla-S
surface-to-air missile by single shot, ripple or in salvo. In service with Syria
3M-47 Gibka: A turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles.
Komar: Another turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles.
SAM-15 (SA-15 Gauntlet) Iranian Short-Range Surface-
to-Air Missile (SAM) System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > SAM-15 (SA-15 Gauntlet) Iranian Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM)
System

Tiers:

Notes
The Tor missile system (Russian: "Тор"; English: torus) is an all-weather low to medium altitude,
short-range surface-to-air missile system designed for engaging airplanes, helicopters, cruise
missiles, precision guided munitions, unmanned aerial vehicles and short-range ballistic threats
(Anti-Munitions). Originally developed by the Soviet Union under the GRAU designation 9K330
Tor, the system is commonly known by its NATO reporting name, SA-15 "Gauntlet". A navalized
variant was developed under the name 3K95 "Kinzhal", also known as the SA-N-9 "Gauntlet". Tor
was also the first air defence system in the world designed from the start to shoot down
precision guided weapons like the AGM-86 ALCM day and night, in bad weather and jamming
situations. Tor can detect targets while on the move. The vehicle must stop intermittently when
firing, although trials are being conducted to eliminate this restriction.

The closest foreign equivalent to the Tor, in function and operation, are systems like the British
Rapier missile and French Crotale missile systems, which some consider to have somewhat less
performance[8][9][10] than Tor (the other two systems being based on somewhat older
equipment). All three systems are mobile and self-propelled, Tor using the 9A330 combat vehicle,
which carries a crew of four (one driver, three operators), and acts as an autonomous
Transporter, Launcher, And Radar unit, or TLAR (similar to but not a TELAR, as it does not erect
the missile to a launch position). The 9A330 is based on the GM-355 chassis manufactured by
MMZ, the Tor-M1 using the improved GM-5955. It is equipped with NBC (nuclear, biological and
chemical) protection. Like Rapier and Crotale, in addition to the tracked vehicle, there are also
static and towed versions of the Tor, as well as a wheeled one. Mobility time is 3 minutes and it
can be transported by any transport means (including aerial). The reaction time of the original
Tor is 7–8 (standard) / 7–10 (if it is in motion) seconds.
Arranged in a similar fashion to the previous 9K33 Osa and 9K22 Tunguska (Russian: Тунгуска)
air defense systems, Tor's TLAR features a turret with a top mounted target acquisition radar, and
frontal tracking radar, with 8 ready to fire missiles stored vertically between the two radars. The
target acquisition radar is a F band pulse doppler 3D radar, equipped with a truncated parabolic
antenna, and a mechanically, later electronically, scanned in azimuth with a 32 degree sector
view, and has an average power output of 1.5 kW, which provides a maximum detection range of
25 km/16 mi. For reference, a McDonnell Douglas F-15 at an altitude of 6 km has a detection
probability of 0.8 at this range. The electronic ‘heart’ of the system is a digital fire control system,
which allows detection of up to 48 targets and the tracking of ten at any one time, and integrates
IFF functionality; the IFF antenna being mounted above the search radar.

The target engagement radar is a G band/H band (later K band) pulse doppler radar with an (in
azimuth) passive electronically scanned array antenna. The radar is classed as a thinned array
(design using fewer elements) incorporating only 570 phase shifters and uses linear polarization.
The radar has an average power output of 0.6 kW providing a maximum detection range of 20
km/12 mi. An F-15 type aircraft had a detection probability of 0.8 at this range. Originally Tor
could only engage one target at a time, and with only two of its missiles. Later variants of the Tor
system (Tor-M1 and M2E) incorporate additional fire control channels, as well as improved fire
control computers, allowing the system to engage two (M1) and then four (M2E) targets, whilst
simultaneously guiding up to four (M1) and then eight (M2E) missiles. There is also a small
antenna on the top of the target engagement radar to communicate with missiles after launch.
Together these radars carry the NATO reporting name "Scrum Half". To reduce the dimensions of
the vehicle, the target acquisition radar can be folded down horizontally when travelling, and the
tracking radar can partially rotate away from vertical. To allow engagements in the ECM heavy
environment that is the modern battlefield, the 9K332 is equipped with an optical tracking
system, complementing the main radar.

As a fully mobile system, the Tor is capable of acquiring and tracking targets while the TLAR is
moving. Due, however, to the interference with launch operations while on the move, missiles can
be fired only when the system is in a stationary position. Once set up, the reaction time (from
target detection to engagement) is described as 5–8 seconds, depending on the variant;
however, reaction time is somewhat longer (around 10 seconds) whilst in motion and firing in
short halts. To facilitate this mode of operation, an auxiliary power unit (APU) is fitted so that the
main engine can be shut down while the radar and missile system continue to operate when
stationary, enabling long periods of readiness. The digital computers allowed for a higher degree
of automation than any previous Soviet system of its type. Target threat classification is
automatic and the system can be operated with little operator input, if desired. The high
performance computing system combined with a passive electronically scanned array radar are
the main reasons for the system's high degree of accuracy, ability to intercept small, fast and
highly maneuverable targets, and the very fast reaction times of the system.

Typically, a battery of four Tor vehicles is accompanied by the mobile Ranzhir-M (Russian:
"Ранжир-М") command center, which provides automatic interaction with the SA-15,8,13,16. It
allows for efficient allocation of tasks between the individual Tor-M1 crews and allows each
TLAR to be linked into a wider air defense system, thereby increasing target detection range and
reducing reaction time.

Tor vehicles are accompanied by the mobile Polyana-D4, which provides automatic interaction
with the SA-15,17,19,23 (S-300V, Buk, Tor, Tunguska), (integrates all functions of several different
systems into a single whole + various air force aircraft + direct transfer of target designation).

Tor-M1 receiving commands from Ranzhir-M / Polyana-D4 can shoot down targets in the range
of 0–84 degrees. Tor-M1 system (the time of creating the version, 1991) can operate in a * pair *,
then the angle of observation was 0–64 degrees (vertical).
Combat vehicle of antiaircraft Tor missile system provides simultaneous detection of up to 48
targets.

System
Alternative Designation: Tor, SA-15
Date of Introduction: 1986
Type: Low to medium altitude, short-range surface-to-air missile
Family: 9K330 Series
Proliferation: Armenia (Tor M2)(pending)
Azerbaijan (Tor M2E)
Belarus
Air Force [17] (9K332 Tor M2E)
China
Army [42] (18 HQ-17, 24 Tor M1)
Cyprus
National Guard [6]
Egypt
Air Defense Command [10] (Tor M1)
Greece
Air Force [21] (Tor M1)
Iran
Air Force [29]
Russia
Army [120]
Manufacturer: IEMZ Kupol
Metrowagonmash (GM chassis designer),
MZKT (wheeled chassis designer)
In Service: 1986-Present
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: GM-355 special tracked chassis
Displacement Time: Less than 5 min
Emplacement Time: 3 min
Fire on the Move: No
Reloading Vehicle: Reloading vehicle is based on Ural-4320 6x6 heavy truck
Fully Reload Time: 18 Minutes
Note: This system can engage all kinds of modern air targets. It is used against aircraft,
helicopters, UAVs, various missiles and precision guided munitions. It destroys targets that long-
and medium-range air defense systems fail to hit.

Dimensions
Length: 8 m
Width: 3.2 m
Height, Combat Configuration: 4 m
Weight, Combat: 32 tons
Ground Pressure: INA kg/m

Automotive
Engine Name: V-46-2S1
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 780 hp
Cruising Range: 580 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 65 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 30 deg
Vertical Step: 1 m
Trench: 2 m
Fording Depth: 1 m
Hydropneumatic Suspension: Yes
Adjustable Ground Clearance: Yes

Communications
Primary: INA

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: 9A331 Combat Vehicle
Type: Vertical Launch
Note: The SA-15 can only engage one target at a time.

Missile
Name: 9M330
Type: Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM)
Length: 2.89 m
Diameter: 0.23 m
Wingspan: 650 mm
Weight: 165 kg
Engine: thruster jets with 2-stage solid-fuel rockets
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 14.8 kg
Range of Fire: 5-12 km
Maximum Altitude: 6 km
Minimum Altitude: 10 m
Basic Load: 8 ea
Guidance System: Radio Command Guidance System
Kill Probability against Helicopters: 50-88%
Kill Probability against Aircraft: 26-75%
Kill Probability against UAVs: 85-95%
Maximum Speed: Mach 3
Maximum Target Speed: 3,060 kph
Minimum Target Speed: 0 kph
Maximum Range: 12 km
Minimum Range: 100 m
Load Limit: 30 Gs
Fuze Type: RF proximity
Detonation Mechanism: RF Proximity
Propellant: Solid-fuel rocket
Boost time: Cold launch ejection for 20 m
Steering system: Gas dynamic control system, with four control surfaces
Note: The higher the target the higher the probability to hit the target.

Fire Control
Note: The Tor combat vehicle has radar and missiles based on a single vehicle.

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Radar: J/K-band
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Reaction Time (Target Detection to Launch): 8-12 seconds
Radar #1
Name: INA
Type: 3D pulse Doppler
Maximum Range against Aircraft: 25-27 km
Maximum Range against Helicopters: 12 km
Maximum Range against UAVs: 9-15 km
Search for Targets on the Move: Yes
Detect and Intercept Anti-Radiation Missiles: Yes
Coverage: up to 48 targets
Surveillance Band: G/H-band
Detection Range: 25 km
Guidance: Command; active terminal homing

Protection
Hull Armor: All-welded steel
Turret Armor: All-welded steel
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA
Air-Transportable: Yes
IFF: Yes

Variants
9K331 Tor M1: "Tor-M1", introduced in 1991 with the 9M331 missile, with greatly improved
missile accuracy and the ability to engage two targets simultaneously, minimum range 1.5 km
(0.93 mi), minimum height 0,01 km.
9K332 Tor-M2E: Upgrades have continued over the lifetime of the system, with developer Almaz
Antey unveiling the newest incarnation of the Tor missile system, the Tor-M2E,[26] at the MAKS
Airshow in 2007.
Tor-M1-2U: "Tor-M1-2U" entered service at the end of 2012. This system is designed to destroy
aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, missiles, and other precision guided weapons, flying at medium, low
and very low altitudes in all weather.
3K95 Kinzhal (Naval Variant): The 3K95 "Kinzhal" (Russian: Кинжал – dagger) is the naval
version of the Tor missile system developed by Altair and has the NATO reporting name SA-N-9
Gauntlet. Using the same 9M330 missile as the land based version, the system can be mounted
on vessels displacing over 800 tonnes and is known to be installed on Admiral Kuznetsov class
aircraft carriers, Kirov class multimission cruisers, Udaloy class anti-submarine destroyers and
Neustrashimy class frigates.
Tor-M2KM: The Tor-M2 km is a self-contained fighting module version of the system that can be
mounted in various locations. In October 2016, it was loaded onto the helipad of the Admiral
Grigorovich frigate by means of an ordinary wharf crane and fixed in position with steel chains to
fire at simulated cruise missiles while the ship was underway. This could give advanced SAM
capabilities to vessels without the capacity to install the larger and heavier Kinzhal system; it can
also be mounted on a truck, building roof, or any horizontal surface at least 2.5 m wide and 7.1 m
long.
Tor-M2DT: The system is especially designed to be used for Arctic region at temperatures up to
-50 degrees C based on the chassis of the DT-30PM tracked all-terrain vehicle and is capable of
detecting over 40 air targets, especially high-precision weapons, and to track and engage up to
four of them simultaneously at a range of up to 12 km and altitudes up to 10 km with its 16
missiles even on the move. Its creation was completed in 2018 and the first delivery of 12
systems was held in November of the same year
Tor-2E: JSC Rosoboronexport, part of the Rostec State Corporation, has started promoting the
newest Tor-E2 SAM system developed and produced by the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defense
Concern in 2018. Tor-E2 combat vehicle is an independent, mobile, all-terrain fighting unit that
provides detection and identification of air targets on the march and at the halt, target lock-on
and engagement at the halt, from a short stop and on the move. A battery of the four-channel
Tor-E2 SAM systems, consisting of four combat vehicles, can simultaneously engage up to 16
targets flying from any direction at a range of at least 15 km and an altitude of up to 12 km.
HQ-17 (China Variant): The HQ-17 (Hongqi-17) is China's reported variant of the Tor-M1 system.
FM-2000: FM-2000 is a mobile short-range air-defence (SHORAD) system unveiled by China
Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation at the 2018 Zhuhai Airshow. Its range is 15 km and
engagement altitude is 10 km. It is carried on a 3 axle TEL. It is a version of the HQ-17
SAM-18 (SA-18 Grouse) Iranian Man-Portable Air-
Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > SAM-18 (SA-18 Grouse) Iranian
Man-Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
The SA-18 Grouse or Igla or 9K38 is a Russian made man-portable infrared homing surface-to-air
missile defence system (SAM/MANPAD). This is a third-generation, man-portable, surface-to-air
missile system and it is given the Russian industrial index number 9K38, for the complete
system. The SA-18 Grouse with its 9M39 missile was accepted into service in the Soviet Army in
1983.

The full-capability 9K38 Igla with its 9M39 missile was finally accepted into service in the Soviet
Army in 1983. The main improvements over the Igla-1 included much improved resistance
against flares and jamming, a more sensitive seeker, expanding forward-hemisphere
engagement capability to include straight-approaching fighters (all-aspect capability) under
favourable circumstances, a slightly longer range, a higher-impulse, shorter-burning rocket with
higher peak velocity (but approximately same time of flight to maximum range).

The naval variant of 9K38 Igla has the NATO reporting name SA-N-10 Grouse.

The Igla–1M missile consists of a Ground Power Supply Source (GPSS), Launching Tube,
Launching Mechanism & Missile (9M 313–1).

There is also a two-barrel 9K38 missile launcher called Djigit.

System
Alternative Designation: 9K38 Igla; SA18 Grouse
Date of Introduction: 1983
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated

Igla and Igla-1 SAMs have been exported from the former Soviet Union to over 30 countries,
including Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria (former producer), Croatia,
Cuba, East Germany, Egypt, Ecuador, Eritrea, Finland, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, the Republic of
Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, North Korea, Peru, Poland, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia,
Slovenia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and Zimbabwe.
Type of Targets: Tactical aircraft, helicopter, UAV and cruise missile
Family: 9K38 Igla
Crew: 1 ea
Reaction Time: 5-10 Seconds
Note: The Igla–1M missile consists of a Ground Power Supply Source (GPSS), Launching Tube,
Launching Mechanism & Missile (9M 313–1)

Dimensions
Length, Missile: 1.574 m
Diameter, Missile: 72 mm
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: See Missile Information

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: 9M 313–1 launching mechanism
Type: Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Note: There is also a two-barrel 9K38 missile launcher called Djigit

Missile
Name: 9M39 Missile
Type: Portable Air-Defense Missile System (MANPADS)
Engine: Solid Fuel Rocket Motor
Length: 1.574 m
Diameter: 72 mm
Weight, Full System: 17.9 kg
Weight, Missile: 10.8 kg
Weight, Warhead: 1.7 kg
Warhead Type: Directed-energy blast fragmentation
Fuze Type: Delayed impact, magnetic and grazing
Target Engagement: 5,200 m
Speed: 600 m/s
Maximum Effective Range: 5,200 m
Maximum Target Speed, Receding: 360 m/s
Maximum Target Speed, Approaching: 320 m/s
Seeker Head Type: Nitrogen-cooled, Indium antimonide (InSb) and uncooled lead sulfide (PbS)
Seeker Scanning: FM-modulated
Maximum Altitude: 3500 m
Minimum Altitude: 10 m
Guidance System: Passive IR homing device and night vision (operating in the medium IR range)
NOTE: Missile is pitched by guidance unit over the lead point to avoid premature ground
detonation when engaging targets at less than 10m. This slows engagement time.

Variants
Igla-1E: Export version.
Igla-1M: Improved version of 9K38 Igla. Entered service in Soviet Military during the late 1980s.
Igla-1D: Igla-1D
Igla-1V: Air-launched version, mainly for combat helicopters.
Igla-1N: A version with heavier warhead at the cost of a slight reduction in range and speed.
Igla-1A: Export version
Strelets Igla-S / Igla: The Strelets is designed for remote automated firing of the Igla and Igla-S
surface-to-air missile by single shot, ripple or in salvo. In service with Syria
3M-47 Gibka: A turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles
Komar: Another turret for ships that is equipped with Igla missiles
SAM-22 (SA-22 Greyhound) Iranian Short-Range Air
Defense Gun/Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
SAM-22 (SA-22 Greyhound) Iranian Short-Range Air Defense Gun/Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
Iran imports many of their military weapons and equipment from China and Russia. The SAM-22
is a exported Pantsir-S1 (SA-22 Greyhound).

The Pantsir missile system is a family of self-propelled, medium-range surface-to-air missile

systems. Pantsir-S1 (Russian: Панцирь-С1, NATO reporting name SA-22 Greyhound) is the first
version and is a combined short to medium range surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft artillery
weapon system produced by KBP of Tula, Russia. The system is a further development of 2K22
Tunguska (NATO reporting name: SA-19/SA-N-11) and represents the latest air defence
technology by using phased array radars for both target acquisition and tracking. Although more
are planned to made later into 2019, only 112 of the 200 made continue to operate due to newer,
more efficient models being made.

The Pantsir-S1 was designed to provide point air defence of military/industrial/administrative

installations against aircraft, helicopters, precision munitions, cruise missiles and UAVs and to
provide additional protection to air defence units from enemy air attacks employing precision
munitions especially at the low to extremely low ranges.

The first finished version was completed in 1995 with the 1L36 radar, later another was designed.
It is a short to medium range ground-based air defence system, wheeled, tracked or stationary
with two to three operators. Its air defense consists of automatic anti-aircraft guns and surface-
to-air missiles with radar or optical target-tracking and radio-command guidance.

Its purpose is the protection of civil and military point and area targets, for motorised or
mechanised troops up to regimental size or as defensive asset of higher ranking air defence
systems like S-300/S-400. The system has capability for anti-munitions missions. It can hit
targets on the waterline/above-water. It can operate in a fully automatic mode. It has the ability
to work in a completely passive mode. The probability of hitting a target for 1 rocket is not less
than 0.7 with a reaction time of 4–6 seconds.It can fire missiles and gun armament while in
motion. For its main radar station, early detection in height may be between 0-60° or 26-82°
depending on the mode. The system has claimed significant advantages over other systems,
such as Crotale NG (France), Roland-3 (France + USA), Rapier 2000 (UK), SeaRAM (Germany +
USA). This is not confirmed by comparative testing, but clearly follows from declared limit of
possibilities of systems (2010). In 2013, there was a variant with two radar stations for early
detection * standing back to back *. The system has a modular structure which enables a fast
and easy replacement of any part.

After receiving target coordinates (from any source) it may defeat the target (using all the radar
except the early detection radar) within a range from -5 to +85 degrees (vertical). The interval
between missile launches is 1-1.5 seconds (a world record for analogue systems).

S-400 Triumf and Pantsir missile system can be integrated into a two-layer defense system

System
Alternative Designation: SA-22E

Other spellings: Pantsyr, Pantzyr, Pantzir.

Date of Introduction: By 2004
Proliferation: Algeria: 938; Iran: 10; Russia: 100; Syria: 916; UAE: 1,500
Target: FW, heli, CM, ASM, UAV, guided bomb
Primary Components per Battery: 6 ea
Combat Vehicle Description: N/A
Crew: 3 ea
Combat Weight: 20 mt
Chassis: Kamaz-6560
Radio: R-173, R-173P

Dimensions
Height, Overall: INA m
Length, Overall: 10 m
Width, Overall: 2.5 m
Wheelbase: 3.6 m

Automotive
Automotive Performance: Performance data based on Kamaz-6560
Engine Type: YaMZ-5367 diesel, 450hp
Speed: 90 km/h
Cruising Range: 1000 km
Fording Depths: 1.8 m
Ground Clearance: 400 mm
Side slope: 40 %
Vertical Step: 600 mm
Angel of Approach: 31 deg

Armament

Gun
Name: 2A38
Type: Autocannon
Rate of Fire (2 twin guns): 4,800 rd/min
Reload Time: 15-16 min, gun ammunition and missiles min
Elevation: -5 to + 87 deg
Fire on Move: Yes

Missile
Name: 57E6-E/9M335/SA-22E
Max. Range: <12,000 1,500 m 18,000 above 1,500m Min. Range: 1,500 m
Max. Altitude: 10,000 Min. Altitude: 5, 0 with degraded Ph m
Length in Cannister: 3.2 Diameter (mm): 170/90 second stage m
Weight: 65 kg
Weight in Container: 85 kg
Missile Speed: 1,300 m/s
Guidance: Radar SACLOS, ACLOS, Homeon- Jam
Seeker Field of View: INA deg
Warhead Type: Fragmenting rod and HE
Warhead Weight: 16 kg
Fuze Type: Proximity, PD, and KE impact
Probability of Hit (Undegraded): 80 %
Simultaneous Missiles: 3
Self-Destruct: INA sec
System Reaction time: 5-6 sec
Fire on Move: Yes, short halt or slow move
Simultaneous Targets: 2 per vehicle

Main Armament Ammunition

Description: An optimized mix uses 2 rounds, with each having similar ballistics. The below
rounds offer flat trajectory, long range, armor penetration, high P-hit, and frangible round (KE/'CE)
effects.
Type: APFSDS-T, M929
Range: 200-2,500+ m
Altitude: 0-3,000 m
Penetration: 45 (RHA) 2,000 m mm CE
Other Ammuntion Types: Earlier 30 x 165 rounds: Frag-HE and HEI-T, API, API-T, APDS

Weapons & Ammunition Types Typical Combat Load

57E6-E Missiles: Pantsir -S1 12
-S1-0 12
On Launchers 8
Spares inside 4
2 x 30-mm twin-barrel autocannons Mix of FAPDS-T and APFSDS-T: 1,400

Fire Control

Gunner's Sight
Gunner: 1TPP1
Field of View: 1.8 x 2.6 deg
Acq Range Air Targets: 18 Auto-tracker: Dual Infrared/video tracker km
IFF: Yes
Stabilized day/night: Yes
Dual Channel Infrared Thermal Sight: Yes
Video Tracker: Yes
Passive acquisition modes: Yes

Target Acquisition Radar

Range: INA
Altitude: INA
Output Power: 10 kW
RF Band: E

Tracking Radar
Range: INA
Altitude: 3500 m
Output Power: 150 kW
RF Band: J
Variants
PANTSIR-S1: The gun/missile system module can be mounted on various chassis. The early
version is mounted on a Ural-5323 truck, used for site defense of stationary targets. It had three
radars and 2A72 gun. A production version has newer radars, guns, and 12 missile launchers.
PANTSIR-S1-0: "Unified Armament Turret" with 8 launchers (12 SAMS) and 2 guns mounts on
various chassis (e.g., trucks, BTR-80, BMP-3, BMD-3, trailers, and stands). Russians now offer
this variant on the 2S6 (GM-352) chassis. A low cost version has missiles and only EO guidance.
SAM-6 (Gainful) Iranian Surface-to-Air Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
SAM-6 (Gainful) Iranian Surface-to-Air Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The SAM-6 (Gainful) is a export of the Russian 2K12 (NATO: SA-6 Gainful).

The 2K12 "Kub" (NATO reporting name: SA-6 "Gainful") mobile surface-to-air missile system is a
Soviet low to medium-level air defence system designed to protect ground forces from air attack.
"2К12" is the GRAU designation of the system.

Each 2K12 battery consists of a number of similar tracked vehicles, one of which carries the
1S91 (SURN vehicle, NATO designation "Straight Flush") 25 kW G/H band radar (with a range of
75 km (47 mi)) equipped with a continuous wave illuminator, in addition to an optical sight. The
battery usually also includes four triple-missile transporter erector launchers (TELs), and four
trucks, each carrying three spare missiles and a crane. The TEL is based on a GM-578 chassis,
while the 1S91 radar vehicle is based on a GM-568 chassis, all developed and produced by MMZ.

he 2K12 system shares many components with the 2K11 Krug (SA-4) system. In many ways they
are designed to complement each other; 2K11 is effective at long ranges and high altitudes,
2K12 at medium ranges and intermediate altitudes.

The system is able to acquire and begin tracking targets using the 1S91 "Самоходная
установка разведки и наведения" (SPRGU - "Self-propelled Reconnaissance and Guidance
Unit" / NATO: "Straight Flush" radar) at 75 km (47 mi) and begin illumination and guidance at 28
km (17 mi). IFF is also performed using this radar. It can only guide one or two missiles to a
single target at any time. The missile is initially command guided with terminal semi-active radar
homing (SARH), with target illumination provided by the "Straight Flush" radar. Detonation is via
either the impact or proximity fuze. On the latest models, this vehicle is also fitted with an optical
tracking system which allows engagement without the use of the radar (for active RF emissions
stealth reasons, or due to heavy ECM jamming) in which case the effective altitude is limited to
14 km/46000 ft. The optical tracking method also allows engagements to altitudes below that
where the radar is able to track targets. Maximum target speed is around Mach 2 for head-on
engagements and Mach 1 for tail-chase engagements. Top speed of the missile is approximately
Mach 2.8.

In contrast to the elaborate Patriot missile or even the simpler Hawk system fielded by US forces,
most of the system rides on two tracked self-propelled vehicles, rather than towed or mounted
on trucks, and either the launcher or control vehicle can be set to launch in only 15 minutes after
changing location.

System
Alternative Designations: 2K12 Kub; SA-6 Gainful
Date of Introduction: 1960
Type: Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system
Target: Low to medium altitude FW and heli for SA-6a. FW, heli, CM for SA-6b FW, heli, TBM, CM,
UAV, and ground targets for SA-6b/Kvadrat-M4.
Proliferation: 500 launchers, 10,000 missiles
Manufactuer: Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (SURNs)
ZiK (TELs)

Still in Service in over 25 countries through Russia, Africa, and Asia.

In Service: 1960-Present
Chassis: Modified PT-76
Launch Vehicle: 2P25 SPU Launch Vehicle
Crew: 3

Dimensions
Length, Hull: 6.79 m
Length, with Missiles: 7.39 m
Height, Hull Top: 1.80 m
Height, with Missiles: 3.45 m
Width: 3.18 m
Tracks Length on the Ground: 3.80 m
Track Width: 0.36 m
Ground Clearance: 0.40 m
Combat Weight: 14,000 kg
Ground Pressure: 0.48 kg/cm sq

Automotive
Engine Name: Model V-6R
Engine Type: water-cooled, in-line 6-cylinder diesel
Engine Power: 240 hp at 1,800 rpm
Power-to-weight ratio: 17.14 hp/metric ton
Fuel Capacity: 250 Liters
Suspension: torsion bar, 6 road wheels, rear drive, front idler, two hydraulic shock absorbers, no
return rollers
Transmission: manual, 5 forward and 1 reverse gears
Electrical system: 24 v
Batteries: 2 x 12 v, 100 Ah (for vehicle)
Maximum Speed: 44 km/h
Maximum Range, Road: 260 km/h
Vertical Obstacle: 1.00 m
Trench: 2.50 m
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Fording: 1.10 m

Communications
Tactical Radio: Depends on which country the SA-6 is operating in.

Armament
Launcher: 2P25 SPU Launch Vehicle
Name: Kub-M3/3M9M3
Reaction Time (sec): 22-24 sec
Time Between Launches (sec): INA
Reload Time (min): 10 min
Fire on Move: No
Simultaneous targets launcher: 1 ea
Simultaneous targets battery: 1 ea
Simultaneous missiles battery: 1-4 ea
Emplacement Time (min): 5 or less min
Displacement Time (min): 15 for a battery min
Missile (Option 1)
Name: Kub-M1
Missiles per TEL: 3
Engagement Range: 4–23 km
Engagement Altitude: 80–8,000 m
Missile Speed: Mach 1.75
Maximum Target Speed: Mach 1.75
Response Time: 22–24 sec
Missile Weight: 630 kg
Deployment Time: 5 Min
Guidance System: semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 2)
Name: Kub-M3
Missiles per TEL: 3
Engagement Range: 4–25 km
Engagement Altitude: 20–8,000 m
Missile Speed: Mach 2
Maximum Target Speed: Mach 1.75
Response Time: 22–24 sec
Missile Weight: 630 kg
Deployment Time: 5 min
Guidance System: semi-active radar homing

Missile (Option 3)
Name: Kub-M4 (Buk-M1)
Missiles per TEL: 3
Engagement Range: 4–24 km
Engagement Altitude: 30–14,000 m
Missile Speed: Mach 2
Maximum Target Speed: Mach 1.75
Response Time: 24 sec
Deployment Time: 5 min
Guidance System: semi-active radar homing

Fire Control
FCS Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
EO sighting system: TV
Commander and driver: IR
IFF: Pulse-doppler

Radar Vehicle
Name: SURN 1S91 "Straight Flush" Radar
Type: fire control and guidance radar associated with surface-to-air „Kub“ (kyrillisch: Куб; english:
cube, NATO-Bezeichnung: SA-5 Gammon) missile system.
Band: It is operating in C-Band surveillance and aquisition radar, combined with an operating in I-
Band tracking and illuminating radar.
Peak Power: 600 kW
Maximum Range: 75 km
Beamwidth: 1 deg
Antenna Rotation: 15 or 20 min-1

Additional Radar Systems Available

Note: The 2K12 can also be used at a regimental level, if used as such it can be accompanied by
a number of additional radar systems for extended air search at longer range and lower altitude,
to supplement the 1S91 "Straight Flush". These systems include the: P-12 "Spoon Rest", a VHF
early warning radar (also used by the SA-2), with a 200 kilometres (120 mi) range. P-40 "Long
Track", an E band early warning radar (also used by the SA-4 and SA-8), with a 370 kilometres
(230 mi) range. P-15 "Flat Face A", a UHF early warning radar (also used by the SA-3, with a 150
kilometres (93 mi) range. "Thin Skin" or "Side Net" E band height finding radar (also used by the
SA-2, SA-4 and SA-5, range 240 km/148 miles) "Score Board" IFF radar The "Spoon Rest" and
"Thin Skin" are mounted on a truck, "Long Track" on a tracked vehicle (a modified AT-T) and "Flat
Face" on a van. It is unknown what kind of mounting the "Score Board" has. Without the P-40
"Long Track" mobile radar vehicle, the 2K12 is unable to track aircraft at high altitudes.

Protection
Hull Armor Type: 9.40 mm
Turret Armor: 9.40 mm
Applique Armor: No
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes, collective overpressure and filtration
Smoke Protection: INA
Variants
Gainful Mod 1 (SA-6b): Initial operating capability (IOC) was reached in 1979. This system is
mounted on a variant of the MT-LB general-purpose tractor that also carries missile guidance
radar.
Sayyad-1 (SA-2 Guideline) Iranian Strategic Surface-to-
Air (SAM) System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > Sayyad-1 (SA-2 Guideline) Iranian Strategic Surface-to-Air (SAM) System

Tiers:

Notes
The Sayyad-1 (SA-2/Guideline) is a two-stage medium-to-high altitude, radar-tracking SAM.
Because its range is generally 35 to 50-kms, it is more of an MRAD system than LRAD. The
weapon is a national-level asset usually found in the rear area with the mission of site defense of
static assets such as supply and command installations. It is fired from a single-rail ground-
mounted launcher that can be moved by a truck. The missiles are carried on a special
transloader-semi-trailer towed by a ZIL truck. AN SA-2 regiment consists of three battalions, each
having a single firing battery. Each battery has six launchers arranged in a star formation,
centrally positioned fan song fire control radar, and a loading vehicle. The two forward batteries
usually locate 40 to 50 km behind front lines; the third battery locates approx.. 80 km behind.

Limitations include limited effectiveness against updated ECM, restricted mobility, and limited
effectiveness against low-altitude targets.

System
Alternative Designation: Volga-75SM, S-75 Dvina, V-75 Volkhov
Date of Introduction: 1998
Function: The SA-2 Guideline is a long-range, high-altitude, surface-to-air missile (SAM) in
widespread use in Russia and other countries.
Proliferation: Total: +4,600 Launchers Built

Armenia – 79 Launchers
Azerbaijan – 25
Bulgaria – 18
People's Republic of China
Cuba
Egypt – 240, Tayer el-Sabah variant
Ethiopia – Some developed into self-propelled systems
Iran – 300+ Launchers, HQ-2J and indigenous Sayyad-1/1A & 2.
Kyrgyzstan – few
Libya
Mongolia
Myanmar – 48 next 250 in 2008
North Korea – up to 270
Pakistan – HQ-2B in service with the Pakistan Air Force.
Romania
Sudan – 700
Syria – 275
Tajikistan – few
Vietnam – 280
Yemen
Zimbabwe
In Service: 1998-Present
Manufacturer: Raspletin KB-1 (head developer),
Grushin MKB Fakel (missile developer),
Lavochkin OKB
Crew: INA ea
Wars: Vietnam War, Six-Day War, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Yom
Kippur War, Cold War, Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War, War in Abkhazia (1992–93), First Libyan Civil War,
Syrian Civil War, Yemeni Civil War (2015–present), Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,
Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)
Guidance System: Radio command guidance from Fan Song A/B; or E/F-band missile control
radar; or
Fan Song D/E G-band missile control radar
Many installations have Spoon Rest early warning radar.
Note: Each battalion will typically have six, semi-fixed, single-rail launchers for their V-750
missiles positioned approximately 60 to 100 m (200 to 330 ft) apart from each other in a
hexagonal "flower" pattern, with radars and guidance systems placed in the center. It was this
unique "flower" shape that led to the sites being easily recognizable in reconnaissance photos.
Typically another six missiles are stored on tractor-trailers near the center of the site.

Dimensions
Booster Diameter: 0.70 m
Second Stage Diameter: 0.50 m
Length: 10.47 m
Wingspan: 2.50 m
Total Weight: INA

Automotive
Primary Propulsion Type: solid-fuel booster
Primary Propulsion Duration: 4-5 sec
Secondary Propulsion Type: liquid-fuel (nitric acid/hydrocarbon) sustainer
Secondardy Propulsion Duration: 22 sec
Note: The missiles themselves are carried by a special transloader semi-trailer, which is towed by
a Zil truck.

Communications
Primary: INA
Secondary: INA

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: Rail Guided
Launcher Weight: 2,165 kg
Launch Rail/Tubes: Single rail, ground mounted (not mobile)
Reload Time: 12 min
Note: S-75 Dvina and equipped with either V-750 or V-750V missiles.

Missile
Name: Either the V-750 or V-750V missiles.
Type: Standard
Missile Length: 10.60 m
Missile Diameter: 0.70 m
Weight at Launch: 2,300 kg
Warhead Weight: 190 kg
Warhead Type: HE 200kg (295kg SA-2E) 188kg (HQ-2B/F/J/P), possible nuclear
Guidance System: Command
Maximum Velocity (Mach): Mach 4
Bursting Radius Low Altitude: 125-135 m
Bursting Radius High Altitude: 250 m
Kill Radius: 65 m
CEP: 76 m
Maximum Effective Range: 30 km
Minimum Effective Range: 7 km
Maximum Altitude: 22,000 m
Minimum Altitude: 3,000 m

Fire Control System

Radar #1
Name: Spoon Rest
Type: Spoon Rest is a Russian ground-based, early warning radar that later evolved into the Knife
Rest** series.
Band: A
Frequency: 147-161 MHz
Pulse Width: 4-6 microseconds
Maximum Range: 275 km
Vertical Beamwidth: 2.5 deg
Horizontal Beamwidth: 7-9 deg
Peak Power: 180-350 kW
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 310-400 Hz

Radar #2
Name: P-15 Flat Face
Type: 2D UHF radar developed and operated by the former Soviet Union
Band: L-Band
Frequency: 810-950 MHz
Peak Power: 400 kW
Maximum Range: 250 km

Radar #3
Name: PRV-11 Side Net
Type: Side Net is a ground-based height-finding radar used in a ground control intercept (GCI)
mode with early-warning radars Bar Lock , Back Net and Tall King
Band: E Band
Frequency: 2,560-2,710 MHz
Antenna Height: 8.50 m
Antenna Width: 3.50 m
Average Range: 180 km
Maximum Range: 400 km
NOD CYCLES/SEC: 5-30
Pulse Width: 3/1.5 micro sec
Average Power: 1.3 kW
Peak Power: 1.2 MW

Radar #4
Name: Fan Song A/B/F
Type: Fire control & Tracking Radar
Band: E/F, G Band
Frequency: 3 GHz (S-band)
Peak Power: 600 kW
Maximum Range: 60 km

Variants
SA-2A (Guideline Mod 0): This was the initial variant of the SA-2, which was deployed around
Moscow, Leningrad and in the Baku region. It was guided by the Fan Song A radar system. It was
probably a pre-production version.
SA-2B (Guideline Mod 1): This improved version replaced the Mod 0. It is slightly longer than the
Guideline Mod 0 and is guided by the Fan Song B radar system.
SA-2C (Guideline Mod 2): Developed at the same time as the Guideline-B, this variant is equipped
with a modified Fan Song C/D G-band engagement radar. The missile itself has a longer
engagement range and can attack targets that are at lower altitudes than earlier versions of the
SA-2.
SA-2D (Guideline Mod 3): This short-lived variant fired V-750AK missiles and operated with the
Fan Song E radar. It was more capable of defeating targets in hostile electronic warfare
environments. It was eventually superseded in Soviet service by the Guideline Mod 4.
SA-2E (Guideline Mod 4): This variant, also known as the S-75M Volga, used the V-755 missile,
which was characterized by a swelled warhead section that could be fitted with a 25 kT nuclear
warhead. It was guided by the Fan Song F radar.
SA-2F (Guideline Mod 5): This variant, also designated the S-75M3 Volkhov, was developed with
some technology derived from the SA-3 Goa ** (see separate record). It utilizes the improved Fan
Song E radar, which is much more capable of hitting targets in a heavy ECM environment. This is
accomplished by deploying a two-man t eam in a "dog house" on top of the radar. These two
crewmembers track targets when the normal automatic tracking system has been jammed.
S-75 Volga 2A: This version was developed in 1995. Twelve digital assemblies replaced 78
analog assemblies. It fired an upgraded V-755 missile and used a modernized Fan Song F radar.
It was primarily intended for export.
S-75 Volga 2T: Belarusian firm Tetraedr in 2004 began offering the S-75 Volga 2T upgrade kit.
This included digital electronics and enhanced radars, launch control and missiles.
SA-N-2: This is the naval version of the SA-2. The mount included a twin-arm launcher fed by a
large drum magazine. A navalized version of the Fan Song E radar was equipped, along with a
High Lune** height finding radar.
Iraqi modified SA-2 Guideline: Iraq announced in 1989 that it had modified a number of SA-2s
with an infrared terminal guidance system that improved the missile's capability against targets
in high ECM environments. If the missile lost lock at this stage, the weapon could switch back to
radio guidance. Iraq also attempted other modifications
CSS-8: his is a short-range ballistic missile based on the SA-2.
Sayyad-1: This is an Iranian reverse-engineered version of the SA-2. It is believed to have entered
service in 1998. The design is also influenced by the Chinese HQ-2 and may feature some North
Korean technology.
Sayyad-2: This is an Iranian upgrade of the Sayyad-1, based on both the SA-2 and the Chinese
HQ-2.
RM-75MVU-1/VU-1 target missiles: his is a low-altitude (RM-75MVU-1) and high-altitude
(RM-75VU-1) target missile based on the SA-2 was announced by Russia in mid-2004. The target
missiles were to be used to test new surface-to-air missile systems being designed by the Almaz
research and production association.
Qaher-1/-M2: These variants based on the S-75/SA-2 have been used by Houthi rebels in Yemen.
The Qaher-1 was revealed in 2015 with a range of 186.4 mi (300 km) and warhead weighing
440.9 lb (200 kg).
 Shahab Saghib (Shooting Star) Iranian Short-Range Air
Defense Missile System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
Shahab Saghib (Shooting Star) Iranian Short-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
Shahab Saghib (Shooting Star) is based on the Chinese FM-80

The HQ-7 SAM is used by PLA and PLAAF for short-range air-defense. At some PLAAF bases, the
HQ-7 is deployed in hardened shelters. The PLA has mounted the HQ-7 on towed trailers. The
HongQi 7 (HQ-7) short-range air defense missile system has been developed in China in the
1980s. It is a reverse engineered copy of the French Crotale. Sometimes it is referred as Sino
Crotale. In 1978-1979 China imported some of the Thomson-CSF Crotale systems for evaluation.
These where both land-based and ship-based versions. Some French R-440 Sea Crotale systems
were purchased and installed on the Chinese warships. Eventually China reverse engineered this
system. First Chinese clone of the ground-based version was produced for testing in 1983. In
1986-1988 it was approved for production. The HQ-7 was also deployed by the Chinese air force
and protected the air bases from air attacks. Since 1989 the HQ-7 was proposed for export
customers as the FM-80.

System
Alternative Designation: HQ-7, FM-80, HongQi 7, Fei Meng, Flying Midge" or Flying Mongoose,
Date of Introduction: 1988
Type: Short-Range Air Defense Missile System
Family: HQ-7
Proliferation: Algeria:

Algerian Navy: on board C28A Class Corvette

Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Army: 2 Regiments of FM-90 in service.

Bangladesh Navy:FM-90N in service.

Bangladesh Air Force: 5 Batteries of FM-90 in service.

People's Republic of China:

People's Liberation Army Air Force
People's Liberation Army Ground Force

People's Liberation Army Navy

Pakistan:
Pakistan Army
Pakistan Navy

Turkmenistan:
Turkmen Air Force: 5

Iran: INA
Manufacturer: China, Company: INA
In Service: 1988-Present
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R chassis
Displacement Time: INA minutes
Emplacement Time: INA minutes
Fire on the Move: INA
Note #1: It is a reverse engineered copy of the French Crotale.
Note #2: A battery of HQ-7 consists of one vehicle with acquisition radar and two or three TELAR
vehicles. Also each battery is supported by a maintenance group with around 10 support
vehicles.

Dimensions (Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R Chassis)

Length: INA m
Width: INA m
Height: INA m
Weight, Combat: INA kg
Ground Pressure: INA kg/m

Automotive (Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R Chassis)

Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: petrol / diesel
Engine Power: INA hp
Cruising Range: 600 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 80 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 30 deg
Vertical Step: 0.5 m
Trench: 0.5 m
Fording Depth: 0.5 m

Communications

Missile System

Missile Launcher
Name: INA
Type: TELAR vehicle
Firing Interval: 3 seconds
Operational Response Time: 6-10 seconds
Single-Shot Kill Rate: 85-90 %

Missile
Name: 4-cel or 8-cel missile launcher
Type: Short-Range Air Defense Missile
Length: 3 m
Diameter: 0.55 m
Wingspan: 0.55 m
Weight: 84.5 kg
Warhead Type: HE-FRAG
Warhead Weight: 15 kg
Maximum Range of Fire: up to 12 km
Minimum Range of Fire: 500-700 m
Maximum Altitude of Fire: 5.5 km
Minimum Altitude of Fire: 15 m
Basic Load: 4 ea
Speed: Mach 2.3 or 750 m/s
Missile Maneuverability: 20 G
Maximum Kill Distance at 400 m/s: 8.5 km
Maximum Kill Distance at 300 m/s: 10 km
Maximum Kill Distance at Helicopter: 12 km
Minimum Kill Distance: 500 m
Homing Range: 17 km
Target Seeking Range: 18.4 km
Guidance System: Radar
Note: The HQ-7 can engage helicopters, aircraft, cruise missiles, air-to-ground missiles and anti-
radiation missiles.

Fire Control

Fire Control System

Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: No
Indirect Fire: Yes
Fire Control Sensors: Yes
IADS Integration: INA
Optical Aiming System: Yes
Target Processing Unit: Yes, the system can process 30 targets & track 12 targets
simultaneously
Generators: 4 x 40 kW generators
Target Processing Unit: Yes
Network: Wired Network

Radar #1
Name: INA
Type: Doppler Search Radar
Band: E/F Band
Range: 18.4 km
TV Tracking System: Yes
IR Localiser: Yes

Protection
Hull Armor: Protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters.
Turret Armor: Protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters.
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Countermeasures: Resists active and passive jamming and rejects ground and atmospheric
clutter
IFF: Yes

Variants
FM-80 (Feimeng 80),: export version of the HQ-7. It was revealed in 1989.
HHQ-7: a naval version of the HQ-7. It was introduced in the 1990s. It has a bank of 8 missiles.
For over a decade it was the standard Chinese ship-based air defense system. Currently a more
capable HQ-9 with a longer range is being fitted on newly-built Chinese warships.
Shahab Tagheb: an Iranian short-range air defense missile system. It was revealed in 1999. It
was developed with Chinese assistance and by transferring technology of the HQ-7.
HQ-7A: improved variant introduced in 1998. It has a maximum range of fire of 15 km. Detection
range is 25 km and tracking range is 20 km. Also this missile has a maximum speed of 900 m/s
in stead of 750 m/s.
HQ-7B: latest variant, based on indigenous 6x6 armored chassis. It was first revealed
somewhere in 2009. This air defense system is wisely used by the Chinese armed forces. It is
more mobile due to its 6x6 configuration. This vehicle is more suited to follow motorized infantry,
or mechanizes armored units.
 Starstreak British Short-Range Man-Portable Air-
Defense System (MANPADS)
Air Defense > Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) > Starstreak British Short-Range
Man-Portable Air-Defense System (MANPADS)

Tiers:

Notes
Starstreak is a British short range man-portable air-defence system (MANPADS) manufactured
by Thales Air Defence (formerly Shorts Missile Systems), in Belfast. It is also known as
Starstreak HVM (High Velocity Missile). After launch, the missile accelerates to more than Mach
4, making it the fastest short-range surface-to-air missile in the world. It then launches three
laser beam riding submunitions, increasing the likelihood of a successful hit on the target.
Starstreak has been in service with the British Army since 1997. In 2012 Thales rebranded the
system under the ForceSHIELD banner.

The Starstreak missile is transported in a sealed launch tube. This tube is attached to an aiming
unit for firing. The operator tracks the target using the aiming unit's optically stabilized sight. The
process of tracking the target allows the aiming unit to compute the right trajectory to bring the
missile together with the target. The operator can indicate wind direction to the unit and, in the
case of a long range target, provide superelevation. When the initial tracking is complete, the
operator fires the missile by pressing a button.

The missile then fires the first-stage rocket motor, which launches the missile from the tube –
but burns out before leaving the tube to protect the operator. Four meters away from the
operator, when the missile is a safe distance away, the second stage fires, which rapidly
accelerates the missile to burn out velocity of more than Mach 4. As the second stage burns out,
three dart sub-munitions are released.

The dart housing is made from a tungsten alloy. The darts are each 396 millimetres (15.6 in) long
with a diameter of 22 millimetres (0.87 in) and weigh about 900 grams (32 oz). Around half the
weight of each dart approximately 450 g (16 oz), is its explosive charge, detonated by a delayed-
action, impact activated fuze. Each dart consists of a rotating fore-body with two canard fins
attached to a non-rotating rear assembly which has four fins. The rear assembly of each dart
also houses the electronics that guide the missile, including a rearwards facing sensor.

The darts do not home in on laser energy reflected from the target but instead the aiming unit
projects two laser beams which paint a two dimensional matrix upon the target. The lasers are
modulated and by examining these modulations the sub-munition's sensor can determine the
dart's location within the matrix, the dart is then steered to keep it in the centre of the matrix. The
sub-munitions steer by briefly decelerating the rotating fore-body with a clutch. The front wings
then steer the missile in the appropriate direction. The three sub-munitions fly in a formation
about 1.5 meters in radius, and have enough kinetic energy to manoeuvre to meet a target
evading at 9 g at 7,000 meters.

Earlier laser guidance systems used a single beam that had to be kept on the target at all times,
the missile homing in on laser energy reflected off the target, if it moved off the target, the
reflection would end and guidance would be lost until the target was regained. The problem
could be reduced by making the laser's beam wider, but only at the cost of lowering accuracy and
reducing the amount of energy being reflected. Starstreak's system allows for the beam area to
be much larger than the target while retaining pinpoint accuracy.

On impact with the target, a delayed action fuze is triggered. This gives time for the projectile to
penetrate the target before the explosive warhead detonates. The tungsten housing is designed
to fragment and produce maximum damage inside the target.

A demonstration was conducted in September 1999 that showed the missile being used against
an FV432 armoured personnel carrier, showing the missile's effectiveness as a surface-to-
surface weapon. Each sub-munition dart travelling at 4,500 km/h (1,250 m/s, 4,100 ft/s, 2,800
mph) has comparable kinetic energy to a shell from a Bofors 40 mm gun and probably has
sufficient energy to penetrate the front armour of an infantry fighting vehicle. However, it lacks
the armour penetration capabilities of a purpose-built anti-tank guided missile or of a dual
purpose missile (such as the Air Defence Anti-Tank System).

System
Alternative Designation: Man portable Shoulder- Launched (SL)
Starstreak
Date of Introduction: 1997.0
Proliferation: Great Britain, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Africa, Thailand.
Country of Origin: Great Britain.
Crew : 2.0 ea
Reaction Time : less than 6 sec
Reload Time : less than 25 est sec
Time between Launches : less than 30 sec min

Target
Type: FW, heli, ground vehicles

Launcher
Name: Aiming Unit

Armament
Combat Load : 5.0 rds
Combat Load, Dismount : 3.0 rds
Fire on Move: no
Weapon 1
System Dimensions: See Missile
System Weight: 24.3 with missile kg

Fire Control System

Other: ADAD: British passive thermal IR scanners on remote tripod or vehicle mount with 240
degree FOV automatic cueing
Missile team employs an azimuth plotting board (e.g. Russian
1L15-1) for direction of approach on aerial targets.

Day Sight
Acquisition Range : 7000+ km
Field of View : INA deg
Name: Avimo stabilized optical sight with lead bias system

Night Sight
Acquisition Range : 4 to 5 est km
Name: Thales clip-on thermal sight

Ammunition

Ammunition (Option 1)
Name: Starstreak
Type: Three 25mm darts: Tungsten KE tip and case; HE fill
Altitude : 0-5000 m
Length : 1.4 m
Diameter : 127.0 mm
Weight : 14.0 kg
Flight Time : 5 to 7 sec
Fuze Type: Contact wit time delay
Guidance: Laser beam rider SACLOS
Penetration : 120+ all LAVs (equal to 3 x 40- mm APFSD-T rds) HE detonates after for frangible
effects mm KE
Probability of Hit: 60 FW, more than 95 heli (each dart 67% for heli) PCT
Propulsion: Canister launch booster, bus missile, and 3 darts (sub-missiles)
Range, Maximum : 7000 (guided) m
Range, Minimum : 300.0 m
Self-Destruct Range: 5.5 km
Speed : 1364, Mach 4 m/s
Other: Starstreak II: Improved missile has 8-km range and better precision. Fielded 2010

Variants
Starburst: Javelin SAM launcher adapted for Starstreak LBR guidance- in production
Lightweight Multiple Launcher (LML): Pedestal launcher for three missiles (above). The launcher
can also mount on a light vehicle, e.g., TUV. A demonstrator is LML on a Panhard tactical truck.
Starstreak II: Improved launcher uses Starstreak or Starstreak II missile. It has an auto-tracker for
hands-free guidance. It was fielded in 2010.
Starstreak Lightweight Vehicle (LWV): Land Rover truck converted into an SP SAM system with a
6-canister launcher, ADAD auto-tracker, and TV/ thermal FCS. This launcher can be mounted on
other vehicles.
Armored Starstreak or (SP HVM): Vehicle is a Stormer tracked APC chassis, with an 8-missile
launcher. The passive IR fire control system uses ADAD, an auto-tracker and thermal sight. The
launcher can be mounted on other vehicles.
Seastreak: Single-stage missile naval variant in a 12-missile launcher, with mm-wave radar FCS.
Thor: British Multi-Mission Air Defense System is a RWS, with 4 missile launchers, TV, FLIR, and
an auto-tracker. Weighing .5 mt, it mounts on trucks, vans, TUVs, APCs, etc., with a remote
operator. Designed for Starstreak, launchers, it can also mount other MANPADS, and ATGMs,
such as Ingwe, TOW, HELLFIRE, Mokopa, Spike, etc.
Lightweight Multi-Role Missile/LMM: A multi-role missile options with a single 3-kg tandem
(HEAT/HE) warhead and proximity fuze. At 13 kg, the lower-cost missile flies 8-km at 1.5 Mach. It
was due in 2013 and was successfully launched by a Camcopter S-100 UCAV variant. Other
projected upgrades are semi-active laser- homing and/or dual-mode (LBR/SAL-H).
Low-cost air defense/anti-armor (multi-role) system.: Optional use: as a low-cost air defense/
anti-armor (multi-role) system, STARSTREAK can be employed against ground targets, such as
light armored vehicles, and snipers in bunkers or buildings. The missile and its darts, with a
unique combination of penetrator and following frag-he, have been successfully tested against
vehicle targets. With a missile cost of 1/2 to 1/3 of competing MANPADS, the system could be
used as a fire support asset to complement ATGM launchers and vehicle weapons
The most common launcher used is SL. Optional Use: As a low-cost air defense/anti-armor
(multi-role) system, Starstreak can be employed against ground targets, such as light armored
vehicles, and snipers in bunkers or buildings. The missile and its darts, with a unique
combination of penetrator and following Frag- HE, have been successfully tested against vehicle
targets. With a missile cost of 1/2 to 1/3 of competing MANPADS, the system could be used as
a fire support asset to complement ATGM launchers and vehicle weapons.:
Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) Russian Short-Range Air
Defense Missile System
Air Defense > Infrared/Command Guidance Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems
(Less than 30 km) > Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) Russian Short-Range Air Defense Missile System

Tiers:

Notes
The Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) was developed as a replacement for the 9K31 Strela 1 / SA-9
Gaskin, and was intended to provide a system with better mobility and a longer ranging and more
lethal missile design. Development was initiated in 1969, in parallel with the 2K22 Tunguska /
SA-19 Grison, the intent being to provide a complementary system with a better capability in
heavily jammed environments, where the radar directed SPAAG might be at a disadvantage.
Design requirements included the ability to engage closing targets with speeds of up to 415 m/s
and receding targets at 310 m/s, at altitudes between 25 m and 3,500 m, at ranges between 800
and 5,000 m. A single shot Pk between 0.5 and 0.6 for targets with load factors between 3 and
5G was envisaged. The system was to be relatively autonomous capable of providing point
defence for maneuver formations. The system was to be air transportable by An-12 Cub and Mi-6
helicopter, and able to cross bodies of water.

System
Alternative Designations: Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher), Strela-10M3, 9K35M3,
Date of Introduction: 1981
Proliferation: At Least 22 Countries
Target: FW, heli, CM, selected UAV
Description: TELAR/Platoon Cmd TELAR
Name: 9A34M3/ 9A35M3 (see NOTES)
Crew: 3 ea
Chassis: MT-LB
Combat Weight (mt): 12.3
Length (m): Launch position: 6.45 Travel position: >6.45
Height (m): TAR up: 3.8 TAR down: 2.22
Width (m): 2.85
Engine Type: 290-hp diesel
Cruising Range (km): 500
Speed (km/h): Max. Road: 61.5 Max Swim: 6
Radio: INA
Armor (mm): 7.62-mm anti-bullet
NBC Protection System: Yes

Armament
Launcher: INA
Name: 9M333/Strela-10M3
Reaction Time (sec): 7-10
Time Between Launches (sec): <5
Reload Time (min): 3
Fire on the Move: No, stop or short halts
Launcher Elevation ( ):-5/+80
Emplacement Time (min): 0.67
Displacement Time (min): <1.0
Auxiliary Power Unit: Yes, gasoline power
Note: The SA-13 can launch SA-9 SAMs, and can mix the SAMs.
Range (m): Max. Range: 5,000, fly-out to 7,000+ m
Min. Range: 800
Altitude (m): Max. Altitude: 3,500
Min. Altitude: 10, 0 with degraded Ph
Dimensions: Length: 2,223
Diameter: 120
Weight (kg): 42
Missile Speed (m/s): Up to 800/517 average
Max Target Speed (m/s): 420
Propulsion: Single-stage solid propellant
Guidance: Photo-contrast or dual-band IR-H
Warhead Type: HE with fragmenting rod
Warhead Weight (kg): 5 (4 m lethal radius)
Fuze Type: Laser proximity (3 m), contact
Probability of Hit (Ph%):: 60 FW, 70 heli
Simultaneous missiles: 2 per target
Self-Destruct (sec): 29
Countermeasure Resistance: System resists nearly all IR countermeasures.
Caliber, Type, Name: 7.62-mm MG, RPK
Rate of Fire (rds/min): 600/150 practical, bursts
Loader Type: 40/75-rd magazine
Ready/Stowed Rounds: 1000/1000
Fire on Move: Yes

Weapons and Ammunition Types

9M333 missiles: Typical Combat Load 8
Ready: Typical Combat Load 4
Reload: Typical Combat Load 4
7.62-mm MG RPK: 2,000

Fire Control
Electro-optical/IR system with auto-slew, electro-mechanical aiming, and auto-tracker: Range
(km): 10 helicopter, 5 FW
Night Sight: passive IR, Strizh TV/thermal, video display
Range (m): 6,000 IR, 12,000 thermal
IFF: 1RL246-10-2/PIE RACK (RF)
Name: 9S86/SNAP SHOT on 9A34M3
Function: Range Only
Detection Range (km): 10
Frequency Band: K-Band
Other Onboard Sensors: 9S16/FLAT BOX -B passive radio DF system. Range is 30 km.

Associated Vehicles Radars

Name: Sborka AD ACV
Chassis: MTLB-U
Radar: DOG EAR
Function: Target Acquisition
Frequency: F/G band
Range: 80 detection, 35 tracking
Previous Battery: PU-12M
Type 65 Chinese 37mm Twin-Barrel Anti-Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns > Type 65 Chinese 37mm Twin-Barrel
Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
The Type 65 is the twin-37mm towed anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) developed in the 1960s as a
successor to the Soviet M1939 single-barrel 37mm AAA (produced in China as Type 55). The
weapon was designed primarily to engage airborne targets within the distance of 8,500m (or
slant range of 3,500m), but it can also be used against land or water surface targets. Based on
the Type 65 design, the PLA developed a number of derivations including the Type 74/74SD
towed AAA, Type 79-III towed AAA, Type 76 shipboard AAA, and Type 88 self-propelled AAA.

System
Alternative Designations: INA
Date of Introduction: Circa 1965
Proliferation: At Least 7 Countries
Description: The Type 65 is the twin-37mm towed anti-aircraft artillery (AAA)
Crew: 5 to 8
Carriage: 4 Wheeled/ 2 Axle Towed
Primer Mover: INA
Max Towed Speed: 60 km/h
Cross Country Tow Speed: 25 km/h
Emplacement Time: 1 min
Displacement Time: 3 min
Fording Depth: 0.7 m
Tuning Radius: 8 m

Dimensions
Length, Traveling: 6.21 m
Lenght, Barrel: 2.73 m
Width: 1.82 m
Height: 2.28 m
Trail: 4-wheel carriage;4 firing jacks
Weight, Firing: 2,835 kg

Armament
Gun: Type 65
Caliber, Type: 37-mm Automatic Gun
Number of Barrels: 2 ea
Operation: Recoil
Service Life of Barrel: 2,500+ rds
Barrel Change Time: 2-3 min
Cyclic Rate of Fire: Cyclic: 320-360 (160-180/barrel) rds/min
Practical Rate of Fire: 80 rds/min
Loader Type: Two 5-Round Clips
Reload Time: 4-8 sec
Traverse: 360 deg
Elevation: -5 to 85
Elevation Rate: INA
Reaction time: INA

Main Armament Ammunition

Type: AP-T, HE-T, HEI-T
Max Effective (Slant) Range): 3,500 m
Max Effective (grnd targets) Range: 3,500 m
Max Effective Altitude: 3,000 m
Min Altitude: 0 m
Self-destruct time: 8-12 sec
Self-destruct range: 3,700-4,700 m

Fire Control
Description: SIGHTS W/MAGNIFICATION: OPTICAL MECHANICAL COMPUTING SIGHT
AZIMUTH WARNING RECEIVER: 1L15-1
OFF-CARRIAGE RADAR: OPTIONAL. THE CHINESE TYPE 311 CONTINUOUS WAVE I/J-BAND
FIRE CONTROL RADAR WAS DESIGNED AND PRODUCED TO SUPPORT 37-MM AND 57-MM
GUNS. THE TRAILER-MOUNT RADAR WITH COMPUTER AUTOMATION CAN CONDUCT
SURVEILLANCE AND TARGET ACQUISITION. IT HAS AT LEAST THREE VARIANTS, WITH
RANGES OF 30 KM (311-A), 35 KM (311-B), AND 40 KM (311-C). TARGET TRACKING RANGE IS
25 KM FOR THE -A VARIANT. EMPLACEMENT TIME IS 15 MINUTES. RADAR GIVES USER
WEAPONS NIGHT-TIME AND ADVERSE WEATHER CAPABILITY. THIS RADAR HAS BEEN
EXPORTED.
OTHER FIRE CONTROL:: THE GUN IS LINKED TO THE BATTERY NET WHICH RECEIVES ANALOG
VOICE RADIO ALERTS FOR APPROACHING AIRCRAFT, INCLUDING DIRECTION AND ALTITUDE.
GUNS AND BATTERY/ BATTALION HAVE AIR WATCHES AND FORWARD OBSERVERS.

Variants
Type 74: The Type 74 is an improved variant of the Type 65 introduced in 1974. The weapon
share the same 37mm cannon and ammunitions as the Type 65, but can be operated either
manually or remotely by the fire-control unit consisting of an electro-optical director and a target
searching radar. This enables the weapon to operate under day/night, all-weather conditions.
 Type 90 (PG99) Chinese 35mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns > Type 90 (PG99) Chinese 35mm
Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
The Type 90 is Chinese licensed copy of GDF-00235 mm anti-aircraft gun with twin barrels. The
proven twin 35 mm towed AA gun system represents the advanced development by NORINCO of
a high performance, extremely accurate and reliable air defense gun. The gun is in service with
the Chinese armed forces to provide field air defense for the ground forces at the division and
group army level. The Type 90 was designed to engage high-speed, low-flying aircraft,
helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and cruise missiles. The Type 90 is suitable for
point and coastal air defense. It is usually deployed near military bases, airfields, tunnels, islands,
and along the coast to defend Sea Land of Communication (SLOC), ports, bridges and other
important assets. The system’s reaction time to an airborne target is only 6 seconds, and the
whole system can be set up or taken down within 90 seconds.

System
Alternative Designation: PG99
Description: Towed Twin 35mm Anti-Aircraft Gun
Crew: 5
Primary Targets: High-speed, low-flying aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and
cruise missiles
Reaction time to an identified threat: 6 secs
Emplacement Time: 90 secs
Displacement Time: 90 secs
Rate of Fire: 1,100 total, including both barrels rpm
Range: 3,200 m
Power Source: External electric power. Manual power can be used in an emergency.
Weight: 6,800 kg
Traverse: 360 degrees
Elevation: -5 / +92 (electric); -8 / +95 (manual) degrees
Maximum Aiming Speed (Traverse): 120 degrees per second
Maximum Aiming Speed (Elevation): 60 degrees per second
Power Station: 40 kW

Automotive
Notes:: The Type 90 is mounted on a cradle which is designed to carry the guns and the mobile
platform. It contains the hydro-mechanical recoil mechanism, which absorbs the recoil forces.
The lower part of the cradle comprises the two-axle chassis and the outriggers with the leveling
spindles for four-point support in the firing positions. Raising and lowering the leveling spindles
and raising the wheels are done electro-hydraulically or manually in the case of power failure.
The Type 90 35mm twin-barrel can be towed by any military truck.
Maximum Towing Speed (Road): 80 km/h
Maximum Towing Speed (Cross Country): 30 km/h

Armament
Description: Twin Cannon
Power Source: Gas Powered
Round Description: 35mm / 90 caliber
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 mps
Basic Load: 112 rounds
Ammunition in Ready Reserve: 126 rounds
Reload Time: 7.5 secs
Fire Control: Computer controlled electro-optical director for 3-dimensional target tracking in
conjunction with the laser range finder.

Ammunition
HEI: High Explosive Incendiary
-T: Tracer
SAPHEI: Semi-Armor Piercing High Explosive Incendiary
FAPDS: Frangible Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot
AHEAD: Anti-missile rounds that fire 152 heavy tungsten metal sub projectiles
TP: Target Practice

HE-T / HEI-T
Projectile Weight: 535 g
Explosive: 98 g
Propellant: 330 g
Complete Round: 1,565 g
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s
HE / HEI
Projectile Weight: 550 g
Explosive: 112 g
Propellant: 330 g
Complete Round: 1,580 g
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s

HEI (BF)
Projectile Weight: 550 g
Explosive: 70 g
Propellant: 330 g
Complete Round: 1,580 g
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s

SAPHEI / SAPHEI-T
Projectile Weight: 550 g
Explosive: 22 g
Propellant: 330 g
Complete Round: 1,580 g
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s

APDS / FAPDS
Projectile Weight: 375 g
Explosive: n/a g
Propellant: 330 g
Complete Round: 1,440 g
Muzzle Velocity: 1,440 m/s

TP-T / TP
Projectile Weight: 550 g
Explosive: n/a g
Propellant: 330 g
Complete Round: 1,580 g
Muzzle Velocity: 1,175 m/s

AHEAD
Projectile Weight: 750 g
Explosive: n/a g
Propellant: 330 g
Complete Round: 1,780 g
Muzzle Velocity: 1,050 m/s

Variants
Type 90B: The Type 90B is the second generation of Type 90 series MLRS (Multiple Launch
Rocket System) of 122mm caliber.
Type 90A: able to fire unguided rockets, new computerised fire control, command post can lay
and control Type 90A launchers units by remote control.
Yitian Chinese 6x6 Self-Propelled Short-Range Air-
Defense System
Air Defense > Radar Guided Missile Systems > Short-Range Missile Systems (Less than 25 km) >
Yitian Chinese 6x6 Self-Propelled Short-Range Air-Defense System

Tiers:

Notes
The Yitian is a short-range air-defense (SHORAD) system built by China for the domestic and
export market. Its primary mission is to provide low-altitude protection for armored units against
fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles and other airborne threats. The
manufacturer also claims the system has an anti-cruise missile capability.

The system consists of eight canister-launched TY-90 infrared homing missiles and two sensor
systems mounted on a turret. The radar systems include a rotating antenna acquisition radar on
top with an advanced electro-optical package beneath it. The three-dimensional X-band tracking
radar can be folded down for transport.

The E/O package includes day and thermal sights, laser rangefinder and an automatic target
tracker. The E/O system has a detection range of 7 mi (12 km) and tracking range of 6 mi (10
km), according to the manufacturer.

Systems
Alternate Designation: Yitian is a short-range air-defense (SHORAD)
Date of Introduction: 2009
Proliferation: INA
Type: Short-Range Air-Defense (SHORAD)
Crew: 4 (Commander, two
Operators and a Driver)
Chassis: The Yitian can be mounted to a variety of vehicles
Displacement Time: INA min
Emplacement Time: INA min
Maximum Effective Range: 6,000 m
Minimum Effective Range: 300 m
Effective Kill Altitude: 15-4,000 m
Basic Combat Load: INA
Fire on the Move: INA
Fuse Type: Laser Proximity Fuze
Single-Shot Probability of Kill: 80 %
Launchers: 8 ea
Notes: Norinco suggests that a Yitian battery should consist of a command vehicle, six
launchers, two missile resupply vehicles, a missile testing and maintenance vehicle
and a mechanical/electronic maintenance vehicle.

Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: 16 tons

Automotive
Notes: The Yitian is modular and can be carried on a variety of wheeled or tracked chassis, such
as the WMZ-551 6 x 6 wheeled or EQ-2050 high-mobility vehicle.

In Chinese service, it is integrated with the WMZ-551 vehicle.

WZ551 Chinese Armored Personnel Carrier (APC)

Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: 8-cylinder, turbo-charged, air-cooled diesel
Engine Power: 320 hp
Crusing Range: 800 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 100 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: 85 km/h
Fording Depth: amphibious
WZ551 Length: 6.63 m
WZ551 Width: 2.8 m
WZ551 Height: 2.8 m
WZ551 Weight: 11,339.81 kg
Propellers: 2 ea

Communication

TBR-142 VHF Radio

VHF FM Transceiver: Yes, TBR-142(I)
VHF Range: 1 to 50 km
Megahertz: 40.000 to 59.975
Output Power: 1 to 0.3 Watts
Power: 12V Ni-Ca Rechargeable Battery or external 12V DC power source
Dimensions: 217x135x58 mm
Weight: 2.7 kg
Antennas: 3 Total: a 1.3m whip antenna, a 0.3m short antenna, and a 10m wire antenna
Proliferated: Widely with Artillery/Gun/Missile/Reconnaissance/C2 Units
Control Device: TBR-142(II)
Multi-function Field Phone: TBR-142(IIID)
Anti-Aircraft Control Unit: TBR-142(IIIG)
ZXY88-200 C2 Capable: Yes
Messaging: Limited Capability
Amplifier: Available
Physical Conditions Limitations: Terrain and Weather favorable

Protection
Note: This WEG sheet is specific to the Yitian TY90 Chinese Short-Range Air-Defense (SHORAD)
and not the vehicle transporting it.
Hull Armor:
Turret Armor:
Applique Armor:
Explosive Reactive Armor:
Active Protection System:
Mien Clearing:
Slef-Entrenching Blade:
NBC Protection: Yes, on WMZ-551
Smoke Equipment: Yes, on WMZ-551
C4I Suite: Yes, on WMZ-551

Armament (Titian SHORAD)

Type: Anti-Aircraft Missile System
Guidance System: All-Aspect Infared Guidance System
Seeker Field of View: Launched even if humidity or smoke obscures the target from the seeker
Self-Destruct Time:
Traverse Range:
Travere Left:
Traverse Right:
Rate of Fire, Burst:
Rate of Fire, Sustain:
Transport/Launch Canisters: Two banks
of four on either side of the turret.
Missile Container Weight: 23 kg

Ammunition (Titian SHORAD)

Name: CATIC TY-90 Fire-and-Forget SAMs
Munition Type: HE, Frangible Rod
Location: Roof of the Vehicle in two banks of four on either side of the Turret
Length: 1.9
Diameter: 90 mm
Warhead: 3 kg
Fuze Type: Laser Proximity Fuze
Detonation Mechanism: Impact / Proximity
Engine Propellant: Solide-Fuel Rocket Motor
Missile Speed: 2.2 mach
Max Range: 6,000 m
Min Range: 300 m
Effective Slant Kill Range: 500-6,000 m
Kill Radius: 4 m
Effective Elevation: 15-3,962.4 m
Flight Ceiling: 6 km
Effective Kill Altitude: 15-4,000 m
Guidance System: ImIR IR
IR Seekers: Yes
Missle Velocity: 2.2 m/s
60-Deg Off-Boresight Capability: Yes
Indium Antimonide (InSb) Detector: Yes
Mid-Course Guidance: Yes

Fire Control / Radar

Note: In Chinese service, a Yitian battery consists of a command vehicle, six Yitian vehicles, two
missile resupply vehicles, one missile testing and maintenance vehicle and a mechanical/
electronics maintenance vehicle.
Fire Control System
Name: INA
Computerized FCS: Yes
Direct Fire: Yes
Thermal Day Sensors: Yes
Thermal Night Sensors: Yes
Laser Rangefinder: Yes
Automatic Target Tracker: Yes
Tarket Tracking Range: 10 km
E/O Detection Range: 12 km
Operational Modes: Two Modes, Mode 1: Company Command, Mode 2: Individual Vehicle Mode.
System Reaction Time: 6-8 sec

Radar
Type: Rotating Antenna Acquisition Radar
Frequency/Band: 3D X-Band
Radar Acquisition (Fighter Target): 18 km
Radar Acquisition (Cruise Missile Target): 8 km
Radar Tracking Range: 10 km
Advanced Electro-Optical Range: 12 km
Number of Targets: INA
ZPU-4 Russian 14.5-mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns > ZPU-4 Russian 14.5-mm Towed
Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
he ZPU-4 is a quadruple anti-aircraft version of the basic Soviet 14.5mm machine gun.
Introduced in 1949, it was used in Korea and was later considered the most dangerous
opposition to U.S. helicopters in Vietnam. It was used by Iraqi forces during Operation Desert
Storm. The Type 56 is the Chinese version. The quad ZPU-4 uses a four-wheel carriage simitar to
that once used by the obsolete 25mm automatic antiaircraft gun M1940. In firing position the
weapon is towered onto firing jacks. In many units it has been replaced by the newer and more
powerful twin 23mm automatic antiaircraft gun ZU-23. All weapons in this series fire the API (BS
41) projectiles weighing 64.4 grams having a muzzle velocity of 1000 meters per second which
will penetrate 32 mm of armour.

System
Alternative Designations: ZPU-4
Date of Introduction: 1949
Proliferation: Widely Proliferated
At Least 45 Countries
Description: 14.5mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Carriage: 4 wheeled/2 axle towed chassis
Crew: 5
Prime Mover: INA
Max. Towed Speed: 35 km/h
Emplacement Time: 2 min
Displacement Time: 2 min
In Service: 1949-Present

Dimensions
Length: 4.53 m
Width: 7.72 m
Height: 2.13 m
Length of Barrel: 1,348 mm
Weight: 2 tons

Armament
Gun: INA
Caliber: 14.5 mm
Number of Barrels: 4
Service Life of Barrels: INA
Max Rate of Fire: 2,200-2,400 (600/barrel) rd/min
Practical Rate of Fire: 600 (150/barrel) rd/min
Loader Type: Belt of 150 rds
Reload Time: 15 sec
Traverse: 360 deg
Traverse Rate: 48 sec
Elevation: -8 to +90 deg
Elevation Rate: 29 o/sec
Reaction time: 8
Notes: The ZPU-4 can be fired from a brief stop (<10 sec) with wheels in travel position.

Main Armament Ammunition

Type: API, API-T, HEI, AP-T, HEI-T
Max Range: 8,000 m
Max. Effective (slant) Range: 2,200 m
Max Altitude: 5,000 m
Max Effective Altitude: 0-1,400 m
Name: BZT-44M API-T
Effective Altitude: 0-2,200 m

Weapons and Ammunition Types

4 barreled KPV 14.5-mm heavy machinegun: Typical Combat Load 4,800 rds
(1,200 rds/barrel)

Fire Control
On-Carriages: Optical mechanical computing sight Telescope, ground targets
Off-Carriage: Generally, there is no organic radar except with variants NK Type 56 and M1983.
Many radars are available
Optional Radar: SON-9/SON-9A, aka FIRE CAN (NATO)
Function: Fire Control
Detection Range: 80 km
Tracking Range: 35 km
Frequency: 2.7-2.9 GHz
Frequency Band: E
Peak Power: 300 kw

Variants
ZPU-1:
ZPU-2:
ZSU-23-4 Shilka Russian 23mm Self-Propelled Anti-
Aircraft Weapon System
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Guns > ZSU-23-4 Shilka Russian
23mm Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Weapon System

Tiers:

Notes
The Shilka ZSU-23-4 [ZSU = Zenitnaya Samokhodnaya Ustanovka - Anti-aircraft Self-Propelled
Gun] is a Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun (SPAAG) featuring a prominent radar dish that can be
folded down mounted on a modified PT-76 chassis. ZSU 23-4 Shilka, is capable of acquiring,
tracking and engaging low-flying aircraft (as well as mobile ground targets while either in place or
on the move). Employed in pairs 200 meters apart, 400 meters behind battalion leading
elements, it is commonly used to suppress ATGM launch sites, such as TOW vehicles. The
armament consists of four 23mm cannon with a maximum slant range of 3,000 meters.
Ammunition is normally loaded with a ratio of three HE rounds to one AP round. Resupply
vehicles carry an estimated additional 3,000 rounds for each of the four ZSUs in a typical battery.
Recent (October 1997) information details ZSU-23-4 updates/modernization being offered by the
Ukrainians that include: a new radar system replacing the GUN DISH radar, plus a sensor pod
believed to include day/night camera, and a laser rangefinder; and mounted above radar/sensor
pod is a layer of six fire-and-forget SAMs, believed to be Russian SA-18/GROUSE.

System
Alternative Designations: Shilka
Date of Introduction: 1965
Proliferation: At Least 28 Countries.
Afghanistan: 20 were delivered from USSR.
Algeria: 210 in 1995. According to another sources 310 were delivered from USSR.
Angola: 20+ were delivered from USSR.
Armenia
Azerbaijan[citation needed]
Belarus[citation needed]
Moldova:
Cameroon: 200 ordered from Russia.128 were delivered from Russia, but a new contract was
certified with Russia in 2011 for 300–350.
Congo-Brazzaville: 8
Cuba: 36 in 1995 (delivered from Russia).
Egypt: 350 in 1995.[ 330 were delivered from USSR, also a new contract was signed with Russia
in 2005.[1]
Ecuador: 34 from Nicaragua in 1997.
Ethiopia: 60
Georgia: 38
Guinea-Bissau: 16 were delivered from USSR.
Hungary: 22 1970–1990.14 were delivered from USSR.
India: 100 were delivered from USSR.
Iran: 100+
Iraq: 200+
ISIL: operates small numbers captured from Syrian army.
Jordan: 16 in 1995 (delivered from USSR).[1][31] 45 in 2008.
Laos: 10+
Lebanon: ex-PLO vehicles operated by the Lebanese Army , Lebanese Forces , Al-Mourabitoun ,
Amal Movement (3), People's Liberation Army (loaned by Syria and the Soviet Union).
Libya: 250
Mali: 3 or 4 in 2013.
Mongolia
Nigeria: 30
nPa.
Peru 36
Poland: 44[35] to 87.[150 were delivered from USSR.[1] Most of them will be modernized to
ZSU-23-4MP Biała standard.
Russia: ~133 in active service in 2011 (used by Marines).
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Used by the Polisario Front.
Syria: 400 were delivered from USSR.
Turkmenistan: 28, in service as of 2016
Ukraine
United Kingdom: 2 Electronic Warfare training plus several others for use as static targets.
Vietnam: 100
Yemen: 30 to 40 in 1995 (delivered to South Yemen from USSR).
Manufacturer: Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant
In Service: 1962-Present
Crew: 4 ea
Crew: 4 ea
Chassis: GM-575 Tracked, six road wheels, no track support rollers

Dimensions
Length: 6.54 m
Width: 3.3 m
Height: Radar up: 3.75 Radar down: 2.60 m
Weight, Combat: 20.5 tons
Ground Pressure: INA

Automotive
Engine Name: V6R-1 Diesel
Engine Type: 6-cylinder 4-stroke airless-injection water-cooled 20-litre diesel
Engine Power: 290 hp
Cruising Range: 450 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 50 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: 35 km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious km/h
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 30 deg
Vertical Step: 1.1 m
Trench: 2.8 m
Fording Depth: 1.0 m

Communications
Primary: R-123

Main Armament
Name: 4 × 23 mm 2A7 autocannons (AZP-23 "Amur" quad automatic anti-aircraft gun
Caliber: 23mm
Cyclic Rate of Fire (rd/min): 850-1,000
Practical Rate of Fire (rd/min): 400, in 10-30 rd bursts
Reload Time (min): 20
Elevation (o): -4° to +85°
Fire on the Move: Yes
Reaction Time (sec): 12-18
Maximum Slant Range: 2 km
Maximum Firing Range: 2.5 km
Rate of Fire: 3,400 rds/min
Maximum Elevation: +85 deg
Minumum Elevation: -5 deg
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Traverse Right: 180 deg
Traverse Left: 180 deg
Main Armament Ammunition
Description: Can fire the same ammunition as ZU-23. Best mix for modern versions (ZU-23M and
ZU-23M1) is 1,200 APDS-T and 1,200 FAPDS. Rounds ballistically matched. No HEI required.
Type: 23x152 HE-I, HEI-T, API-T, TP
Max Effective Range (m): 2,500, 2,000 against light armored ground targets such as LAVs
Max Effective Altitude (m): 1,500
Projectile Weight (kg): INA
Muzzle Velocity (m/s): 970
Fuze Type: None
Self-Destruct (sec): 11
Penetration (mm KE): 19 @ 1000 m API-T
Min Altitude (m): 0
HE-I Projectile Weight (kg): 0.18
HEI-T Projectile Weight (kg): 0.19
API-T Projectile Weight (kg): 0.189
TP Projectile Weight (kg): 0.18
HE-I Fuze Type: Point detonating
HEI-T Fuze Type: Point detonating
API-T Fuze Type: Base igniting
Basic Load: 2,000 ea

Fire Control
Driver Periscope: BMO-190
Driver IR Periscope: INA
Commander Periscope: TPKU-2
Commander IR Periscope: TKH-ITC
IFF: INA
Radar: DOG EAR (use in OPFOR units)
Name: Sborka (9S80-1 or PPRU-M1)
Function: Target Acquisition
Detection Range (km): 20
Tracking Range (km): 13
Frequency: F/G band
Frequency Band: J
RPK-2: Optical-mechanical computing sight and part of FC subsystem
Armored Command Vehicle:
Chassis: MTLB-U
Range (km): 80 detection, 35 tracking ACV links to supported tactical unit nets.
Other Radars: Using the above ACV, if an Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) is available,
ZSU-23-4 links indirectly for early warning and target acquisition data from radars.
Other Fire Control: Guns use air watches and forward observers, and are linked to AD nets

Protection
Hull Armor: Welded steel, up to 15 mm hull
Turret Armor: Welded steel, 9.2 mm (0.36 in) turret
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Active Protection System: INA
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA

Variants
ZSU-23-4V "Shilka"(1964): (1968): modernized variant with enhanced reliability of some details,
ventilation system case located on the hull. Commander vision device was added.
ZSU-23-4V1 "Shilka"(1970):: modernized variant with enhanced reliability of some details,
ventilation system case located on the hull. Commander vision device was added.
ZSU-23-4V1 "Shilka" (1970):: modernized variant with enhanced reliability of radar system and
other details, ventilation system cases located on front bilges of the turret. Guidance-system
computer was improved (as well as accuracy and efficiency of anti-aircraft fire on the move at 40
km/h). It is fitted with a slightly improved diesel engine V-6R-1.
ZSU-23-4M1 (1973):: armed with modernized autocannons 2A7M. The pneumatic loading was
replaced with pyrotechnic loading (unreliable compressor was removed), welded tubes of
coolant outlet were replaced with flexible pipes which increased autocannon barrel life from
3500 rounds to 4500 rounds.
ZSU-23-4M3 "Biryusa" (1977):: equipped with identification friend-or-foe system "Luk". All
ZSU-23-4M were upgraded to ZSU-23-4M3 level during scheduled repairs. Army unofficially
continued to use the name "Shilka" for all variants of ZSU-23-4.
ZSU-23-4M2 (1978):: so-called "Afghan" variant. Re Equipment performed during the Soviet–
Afghan War for mountain combat. The radar system was removed and a night-sight was added.
Ammunition increased from 2,000 to 4,000 rounds.
ZSU-23-4M4 and ZSU-23-4M5 (1999):: modernized variants, armed with two additional paired
man-portable air-defense systems "Igla" on each side of the turret and equipped with 81mm
smoke grenade launchers, laser emission sensors, electro-optical vision devices (including
television system for driver) and improved weapon radar system. The mechanical transmission
was replaced with hydrostatic transmission, hydraulic boosters were installed. Mobility increased
to the level of main battle tanks. This upgrade was first shown during the exhibition MAKS-99 in
Zhukovsky and was carried out by the Minotor Service Enterprise and Peleng Joint Stock
Company from the Republic of Belarus, and the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant of Russia. The
Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant is also offering ZSU-23-4 upgrade packages independently
Donets (1999): This is a Ukrainian modernization developed by Malyshev Tank Factory in
Kharkov. It has the modified turret from the ZSU-23-4, armed with two additional paired man-
portable air-defense systems "Strela-10" installed on the hull of the T-80UD main battle tank.
Ammunition capacity for its 23 mm autocannons is doubled.
ZSU-23-4M-A (2017):: A modernisation package developed by the Arsenal Factory in Kyiv, this
system features a new Rokach-AS radar, laser rangefinder, and four automatic Igla missiles.
ZSU-23-4MP Biała (2000):: Polish modernized upgrade with Grom anti-aircraft missiles and fully
digital passive aiming devices instead of the radar
ZSU-57-2 (Ob'yekt 500) Russian 57mm Self-Propelled
Anti-Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Guns > ZSU-57-2 (Ob'yekt 500)
Russian 57mm Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
The ZSU-57-2 Ob'yekt 500 is a Soviet self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG), armed with two 57
mm autocannons. 'ZSU' stands for Zenitnaya Samokhodnaya Ustanovka, meaning "anti-aircraft
self-propelled mount", '57' stands for the bore of the armament in millimetres and '2' stands for
the number of gun barrels. It was the first Soviet mass-produced tracked SPAAG. In the USSR it
had the unofficial nickname "Sparka", meaning "twin mount", referring to the twin autocannon
with which the vehicle is armed.

Based on past experiences with SPAAG designs, Soviet engineers designed a vehicle that used a
modified T-54 chassis, with four twin road wheels per side instead of five, and much thinner
armour. The vehicle was armed with twin 57 mm S-68 autocannon in a new, large, rotating, open-
topped turret. The ZSU-57-2 consists of three compartments: driver's in the front, fighting in the
middle and engine-transmission at the rear. The hull is more spacious in comparison with the
T-54 because of the thinner armour and has different locations for some equipment. The general
layout, with transverse mounting of the engine, is the same

System
Alternative Designations: ZSU-57-2
Date of Introduction: 1955
Proliferation: No longer used in Russia, the ZSU-57-2 is still used in at Least 16 Countries.

More than 2,023 (USSR)[3][4]

250 (North Korea, old turrets on new hulls).
Description: self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG), armed with two 57 mm autocannons
Crew: 6
Carriage: 4 road wheels/T-54 modified chassis
Chassis: T-54
Prime Mover: A shortened T-54 chassis with thinner armor and only four road wheels.
Emplacement Time (min): N/A
Displacement Time (min): N/A

Dimensions
Length, Hull: 6.22 m
Length, with Gun Forward: 8.46 m
Width: 3.27 m
Height, with Tarpaulin Top: 2.75 m
Weight: 28.1 tons
Ground Clearance: 425 mm

Automotive
Engine Name: V-54
Engine Type: 4-stroke, airless (mechanical)-injection, water-cooled 38.88 liter V12 diesel
Engine Power: 520 hp
Power-to-Weight Ratio: 18.5 hp/tonne
Suspension: individual torsion bar with hydraulic shock absorbers on the first and last road
wheels
Fuel Capacity: 830 liters (including two externally mounted fuel tanks, 95 liters each)
Operational Range, Road: 420 km/h
Operation Range, Off-Road: 320 km/h
Speed, Road: 50 km/h
Speed, Off-Road: 30 km/h
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Vertical Step: 0.8 m
Trench: 2.7 m
Fording: 1.4 m

Main Weapon System

Gun, Caliber, Type: 57-mm recoil-operated air-cooled cannons, S-68
Number of Barrels: 2 ea
Rate of Fire: Cyclic: 210-240 (105-120/gun) Practical: 140 (70/gun) rds/min
Loader Type: Two 5-round clips, manual, 10 rds
Reload Time: 4-8
Traverse: 360 deg
Traverse Rate: 30 o/sec
Elevation: -5 to +85 deg
Elevation Rate: 20 o/sec
Basic Load: 300 ea

Main Weapon System Ammunition

Type: 57 x 348 SR APHE, Frag-T, APC-T, HVAP-T, HE-T. Uses same ammo as the towed single
S-60
Max Effective Range: 4,000 m
Max Effective Altitude: 4,237 at 65o m
Min Altitude: 0 m
Frag-T Projectile Weight: 2.81 kg
APC-T Projectile Weight: 2.82 kg
HE-T Projectile Weight: 2.85 kg
Muzzle Velocity: 1,000 m/s
Frag-T Fuze Type: Point Detonating
APC-T Fuze Type: Base Detonating Fuze
HE-T Fuze Type: (Yugoslavian, impact [super quick] action with pyrotechnical self-destruct)
Self-Destruct Time: 13-17 sec
Armor Penetration: 130 at 1,000m, APHE 96 APC-T at 1,000 m mm CE

Armored Command Vehicle

Description: SYSTEM WILL LINK TO AN ACV WHICH MAY HAVE A RADAR FOR EW AND TARGET
ACQUISITION. FOR EXAMPLE, SEE SBORKA ACV AND RADAR (PG 6-15).

Fire Control
Description: SIGHTS W/MAGNIFICATION: OPTICAL MECHANICAL COMPUTING REFLEX SIGHT
(NOT RADAR CONTROLLED) LATER VARIANTS WERE FITTED WITH A MORE SOPHISTICATED
SIGHTING SYSTEM, IDENTIFIED BY TWO SMALL PORTS IN FORWARD UPPER PORTION OF THE
TURRET.
Other Fire Control: ABSENCE OF A TRACKING RADAR, A NIGHT VISION DEVICE, AND AN
ENCLOSED TURRET MAKES THIS A DAYLIGHT, FAIR WEATHER WEAPON SYSTEM ONLY. OFF-
CARRIAGE RADARS, SUCH AS THE SON-9/SON-9A (NATO FIRE CAN), RPK- 1/FLAP WHEEL, OR
TYPE 311 CAN BE USED THE GUN IS LINKED TO THE BATTERY NET WHICH RECEIVES ANALOG
VOICE RADIO ALERTS FOR APPROACHING AIRCRAFT, INCLUDING DIRECTION, ALTITUDE, AND
DIRECTION. GUNS AND BATTERY/ BATTALION HAVE AIR WATCHES AND FORWARD
OBSERVERS.

Protection
Armor Type: Welded-Stell
Armor: 8-15 mm
ZU-23-2 Russian 23-mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun
Air Defense > Anti-Aircraft Guns > Towed Anti-Aircraft Guns > ZU-23-2 Russian 23-mm Towed
Anti-Aircraft Gun

Tiers:

Notes
The ZU-23-2 (2A13) mounts two 23 mm autocannons on a small trailer which can be converted
into a stationary mount for firing the guns. While in this position the wheels are moved aside. The
autocannon can be prepared for firing from the march position in 30 seconds and in emergency
can be fired from the traveling position. The weapon is aimed and fired manually, with the help of
the ZAP-23 optical-mechanical sight which uses manually entered target data to provide limited
automatic aiming. It also has a straight-tube telescope T-3 for use against ground targets such
as infantry as well as unarmored or lightly armoured vehicles. The ammo is fed by a conveyor
belt from two ammunition boxes. Each of the ammunition boxes is located on the side of the
twin autocannon and each carries 50 rounds. The fumes created by firing the weapon are
partially removed through the side openings in the barrels.

Normally, once each barrel has fired 100 rounds it becomes too hot and is therefore replaced
with a spare barrel. Each weapon is normally provided with two replacement barrels as part of its
standard equipment. Tulamashzavod Joint Stock Company is offering to upgrade the 2A14 guns
to the 2A14M standard with a barrel life of 10,000 rounds instead of 8,000 rounds.

The cannon carriage is based on the earlier ZPU-2 anti-aircraft twin heavy machine gun, which
mounted two KPV 14.5 mm heavy machine guns. ZU-23-2 can be identified by different
placement of the ammunition boxes (at right angles to the gun carriage) and by muzzle flash
suppressors. In another similarity to the ZPU series, single-barrel and four-barrel versions of the
ZU-23 were also developed. However, these versions never entered service.

The ZU-23-2 can be towed by a number of different vehicles. In USSR and later Russia the most
frequently used towing vehicles for it were GAZ-66 4x4 trucks and GAZ-69 4x4 light trucks.

System
Alternative Designations: ZU-23-2; ZU-23
Date of Introduction: 1962
Proliferation: At Least 50 Countries
In Service: 1962-Present
Crew: 5
Carriage: Two-Wheeled
Emplacement Time: 15-20 min Can fire from travel position in emergencies.
Displacement Time: 35-40 min

Dimensions
Travel Position Length Overall: 4.57 m
Firing Position Length Overall: 4.60 m
Length of Barrel: 2.1 m
Travel Position Height Overall: 1.87 m
Firing Position Height Overall: 1.28 m
Travel Position Width Overall: 1.83 m
Firing Position Width Overall: 2.41 m
Weight: 0.95 tons

Automotive
Primary Mover: MTLB-T, GAZ-69 4 x 4 truck, BMD-2, BMD-3, BTR-3
Max. Towed Speed: 70 km/h

Main Armament
Caliber, Type: 23-mm, gas-operated gun, 2A14 or 2A14M
Number of Barrels: 2 ea
Breech Mechanism: Vertical Sliding Wedge
Cyclic Rate of Fire: 1,600-2,000 rd/min
Practical Rate of Fire: 400 in 10-30 rd bursts rd/min
Feed: 50-rd ammunition canisters fitted on either side of the upper mount assembly
Loader Type: Magazine
Reload Time: 15 sec
Traverse: 360 deg
Traverse Rate: INA
Elevation: -10 to +90 deg
Elevation Rate: 54 deg/sec
Reaction time: 8 sec

Main Armament Ammunition

Description: Can fire the same ammunition as ZSU-23-4. Best mix for modern versions (ZU-23M
and ZU-23M1) is 1,200 APDS-T and 1,200 FAPDS. Rounds are ballistically matched and no HEI is
required.
Type: 23x152 HE-I, HEI-T, API-T, TP
Max Effective Range: 2,500+ m
Max Effective Altitude: 1,500 m
Projectile Weight: INA
Muzzle Velocity: 970 m/s
FUZE TYPE: API-T: BASE IGNITING
Self-Destruct: 11 sec
Penetration: 19 @ 1000 m API-T INA for APDS-T
16+ @ 1500 m, FAPDS-T (helicopter simulant laminate array)
Max Effective Range: 2,500, 2,000 m against light armored ground targets such as LAVs
HE-I Projectile Weight: 0.18 kg
HEI-T Projectile Weight: 0.19 kg
HE-I Fuze Type: Point detonating
HEI-T Fuze Type: Point detonating

Weapons and Ammunition Types

2 x 23-mm AA guns: Typical Combat Load 2,400

Fire Control
Sights with Magnification: Optical mechanical sight for AA fire. Straight tube telescope for
ground targets.
Range: 2,000 m
Azimuth warning receiver: 1L15-1

Variants
ZU-23M: Upgraded variant, designed by the Nudelman Precision Engineering Design Bureau (KB
Tochmash). Has new targeting system (which includes laser rangefinder, television channel,
optical mechanic device, can be reinforced with thermo location channel and a television system
for usage at night) and electromechanic turn system. Optionally, the mount can be fitted with two
short-range air-defence missiles, such as the 9M32M "Strela-2M" or the 9M39 "Igla
ZU-23M1: This is the current model, developed by Open Joint Stock Company Podolsky
Electromechanical Plant of Special Engineering "PEMZ Spetsmash" and Closed Joint Stock
Company "NTC Elins" and offered by Rosoboronexport. Like the ZU-23M, it has an upgraded fire
control system and can optionally be fitted with two launchers for the "Igla" series missile,
usually the 9M342 "Igla-S"
ZU-23/ZOM1: It consists of the "missile-gun firing module" (strel'bovoj modul) ZU-23/ZOM1-SM;
the "missile-launching module" (puskovoj modul) ZU-23/ZOM1-PM armed with four 9M333
"Strela-10" missiles; a remote control module (modul distantsionnogo upravleniya) ZU-23/ZOM1-
MU and a portable generator AB-1. Depending on the wishes of the client, the system can be
delivered without the -SM module (ZU-23/ZOM1-1), without the -PM module (ZU-23/ZOM1-2),
without the remote control (ZU-23/ZOM1-3), or without -PM and -MU modules (ZU-23/ZOM1-4).
The latter can be carried by the Samum 4x4 wheeled chassis vehicle and the first export contract
has been signed as of early 2019