Chapter 2

Motion in One Dimension

Souphanouvong University Mr. Pem PHAKVISETH

Faculty of Engineering
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Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Outline
• What is dynamics?
• Quantities in Motion
 Displacement VS. Distance
 Velocity VS. Speed
 Acceleration
• 1D motion: Uniform acceleration
 General case
 Free fall

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Position
• Defined in terms of a frame of reference
• A choice of coordinate axes
• Defines a starting point for measuring the motion
• One dimensional, so generally the x- or y-axis

Displacement
• Defined as the change in position
x  xf  xi
• f stands for final and i stands for initial
• Units are meters (m) in SI

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Displacement Examples
 From A to B
 xi = 30 m
 xf = 52 m
 x = 22 m
 The displacement is positive,
indicating the motion was in
the positive x direction
 From C to F
 xi = 38 m
 xf = -53 m
 x = -91 m
 The displacement is negative,
indicating the motion was in
the negative x direction 4
Displacement, Graphical

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 Vector vs. Scalar
Difference: Magnitude and direction Only Magnitude


Notation: A A

Examples: Displacement Mass, length

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 Displacement vs. Distance
• Displacement: Change in position
• Distance: actual path length
• Example: Throw a ball straight up and then catch it at the same
point you released it
• The distance is?
• The displacement is?
• Example : A man is traveling along the equator from one side of earth
to another side, what is the magnitude of displacement the man
made? (Radius of earth is R.)
A. 2*PI*R
B. PI*R
C. R
D. 2*R 7
 Velocity
• Definition: The average velocity is rate at which the displacement
occurs

x xf  xi
• Expression: v average  
t tf  ti
• SI Unit: m/s

• Note that: Velocity can be positive or negative; t is always positive

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 Speed
• Definition: The average speed of an object is defined as the total
distance traveled divided by the total time elapsed

total distance
• Expression: Average speed 
total time
d
v 
• SI Unit: m/s t
• Note that: Speed is a scalar quantity, only + value.

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 Velocity vs. Speed

 Q1: Which car have the greater average velocity?

 Q2: Which car has the greater speed?

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 Graphical Interpretation of Velocity
• Velocity can be determined from a position-time graph
• Average velocity equals the slope of the line joining the initial and
final positions
• An object moving with a constant velocity will have a graph that is
a straight line

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 Average Velocity, (Constant)

 The straight line

indicates constant
velocity
 The slope of the line
is the value of the
average velocity

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Notes on Slopes
• The general equation for the slope of any line is

change in vertical axis

slope 
change in horizontal axis
• The meaning of a specific slope will depend on the physical data
being graphed
• Slope carries units

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 Average Velocity, (Non Constant)
 The motion is non-
constant velocity
 The average velocity is
the slope of the
straight line joining
the initial and final
points

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Instantaneous Velocity
• The limit of the average velocity as the time
interval becomes infinitesimally short, or as the
time interval approaches zero
lim x
v  t  0
t
• The instantaneous velocity indicates what is
happening at every point of time

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 Instantaneous Velocity on a Graph
• The slope of the line tangent to the position-vs.-time graph
is defined to be the instantaneous velocity at that time
• The instantaneous speed is defined as the magnitude of the
instantaneous velocity

Example 2.2 Velocity

A train moves slowly along a
straight portion of track according to the
graph of position versus time in Figure.
Find (a) the average velocity for the total
trip, (b) the average velocity during the
first 4.00s of motion, (d) the instantaneous
velocity at t=2.00s, and (e) the
instantaneous velocity at t=9.00s. 16
Acceleration
• Changing velocity means an acceleration is present
• Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity
v v f  v i
a 
t tf  ti

• Units are m/s² (SI), cm/s² (cgs), and ft/s² (US Cust)

Average Acceleration
• Vector quantity
• When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are the same
(either positive or negative), then the speed is increasing
• When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are in the opposite
directions, the speed is decreasing 17
Negative Acceleration
• A negative acceleration does not necessarily mean the object is slowing
down
• If the acceleration and velocity are both negative, the object is speeding
up

Instantaneous and Uniform Acceleration

• The limit of the average acceleration as the time interval goes to zero
• When the instantaneous accelerations are always the same, the
acceleration will be uniform
• The instantaneous accelerations will all be equal to the average
acceleration
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Graphical Interpretation of Acceleration
• Average acceleration is the slope of the line connecting the initial and
final velocities on a velocity-time graph
• Instantaneous acceleration is the slope of the tangent to the curve of
the velocity-time graph

Average Acceleration

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Relationship Between Acceleration and Velocity

 Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows

maintaining the same size)
 Acceleration equals zero

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Relationship Between Velocity and Acceleration

 Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

 Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
 Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
 Positive velocity and positive acceleration

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Relationship Between Velocity and Acceleration

 Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions

 Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
 Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
 Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative

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Motion Diagram Summary

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Which of these graphs is not physically possible?

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 Uniform acceleration motion
v  vo  at
v－vo
a＝
t
V  V0 V  V0 V 2  V02
a * 
t V  V0 2 * x

1 1 2
x  vt x  vo  v  t x  vot  at
2 2

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Graphical Interpretation of the Equation

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vf
Rise = v
= vf - vo
vo
Run = t = (t – 0) = t

time t
v v f  vo
slope  a
t t
v f vo at
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 vf

Find the AUC…

vi

time t
Break the area into two parts…

Area = (l x w) + (½ b x h)
x = vit + ½ t(vf-vi)
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vf

Find the AUC…

vi

time t
AUC = x = vot + ½ t(vf-vo)
x = vot + ½ vft – ½ vot distribution
x = ½ vot + ½ vft simplification

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We now know…

1) vf = vo + at and 2) x = ½ (vo + vf)t

By substitution of equation #1 into #2

x = ½ [vo + (at +vo)]t substitution

x = ½ (2vo + at)t combining terms

x = vot + ½ at2

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 Solve Eq #1 for t & substitute into Eq #2…

1) vf = vo + at 2) x = ½ (vo + vf)t
(v o  v f ) (v f  v o )
vf  vo x  
t 2 a
a
vf  vo
2 2

x 
2a
v f  v o  2ax
2 2

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 5 Parameters of Motion
velocity m
1. a = acceleration  2
time s
2. x = displacement m

3. vf = final velocity m
s
4. vi = initial velocity m
s
5. t = time sec 32
To solve a constant acceleration problem, you must know, or be able to
find, three of the five parameters.
Then use the following equations to solve for the other two:

vf = vo + at
x = ½ (vo + vf)t
x = vot + ½ a(t)2
vf2 = vo2 + 2ax

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Example: A jet plane lands with a velocity of 100 m/sec and can slow down (-
acceleration) at a maximum rate of –5.0 m/s2. Find (a) the time required for the
plane to come to rest, and (b) the minimum size of the runway.

a) vi = +100m/s vf = vi + at
vf= 0 m/s 0m/s = 100m/s + (-5m/s2)t
a = -5.0 m/s2 t = 20s

b) Solve for x vf2 = vi2 + 2ax

0m/s = (100m/s)2 + 2(- 5m/s2) x

x = 1000 m
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Example: A train is traveling down a straight track at 20 m/sec when
the engineer applies the brakes, resulting in an acceleration of –
1m/sec2 as long as the train is in motion. How far does the train
travel in the first 6 seconds after the breaks are applied?

vi = 20 m/s
x = vit + ½ at2
a = -1 m/sec2
x = (20m/s)(6s) + ½ (-1m/s2)(6s)2
t = 6 sec
x = ? x = 120m – 18m = 102 m
x = 100 m (sig. figs!)

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 Problem-Solving Hints
• Read the problem
• Draw a diagram
• Choose a coordinate system, label initial and final points, indicate a
positive direction for velocities and accelerations
• Label all quantities, be sure all the units are consistent
• Choose the appropriate kinematic equation
• Solve for the unknowns
• You may have to solve two equations for two unknowns
• Check your results (Value and units)

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Example: A racing car starting from rest accelerates at a rate of 5.00 m/s2.
What is the velocity of the car after it has traveled 100. ft?

vi = 0 m/s x = 100 ft= 30.5 m

a = 5.0 m/sec2 vf = ?

vf2 = vi2 + 2ax

vf2 = 0 + 2(5m/s2)(30.5m)

vf  305 m /s 2 2

vf = 17.5 m/s

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 Free Fall (Constant Acceleration)
• All objects moving under the influence
of gravity only are said to be in free fall
• All objects falling near the earth’s
surface fall with a constant acceleration
• The acceleration is called the
acceleration due to gravity, and
indicated by g

Galileo Galilei
1564 - 1642
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Notes on Acceleration due to Gravity
• Symbolized by g
• g = 9.80 m/s²
• When estimating, use g » 10 m/s2
• g is always directed downward
• Toward the center of the earth
• Ignoring air resistance and assuming g doesn’t vary with altitude over
short vertical distances, free fall is constantly accelerated motion

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 Free Fall – an object dropped

 Initial velocity is zero

 Let up be positive
 Use the kinematic equations
 Generally use y instead of x vo= 0
since vertical a=g
 Acceleration is g = -9.80 m/s2

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Free Fall – an object thrown downward

 a = g = -9.80 m/s2
 Initial velocity  0
 With upward being
positive, initial velocity
will be negative

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 Free Fall -- object thrown upward

v=0
 Initial velocity is upward, so
positive
 The instantaneous velocity at
the maximum height is zero
 a = g = -9.80 m/s2 everywhere
in the motion

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 Thrown upward, cont.
• The motion may be symmetrical
• Then tup = tdown
• Then v = -vo
• The motion may not be symmetrical
• Break the motion into various parts
• Generally up and down

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 Example 2.10 combined motion

A rocket moves straight upward, starting from rest with an acceleration of

+29.4 m/s2. It runs out of fuel at the end of 4.00s and continues to coast
upward, reaching a maximum height before falling back to earth. (a) Find
the rocket’s velocity and position at the end of 4.00s. (b) Find the
maximum height the rocket reaches. (c) Find the velocity the instant
before the rocket crashes on the ground.

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Combination
Motions

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 Thank you for your attention !!!

감사합니다 !!!

Next Chapter is Vectors

Souphanouvong University and Two-Dimensional
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
46
 Topic

Some Images in this Chapter were

taken from:
Publicatio
Main / Sub Title Writer Publisher
n Year
Serway, BROOKS/COLE
College Physics, 8th
Main Vuille, Cengage 2008
Edition Learning
Faughn

Dept. of Physics,
NUOL,
Sub Physics 1(221PH111) Faculty of 2016
Laos
Natural Science

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