SDH Principle

Overheads
SDH
and
Overview Pointers

Frame
Logical
structure
parts of
and
SDH
multiplex-
equipment
ing
methods
 SDH Overview

Background Disadvantages Advantages Disadvan-

of SDH of PDH of SDH tages of SDH
1.1 Background about SDH emergence
What is SDH--Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. Similar to
PDH，they are all digital signal transmission system.
Why did SDH emerge?
1)What we need in info-society:
huge volume of info, and digital, integrated, personal.
2)What we want the transmission network to be:
Broadband---info-highway
Standard---universal interface all over the world
1.2 Disadvantages of PDH:
1 Interfaces
Electrical interfaces---only regional
standards, no universal standard.
3 rate hierarchies for PDH:European(2Mb/s)
Japanese, North American(1.5Mb/s).
Optical interfaces---no standards at all,
manufacturers develop at their will.

Difficult to inter-connect
 2 Multiplexing methods:
Asynchronous Multiplexing for PDH:
The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is not
regular nor predictable. So it is impossible to directly
add/drop low-rate signals from high-rate signals.

Where
did I put
the signals?
140Mb/s 140Mb/s
34Mb/s 34Mb/s
8Mb/s 8Mb/s
de-multiplexer multiplexer
de-multiplexer multiplexer
de-multiplexer multiplexer

2Mb/s

Low-rate signals have to be separated from high-rate

signals level by level. Multiple levels of multiplexing/de-
multiplexing cause signals to deteriorate, it is not suitable
for huge-volume transmission.
3 OAM
OAM function affects the maintenance cost.It is determined
by the number of overhead bytes(redundant bytes);
There are VERY few redundant byes available in PDH
signals which can be used as OAM purpose, so OAM in PDH
is very poor, it is unreliable either.
4 No universal network management interface
It is hard to set up an integrated network
management. No way to form a universal TMN.

PDH is inappropriate to transmit huge-volume signals, so

SDH came to play the part.
1.3 Advantages of SDH:
1 Interfaces
Electrical interfaces:standard rate
hierarchy(transmission speed level)
The basic rate level is called Synchronous Transfer
Module(STM-1), the other rate levels are the
multiple of STM-1.
Optical interfaces:only scramble the electrical signals.
SDH: optical code pattern is scrambled NRZ,
PDH: optical code pattern is scrambled mBnB.
 SDH Signals Bit rate(Mb/s)
STM-1 155.520 or 155M

STM-4 622.080 or 622M

STM-16 2488.320 or 2.5G

STM-64 9953.280 or 10G

SDH:high-rate signal is exactly 4 times that

of the next low-rate signal.
 S
T
M
-
64
¡
4
Á 1
0
G
b/
s

S
T
M-
1 S
T
M-
4 S
T
M-
16
¡
4
Á ¡
4
Á
1
5
5
Mb
/
s 6
2
2
Mb
/
s 2
.
5
Gb
/s

W
D
M1
0
G
b/
s

SDH:4×STM-1=STM-4 ；4×STM-4=STM-16
2 Multiplexing methods:

low-rate SDH→high-rate SDH(e.g.:4  STM-1→STM-4).

Uses byte interleaved multiplexing method.

STM-1
Byte
STM-1 interleaved

multiplexing STM-4
STM-1

STM-1
A
1
A
2A
3B
1B
3
B
2C1
C
2C
3

Byte interleaved
multiplexing

A
1
B
1C
1
A2
B
2C
2
A3
B
3C
3
 Other signals→SDH:
Using pointers to align the low-rate signals in SDH frame
,so the receivers can directly drop low-rate signals.E.g.:

P
Packing P STM-1
D Alignment
k
H g
PK PK
Ga Gb
3 OAM
More bytes in SDH frame structure are used for
OAM purpose, about 5% of total bytes. SDH boosts
of high capability of OAM.

4 Compatibility
SDH is compatible with the existing PDH system.
SDH allows new types of equipment to be used,
allows broadband access, such as ATM.
 SDH compatibility schematics
PDH, ATM
FDDI signals

packing
SDH
network Package
package STM-N STM-N

packing transmit transmit transmit

unpacking

PDH, ATM
FDDI signals
1.4 Disadvantages of SDH
1 low bandwidth utilization ratio--- contradiction
between efficiency and reliability.
2M 632M

334M=482M STM-1
34M (155M)

140M 1140M=642M

2 Mechanism of pointer adjustment is complex, it can

cause pointer adjustment jitters
3 Large-scale application of software makes SDH system
vulnerable to viruses or mistakes.
 Chapter 2 Frame Structure and
Multiplexing methods

Multiplexing
Procedure

Components
and functions 140M

34M STM-N

2M
 I must
understand the functions
of different parts
of SDH frame！
 2.1 STM-N Frame Structure

9×270 ×N bytes

Transmission 1
direction Transmit
SOH
3 left to right
4 AU-PTR STM-N payload up to down
5
(including POH)
SOH

9
9×N 261×N
270×N
columns
1 Characteristics of SDH signals:
block frame in units of bytes(8bit),
transmission---from left to right, from top to bottom,
frame frequency constant---8000 frames/s,
frame period 125us.
2 Composition of SDH signals:
1) Payload:
It is where we put all the information in STM-N frame
structure. All kinds of effective info, such as 2M, 34M ,
140M are first packed before being stored here. Then
they are carried by STM-N signals over the SDH network.
If we should consider STM-N signal to be a truck, then
info payload would be the carriage of the truck. In order to
monitor the transmission status of the goods during
transportation, POH are added to each information package.
POH STM-N
Pkg Pkg
Low-rate signals 1 Pkg loading

packing Payload
Low-rate signals n
Pkg loading Pkg Pkg
packing
POH
2) Section Overhead:
Accomplishes monitoring of STM-N signal streams. To check
whether the “goods” in STM-N “carriage” is damaged or not.
Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH): monitor the overall
STM-N signals.
Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH): monitor each STM-1
in STM-N signal.
RSOH, MSOH and POH set up SDH layered
monitoring mechanism.
 Sections and
Paths
Low-rate signal 1
. SDH
Low-rate signal 2
Section signal
(SOH)
Low-rate signal n
low-rate path
signal(POH)
3) Administrative Unit Pointer(AU-PTR):
Indicates the location of low-rate signals in STM-N
frame(payload), makes the location of low-rate
signals in high-rate signals predictable.
According to the value of AU, the receiver can directly
drop low-rate signals from STM-N frame. That is to
say we can get the “goods” directly from the “carriage”
if we know the label of the “goods”.
Because the “goods” are placed regularly in the
“carriage”, we only need to know the first piece of
“goods”.
 Receiving:
According to the value of
AU-PTR, get the first info
Sending: package, through the
AU-PTR indicates the first regularity of byte interleaved
info package multiplexing, get the other
packages

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network)
For low-rate signals such as 2M, 34M. We need two-levels
of pointers to align.
First, small information “goods” is packed into middle
information “goods”. Tributary unit pointer(TU-PTR)
is used to align the location of small “goods” in middle “goods”.
Then these middle “goods” are packed into big “goods”,
AU-PTR is to align the location of middle info package.
AU-PTR
Secondary alignment

2M

34M
TU-PTR
Primary alignment
2.2 Multiplexing procedures of SDH
low-rate SDH→high-rate SDH:
byte interleaved multiplexing, 4 into 1.
PDH signals→STM-N: synchronous multiplexing:
140M→STM-N
34M→ STM-N
2M→STM-N
Multiplexing is based on the multiplexing route diagram.
ITU-T defines several different multiplexing routes, but for
any country or region, the method is unique.
 1 Multiplexing structure adopted in China
×N
139264kbit/s
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
×3
SDH signal
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

×7 34368kbit/s
C-3
Pointer
processing TUG-2
×3
Align
adjustment 2048kbit/s
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
Multiplexing Mapping
PDH signals
140M multiplexing procedures(140M →STM-N)
1 1
Rate
POH P
Adaptation C4 O VC4 To be continued

140M 9 H
9
1 260 1 261
125us 125us
C4---Container 4: A standard info structure corresponding to 140M,
performs bit rate justification.
VC4---Virtual Container 4: A standard info structure corresponding
toC4, performs real-time performance monitoring of 140M
 140M multiplexing procedures
AU-4 STM-1
(continue) 1 1
RSOH

AU-PTR payload
alignment 1 270xN
AU-PTR SOH
1 9 1
MSOH
9 9
10 270 1 270
125us 125us STM-N
AU-4---Administrative Unit 4, a info structure
corresponding toVC4, performs pointer alignment.
140M—VC4—AU-4—STM-1, 9
125us
One STM-1 can only incorporate one 140M signal.
 34M multiplexing procedures
C3 VC3
1 1

Rate adaptation POH P

To be continued
O
34M H
9 9 1
1 84 85
125us 125us
C3---Container 3: A standard info structure corresponding to 34M,
performs bit rate justification.
VC3---Virtual Container 3: A standard info structure corresponding
to C4, performs real-time performance monitoring of 140M
 34M multiplexing procedures
(continue) 1 TU-3 86
H1 1
1 TUG-3 86
1 H1 1
1 VC4 261

H2 ×3
TU- H3
H2 P
Fill H3
PTR
Gap
BIM O RR
R H
9 9 9
125us 125us 125us
TU3---Tributary Unit 3: A standard info structure corresponding to
VC3, performs primary alignment.
TUG3---Tributary Unit Group 3: A standard info structure
corresponding toTU3.
34M—VC3—TU3—TUG3；3 TUG3—VC4—STM-1；
One STM-1 can hold 3 34M.
 2M multiplexing procedures
POH
1 1 1

Primary
Rate
Adaptation C12 POH
VC12 Alignment TU12 To be continued

2M
9 9 9 PTR
1 4 1 4 1 4
125us 125us 125us
2M multiplexing procedures (2M →VC4)
C12--Container 12: A standard info structure
corresponding to 2M, performs bit rate justification
for 2M signals, 4 basic frames constitute a multi-frame.
VC12---Virtual Container 12:A standard info structure
corresponding to 2M, performs real-time monitoring.
TU12---Tributary Unit 12: A standard info structure
corresponding to VC12, performs primary pointer
alignment forVC12.
 2M multiplexing procedures (2M →VC4)

1 1 86
1 1
×3 ×7
Byte
Byte Interleaved
Multiplexing TUG2 Interleaved
Multiplexing
R R TUG3
(continue)
9 9
125us 125us
2M Multiplexing procedures(2M →VC4)
TUG2---Tributary Unit Group 2
TUG3---Tributary Unit Group 3
2M—C12—VC12—TU12；3TU12—TUG2；
7 TUG2—TUG3；3TUG3—VC4—STM-1。
One STM-1 is able to hold 3×7×3= 63 2M.
Multiplexing structure for 2M is 3-7-3.
Relations between info structures

E1 C12 VC12 TU12

E3 C3 VC3 TU3

E4 C4 VC4
 Summary
Main contents for this chapter:
STM-N frame structure and functions of
different parts of the frame
Methods for multiplexing PDH into STM-N frames
140M multiplexed into STM-N frames
34M multiplexed into STM-N frames
2M multiplexed into STM-N frames
 1 Common NEs in SDH Network

TM ADM REG DXC

 1 Terminal Multiplexer--TM
multiplexing, cross-connection
w STM-N
TM
(Optical Interface)
2M 34M 140M STM-M Note: (M<N)
(Tributary Interface)

TM ADM TM

Application of TM in chain network

 2 Add/drop Multiplexer--ADM
multiplexing, cross-connection
STM-N w e STM-N
ADM
(Optical interface) (Optical interface)
2M 34M 140M STM-M Note: (M<N)
(Tributary Interface)

TM ADM TM

Application of ADM in chain network

 3 Regenerator--REG
regeneration, amplification and relaying

STM-N w e STM-N
REG
(Optical interface) (Optical interface)

TM ADM REG ADM TM

Application of REG in chain network

4 Digital Cross-connection Equipment---DXC
Core function is cross-connection
Used at hub station

(Optical interface) (Optical interface)

DXC
 DXC m/n indicates the features of DXC:
m is the highest access rate level
n is the lowest cross connection rate level

Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2M 34M 140M
Rate 64K 6M 622M 2. 5G
1. 544M 45M 155M
 SDH Principle Test
1. Fill in the blanks:
1 PDH transmission system has ______,______
and ______ three serials. Among them,
1.544Mb/s rate belongs to ____ digital
serial,2.048Mb/s rate belongs to _______.
2 There are ______ bytes in STM-4 frame
structure.RSOH has _____ bytes, MSOH has
_____types.
3 The function of standard container C is
_________, function of virtual container
VC is _________.
4 During the multiplexing or 2.048Mb/s
signal into VC-4,3 ______ multiplex into
1 _____, 7 _____ multiplex into 1 ______,
3 ________ multiplex into 1 ______.
5 ________ bytes in STM-1 signal frame
structure are used for alignment purpose.
_______ bytes are used to create the
communication channel between NM and
NEs.________ bytes
are able to provide order-wire telephones,
_________ bytes are used to carry APS
protocol
6 The value of AU-PTR is located at No._______
bits of ______ bytes.One opportunity
adjustment unit is made up of _____ bytes;the
value of TU-PTR is No._______ bits of ______
bytes. One opportunity adjustment unit for
TU-PTR is made up of _____ bytes.
7 Among the SDH transmission network, the basic
unit which can be used to transmit, multiplex
and cross-connect is ______. For OptiXTM
serial equipment, these units are
____,____,____,____ and ____.
8 The frame structure of STM-1 is _______;
frame structure of AU-4 is ______.Frame
structure of VC-4 is ______;frame structure
of AU-3 is______,frame structure of VC-3 is
_____;frame structure of TU-12 is ______.
2. Select the proper answers:
1 Which one has higher bandwidth utilization ratio:
A SDH B PDH
2 Which can be used for synchronous transmission,
concentrated network management and has high self-
healing ability:
A SDH B PDH
3 In order to achieve high synchronization for SDH
network, we use:
A byte interleaved multiplexing
B pointer adjustment
C asynchronous transmission
3 True or false:
1 SDH system can incorporate three serials of PDH system
and other digital signals such as ATM into VC-4. ( )
2 The frame frequency of STM-N, VC-12, VC-3 and VC-4
are the same, it is 8000F/s. ( )
3 Each byte within STM-N signals has an equivalent
transmission speed of 64Kb/s. ( )
4 We can directly drop 2.048Mb/s signals from SDH
signals. ( )
5 One STM-1 can hold 64 2.048Mb/s signals. ( )
4 Answer the questions briefly:
1 Why SDH system has a lower bandwidth utilization ratio
compared to PDH system?
2 As for the tributary services, which are called lower-
order path services and which are higher-order services?
3 For a SDH network, if we want to use order-wire telephone
between any two stations, can we use E2 byte? Give the
reasons to support yourself.
4 State the monitoring mechanism of B1,B2,B3 and V5 bytes.
What are the alarms or performance events concerned with
these bytes?