Lecture 1

Presentation of Chinese Codes:

Safety Concept, Material
Resistances, Loads Combinations

.
Contents

1. Design Philosophy
– Aim of design
– Limit state design
– Material resistance
– Design situation
2. Design actions based on GB50009-2012
– Types of loading
– Load combination

2
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

3
Introduction

• The basic design principles for infra-structures and

buildings in China are specified in the “Unified Standard for
Reliability Design of Engineering Structures (GB 50153-
2008)”.
• The code was drawn up to suit the needs for design of
structures, and to conform with the requirements for the
safety, serviceability and the economy, rationality of
structures.

4
• GB 50153-2008. Unified standard for reliability design of
engineering structures
• GB 50009-2012. Load code for the design of building
structures
• GB 50010-2010. Code for design of concrete structures
• GB 50017-2003. Code for design of steel structures
• GB 50011-2010. Code for seismic design of building
• JGJ 3-2010. Technical specification for concrete structures
of tall building
• JGJ 138-2001. Technical specification for steel reinforced
concrete composite structures

5
Aims of design

• To ensure that with an acceptable level of probability a

structure will, during its intended design working life,
perform satisfactorily.
• A structure should:
– sustain all loads and deformations likely to occur during
construction and use;
– remain fit for the purpose of its intended use;
– have adequate durability for its environment;
– have adequate structural resistance for the required fire resistance
period; and
– have resistance to the effects of accidental or deliberate misuse
such that it will not be damaged to an extent that is dis-
proportionate to the original cause.
6
Limit state

• The code of practice uses the limit state design method.

• A limit state can be defined as the state beyond which the
structure no longer fulfils the relevant design criteria.
• A structure designed by the limit state method will have
acceptable probabilities that they will not reach a limit
state.
Ultimate limit states (ULS) concern the safety and stability of the
whole or part of the structure at ultimate loading conditions.

Serviceability limit state (SLS) correspond to limits beyond which the

whole or part of the structure becomes unserviceable under working
loads.
7
Design situations

• Design of structures can be classified into either one of the

following Design Situations:

Design situation Description Limit state

Persistent design
1 Normal conditions ULS and SLS
situation
Transient design Temporary conditions
2 ULS and/or SLS
situation (construction/maintenance)
Accidental design Abnormal conditions
3 ULS
situation (fire/explosion/collision)
Seismic design Buildings located in seismic
4 ULS and/or SLS
situation active zone

8
Safety class

• Buildings and structures are classified into three types in

according to the consequence when damage occurred.
• The design load effects will be adjusted depending on the
safety class.
Table A.1.1 Safety class of buildings and structures
Safety
Consequence Examples
class
Very high consequence for loss of
1 life, economy, or society; high Large-scale public housing
environmental impact
High consequence for loss of life,
Residential buildings, office
2 economy, or society; relatively high
buildings, etc.
environmental impact
Low consequence for loss of life,
3 economy, or society; small or Storage buildings
negligible environmental impact
9
Design reference period

• A 50 years design reference period was adopted for normal

buildings.

Table A.1.3 Design reference year of buildings and structures

Design reference period
Type Example
(year)
1 5 Temporary structures
2 25 Replaceable structural components
3 50 Normal buildings and structures
4 100 Special structures, landmarks

10
 (GB50010-2010
Clause 4.1)
Material resistance - Concrete

• The characteristic strength (fck) of concrete is that value of

the cube strength at 28 days below which 5% of all
compressive test results would be expected to fall. The
characteristic strengths of concrete is summarized in Table
4.1.3-1
• The design compressive and tensile strengths of concrete is
summarised in Tables 4.1.4-1 and 4.1.4-2, respectively.
• The elastic modulus shall be obtained in Table 4.1.5.

11
 Table 4.1.3-1 & 4.1.4-1 Characteristic strength and design compressive strength of concrete (N/mm2)

Concrete grade
Strength
C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80

fck 10.0 13.4 16.7 20.1 23.4 26.8 29.6 32.4 35.5 38.5 41.5 44.5 47.4 50.2

fc 7.2 9.6 11.9 14.3 16.7 19.1 21.1 23.1 25.3 27.5 29.7 31.8 33.8 35.9

*Concrete grade should not be less than C20 for RC components

**Concrete grade should not be less than C25 for rebars with design strength beyond 400 MPa

Table 4.1.4-2 Design Tensile strength of concrete (N/mm2)

Concrete grade
Strength
C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80

ft 0.91 1.10 1.27 1.43 1.57 1.71 1.80 1.89 1.96 2.04 2.09 2.14 2.18 2.22

Table 4.1.5 Elastic modulus of concrete (× 104 N/mm2)

Concrete grade
Strength
C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80

Ec 2.20 2.55 2.80 3.00 3.15 3.25 3.35 3.45 3.55 3.60 3.65 3.70 3.75 3.80

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 (GB50010-2010
Clause 4.2)
Material resistance - Reinforcement

• HRB400, HRB500, HRBF400 and HRBF500 shall be adopted

as the longitudinal reinforcement for beam and column.
• HRB400, HRBF400, HPB300, HRB500 and HRBF500 (or
HRB335, HRBF335) shall be adopted as stirrup.
• The design tensile and compressive strength can be
obtained in Table 4.2.3-1.
• The elastic modulus can be obtained in Table 4.2.5.

13
Table 4.2.2-1 and 4.2.3-1 Characteristic strength and design strength of steel bar (N/mm2)

Design
Characteristic Design Tensile
Type of steel bars Compressive
Strength fyk strength fy
strength fy’
HPB300 300 270 270

HRB335, HRBF335 335 300 300

HRB400,
400 360 360
HRBF400, RRB400
HRB500, HRBF500 500 435 410

Table 4.2.5 Elastic modulus of steel bars (× 105 N/mm2)

Type of steel bars Elastic modulus Es

HPB300 2.10
HRB355, HRB400, HRB500
HRBF335, HRBF400, HRBF500 2.00
RRB400

14
 Table A.0.1 Diameter, area and weight of steel bars

Area of groups of steel bars (mm2) Weight of

Diameter
a steel bar
(mm)
(kg/m)

15
DESIGN ACTIONS BASED ON
GB50009-2012

16
GB50009-2012

• Most of the structural actions

(loading) is summarised in “Load
code for the design of building
structures (GB50009-2012)”.
• Earthquake load is covered in
GB50011-2010.

17
Classification of loads
Permanent Loads

• The variation of load, which is compared with the mean value, is not
significant throughout its service period.
• Self-weight of structural members, earth pressure, water pressure and
pre-stressing force, etc.

Variable Loads

• The value of load is varied with time.

• Live load, crane load, wind load, snow load, etc.

Accidental Loads

• The load is not occurred definitely. Once it is occurred, the load is with a
significant value and its duration is usually short.
• Explosive force, collision force, seismic action, etc.

18
 Permanent load
Selection of loading Variable load

Accident load
Characteristic
value

Quasi-
permanent
Representative Frequent
value
value value

Combination
value
Design value

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Representative value

• Representative value = measuring values of a load that are

adopted for the checking of the limit states in design.
• Different representative value shall be adopted for
different loads in the design of building.
– Permanent load: Characteristic value (Clause 3.1.2)

– Variable load: Characteristic value

Combination value Depends on the
Frequent value combination
Quasi-permanent value
– Accidental load: Determinate in accordance to the distinguish
features of service for the building.

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Characteristic value of load

• Characteristic load (Qk) = the characteristic value for the

statistical distribution of the maximum load in the design
reference period, such as mean-value, mode, mid-value or
certain fractile.

21
Combination values of load

• Combination value = the values of variable loads after

combination, that their transcendental probability in the
design reference period can be tended toward identical
with the corresponding probability for the load effect of the
appearance of single load alone.
• This is for the situations where the floor is subjected to more than
one type of variable loads.
• The value shall be the characteristic values multiplied by the
coefficients for combination value of loads ψc.

Combination value = 𝜓𝑐 𝑄𝑘

22
Frequent values of load

• Frequent value = the value of variable load in the design

reference period, that the transcendental total time is in
small ratio of stipulated time, or the transcendental
frequency is the stipulated frequency.
• The value shall be the characteristic value multiplied by the
coefficient for frequent value of load ψf.

Frequent value = 𝜓𝑓 𝑄𝑘

23
Quasi-permanent values of load

• Quasi-permanent value = the value of variable load that

the transcendental total time is about one-half of the
design reference period.
• This aims as reflecting the time-varying nature of load effects
throughout the design period.
• The value shall be the characteristic value multiplied by the
coefficient for quasi-permanent value of load ψq.

Quasi − permanent value = 𝜓𝑞 𝑄𝑘

24
Design value

• For structural members designed for a limit state, the

design loads should be used in the calculation rather the
mean values or the characteristic values of loading.
• The design load are computed as

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × (𝛾𝐺 or 𝛾𝑄 )

Permanent load, variable Partial safety factors for

load, or accident load loading

25
Permanent load (Clause 4)

• The characteristic value of permanent load can be

computed in according to the following situations:
– For self-weight of structures, it can be determined by multiplying
the dimensions of structural member and the unit weight of
material.
– For structural members with nonuniform self-weight, the upper or
lower characteristic value of self-weight shall be taken according to
unfavourable situations.
– Non-moveable partition may be considered as permanent load,
while moveable partition may be considered as variable load.
– The unit weight of materials can be referred to the Appendix A of
the Code.
Steel: 78.5 kN/m3
RC: 22.0 – 24.0 kN/m3

26
Variable load (Clause 5)

• Types of variable loads:

– Live load on floor and roof
– Crane load, snow load
– Wind load
• Classification of live loads
1. Uniform live loads on floors in civil buildings
2. Live loads on floors in industrial buildings
3. Live loads on roofs
4. Ash load on roofing
5. Construction and maintenance loads, and horizontal load on
railings

27
Live loads on floor in civil building (Clause 5.1.1)

• The characteristic value and the coefficients of uniform live

loads shall be taken according to Table 5.1.1 in Clause 5.1.1.
Table 5.1.1 The characteristic values and the coefficients for combination value,
frequent value and quasi-permanent value of uniform live loads in civil buildings
Totally 13 items (GB50009-2012)
Item Type Characteristic Coefficient for Coefficient for Coefficient for
value (kN/m2) combination frequent quasi-
value ψc value ψf permanent
value ψq
(1) Residential, hotel,
2.0 0.7 0.5 0.4
1 office
(2) Laboratory 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.5

2 Classroom, canteen 2.5 0.7 0.6 0.5

(1) Hall, theatre 3.0 0.7 0.5 0.3

3
(2) Laundry 3.0 0.7 0.6 0.5

28
Live loads reduction coefficients (Clause 5.1.2)

• For design of beams, walls, columns and foundations, the

characteristic values of live load shall be multiplied by the
following specified reduction coefficients.
1. Design of beams:
1. Item No. 1(1): for beams with tributary area exceed 25 m2, 0.9
shall be taken.
2. Item No. 1(2) to 7: for beams with tributary area exceed 50 m2,
0.9 shall be taken.
3. Item No. 8: for secondary beams in one-way slab or composite
slab with steel decking, 0.8 shall be taken; for primary beams in
one-way slab, 0.6 shall be taken; for beams in two-way slab, 0.8
shall be taken.
4. Item No. 9 to 13: the reduction coefficients, which belong in same
kind of buildings, shall be adopted.
29
 (Clause 5.1.2)
2. Design of walls, columns and foundations:
1. Item No. 1(1): in according to Table 5.1.2 in Clause 5.1.2.
2. Item No. 1(2) to 7: refer to the reduction coefficients for floor
beams.
3. Item No. 8: for one-way slab, 0.5 shall be taken; for two-way slab
and flat slab, 0.8 shall be taken.
4. Item No. 9 to 13: the reduction coefficients, which belong in same
kind of buildings, shall be adopted.

Table 5.1.2 Reduction coefficient of live load according to the number of

storeys in a building (GB50009-2012)

Number of storeys above the

1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9 - 20 > 20
calculated members
Reduction coefficients of the 1.00
0.85 0.70 0.65 0.6 0.55
total live loads on each floor (0.90)
The value in brackets is adopted when the tributary area of the beam is larger than 25 m2.

30
Illustrative example

Usage: residential building

Floor slab Thickness: 150 mm

Finishes: 30 mm
Partition (non-movable): 2 kPa
Floor load: 2 kPa
Concrete density: 24 kN/m3
Permanent load:
Characteristic value = 24 x 0.15 + 24 x 0.03 + 2 = 6.32 kPa

Variable load:
Characteristic value = 2.0 kPa
Combination value = 2 x 0.7 = 1.4 kPa
Frequent value = 2 x 0.5 = 1.0 kPa
Quasi-permanent value = 2 x 0.4 = 0.8 kPa

31
Combination of loads

Load combinations for Load combinations for

ULS SLS
• Fundamental combination • Characteristic combination
• Accidental combination • Frequent combination
• Quasi-permanent
combination

1. The most unfavourable combination of loads shall be taken into account in the design.
2. For seismic design combination, refer to GB 50011-2010
32
 (Clause 3.1.5 and 3.1.6)
Ultimate limit state
Representative
value of permanent Representative value of variable load
load
Combination
Quasi-
Characteristic Combination Frequent
Characteristic value permanent
value value value
value
Fundamental √ √ √

Accidental √ √ √ √

Serviceability limit state

Representative
value of permanent Representative value of variable load
load
Combination
Quasi-
Characteristic Combination Frequent
Characteristic value permanent
value value value
value
Characteristic √ √ √

Frequent √ √ √
Quasi-
√ √ √
permanent
33
Combination of loads for ULS (Clause 3.2.2)

• For ULS, the combination of loads shall be carried out with

1. the fundamental combination or
2. the accidental combination
• The following design expression shall be adopted:
Table A.1.7 in Appendix A, GB50153-2008
𝑓𝑘 Persistent and transient design Accidental and
𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 ≤ 𝑅𝑑 ( … ) situations earthquake
𝛾𝑀 Importance design situation
coefficient Safety class
Design load 1 2 3
where γ0 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0

γ0 is the importance coefficient of structure;

Sd is the design value of combination of load effects;
Rd is the design value of the resistance of structural members.
34
Fundamental combination (Clause 3.2.3)

• For the fundamental combination, the design value Sd shall

be taken by the most unfavourable value from the
following cases:
1. The combination is controlled by the variable load effects:
Accompany variable load
𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺𝑗 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄1 𝛾𝐿1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄𝑖 𝛾𝐿𝑖 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘

𝑗=1 𝑖=2

Leading/controlling variable load Adjustment factor for design reference period

2. The combination is controlled by the permanent load effects:
𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺𝑗 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄𝑖 𝛾𝐿𝑖 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘

𝑗=1 𝑖=1

35
γGj is the partial safety factor of permanent load of number j
γQi is the partial safety factor of variable load of number i;
where γQi is for the controlling variable load Q1
γLi is the adjustment factor of variable load of number i with the
consideration of design reference period
SGjk is the characteristic value of permanent load Gjk of number j
SQik is the characteristic value of variable load Qik of number i;
where SQ1k denotes the controlling one among all variable
loads
ψci is the coefficients of combination values of variable loads Qi
m is the number of permanent loads participated in the
combinations
n is the number of variable loads participated in the
combinations

36
Partial safety factor (Clause 3.2.4)

• Partial safety factors of permanent load γG and variable

load γQ are summarised as follows:

Unfavourable Favourable
Variable load Permanent load
controlled controlled
γG 1.2 1.35 ≤ 1.0
γQ 1.4 0.0

Remarks: For the characteristic value of variable load is greater than 4

kN/m2 for floor structure of industrial building, 1.3 shall be taken.

37
Adjustment factor (Clause 3.2.5)

• Adjustment factor for variable loads γL may be used to

modified the design reference period.
• The values can be obtained from Table 3.2.5.
Design reference
5 50 100
period (year)
γL 0.9 1.0 1.1
Remarks: Intermediate value may be used

• For snow load and wind load, the return period should be
selected as the design reference period.

38
Remarks
• For variable load controlled combination,
𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺𝑗 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄1 𝛾𝐿1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄𝑖 𝛾𝐿𝑖 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘

𝑗=1 𝑖=2

Dead + single independent variable load

𝑚

𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺𝑗 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄1 𝛾𝐿1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘

𝑗=1

Dead + two independent variable loads

𝑚

𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺𝑗 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄1 𝛾𝐿1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄2 𝛾𝐿2 𝜓𝑐2 𝑆𝑄2𝑘

𝑗=1

39
Remarks
• Favourable and un-favourable actions

40
Accidental combination (Clause 3.2.6)

• For the accidental combination, the design value Sd shall be

taken as:
1. For ULS design
𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝑆𝐴𝑑 + 𝜓𝑓1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝜓𝑞𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖 𝑘

𝑗=1 𝑖=2

2. For overall stability check after accidental event

𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝜓𝑓1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝜓𝑞𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖 𝑘

𝑗=1 𝑖=2

where
SAd is the characteristic value of accidental load Ad;
ψfi is the coefficients of frequent values of variable loads Qi.
ψqi is the coefficients of quasi-permanent values of variable loads Qi.
41
Combination of loads for SLS (Clause 3.2.7)

• For SLS, the load effects shall be determined based on

1. the characteristic combination,
2. the frequent combination or
3. the quasi-permanent combination.
• The design shall be carried on according to the design
expression
𝑆𝑑 ≤ 𝐶
where
C is stipulated limiting values, which denote the structures or
the structural members reaching the requirements of normal
service, such as the limiting values of deformation, crack,
vibration amplitude, acceleration, stress, etc.

42
• For characteristic combination
𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖 𝑘

𝑗=1 𝑖=2

• For frequent combination

𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝜓𝑓1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝜓𝑞𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖 𝑘

𝑗=1 𝑖=2

• For quasi-permanent combination

𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝜓𝑞𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖 𝑘

𝑗=1 𝑖=1

43
Example 1

Determine the maximum bending moment and shear force of

the following members based on GB50009-2012.

Uniformly distributed loading

8m
Given information
Permanent load, 𝑆𝐺1 𝑘 = 10 kN/m
Variable load, 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 = 6 kN/m (hotel, characteristic value)

Design reference period of 50 years

Safety class 2
44
Solution
Ultimate limit state: Consider fundamental combination
𝑚 𝑛
Controlled by variable load
𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺𝑗 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄1 𝛾𝐿1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄𝑖 𝛾𝐿𝑖 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘
𝑗=1 𝑖=2
𝛾𝐺 = 1.2, 𝛾𝑄 = 1.4

𝑚 𝑛
Controlled by permanent load
𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺𝑗 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄𝑖 𝛾𝐿𝑖 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘
𝑗=1 𝑖=1
𝛾𝐺 = 1.35, 𝛾𝑄 = 1.4

Coefficient of combination value

For hotel usage
𝜓𝑐 = 0.7
Adjustment factor for design
Design reference period of 50 years reference period
𝛾𝐿 = 1.0
Importance coefficient
Safety class 2
𝛾0 = 1.0
45
Variable load controlled

𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺1 𝑆𝐺1𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄1 𝛾𝐿1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 = 1.2 × 10 + 1.4 × 1.0 × 6 = 20.4 kN/m

Permanent load controlled

𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺1 𝑆𝐺1𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄𝑖 𝛾𝐿𝑖 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 = 1.35 × 10 + 1.4 × 1.0 × 0.7 × 6 = 19.4 kN/m

Design load 𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 = 1.0 × 𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝑑

1 1
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑆𝑑 𝐿2 = (20.4) 8 2
= 163.2 kNm
8 8
1 1
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑆𝑑 𝐿 = (20.4) (8) = 81.6 kN
2 2

46
Serviceability limit state: Consider all three combination

𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 Characteristic combination

𝑗=1 𝑖=2

𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝜓𝑓1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝜓𝑞𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 Frequent combination

𝑗=1 𝑖=2

𝑚 𝑛

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝜓𝑞𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 Quasi-permanent combination

𝑗=1 𝑖=1

For hotel usage Coefficient of combination value 𝜓𝑐 = 0.7

Coefficient of frequent value 𝜓𝑓 = 0.5

Coefficient of quasi-permanent value 𝜓𝑞 = 0.4

47
Characteristic combination

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 = 10 + 6 = 16 kN/m

Frequent combination

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝜓𝑓1 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 = 10 + 0.5 × 6 = 13 kN/m

Quasi-permanent combination

𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑗 𝑘 + 𝜓𝑞𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 = 10 + 0.4 × 6 = 12.4 kN/m

𝑆𝑑 ≤ 𝐶

48
Snow load (Clause 7.1)

• The characteristic value of wind load is determined in

accordance with the following equation:

𝑠𝑘 = 𝜇𝑟 𝑠0
where
sk is the characteristic value of snow load (kN/m2)
μr is the roof snow distribution factor (Table 7.2.1)
s0 is the reference snow pressure (kN/m2)

49
Roof snow distribution factor – type 1 & 2
Type 1: Single pitched roof (Refer to Table 7.2.1)

Type 2: Double pitched roof

Evenly distributed:
Unevenly distributed:

Note: 𝜇𝑟 of type 2 will be the same value of type 1

50
 (Appendix E.5)
Table E.5 Snow pressure during a 50-year mean recurrence
interval of nation-wide cities and towns

Provincial, Height Snow pressure (kN/m2)

City, town
municipal above sea
names R = 10 R = 50 R = 100
names level (m)
Beijing 54.0 0.25 0.40 0.45
Tianjin Tainjinshi 3.3 0.25 0.40 0.45
Shanghai 2.8 0.10 0.20 0.25
Guangzhoushi 6.6 0.00 0.00 0.00
Guangdong
Shenzhenshi 18.2 0.00 0.00 0.00

The coefficients for snow pressure are as follows:

Coefficient of Coefficient of frequent Coefficient of quasi-
combination value ψc value ψf permanent value ψq
0.7 0.6 0.5*

* The value for coeff. of quasi-permanent value is region dependent

51
Wind load (Clause 8.1)

• The characteristic value of wind load is determined in

accordance with the following equations:
1. Design of principal load-bearing structures
𝑤𝑘 = 𝛽𝑧 𝜇𝑠 𝜇𝑧 𝑤0
where
wk is the characteristic value of wind load (kN/m2)
βz is the dynamic effect factor of wind at a height of z (Clause 8.4)
μs is the shape factor of wind load (Clause 8.3)
μz is the exposure factor for wind pressure (Clause 8.2)
w0 is the reference wind pressure (kN/m2)

52
 (Clause 8.1)
• The reference wind pressure w0 is specified in Appendix E
in GB50009-2012.
– The value is based on the wind with return period of 50 years.
– The wind pressure shall not be less than 0.3 kN/m2.

• The coefficients for wind pressure are as follows:

Coefficient of Coefficient of frequent Coefficient of quasi-
combination value ψc value ψf permanent value ψq
0.6 0.4 0.0

53
 (Appendix E.5)

Table E.5 Wind pressure during a 50-year mean recurrence

interval of nation-wide cities and towns

Provincial, Height Wind pressure (kN/m2)

City, town
municipal above sea
names R = 10 R = 50 R = 100
names level (m)
Beijing 54.0 0.30 0.45 0.50
Tianjin Tainjinshi 3.3 0.30 0.50 0.60
Shanghai 2.8 0.40 0.55 0.60
Guangzhoushi 6.6 0.30 0.50 0.60
Guangdong
Shenzhenshi 18.2 0.45 0.75 0.90

54
Exposure factor (Clause 8.2)

• The value of exposure factor of wind load μz is specified in

Table 8.2.1 in Clause 8.2.1.
• The terrain roughness is classified into four categories:

Category Description
A shore sear surface, islands, sear shores, lake shores and
deserts.
B open fields, village, forests, hills, sparsely-populated towns
and city suburbs.
C urban districts in densely-populated cities.
D densely-populated cities with high building urban districts.

55
 (Clause 8.2.1)

Table 8.2.1 Exposure factor μz for wind pressure (GB50009-2012)

Height above terrain Terrain roughness categories

or sea level (m) A B C D
5 1.09 1.00 0.65 0.51
10 1.28 1.00 0.65 0.51
15 1.42 1.13 0.65 0.51
20 1.52 1.23 0.74 0.51
30 1.67 1.39 0.88 0.51
40 1.79 1.52 1.00 0.60
50 1.89 1.62 1.10 0.69
60 1.97 1.71 1.20 0.77
70 2.05 1.79 1.28 0.84
80 2.12 1.87 1.36 0.91

56
 (Clause 8.2.2)

• The coefficients for taking in account for the topography

effect is given as
𝑧 2
𝜂𝐵 = 1 + 𝜅 tan 𝛼 1 −
2.5𝐻
where
tanα slope on the windward side of the mountain peak or the
mountain slop; when tanα > 0.3, taking tanα = 0.3
κ coefficients (1) for the mountain peak taking 2.2; (2) for the
mountain slope, taking 1.4
H full height of the mountain peak or the mountain slope (m)
z height for the calculating position for buildings from the
ground in metre; when z > 2.5H, taking z = 2.5H

57
Shape factor (Clause 8.3)

• The value of shape factor of wind load is specified in Table

8.3.1 in GB50009-2012 Clause 8.3.
– Other references or results from wind tunnel test may be used.
Item Types Shape factors

Enclosed double pitched

1
roof on the ground

Enclosed double
2
pinched roof

Totally 39 items 58
Item Types Shape factors

(a) Rectangular / polygonal plan

Enclosed typed
30 buildings and structural (b) Y-shape
constructions

Rectangular building
31
whit H > 45 m

59
Dynamic effect of wind (Clause 8.4)

• The influence of the along wind motion due to fluctuation

effects of wind pressure shall be considered for buildings
with
1. height greater than 30m;
2. height-to-width ratio greater than 1.5; and
3. fundamental period greater than 0.25 second,
• The random vibration theory shall be used for the
calculation of the along wind excitation.
• For common high-rise building, gust factor method shall be
adopted.

60
Dynamic effect factor (Clause 8.4)

• For common cantilever structures, only the influence of

first vibration mode may be considered.
• At level z, the dynamic effect factor is given as

𝛽𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑔𝐼10 𝐵𝑧 1 + 𝑅2
where
g is the peak factor, taken as 2.5
I10 is the turbulence intensity at z = 10 m, taken as 0.12, 0.14, 0.23
and 0.39 for surface roughness A, B, C and D, respectively
R resonant response factor for the fluctuation of wind load
(next slide)
Bz background response factor for the fluctuation of wind load
(next slide)

61
 (Clause 8.4)
where
𝜋 𝑥12 f1 is the fundamental frequency of building
𝑅= (in Hz)
6𝜁1 (1 + 𝑥12 )4/3
kw is the surface roughness adjustment
factor, taken as 1.28, 1.0, 0.54 and 0.26
30𝑓1 for surface roughness A, B, C and D,
𝑥1 = >5
𝑘𝑤 𝑤0 respectively
ζ is the damping ratio; taken as 1% for
steel structures and 5% for RC buildings
Period 𝑇1 = 0.05~0.15 𝑛 n number of storey

𝜙1 (𝑧) 10 𝐻 + 60𝑒 −𝐻/60 − 60 10 𝐵 + 50𝑒 −𝐵/50 − 50

𝐵𝑧 = 𝑘𝐻 𝑎1 𝜌𝑥 𝜌𝑧 𝜌𝑧 = 𝜌𝑥 =
𝜇𝑧 𝐻 𝐵

where ϕ1 is the mode shape for mode 1 (Appendix G)

H is the total height, should not greater than 300 m, 350 m, 450
m and 550 m for surface roughness A, B, C and D,
respectively
ρx is the wind fluctuation factor along horizontal direction
ρz is the wind fluctuation factor along vertical direction
k, a1 is coefficients in Table 8.4.5-1
B is the width of building (m) ≤ 2H
62
 (Clause 8.4)

Table 8.4.5-1 Coefficient k and a1

Roughness A B C D
Tall k 0.944 0.670 0.295 0.112
building a1 0.155 0.187 0.261 0.346
Super tall k 1.276 0.910 0.404 0.155
building a1 0.186 0.218 0.292 0.376

63
 Table G.0.3 Mode shape for tall building (Appendix G)

Relative
Mode shape
height
z/H 1 2 3 4
0.1 0.02 -0.09 0.22 -0.38
0.2 0.08 -0.30 0.58 -0.73
0.3 0.17 -0.50 0.70 -0.40
0.4 0.27 -0.68 0.46 0.33
0.5 0.38 -0.63 -0.03 0.68
0.6 0.45 -0.48 -0.49 0.29
0.7 0.67 -0.18 -0.63 -0.47
0.8 0.74 0.17 -0.34 -0.62
0.9 0.86 0.58 0.27 -0.02
1.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

64
Across-wind motion (Clause 8.6)

• For super tall buildings or slender buildings with round

section, the checking of the across-wind motion (vortex
shedding) shall be carried out.
• The design situations depends on the value of Reynolds
number where v is the wind speed, taken as the
critical wind speed vcr
𝑅𝑒 = 69000𝑣𝐷 D is the depth of structure in metre

Important especially when

𝑅𝑒 > 3.5 × 106
and
𝑣𝐻 > 𝑣𝑐𝑟

65
Overall procedures Load
combination
• ULS
• Fundamental
Types of load • Accidental
• Permanent load • SLS
• Variable load • Characteristic
• Accident load • Frequent
• Seismic load • Quasi-permanent

Representative
value
• Characteristic value
• Combination value
• Frequent value
• Quasi-permanent load

66