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Model Analysis

Model analysis involves creating small-scale models of structures and machines and testing them to understand how the full-scale prototypes will perform. Three types of similarity must exist between a model and its prototype: geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarity. Dimensional analysis techniques like Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's pi-theorem are used to determine the relationships between variables in physical phenomena and ensure the model and prototype results can be properly scaled. Model testing provides valuable insights into hydraulic structures, turbines, buildings and other systems before they are constructed.

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lambada puneeth raj
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451 views

Model Analysis

Model analysis involves creating small-scale models of structures and machines and testing them to understand how the full-scale prototypes will perform. Three types of similarity must exist between a model and its prototype: geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarity. Dimensional analysis techniques like Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's pi-theorem are used to determine the relationships between variables in physical phenomena and ensure the model and prototype results can be properly scaled. Model testing provides valuable insights into hydraulic structures, turbines, buildings and other systems before they are constructed.

Uploaded by

lambada puneeth raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Model & Dimensional

Analysis
Model Analysis
 For predicting the performance of hydraulic structure (e.g.
dams, spillways etc.) or hydraulic machines (e.g. turbine,
pumps etc.) before actually constructing or manufacturing
these, models of the structures or machine are made and
tested to obtain the desired information.
 The model is the small scale replica of the actual structure or
machine.
 The actual structure or machine is called prototype.
 The study of models of actual structures/machines is called
model analysis.
Model Analysis
 Model analysis is actually an experimental method for
obtaining the required information.
 The models are not always smaller than the prototype, in
some cases a model even may be large or same size as
prototype depending upon the need and purpose (e.g. the
working of wrist watch or carburettor can be studied in a
large scale model)
Advantages of Model Analysis
Application of Model testing
Following are important field where applications of the model
testing is much use:
 Hydraulic structure such as dams, spillways, weirs, canals etc.
 Flood control structure
 Turbines, pump, compressors
 Tall building (to predict the effect of wind load on building,
the stability characteristics of the building)
Similitude:Types of Similarities
 Similtude is defined as the similarity b/w the model and its
prototype in every respect, which means that the model and
prototype have similar properties.
 Three types of similarity must exits:
1. Geometric similarity
2. Kinematic similarity
3. Dynamic similarity
Geometric Similarity
 The geometric similarity is said to exist b/w the model and
prototype. The ratio of all corresponding linear dim. in the
model and prototype are equal.


Geometric Similarity Cont…

Geometric Similarity (Scale 1/10th)


Kinematic Similarity
 Kinematic similarity means the similarity of motion b/w the
model and prototype.
 If the ratio of the velocity and acceleration at the
corresponding points in the model and prototype are same
(both magnitude and direction).
Dynamic Similarity
 Dynamic similarity means the similarity of forces b/w the
model and prototype.
 This is said to exist if the ratio of the corresponding forces
acting at the corresponding points in the model and prototype
are equal (also direction).
Types of forces acting in moving Fluid
The forces acting on fluid may be any one or
combination of the several of the following forces:
1. Inertia Force (Fi)
2. Viscous Force (Fv)
3. Gravity Force (Fg)
4. Pressure Force (Fp)
5. Surface Tension Force (Fs)
6. Elastic Force (Fe)

 For a flowing fluid, all these forces may not be present and all
are not dominant forces.
 Depending on the flow problem some forces are dominating.
Dimensionless Numbers
 Dimensionless numbers are also called non-dimensional
parameters.
 Dimensionless numbers are those numbers which are obtained
by diving the inertia force by various forces (e.g., viscos or
gravity or pressure or surface Tension or elastic).
 As this is a ratio of one force to the other force, it will form a
dimensionless number.
 Example:
1. Reynold’s number

2. Froude’s number

3. Euler’s number

4. Weber’s number

5. Mach’s number
Model Laws or Similarity Laws
 Models are designed on the basis of the force which is
dominating in the flow.
 The laws on which the models are designed for dynamic
similarity are called model laws or laws of similarity.
Following are the various model laws.
 Example:
1. Reynold’s model law

2. Froude model law

3. Euler model law

4. Weber model law

5. Mach model law


Reynolds model Law
 It is the law in which models are based on Re number.
Example: Pipe Flow
 This is used where Fv is predominant in addition to Fi.
 Reynolds law states that the Re for the model must be equal
to the Re for the prototype.
Ex 1: An oil of specific gravity 0.92 and viscosity 0.03 poise is to
be transported at the rate of 2500 lps through a 1.2 m diameter
of pipe. Tests were conducted on a 12 cm diameter pipe using
water at 20°C. If viscosity of water at 20°C is 0.01 poise, find:
1. Velocity of flow in model
2. Rate of flow in the model
Froude model Law
 It is the law in which models are based on Fr number. Example
i. Free surface flows: spillways, weirs, sluices, channels
ii. Flow of jet from an orifice or nozzle etc.
 This is used where Fg is predominant in addition to Fi.
 Froude law states that the Fr for the model must be equal to
the Fr for the prototype.
Ex 1 (a): Water is flowing through pipe of diameter 30 cm at a
velocity of 4 m/s. Find the velocity of oil flowing in another pipe of
diameter 10cm, if the condition of dynamic similarity is satisfied
between two pipes. The viscosity of water and oil is given as 0.01
poise and 0.025. the sp. gravity of oil is 0.8.
Ex 2: the characteristics of the spillway are to be studied by
means of a geometrically similar model constructed to the scale
ratio of 1/10.
(i) if the maximum rate of flow in the prototype is 28.3 cumecs,
what will be the corresponding flow in model?
(ii) if the measured velocity in the model at a point on the spillway
is 2.4 m/s, what will be the corresponding velocity in prototype?
Euler’s model Law
 It is the law in which models are based on Eu number.
Example: It is applied for fluid flow in a closed pipe.
 This is used where Fp is predominant in addition to Fi.
 Dynamic similarity is obtained by equating the Euler number
for both model and prototype. This is known as Euler model
law.
 Euler law states that the Euler number for the model must be
equal to the Euler number for the prototype.
Weber model Law
 It is the law in which models are based on We number.
Example: It is applied cases like Capillary rise in narrow
passages, Capillary movement of water in soil.
 This is used where Surface tension force Fs is predominant in
addition to Fi.
 The dynamic similarity between the model and its prototype
may be achieved by equating the Weber numbers, which is
known as Weber model law.
 Weber law states that the We for the model must be equal to
the We for the prototype.
Mach model Law
 This is used where elastic force is predominant in addition to
Fi.
 Then, the dynamic similarity between the model and its
prototype may be achieved by equating the Mach numbers,
which is known as Mach model law.
 Mach law states that the Mach number for the model must be
equal to the Mach for the prototype.
Dimensional Analysis
Introduction
 It is a mathematical technique which make use of the study of
the dimensions for solving engineering problem.
 Dimensional analysis help in determining a systematic
arrangement of variable in the physical relationship.
 It is based on the principal of dimensional homogeneity.
Uses of dimensional analysis
 To test the dimensional homogeneity of any equation of fluid
motion
 To derive the rational formula for a flow phenomenon
 To derive the equation expressed in term of non-dimensional
parameter to show the relative significance of each
parameter
Dimensions and Units
 Fundamental or primary quantities are mass, length, time, &
temperature designated by M, L, T and T.
 Various physical quantities used in fluid phenomenon can be
expressed in term of primary quantities or fundamental
quantities
 The quantities which are expressed in term of the
fundamental or primary quantities are called derived or
secondary quantities.
Cont…
Dimensions and Units
 All non-primary dimensions (secondary or derived
quantity) can be formed by a combination of primary
dimensions.
Dimensional Homogeneity (DH)

Methods of Dimensional Analysis
If the number of variable involved in a physical
phenomenon are known, then relation among variable
can be determined by following two methods:
1. Rayleigh’s method

2. Buckingham’s π-theorem
Rayleigh’s method
 This method used for determining the expression for
variable which depends upon max 3-4 variables.
Rayleigh’s method
Steps to be followed in solving Rayleigh’s method
1. Gather all the independent variables that are likely
to influence the value of dependent variable
2. Write functional relationship with the given data
3. Write the equation using power a, b, c,…
4. Find the value of a, b, c, … using principal of
dimensional homogeneity
5. Substitute the values of a, b, c… in the main
equation
Cont…
Rayleigh’s method
 The time period (t) of a pendulum depends upon the length (L)
and g. Derive an expression for the time period.
Rayleigh’s method Cont…
The resisting force R of a supersonic plane during flight can be considered as
dependent upon the length of the aircraft (l), velocity (v), air viscosity (µ),
air density (ρ), and bulk modulus (k) of air. Express the functional
relationship b/w these variables and the resisting force.
Buckingham’s π-theorem
 The Rayleigh’s method of dim. analysis is more laborious if
the variables are more than the fundamental dim (M, L, T).
 This difficulty is overcome by using Buckingham’s π-theorem.
 This theorem states that “If there are n variables (both
independent and dependent) in a dimensionally homogeneous
equation and if these variables contain m fundamental
dimensions (M, L, T), then the variables are arranged into
(n-m) dimensionless terms”.
 These dimensionless terms is called π-term.
Cont…
Buckingham’s π-theorem
Procedure for solving problems by
Buckingham’s π-theorem
Steps to be followed
1. Step 1: write general equation in π tern
2. Step 2: select the repeating variable
3. Step 3: write each π tern
4. Step 4: Each π term equation is solved by principal
of dimensional homogeneity
5. Step 5: Substitute the value of π term in general
equation
Procedure for solving problems by Cont…
Buckingham’s π-theorem
The resisting force R of a supersonic plane during flight can be considered as
dependent upon the length of the aircraft (l), velocity (v), air viscosity (µ), air
density (ρ), and bulk modulus (k) of air. Express the functional relationship
b/w these variables and the resisting force.

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