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Cebu Institute of Technology – University

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Chemical Engineering

In partial requirement for CHE 423

Efficacy of Garbage Enzyme on the Growth of Mung Beans (Vigna radiata)

Ambus, Hebraica D

Amigable, Juryl B.

Hoylar, Glenette G.

Rañada, Roda Gayle P.

Subingsubing, Charlene P.

Research Adviser: Engr. Rosario G. Dangin

August 2018
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ABSTRACT

The research aims to determine the effectivity of garbage enzyme (GE) on the
growth of mung beans (Vigna radiata). The GEs are derived from the fermentation of chayote (Sechium
edule) and carrot (Daucus carota) peelings from the CIT-U canteens. The duration of fermentation will be
varied to two, three and four months. The pH and NPK content of GE will be determined. To justify the
GE’s effectivity on plant growth, a planting experiment will be established. Mung beans will be planted on
nursery pots located at the school materials recovery facility. One part of GE will be diluted to 1000 parts
of water and will be applied once a week as a fertilizer via foliar feeding. After the planting experiment,
Commented [1]: stem and root feeding :D

the average height, number of leaves, total biomass, and total leaf surface area of plants will be
determined and compared. A 2x3 factorial design matrix having four replicates will be used for the
planting experiment. These will be analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). To help explain
the growth outcomes of the planting experiment, the nutrient uptake efficiency of plants, NPK content of
soil, and pH value of soil after the experiment will also be determined.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study and Statement of the Problem ………………...…….………….. 4

B. Objectives of the Study……………………………….………………………………………………………. 7

a) General Objectives……………………………………………………………………………...…. 7

b) Specific Objectives……………………………………………………………………...…………. 7

C. Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………………………..……………..……. 8

D. Definitions………………………………………………………………..…………………..……………..….…. 9

E. Summary………………………………………………………………..………………..…..……………….…. 11

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………………………………………………………..……………….…. 12

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………………………………………….….... 18

A. Materials………………………………………………..…..…….……………………………………….….…. 18

B. Methods……………………………………………………………………………..…..…..…………….…….. 18

a) Research environment…………………………………………….…………………….….…. 18

b) Research Design……………………………………………………….…………………...….…. 19

i. Design of Experiment………………………………………………………..…..…. 19

ii. Factorial Design Matrix………….…………………………….……………….…. 19

iii. Procedure………………………………………………………………………...….…. 20

iv. Flowchart…………………………………………………………….……………….…. 23

v. Data Presentations Methods and Data Analysis………………..….…. 24

IV. REFERENCES………………………………………………..…………………………………………..…….………….… 26

V. APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………….……..…..…….….….…….…. 29

A. Budget………………………………………………………………………………….…..…….…...……….…. 29

B. Work Plan……………………………………………………………………………...…..……..………….…. 30

C. Curriculum Vitae of Proponents…………………………………..………………………….…….…. 31

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………….…………………………………………...…..…….………….…. 33
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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study and statement of the problem

The garbage problem has always been one of the top concerns of cities, especially the urbanized
ones. The Philippines’ average per capita solid waste generation is estimated to be 0.40 kilograms per day
for both urban and rural areas. In 2016, the total solid waste generated by the country was calculated to
be 40,087.4 tons per day. The residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources composed 57%,
27%, 12%, and 4% of the total generated solid waste respectively. Majority of this, around 52%, is
composed of biodegradable ones, which are consequently composed mostly of food waste (Senate
Economic Planning Office Publications, 2017).

One of the most important food wastes come from the vegetable and fruit discards (peelings,
seeds, and other parts which are not used as ingredients for cooking) since it is being mass produced on
a daily basis (Wang et al., 2002). This type of waste is the main component of kitchen garbage. The disposal
of kitchen garbage poses risks for health and environment. Kitchen garbage is capable of polluting drinking
water if it comes into contact with sources. If incinerated, dioxins are produced in the combustion of low-
humidity and high-calorie waste products (Wang et al., 2015). Many efforts to help reduce the generation
of this type of garbage are being developed nowadays (Li et al., 2016).

Currently, in the school setting, Cebu Institute of Technology – University (CIT-U) has partnered
with an external organization called the Goodbye Basura Movement Inc. or GBMI, in hopes that it would
help address the garbage problem of the institution. As part of the school’s agreement with the GBMI,
members of the school population will be taught and monitored on the performance of Home-based
Decentralized Landfill or HDL. This HDL system aims to considerably lessen the amount of garbage that
goes into the local centralized landfill since it teaches individuals how to manage and treat organic wastes
at home. The key to this system is the making of garbage enzyme or GE.

GE is the liquid product derived from the anaerobic fermentation of fresh fruit and vegetable
peelings, brown sugar, and water. It is prepared by mixing one part sugar, three parts peelings, and 10
parts water in a clean and airtight container. GE is claimed to be a good fertilizer, soil conditioner, pesticide,
household cleaner, air purifier, water purifier, and deodorizer (Prakash, 2011).
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The GE formula was researched and popularized on 2006 by Dr. Rosukon Poompanvong, the
founder of the Organic Agriculture Association of Thailand, as an answer to the rampant dumping of
organic garbage on their land. The GE is available for use after three months of anaerobic fermentation
when the residue is filtered (Prakash, 2011).

As stated by Mr. Leomario Manongas, the GBMI Chief Executive Officer, the system of
implementing the HDL goes this way: Every person shall segregate their own household wastes. Fruit and
vegetable discards shall be made into GE. The GE will then be used for a variety of applications. The GE
will be sprayed to the remaining biodegradable waste that were not viable for GE making in order to
remove bad odor and make the wastes good for composting. The non-biodegradable wastes shall be
recycled. The exact amount of remaining GE and non-biodegradable waste shall be reported to the GBMI
and they shall collect these. The GE shall be sold to the farmers for a good price as organic fertilizer while
the non-biodegradable waste shall proceed to the GBMI’s recycling facility. The collection shall be done
by barangay and the contributors shall be paid according to what they had given. This is to achieve their
goal of zero waste.

According to the Pollution Control Officer of the university, Engr. Rosario G. Dangin, the school is
taking considerations in integrating the HDL to the development of the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF).
Fruit and vegetable peelings generated from the school canteens would be collected and processed to
produce garbage enzyme. These will be used according to the aforementioned claimed applications. Any
excess GE will be bought by the GBMI to sell to the farmers as an organic fertilizer. In addition, a garden
will soon be constructed at the MRF and will be applied with the GE for improved plant growth.

However, there haven’t been much scientific research done on the GE to actually confirm and support its
applications. The information on GE provided by the GBMI itself is just a collection of internet articles and
blogs on claimed GE applications. Moreover, the GE’s application as a fertilizer is one that is still yet to be
supported by a scientific experiment. Existing researches on GE characterization talked about the GE’s
enzymatic activities (Arun et al., 2016), organic acids composition (Arun et al., 2015), and effectiveness to
solubilize waste activated sludge (Tang et al., 2011). However, the GE involved in the GBMI system will be
used mainly as fertilizer for the 64 hectares of farmland owned by the GBMI Chairman of the Board of
Trustees, Mr. Nicanor A. Francisco, Jr. and the school garden at the MRF. This uncertainty about the GE’s
effectivity can be a drawback to the adaptation of the system. If the school is to invest in the GE making
procedure as part of its waste management system, considerable amount of money will be at stake. Table
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1 shows the findings of a survey conducted by the researchers in order to get a trend on the amount of
raw vegetable and fruit discards generated by the canteens each day:

Table 1
Amount of raw vegetable and fruit discards (in kilograms) collected per day

Fruit/vegetable type Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Average

Chayote 1.0 0.4 1.15 0.7 0.9 0.83
Carrots 0.4 0.25 0.1 0.4 0.15 0.26

Others* 1.75 2.85 3.8 4.0 2.1 2.9

Total 3.15 3.5 5.05 5.1 3.15 3.99
*Combination of luffa, potato, okra, pumpkin, tomato, banana, jackfruit, and spices

If the collection is done every weekday and a batch is prepared per week, then 19.95 kilograms
(3.99 x 5) of waste, 6.65 kilograms of brown sugar, and 66.5 liters of water will be needed for a batch of
the garbage enzyme mixture. In monetary values, this is around ₱400 per batch mixture per week for the
cost of brown sugar and tap water alone. When it comes to convincing people to adapt the HDL system
set by the GBMI, it is also important to prove to them if the GE really is effective, otherwise there wouldn’t
be much support from the individual level.

If the school is to adapt this system, there needs to be an assurance as well as a thorough information
dissemination as to what the GE is and its uses. Thus, there needs to be a properly established scientific
database determining the composition and application of garbage enzyme. Recommended by Engr.
Dangin, it is also important to study specific types of GE derived from specific types of kitchen garbage
and see how their effects vary.

By following the HDL procedure suggested by the GBMI, the practicality of the procedure can be
preserved. An efficient way of handling the GE can also be optimized by studying its effectivity as a
fertilizer with respect to the duration of the fermentation process and the type of garbage enzyme. All
these data collected can be published and could serve as basis for even further studies. It could also help
encourage more people to actually do HDL and promote HDL itself, which would eventually lead to lesser
garbage reaching the centralized landfills.

Therefore, the lack of scientific research to backup claims on the garbage enzyme produced via
the system suggested by the GBMI, a system which will soon be fully adapted by the university, can be
addressed by conducting an extensive study on the effectivity as fertilizer and/or soil conditioner with
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respect to the duration of the fermentation of the garbage enzymes derived from the top two most
produced canteen waste.

B. Objectives of the study

a) General objective

The general objective of this study is to determine the potential of garbage enzyme (GE) derived
from chayote and carrots as a fertilizer by determining its plant nutrient content and to observe its effects
on the growth of mung beans.

b) Specific objectives

The experimental setups will vary in terms of the type of vegetable peels used which are chayote
and carrots, and the number of months fermented which are three months (recommended for GE
production), two months (a month before recommended), and four months (a month after
recommended).

The specific objectives are to determine and compare, across experimental setups, the nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content and pH value of concentrated GE. For the planting experiment,
the specific objectives are to determine and compare the effects of applying GE varied across
experimental setups to mung beans (in terms of height, biomass, number of leaves, and total leaf surface
area) and to see the significance of the differences in values. As supporting data to help explain the growth
outcomes of the planting experiment, the researchers also included the determination and comparison
of the nutrient uptake efficiency (NUE), soil NPK, and soil pH value after the experiment as part of the
specific objectives.

C. Hypothesis

Hypothesis statement:

Garbage enzyme considerably improves the growth of mung beans.

Hypothesis basis:

Due to the lack of backup data on the GE, the hypothesis will be made with respect to similar
studies. Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) is the fertilizer product that is closest to the GE. It is produced by the
fermentation of plant leaves, grasses, thinned crop plants, auxillary buds and/or young fruits and flowers
(Jensen et al, 2006). It is produced by mixing an equal amount of plants parts with sugar on a container
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capped with cloth (Sakimin et al., 2017). This mixture is allowed to stand for around seven to 10 days. The
liquid extracted will be poured to a separate container and the fermentation process shall undergo. This
can be stored for six months and used whenever needed. According to studies, FPJ contains plant
nutrients (Maghirang, n.d.) and can significantly improve plant growth (Sakimin et al., 2017). Another
study indicates the presence of organic matter in GE (Tang et al., 2011) which can be beneficial for the soil
for plant propagation. Several claims have also been made that attributed GE application to growth of
crops (Ssiast, 2008). Though these claims were not scientifically backed, they are still considerable given
that there aren’t any claims that stated otherwise.
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D. Definitions

a) Anaerobic digestion – is a series of biological processes in which microorganisms break down

biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.

b) Biodegradable Material - is a material that is capable of being broken down (decomposed) rapidly by the action
of microorganisms. It includes food scraps, cotton, wool, wood, human and animal waste, manufactured
products based on natural materials (such as paper and vegetable-oil based soaps).

c) Bio fertilizer - is defined as substances containing living microbes, which when applied to seed, plant, or soil
promote growth by the supply of essential nutrients such as N, P, and other mineral nutrients.

d) Biogas - is produced through anaerobic digestion, the bacterial fermentation of organic material. Biogas is often
produced from animal and agricultural wastes. Biogas is used directly for lighting, for producing heat, and
as a fuel source for fuel cells.

e) Biomass waste - Is an Organic non-fossil material of biological origin that is a byproduct or a discarded product.
Biomass waste includes municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste,
agricultural crop byproducts, straw, and other biomass solids, liquids, and gases.

f) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) - is a measurement of the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) that is used by
aerobic microorganisms when decomposing organic matter in water.

g) Carboxylic Acid - any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon (C) atom is bonded to an oxygen (O)
atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (−OH) by a single bond.

h) Daucus carota (carrot) - one of the important root vegetables rich in bioactive compounds like carotenoids and
dietary fibers with appreciable levels of several other functional components having significant health-
promoting properties.

i) Discards – the raw components/parts of fruits and vegetables which are not used as ingredients for cooking.
Examples are the peelings, seeds, etc.

j) Fermentation - is a process of converting sugar into acids or alcohol with the help of bacteria or yeast.

k) Fertilizer - is a natural or artificial substance containing the chemical elements that improve growth and
productiveness of plants. Fertilizers enhance the natural fertility of the soil or replace the chemical
elements taken from the soil by previous crops.
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l) Foliar feeding – is a method of fertilizing plants by spraying the liquid fertilizer directly to the surface of leaves
for nutrient uptake.

m) Garbage Enzyme – The liquid product derived from fermenting fresh and raw fruit and vegetable discards for
three months. The mixture is prepared by mixing 1:3:10 ratio of brown sugar, vegetable and fruit discards,
and water, respectively. Anaerobic fermentation is used.

n) GBMI- Goodbye Basura Movement Incorporated. It is a civic organization that aims to address the solid waste
problem at the source.

o) Green energy - is derived from renewable sources, meaning the energy comes from sources that never run
out, such as the sun, wind, biomass (waste), wave power or hydro (tidal power).

p) HDL – Home Decentralized Landfill. A waste management concept that aims to reduce the amount of solid
waste going into the local centralized landfill by teaching individuals how to manage their own garbage
right at home.

q) Macro molecule - is any very large molecule, usually with a diameter ranging from about 100 to 10,000
angstroms.

r) Materials Recovery Facility – is where recyclable materials that are collected from households are sorted into
different types (e.g. plastics, cardboard, paper, metal) using a mixture of manual and automated methods.

s) NPK – means nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, the three nutrients that compose complete fertilizers.

t) Nutrient uptake efficiency (NUE) – is the amount of nutrient taken in by a plant with respect to the amount of
nutrient supplied by a fertilizer.

u) Ozone - is a gas made up of three oxygen atoms (O3). It occurs naturally in small (trace) amounts in the upper
atmosphere (the stratosphere).

v) Pigwash - wet feed consisting of mostly kitchen waste mixed with water or skimmed or sour milk.

w) Sechium edule (chayote) - a herbaceous perennial vine with branched tendril; a member of the gourd family
(Cucurbitaceae), but unlike the familiar melons, gourds, squashes, and pumpkins, the fruits of which
contain many seeds, the Chayote fruit contains just a single seed.
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x) Soil conditioner – is a product that provides available nutrients to soil organisms and promote microbial activity
involved in soil aggregation and nutrient cycling (Lynch and Elliott 1997).

E. Summary

Garbage is a big problem ever since and one of these wastes comes from fruit and vegetable
peelings due to food consumption. CIT-U has partnered with GBMI in order to address the waste issue of
the institution. Along with its agreement, HDL system has been taught. The key of this system is the
making of garbage enzyme. GE is a liquid product from the anaerobic fermentation of fruit and vegetable
peelings, brown sugar, and water. GE was researched by Dr. Rosukon Poompanvong in Thailand. GBMI’s
goal is to achieve zero waste and Engr. Rosario Dangin, our Pollution Control Officer is considering to
integrate or adapt HDL to the development of the school’s MRF. The school’s generated fruit and
vegetable peelings will be collected and will be processed to create garbage enzyme. However, there
aren’t enough scientific study to backup and confirm its usage and claims. In order to convince the people
to practice the HDL system, it is crucial to prove or give supporting details whether or not the GE is
effective. The researchers’ goal is to determine the capabilities of the garbage enzyme derived from
carrots and chayote as a fertilizer and to discern the effects on it in plant growth.
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II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

a) Garbage Enzyme
Garbage enzyme is the liquid product derived from the anaerobic fermentation of fresh waste
(which are the raw peelings and other discarded parts of vegetables and fruits), brown sugar, and water.
The garbage enzyme (GE) is prepared by mixing one part sugar, three parts waste, and 10 parts water in
a clean and airtight container. The use of GE was developed and popularized by Dr. Rosukon
Poompanvong, the founder of the Organic Agriculture Association of Thailand, on 2006 (Comgian, 2014).
According to Dr. Rosukon, GE is a complex organic substance of protein chain, mineral salt, and juvenile
hormone (Jimlim, 2008).

b) Raw fruit and vegetable discards

As mentioned, the main constituent of the GE is raw waste from the fresh fruit and vegetable
discards such as peels, seeds, and other parts which are not used as ingredients for cooking. This waste is
generated mainly by restaurants, canteens, marketplaces, and even at each household. The production
of this waste is significantly increasing due to the increasing population and the development of food
establishments. The Philippines’ average per capita solid waste generation is estimated to be 0.40
kilograms per day for both urban and rural areas. In 2016, the total solid waste generated by the country
was calculated to be 40,087.4 tons per day. The residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial
sources composed 57%, 27%, 12%, and 4% of the total generated solid waste respectively. Majority of
this, around 52%, is composed of biodegradable ones, which are consequently composed mostly of food
waste (Senate Economic Planning Office Publications, 2017).

Raw discards from fruits and vegetables are one of the main constituents of kitchen waste.
Kitchen waste or KW poses risks for health and environment. It is capable of polluting drinking water if it
comes into contact with sources. If incinerated, dioxins are produced in the combustion of low-humidity
and high-calorie waste products. (Rasit et al., 2018).

Due to this generation of the garbage, several methods of addressing the problem are being
developed. There are three main reutilization methods for KW. These are production of animal feed via
sterilization, production of fertilizer through composting, and bioenergy via anaerobic digestion (Li et al.,
2016).

KW contains high amounts of organic material which makes it suitable for compost. The
downsides of using KW for compost is the high amount of moisture, oil, and salt content which hinders
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the composting process. KW can be very bulky and cumbersome, making it costly to transport. The
nutrient composition of compost is highly variable compared to chemical fertilizers. Farmers might have
concerns to the potential levels of heavy metals and other possible contaminants in compost. The
potential for contamination becomes an important issue when compost is used on food crops. Heavy
usage of the composts to agricultural soils has been discovered to result in salt, nutrient, or heavy metal
accumulation and may affect plant growth, soil organisms, water quality, and animal and human health.

Anaerobic digestion converts KW to green energy and has been used in the recent years to treat
municipal biomass waste. Anaerobic digestion is the process by which organic matter such as animal or
food waste is broken down to biodegradable material to produce biogas and biofertilizer. This process
happens in the absence of oxygen in a sealed, air-tight container and must directed away from the sun.
However, problems arise during the anaerobic digestion due to high oil content and presence of
macromolecular compounds in KW. Factors hindering the stability of anaerobic digestion include the
accumulation of lactic acid resulting to the sudden drop in the pH level and inhibitory levels of ammonia,
sulphide, and long-chain fatty acids. (Zhang et al., 2016). There is also a lack of efficient technology for the
proper disposal of biogas residues, the secondary pollutant during anaerobic digestion.

The use of raw fruit and vegetable discards as ingredients in making GE is widely used by many
people due to its practicality and easy method of production. As claimed by practitioners, there are many
applications of the GE. It is said to produce ozone in the process of catalysis which was claimed to help
reduce global warming by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The ozone released
is also said to reduce heavy metal content in clouds. (Prakash, 2011). However, there are debunks that
indicate how this ozone that might be produced can actually cause more harm than good. Ozone released
in such a way is considered a pollutant since it is tropospheric (released at the troposphere). It is an
unstable molecule which will react with other substances quickly. This reaction might occur with heavy
metals in the atmosphere and produce acids that can cause smog and acid rain (Hoong et al., 2012).
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c) Garbage Enzyme applications

The GE has also been used in households, environment, and agriculture depending on the varying
dilutions made by adding water (Moss, 2007). For households, GE is used as cleaning agent to remove oil,
grease, dirt, and odor. This cleaning property can be associated to its acidic property as a fermentation
product. For agricultural applications, GE is used as an organic fertilizer and pesticide. Mr. Leomario
Manongas, CEO of Goodbye Basura Movement Inc. stated that the GE is used as fertilizer in the following
methods: (1) The GE is diluted with 1000 parts water for one part GE and sprayed to the plants once a
week. (2) The residue is added to the soil in the process of making compost. Several claims have been
made that attributed improved farm produce to application of GE. In an article published by the SRI
Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Trust, Dr. Purushottam Wayal, one of their coordinators,
was reported to have improved his farm production after applying GE. Mahadev Gomare, their agriculture
teacher, also applied GE to his field and was reported to obtain good quality yield (Ssiast, 2008). In an
attempt to explain how GE can be useful as a fertilizer, Dr. Vinisha Khemani Kanjilal, a Singaporean
scientist, stated that GE could help improve alkaline soils due to its acidic nature. PhD student Lam Yuen
Sean from Singapore stated that plant nutrients might be provided due to the “growth hormones”,
minerals, enzymes, and/or other organic compounds that GE might contain (Prakash, 2011).There is a lack
of research done on the application of GE as fertilizer and how this could actually work, thus, the creation
of this research.

d) Fermentation

The main reaction involved in the making of GE is fermentation. Fermentation is most commonly
applied in food preservation processes and has been applied ever since. In this process, chemical changes
occur in organic substrate due to the microbial action of enzymes, particularly bacteria, yeast, molds, or
fungi which produces specialized products (Chognacka, 2013). Common fermentation processes used
involve converting sugars into alcohol and/or to carboxylic acids in an anaerobic process. Alcoholic
fermentation is caused by yeast while acid is caused by bacteria (Alba-lois et al., 2010).

e) Composition of Garbage Enzyme

In a similar study, it was found out that garbage enzyme (derived from a mixture of tomato,
cauliflower, pineapple, orange, and mango discards) obtained after three months and 15 days of
fermentation (using the same procedure adapted by the GBMI) contained the following concentrations
of organic acids in grams/liter: 11.12 acetic acid, 26.02 lactic acid, 44.81 oxalic acid, 11.05 malic acid, and
39.05 citric acid. It was also found out that during three months and 90 days, the concentration of acetic
acid increased while all the rest decreased. It went from 11.12 to 78.15 grams/liter (Arun et al., 2015).
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This organic acid composition was determined through Reversed Phase – High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (RP – HPLC).

f) Enzymatic activity of Garbage Enzyme

As the name itself suggests, garbage enzyme is claimed to have enzymatic activities. A research
finding suggests that the maximum amylase, lipase, and protease activity on garbage enzyme (derived
from pineapple and citrus peels) can be obtained at optimal conditions of pH 6, 37OC temperature,
agitation of 218 RPM, and fermentation duration of three days. The enzyme activity for amylase, lipase,
and protease were found to be 57.289, 43.987, and 76.024 U/ml respectively. (Arun et al., 2016) Enzyme
activity is linked with the application of the GE in helping solubilize waste activated sludge. In another
study, GE (derived from vegetable and fruit discards, fermented for three months) with 9% concentration
with water was concluded to remove ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus and neutralized the wastewater
within five days of digestion period. However, the BOD increased due to organic materials present. The
said study suggested that further investigation would be required to explain the findings and that
characterization of GE to reveal its constituents is critical for any future studies. Thus, the researchers
decided to specify the type of substance to ferment (instead of mixing different discards altogether) and
determine their properties and composition, and how these vary with respect to time. All data gathered
will set as database for other possible future studies especially in confirming the GE’s claimed applications.

g) Garbage Enzyme as a fertilizer

Going back to the applications, one of GE’s most prominent one is its use as a fertilizer, or its
ability to improve the overall yield and quality of plants. A website article stated that spraying GE to their
farm plants increased the size of crops, increased yield twice for maize and 25% more for wheat, and
rejuvenated yellow leaves to green (Ssiast, 2008). In order to confirm if GE is actually to be attributed to
improved plant growth, the researchers decided to observe plant growth in a carefully controlled
experiment. Data such as plant height, total biomass, leaf area, and number of leaves with respect to the
specific GE applied are obtained (Ranasinghe et al., 2016).

h) Vigna radiata (Mung beans or “Monggos”)

The plant to be used for the experiment will be Vigna radiata, or Mung Beans. Mung beans are
suggested for growth experiments due to their quick germination time and easily visible growth and
physical changes daily. (Grosfield, 2018) Mung beans are also known to respond to fertilizers well. Several
published journals including "American-Eurasian Journal of Agronomy", "International Journal of
Agriculture and Crop Sciences", and "Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences," analyzed the effects of different
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fertilizer types on the plant height, nodulation, leaf number, leaf surface area, root weight, and/or seed
yield (Moore, n.d.).

Mung beans grow best in warm seasons, with at least eight to 10 hours of sunlight daily. Their
ideal soil condition is fertile, well-drained, sandy loam soil with 6.2 – 7.2 pH. While mung beans do not
necessarily need nitrogen fertilizers due to their nitrogen-fixing ability, this plant nutrient may encourage
early growth and establishment. Soil test is said to be the best way to determine PK content. Planting is
suggested to be done on moist soil, one to two inches deep (Ryczkowski, 2018).

A study concluded that planting dates affected the growth of mung beans. This is due to the
changes in its growing conditions brought about by the different weather conditions and other
environmental factors. Different planting dates affected mung beans in terms of growth duration, number
of branches, number of pods, seed yield, harvest index, etc. (Sarkar et al., 2004). This information is taken
into consideration in order to give a valid comparison on the effects of GE fermented for different
durations.

According to a study by Ismaiel (2004), the optimum amount of nutrient is 0.01808, 0.01865, and
0.0288 grams nutrient per kilogram pot soil on an overall span of 60 days after sowing the seeds. These
values will be compared to the actual nutrients taken up by the plants during the experiment to help
explain the growth outcomes.

j) Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)

Fermented plant juice is an organic fertilizer that can potentially substitute the use of mineral
fertilizers (Murillo et al., 2015). It is produced by the fermentation of plant leaves, grasses, crop plants,
buds, and young fruits and flowers (Jensen et al, 2006). Like the production of garbage enzyme, it also
uses sugar or molasses. The application of FPJ to the soil serves as a source of energy to accelerate
activities of soil microorganism. This activity will make the nutrients available for plants. In a study, FPJ
derived from water spinach gave better result in enhancing the vegetative growth of tomato plants than
FPJ of bamboo shoots (Sakimin et al., 2017). Cowpea and eggplant applied with fermented plant juice of
spiny amaranthus produced the greatest number of fruits and heaviest weight of marketable fruits. It also
gave a significant result on the number of days to fruit settling of pepper compared to other treatments
(Pagluanan et al., 2010).
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III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials and equipment

Materials

The vegetables whose peels are used for the production of GE are chayote and carrots. These
were chosen since these are the top two most generated discards from the CIT-U main and high school
canteen where the researchers will get the discards from. To complete the GE mixture, distilled water and
brown sugar are used. For the plant setups, two cubic feet of loam soil will be provided by the CIT-U
Pollution Control Officer. Twenty eight healthy and viable seeds will be chosen from a quarter of a kilo of
mung beans purchased from the local Carbon Market of Cebu City.

Equipment

For the entire experiment, the following equipment will be used: Six pieces of airlock device to
maintain an efficient anaerobic fermentation process for each GE. Six pieces of six- liter distilled water
plastic bottle with clear, transparent body and airtight when capped. This will serve as the containers for
the GE production. An analog kitchen scale with 30 kilograms maximum capacity for mass measurements
of vegetable discards and sugar. Cloth strainer to separate GE from the solid residue. Six pieces of
calibrated 500-milliliter spray bottles to contain the diluted GE for foliar feeding and application as
fertilizer. Three plastic funnels for efficient liquid transfer. Twenty eight plastic nursery pots which are five
inches in diameter and seven inches deep for the plant setups. Lastly, some laboratory apparatus from
the physical chemistry laboratory which are 250-milliliter beakers, one-liter beaker, 250-milliliter
Erlenmeyer flasks, 10-milliliter graduated cylinder, and 100-milliliter graduated cylinder.

B. Methods

a) Research Environment

The experiment will be performed at the school grounds of Cebu Institute of Technology –
University, N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu, Philippines. The preparation of the garbage enzymes will be done in
the Physical Chemistry laboratory of the Chemical Engineering Department. The mung beans will be
planted and propagated at the school’s Materials Recovery Facility. All testing will be done by the
Department of Agriculture – Regional Soils Laboratory for certified analysis.

 In front of the higschool HE laboratory

 18

b) Research design

i. Design of the experiment

A 2x3 factorial design will be in the experiment to determine the main effects of the two
independent variables (factors) on the dependent variables of the planting experiment. The independent
variables involved are the type of vegetable used for the garbage enzyme and the duration of
fermentation. After the main effects have been identified, the researchers shall see if there are
interactions based on the graphical result. A control setup will also be made, which consists of mung bean
plants not subjected to any fertilizer treatment.

ii. Factorial design matrix

Two types of vegetables are used for the garbage enzymes (chayote and carrots) and three levels
of each (two, three, and four months of fermentation) are arranged in a factorial combination as indicated
on Table 2, giving a total of six treatments. Four replicates will be used for the planting experiment.

Table 2

2x3 Factorial Design Matrix

Type of vegetable
Duration of Fermentation
used
2 Months 3 Months (3) 4 Months (4)
(2**)
Control
Chayote (A*) 2A 3A 4A
Setup

Carrots (B) 2B 3B 4B
*The letters represent the type of vegetable used to make the GE.
**The numbers represent the number of months fermentation took place.

The following are the dependent variables of the planting experiment whose values will be
measured, tabulated on the 2x3 factorial design, and calculated for the main effects and possible
interactions: average plant height, number of leaves, total biomass of plants, and total leaf surface area
of plants. For each main effect and interaction, a line graph shall be created to represent the values.
 19

iii. Procedure

Production of Garbage enzyme

To prepare one batch of the garbage enzyme, vegetable peelings, specifically chayote and carrots,
are collected from the CIT-U’s main and high school canteens. These vegetables were chosen among
others because they are the ones most generated. The chayote and carrot peelings are accumulated
(within a maximum of three days only to avoid heavy spoilage) until they each weighed approximately
one kilogram in an analog kitchen scale. The peelings are washed with distilled water.

Two fermentation mixtures, one for chayote and one for carrots, will be prepared in separate
containers using the ratio one(sugar):three(vegetable peelings):10(water). Necessary calculations are
done in order to ensure that the ratio is followed despite the difference in quantity of the ingredients. The
containers are capped tightly, installed with an airlock device, and stored in a cabinet where they are kept
dry, at room temperature, and away from sunlight. The anaerobic fermentation will then take place. For
the first month of fermentation, rapid gas buildup will be observed due to the quick consumption of the
brown sugar. After a month, the gas buildup won’t be as much. The cap will have to be opened if necessary
to avoid the container from exploding. (Arun et al., 2015)

Three batches of garbage enzymes will be prepared and fermented within an interval of one
month, starting August 30, 2018. This is to ensure that they will be ready for testing and experimentation
at the same time. By December 30, 2018, the batches would then be four (prepared on August), three
(prepared on September), and two (prepared on October) months old.

NPK and pH value analysis of garbage enzyme

After the fermentation process, samples of 500 milliliters from each fermenting container will be
collected and sent to the Department of Agriculture for pH value testing and nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium content analysis using Kjeldahl, Vanadomolybdate, and Flame Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Method, respectively.

Preparation of the fertilizer solutions

 20

Half a milliliter of GE will be obtained from each container. Each sample will be diluted with 500
milliliters of distilled water to obtain a ratio of one to 1000 for GE and water, respectively (Prakash, 2011).
The mixtures will be labeled as the treatments indicated in Table 2.

The mixtures will be stored into calibrated 250-milliliter transparent plastic spray bottles and kept in a
cool, dry place away from sunlight.

Preparation of the plant setups

A total of 28 nursery pots five inches in diameter and seven inches deep will be prepared for the
experiment. Each pot will be filled with the same amount (five inches deep), mass, and type of soil. The
planting environment will kept at standard atmospheric temperature and at a position where adequate
amount of sunlight can reach during early morning.

Planting of Mung beans

Germination will be done first in order to ensure that each mung bean planted is viable. This will
be done by soaking mung beans for two days in a container and selecting 28 beans that successfully
germinated. These will be ready for soil planting. One hole of about an inch deep will be made on the soil
surface of each pot. One germinated seed will be planted on each and the holes will be covered with soil
(Fu et al., 2010). Since there will be only one plant per pot, one plant setup shall be composed of four
pots/plants which will serve as the four replicates. This means that there will be a total of six plant setups
which will be subjected to GE application, while the seventh setup will be for the control.

Application of Garbage Enzyme

The six different garbage enzyme treatments will be applied separately to six of the plant setups
labelled according to the treatment. This will be done once a week by spraying a specific volume of the
treatment to the leaves for foliar feeding and to the soil (Khalilzadeh et al., 2012).The seventh plant setup
will not be applied with GE since this will serve as the control setup. Each plant setup will undergo the
same conditions and procedures for growth except for the GE application. After a month, the plants will
be taken out for weighing and other observations.

Soil and plant testing

The bare soil to be used for all setups will be subjected to soil testing for NPK and pH values, as
well as soil texture, water holding capacity, moisture content, and bulk density. After the experimental
run (two months), the soil from every plant setup will again be collected with samples for pH value and
NPK testing.
 21

Measurement of Mung bean characteristics

The average plant height and number of leaves will be measured on a weekly basis using a ruler
and by manual counting, respectively. The total leaf surface area for a plant will be measured using Adobe
Photoshop CS6. This is done by taking a photo of the leaves along with a reference scale then using the
Histogram feature in Photoshop to analyze the area. After two months of propagating and subjecting to
the treatments, the plants will be uprooted and subjected to biomass measurement and NPK value testing.
A facility which can safeguard the healthy and undisturbed growth of the plants will also be constructed
at the MRF.

Monitoring of conditions

The temperature of the GE which will be prepared for the fertilizer mixture will be recorded. The
temperature of the growing environment, specifically the ambient temperature of the air around the MRF
and that of the soil, will also be measured and recorded daily to track changes and to help ensure plant
safety.
 22

iv. Flowchart
 23

v. Data presentation methods and data analysis

The necessary data and observations shall be collected and presented as follows:

Garbage Enzyme – The pH values and NPK contents of each GE type will be presented using one bar graph
each, as presented in Figure 1.

Figure
8
1 -
7
Sample
6
Graph
5
for pH
4 value
3 and
2 NPK
1
0
2 Months 3 Months 4 Months

Chayote Carrot
content of Garbage Enzyme

Planting Experiment – Before planting, the bare soil will be tested first to determine the NPK and pH
values, as well as soil texture, water holding capacity, moisture content, and bulk density. This data will
be presented using a table. Each of the observed parameters (plant height, total biomass, number of
leaves, and total leaf surface area) will be presented on the 2x3 factorial matrix table (Table 2) for the
efficient calculation of the mean values. The 2x3 table will then be extended to show the main effects of
the two independent variables (factors) as follows:

Table 3

Sample 2x3 factorial design matrix with main effects calculation for plant height
Type of vegetable Duration of Fermentation
Control
used 2 Months (2) 3 Months (3) 4 Months (4) Average X** Setup

Chayote (A) 7,8,8,9* 9,10,10,11 11,12,12,13 10

Carrots (B) 8,9,9,10 10,11,11,12 12,13,13,14 11 4,5,5,6

Average Y*** 8.5 10.5 12.5

*Units are in inches
**Main effects of the type of vegetable used
***Main effects of the duration of fermentation
 24

These data will then be calculated for significance using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
These values will also be presented using a line graph in order to determine if any interactions occur.

The values of the plant growth parameters recorded weekly will also be presented on a smooth
line graph.

Growth Outcome Relations - Once the experiment is done and all the data are collected and presented,
a need to explain the outcomes will arise, specifically on the growth behavior of the mung beans. The
researchers focused on the NPK content and pH values in relating the observations of the mung bean
growth to the effect of the GE application. After the planting experiment, the NPK content and pH value
of the soil as well as the NUE will be calculated and presented using a bar graph each similar to Figure 1.

NUE will be calculated using the following formula (Ru et al., 1992):

The amount of nutrient contained per volume of the fertilizer mixture (1 GE:1000 water) applied per week
will be calculated in the following manner:

Mass of Mass of Volume of Mass of

nutrient concentrated GE concentrated GE nutrient
x x =
Mass of Volume of Volume of Volume of
concentrated GE concentrated GE fertilizer mixture fertilizer mixture
 25

IV. DATA ANALYSIS

A. Garbage Enzyme

The parameters tested for the Garbage Enzyme (extracted during the start of the planting experiment)
are presented in Figure 1 for the pH value, and Figures 2, 3, and 4 for the nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium levels, respectively. The results for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are presented in tables.
The null effects are deduced from the P-value. The significance level alpha was set to 0.05, which means
that a 5% probability of an effect being mistakenly concluded to exist is considered. If the P-value is less
than or equal to the alpha (0.05), then there is a significant effect. If it is greater, then the null hypothesis
applies. This means that there is no significant difference in the given set of observations.

a) pH Values

Figure 1 shows the pH values for each GE sample. Theoretically, the trend should be decreasing pH value
with increasing fermentation duration due to the prolonged activity of the microorganisms fermenting
the sugars and the available organic material in the GE.
Figure 1 –
3
pH Values
2.43 2.31
2.5 2.15 2.15 2.16 for each GE
2
2 sample
pH Value

1.5
This ideal
1
behavior
0.5
was
0
2 Months 3 Months 4 Months exhibited
Chayote Carrot by the
carrot
GEs, with an average difference in pH value of 0.135 per month. However, as observed for the Chayote,
the shortest duration (2 months) was the most acidic, while the other two both had 2.15 pH. However,
this difference is not of great significance because the deviation is too small. In fact, the general pH value
for common cooking vinegar is 2 to 3.5 pH. The pH values for all GEs lie within this range of pH value. This
observation is supported by the two-way ANOVA analysis for the pH values of the GEs, as presented in
Table 3. It shows that there is no significant difference nor pattern showed in the pH values of the GE.
This means that neither the changes in the duration nor the type of vegetable used for the GE have any
significant effect to the changes in pH value.

Table 3
 26

Two-way ANOVA for pH value of GE

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Duration 0.06 1 0.06 2.649006623 0.245149 18.51282
Type of
Vegetable 0.0063 2 0.00315 0.139072848 0.877907 19
Error 0.0453 2 0.02265

Total 0.1116 5

b) Nitrogen Content

Figure 2 shows the percent nitrogen values of each sample of GE.

Figure 2 –
0.02
0.016 Nitrogen
0.015 0.014
%Nitrogen

0.011
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.008

0.005

0
2 Months 3 Months 4 Months

Chayote Carrot
concentration for each GE sample

For both chayote and carrots, the highest nitrogen content was exhibited by the GE sample fermented for
three months. The highest is 3C while the lowest is 4S with 0.016% and 0.008%, respectively. However,
Table 4 shows that the varying vegetable type and varying duration did not have a significant effect on
the nitrogen values of the GE. Therefore, there effect is null.

Table 4
Two-way ANOVA for percent nitrogen of GE
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Duration 1.5E-06 1 0.0000015 1 0.42265 18.51282
Type of
Vegetable 0.000039 2 0.0000195 13 0.071429 19
Error 3E-06 2 0.0000015

Total 4.35E-05 5
c) Phosphorus Content

Figure 3 shows the percent phosphorus content of each GE sample. As presented by the figure, 3C has
the highest content while 2S has the lowest at 0.008% and 0.001%, respectively. According to the two-
 27

way ANOVA presented in Table 5, there are no significant effects to phosphorus content brought about
by varying the vegetable type and fermentation duration.

Figure 3 – Phosphorus concentration for each GE sample

0.009
0.008
0.008
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.006
%Phosphorus

0.005
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0
2 Months 3 Months 4 Months

Chayote Carrot
Table 5

Two-way ANOVA for percent phosphorus of GE

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Duration 2.02E-05 1 2.01667E-05 2.469387755 0.256689 18.51282

Type of
Vegetable 2.33E-06 2 1.16667E-06 0.142857143 0.875 19

Error 1.63E-05 2 8.16667E-06

Total 3.88E-05 5
 28

d) Potassium Content

Figure 4 shows the phosphorus concentration for each GE sample. As observed, 2C has the highest
Commented [2]: potassium?

content while 2S has the lowest with 0.133% and 0.04%, respectively. The values for carrots are also
considerably larger than the values for chayote. Contrary to the ANOVA results of the other plant nutrient
contents of GE, the analysis for potassium content showed a statistically significant effect with respect to
the duration of fermentation.

0.14 0.133

0.12 0.115
0.106
0.1
%Potassium

0.08

0.06 0.048 0.048

0.04
0.04

0.02

0
2 Months 3 Months 4 Months

Chayote Carrot
Figure 4 – Potassium concentration for each GE sample

As shown in Table 6, the P-value for the variation in duration is lower than 0.05. This means that the given
variation in the duration caused a significant variation in the phosphorus values. As reflected in Figure 4,
Commented [3]: potassium?

this “significant effect” is characterized by the following behavior: For Chayote, as the duration of
fermentation increased, the %K also increased. For Carrots, the change is inverted. As the duration
increased, the %K decreased.

Table 6
Two-way ANOVA for percent potassium of GE
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Duration 0.007921 1 0.007920667 47.9556004 0.020222 18.51282
Type of
Vegetabl
e 9.03E-05 2 4.51667E-05 0.27346115 0.785261 19
Error 0.00033 2 0.000165167

Total 0.008341 5
 29

B. Plant Growth

The Mung beans were subjected to the experiment for two months, which is within the phase where it
undergoes germination, growth, and initial flowering. This is the range of time of the plant’s life wherein
the growth characteristics observed in the experiment are most dynamic and responsive to fertilizer
application (Ismaiel, 2004).

a) Plant Height

The heights of each replicate were measured every week starting from the first week after planting them
on pots. Figure 5 shows the weekly growth of the plants in terms of the average height of the replicates.
As observed, the lines showing the heights of those subjected to the GE are all on the region above the
control setup, except for the 2C, which is slightly below it. The mean values for each plant setup are
presented in Table 7.

320
310
300
290
Height (mm)

280
270
260
250
240
230
220
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (weeks after planting)

Control Setup 2S 3S 4S 2C 3C 4C
Figure 5 –
Average height of plant setups vs. time graph

Table 7
Average height (in millimeters) of plant setups per week
Control
Weeks 2S 3S 4S 2C 3C 4C
Setup
1 242 252 250.33 258.67 243.5 258 265
2 245 263.33 262 259.67 240 268.33 269.67
3 261 280 269.67 267.33 257.5 270 280
4 264 281.67 271 269 259 274 283.67
5 276.5 299 287.67 284.33 269.5 286.33 287
6 279 308 294 288.67 277.5 305.67 303
7 287.5 311 301.67 300.67 284.5 313.33 306.67
 30

As observed in Figure 5, 3C plant setup attained the maximum height among all other setups.
Correspondingly, the GE sample applied to plant setup 3C also had the highest amounts of nitrogen and
phosphorus content among all other GE samples.

b) Leaf Surface Area

c) Maturity Time
 31

IV. REFERENCES

Alba-lois, L. & Segal-Kischinevzky, C. (2010) Yeast Fermentation and the making of Beer and Wine. Nature
education. 3(9):17.

Anbari, F. T. and Lucas, J. M. (1994). Super-efficient designs: How to run your experiment for higher
efficiency and lower cost, ASQC Technical Conference Transactions, pp. 852–863.

Arun C, Sivashanmugam P. (2015). Identification and optimization of parameters for the semi-continuous
production of garbage enzyme from pre-consumer organic waste by green RP-HPLC method.

Arun C, Sivashanmugam P. (2016). Study on optimization of process parameters for enhancing the multi-
hydrolytic enzyme activity in garbage enzyme produced from preconsumer organic waste.

Bhavani Prakash. (2011). How to Make and Use Garbage Enzyme. Retrieved from
http://www.ecowalkthetalk.com.

Bhavani Prakash. (2011). Responses: How effective are Garbage Enzymes? Retrieved from
http://www.ecowalkthetalk.com.

E.S.S. Ranasinghe, C.L.S.M. Karunarathne, C.K. & Beneragama, B.G.G. Wijesooriya. (2016). Human urine
as a low cost and effective nitrogen fertilizer for bean production, 6, 279 – 282.

Fu, J., Truong, M., Lai, T., Saleem, Z. (2010). Comparing the Growth of Mung Bean Plants (Vigna radiata)
in Terms of Height in Different Soil Substances. Canada: Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School.

Govere, S., Madziwa, B., & Mahlatini, P. (2011). The Nutrient Content of Organic Liquid Fertilizers in
Zimbabwe. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Vol.1(1), 196-202.
Grosfield, Lynsey. (2018, April 11). What Type of Plants Are Best for Science Projects? Sciencing. Retrieved
from https://sciencing.com/type-plants-science-projects-8089604.html.

Ismaiel, M. I. (2004). Botanical Studies on Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) Plants Under Some Growth
Conditions. Zagazig, Egypt: Zagazig University.
 32

Jenway. (n.d.). The Determination of Available Potassium in Soils. Retrieved from

http://www.jenway.com/adminimages/P05_001A_Determination_of_Available_Potassium_in_Soils.pdf.

K, Chognacka. (2013) Fermentation products, Institute of Inorganic technology and Mineral fertilizers:
Poland).

Khalilzadeh, R., Tajbakhsh, M., Jalilian, J. (2012). Growth characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)
affected by foliar application of urea and bio-organic fertilizers. Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 4 (10), 637-642.

M.M.A. Mondal, M.A. Rahman , M.B. Akter and M.S.A. Fakir (2011). Effect Of Foliar Application Of
Nitrogen And Micronutrients On Growth And Yield In Mungbean.

Maynard, D.G., & Kalra, Y.P., (2007). Nitrate and Exchangeable Ammonium Nitrogen. Canada: Lewis
Publishers.

Md. Abdur Rahman Sarkar, Md. Hasan Kabir , Mahfuza Begum and Md. Abdus Salam. (2004). Yield
Performance of Mungbean as Affected by Planting Date, Variety and Plant Density. Journal of Agronomy,
3: 18-24.

Moore, Sarah. (n.d.). Effect of Fertilizer to the Height of Mung Beans. Home Guides | SF Gate. Retrieved
from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/effect-fertilizer-height-mung-beans-95051.html.

Razieh K., Mehdi T., Jalal J. (2012). Growth characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) affected by
foliar application of urea and bio-organic fertilizers.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fcc2/61c284dd9df661a9cd5792b711a06e9070e4.pdf .

Ryczkowski, Angela. (2018, January 09). The Best Conditions for Mung Bean Growth. Home Guides | SF
Gate. Retrieved from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/conditions-mung-bean-growth-28008.html.
 33

Sangakkara, U. R. (1999). Root dynamics and nutrient uptake efficiencies of mung bean as affected by
organic matter and effective microorganisms. Fifth international conference on Kyusei Nature Farming,
Bangkok, Thailand, 23-26 October. pp. 182-193.

Senate Economic Planning Office Publications. (2017). Philippine Solid Wastes at a Glance. Retrieved from
Senate of the Philippines website:
https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/AAG_Philippine%20Solid%20Wastes_Nov2017.pdf.

Tang, F. and Chung, T., 2011. Study of the Garbage Enzyme’s Effects in Domestic Wastewater. Envi. and
Ecological Engineering. p. 892.

vlab.amrita.edu,. (2013). Soil Analysis-Determination of pH of Soil. Retrieved 15 September 2018, from

vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=2&brch=193&sim=1549&cnt=2.

Walworth, J.L. (2006). Soil Sampling and Analysis. Retrieved from

https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1412.pdf.

Wang, H., Xu, J., Yu, H., Liu, X., Yin, W., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, T., 2015. Study of the application and methods
for the comprehensive treatment of municipal solid waste in northeastern China. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.
52, 1881–1889.

Wang, Q., Narita, J.-Y., Xie, W., Ohsumi, Y., Kusano, K., Shirai, Y., Ogawa, H.I., 2002. Effects of
anaerobic/aerobic incubation and storage temperature on preservation and deodorization of kitchen
garbage. Bioresour. Technol. 84, 213–220.
 34

V. APPENDICES

Table 4

Forecasted expenses
Materials, equipment, and tests Quantity Unit Unit Price (₱) Amount (₱)
For enzyme preparation
Sugar 2 kilo 60 120.00
Distilled water 4 6-liter gallon 95 380.00
For planting experiment
Calibrated spray bottles 6 500ml bottle 100 600.00
Plastic nursery pots 28 piece 8 224.00
Mung beans 0.25 kilo 80 20.00
Plant safeguard facility 1 piece 500 500
Testing
NPK and pH GE 6 sample 360 2160.00
NPK and pH bare soil 1 sample 360 360.00
Bare soil characteristics 1 sample 380 380.00
NPK Plant 7 sample 320 2240.00
NPK and pH soil 7 sample 360 2520.00
Total 9504.00

A. Budget
 35

B. Work Plan
Table 5

Weekly schedule of activities as plotted on a Gantt chart.

AUG
. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR.

4* 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
A. Collection of discards (for 4A and 4B GE)
B. Fermentation (for 4A and 4B GE)
C. Collection of discards (for 3A and 3B GE)
D. Fermentation (for 3A and 3B GE)
E. Collection of discards (for 2A and 2B GE)
F. Fermentation (for 2A and 2B GE)
G. Procurement of Materials
H. Germination of Mung Beans
I. Testing of GE and bare soil
J. Planting Experiment (Propagation and GE application)
K. Testing of soil and plants
*Order of the week within the specific month
 36

C. Curriculum Vitae

Hebraica D. Ambus was born in Toledo City, Cebu. She is the

sixth child among the seven children of Cesario R. Ambus, Sr.
and Elena D. Ambus. She graduated as valedictorian for both
elementary and secondary education at Jacinta Larosa
Elementary School and Toledo City Science High School,
respectively. Currently, she is a fourth year student undertaking
Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering at Cebu Institute
of Technology – University.

Juryl B. Amigable was born in Lapu-lapu City, Cebu. He is the

ninth child among the 12 children of Paterno A. Amigable and
Pilarica B. Amigable. He graduated elementary and secondary
education at Lapu-Lapu City Central Elementary School and
Saint Alphonsus Catholic School, respectively. Currently, he is a
fourth year student undertaking Bachelor of Science in
Chemical Engineering at Cebu Institute of Technology –
University.

Glenette G. Hoylar was born in Talibon, Bohol. She is the eldest

child among the four children of Josette G. Hoylar and Marife
G. Hoylar. She graduated at Alicia Central Elementary School as
Valedictorian and, for her secondary education, at Ubay
National Science High School as an honor student. Currently,
she is a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in
Chemical Engineering at Cebu Institute of Technology –
University.
 37

Roda Gayle P. Rañada was born in Cebu City. She is the eldest
child among the five children of Rodyardo B. Rañada and
Carmelina P. Rañada. She graduated at Pardo Elementary
School as Salutatorian and, for her secondary education, at De
La Salle Andres Soriano Memorial College as Valedictorian.
Currently, she is a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of
Science in Chemical Engineering at Cebu Institute of
Technology – University.

Charlene P. Subingsubing was born in Tagoloan, Misamis

Oriental. She is the eldest child among the three children of
Cesario Subingsubing and Alma Subingsubing. She graduated
with honors for both elementary and secondary education at
Cawayan Elementary School and Xavier de Kibangay High
School, respectively. Currently, she is a fourth year student
taking up Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering at Cebu
Institute of Technology – University.
 38

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers would like to thank the Almighty God for allowing the creation of this paper and
for keeping the proponents able. The researchers would also like to acknowledge the efforts and guidance
of their research adviser Engr. Rosario Dangin, their lecture adviser Engr. Concordia Bacalso, and their
instructors who gave important inputs for the paper namely Engr. Eleazar Al Guzman and Engr. Almario
Sanchez. They would also like to acknowledge the Goodbye Basura Movement Inc., the Chemical
Engineering Department, and Cebu Institute of Technology – University for contributing to this paper.
They would also like to acknowledge the assistance of the Department of Agriculture – Regional Soils
Laboratory. Finally, they would like to acknowledge their parents, family members, friends, and
acquaintances for all the support.

2 3 4
months months months
Chayot 126.322
e 92.4623 95.2028 9
152.137
Carrots 87.7493 3 247.513