…

WELL TEST ANALYSIS

PDB3013

TYPE CURVES FOR WELL TEST ANALYSIS

SEPT 2019

DR BERIHUN MAMO NEGASH

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 COURSE OUTCOME

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) :

At the end of the course the students will be able to:

1. Perform drawdown and build‐up analyses using

fundamental reservoir engineering concepts/equations
and analytical solutions.
2. Fault/ discontinuity detection and interpretation using well
test analysis.
3. Estimate the reservoir parameters using type curves.
4. Apply well test analysis for gas wells.

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 LESSON OUTCOME

At the end of the Lesson the students will be able to:

➢ Calculate wellbore storage coefficient, permeability, and

skin factor from type curve matching

• Ramey’s type curve

• Gringarten et al. type curves
• Bourdet et al. derivative type curves

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 WHY TEST?
Typical objectives of testing and analyzing
• Initial pressure
• Current average pressure
• Absolute open flow potential
• Formation flow capacity, kh (Ability of reservoir to transmit fluid)
• Reservoir storage capacity or porosity
• Presence of formation damage or stimulation
• Size of drainage area
• Reservoir boundaries
• Existence, nature and extent of boundaries (faults, WOC, …)
• Existence, nature and extent of fracturing (natural or artificial)
• Necessity for formation treatment
• Effectiveness of formation treatment
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 WHY TEST? Cont’d

• The primary objective is to estimate productivity /

injectivity of a well and formation properties

• It reflects formation properties such as permeability and

porosity under in-situ dynamic condition.

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 TYPES OF TESTS
• Productivity test
• Drawdown test
• Buildup test
• Injection test
• Falloff test
• Variable rate test
• Slug and DST tests
• Multi-well test
• Interference test
• Pulse test
• Wireline formation test
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 Data Interpretation or analysis methods
• Interpretation of observed pressure and rate data based on mathematical
well/reservoir model involves inverse problem i.e.,

Input
Real system Output/Observed data
(Production/Injection
(reservoir) 9P vs Time)
rate)

Input
Model (Φ, k, s, C, Output/Observed data
(Production/Injection
etc) 9P vs Time)
rate)

Matching observed data with model output allows estimation of reservoir properties

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 Components of the well test interpretation model

(Grigarten, 2008 -SPE 102079)

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 Ranking of WTI methods

(Grigarten, 2006 -SPE 102079)

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 Brief Review of Pressure Drawdown Tests Cont’d
• Semi-log plot of pressure drawdown test • Early time flow is
dominated by wellbore
storage.
• Middle time (transient)
flow is a period where
the reservoir act as an
infinite. i.e. a semilog
plot of Pwf vs t is a
straight line, which can
be used to determine
permeability.
• Late time flow is a flow
period where the
pressure data is
dominated by boundary
effects. Can be used to
calculate the size and
shape of the reservoir.
Brief Review of Pressure Drawdown Tests Cont’d
0.234𝑞𝐵𝑡 162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝐴
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 − log 𝐶𝐴 + 0.351 + 0.869𝑠
𝜙𝑐𝑡 ℎ𝐴 𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤

𝑑𝑝𝑤 𝑞 − 𝑞𝑠𝑓 𝐵
=−
𝑑𝑡 24𝐶

162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘𝑡
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23 + 0.869𝑠
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
 Type Curve why?
• Under ideal conditions, the well test data are only influenced by
the reservoir characteristics. In reality, however, the test data are
affected by conditions at the wellbore, especially during the
early part of the test.

• The wellbore conditions that influence the test results include:

•What are these conditions?

• Accordingly, it is very important to learn how to recognize the
presence of their influence on the observed pressure-time data.
 Type Curves why?
• Under ideal conditions, the well test data are only influenced by the reservoir
characteristics. In reality, however, the test data are affected by conditions at the
wellbore, especially during the early part of the test.

• The wellbore conditions that influence the test results include:

• Wellbore storage
• Hydraulic fracturing
• Partial perforation
• Phase separation
• Accordingly, it is very important to learn how to recognize the presence of their
influence on the observed pressure-time data.
 WTI model identification process

(Grigarten, 2006
-SPE 102079)

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 Fundamentals of type curves

❑ Type curves are plots of theoretical solutions to flow equations.

❑ Type curves can be used to estimate reservoir properties, identify
the appropriate reservoir model, and identify various flow patters
during a test.
❑ Type curves are usually presented in dimensionless variables.

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑝 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑝 (1)
𝑟 =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2.64𝑥10−4 𝑘 𝜕𝑡
Assumptions
1. Slightly compressible fluid
2. Laminar (Darcy) flow
3. Small and constant fluid compressibility
4. Isothermal conditions
5. Negligible gravity effects
6. Homogeneous porous media

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 Fundamentals of type curves

70.6𝑞𝜇𝐵 −948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
𝑝 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑝𝑖 + 𝐸𝑖 (2)
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
Rearranging eq. 2 gives

70.6𝑞𝜇𝐵 −948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2 (3)

𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝 = − 𝐸𝑖
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡

𝑟 2
𝑘ℎ 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝 1 − ൗ𝑟𝑤 (4)
= − 𝐸𝑖
141.2𝑞𝜇𝐵 2 4 0.0002637𝑘𝑡 /𝑟𝑤2 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

1 −𝑟𝐷2 (5)
𝑝𝐷 = − 𝐸𝑖
2 4𝑡𝐷
𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝𝑤𝐷 For a finite wellbore radius
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 Application of type curves

1. Ramey’s type curve

1. Slightly compressible fluid
2. Single – phase liquid flowing
3. Homogeneous
4. Uniform pressure in the drainage area of the wellbore before production
5. Infinite acting reservoir (no boundary effects during the flow periods of
interest for analysis)
6. Constant production rate at the surface
7. Infinitesimal skin that maybe modelled with an apparent wellbore radius
8. Constant wellbore storage coefficient

It is developed for drawdown tests, but can be applied to Build-up test analysis using
equivalent time under the condition that Δt << tp
Δ𝑡∗𝑡𝑝
Δ𝑡𝑒 =
Δ𝑡+𝑡𝑝

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 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D

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 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D
Procedure
Step 1: Prepare a log-log graph paper with the same size
(scale) as the master type curve using tracing paper.
Step 2: plot 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 vs. t (drawdown) and ൫𝑝𝑤𝑠 −
𝑝𝑤𝑓@Δ𝑡=0 ൯ vs. Δ𝑡𝑒 (build-up) on a log-log graph paper
Step 3: if the data has a unit slop region (45o at early times).
Choose any point 𝑡, 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 or Δ𝑡𝑒 , 𝑝𝑤𝑠 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓@Δ𝑡=0 on
the unit slope line (USL) and calculate the wellbore storage coefficient C:

𝑞𝐵 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝐵ൗ
𝐶= 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (6)
24 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑈𝑆𝐿

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 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D
Procedure
Then calculate the dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient:

0.894𝐶
𝐶𝐷 =
𝜙ℎ𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 (7)

Step 4: Using typecurves with CD as calculated in step 2, find

curve that most nearly fits all plotted data. Side te field
curves, keeping axis parallel, until the best match is obtained
with one of the curves of the master graph.

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 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D
Procedure
Step 5: pick any convenient match point and read its
corresponding coordinates Δ𝑝, 𝑝𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡, 𝑡𝐷 for drawdown
test or Δ𝑡𝑒 , 𝑡𝐷 for build-up test.

Step 6: Calculate k and Φ using the following equations:

𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑝𝐷
𝑘 = 141.2 𝑚𝐷 (8)
ℎ Δ𝑝 𝑀𝑃
0.000264𝑘 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑡𝑒 −1
𝜙𝑐𝑡 = 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (9)
𝜇𝑟𝑤2 𝑡𝐷 𝑀𝑃

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 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D

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 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D

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 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D

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 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D

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 Ramey’s Type Curves Cont’d
• Matching the graph:
 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D

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 Ramey’s type curve CONT’D

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 Application of type curves

2. Gringarten et al. type curves

➢ Gringarten et al. replotted Ramy’s solutions to facilitate
application of the type curves.

𝑡𝐷
➢ The graph is 𝑃𝐷 vs. as a function of 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑠
𝐶𝐷
Assumptions

• vertical well with constant production rate

• infinite-acting
• homogeneous-acting reservoir
• single-phase, slightly compressible liquid flowing
• infinitesimal skin factor (thin "membrane" at production face) and
• constant wellbore-storage coefficient.
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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D
Procedure
Step 1: Prepare a log-log graph paper wit the same size (scale)
as the master type curve using tracing paper.
Step 2: plot 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 vs. t (drawdown) and ൫𝑝𝑤𝑠 −
𝑝𝑤𝑓@Δ𝑡=0 ൯ vs. Δ𝑡𝑒 (build-up) on a log-log graph paper
Step 3: if the data has a unit slop region (45o at early times).
Choose any point 𝑡, 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 or Δ𝑡𝑒 , 𝑝𝑤𝑠 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓@Δ𝑡=0 on
the unit slope line (USL) and calculate the wellbore storage
coefficient C:
𝑞𝐵 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝐵ൗ (6)
𝐶= 𝑝𝑠𝑖
24 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑈𝑆𝐿

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D
Then calculate the dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient:

0.894𝐶
𝐶𝐷 =
𝜙ℎ𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
or
(10)
0.03723𝑞𝐵 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑡𝑒
𝐶𝐷 =
𝜙ℎ𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓
𝑈𝑆𝐿

Step 4: Overlay the test data on the type curves and find the
type curve that most nearly fits all the plotted test data.
Record the type curve correlating parameter, 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑠 ,
corresponding to the matched type curve.
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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D
Procedure
Step 5: pick any convenient match point and read its
corresponding coordinates Δ𝑝, 𝑝𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡, 𝑡𝐷ൗ𝐶𝐷 for
drawdown test or Δ𝑡𝑒 , 𝑡𝐷ൗ𝐶𝐷 for build-up test.

Step 6: Calculate k using the following equation:

𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑝𝐷
𝑘 = 141.2 𝑚𝐷
ℎ Δ𝑝 𝑀𝑃
0.000264𝑘 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑡𝑒 −1
𝜙𝑐𝑡 = 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜇𝑟𝑤2 𝑡𝐷 𝑀𝑃

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D
Step 7: calculate the dimensionless wellbore-storage
coefficient, 𝐶𝐷 from the time match point.

0.000264𝑘 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑡𝑒 (11)

𝐶𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷
𝜇𝑟𝑤2 𝜙𝑐𝑡 ൗ𝐶
𝐷 𝑀𝑃
This value should be comparable to the one calculated in step
3.
Step 8: Calculate skin factor, s, with the type curve correlating
parameter, 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑠 , from step 4 and the dimensionless
wellbore-storage coefficient , 𝐶𝐷 , determined from the time
match point in step 7.
𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑠 (12)
𝑠 = 𝑜. 5𝑙𝑛
𝐶𝐷
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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D
Straight line analysis
Diagnostic plot

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 Gringarten et al. type curves CONT’D
Log-log pressure analysis
Diagnostic plot

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves
3. Bourdet et al. derivative type curves

➢ Tiab and Kumar, 1980a were the first to introduce the use of
pressure-derivative for well-test analysis to the petroleum industry by
using pressure-derivatives to identify sealing faults uniquely from
interference tests.

➢ Bourdet et al. added pressure derivative curves on the Gringarten

type curves where the dimensionless pressure-derivative is defined
as:
(13)
𝑑𝑝𝐷 𝑡 𝑑𝑝𝐷
𝑝𝐷′ = = 𝐷ൗ𝐶 𝑡𝐷
𝑡𝐷 𝐷 𝑑
𝑑 𝑙𝑛 ൗ𝐶 ൗ𝐶
𝐷
𝐷

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves

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Time Regions on the Derivative Type Cure
 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D

Properties of the dimensionless pressure-derivative graph

1. For test data on unit slop line, 𝑝𝐷′ 𝑡𝐷ൗ𝐶𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷ൗ𝐶𝐷
From the early time region (ETR),
𝑞𝐵 (14)
Δ𝑝 = 𝑡
24𝐶
In terms of dimensionless variables, Eq. (14) can be written as:
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷ൗ𝐶𝐷 (15)

Taking the Bourdet derivative of Eq. (15) gives,

𝑝𝐷′ = 𝑡𝐷ൗ𝐶𝐷 (16)

Therefore,
𝑡𝐷
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑝𝐷′ = ൗ𝐶
𝐷
on the early time unit-slope line.
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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D
2. For the infinite acting period (semilog straight line region or MTR),
𝑡
𝑝𝐷′ 𝐷ൗ𝐶 = 0.5
𝐷
From MTR data, see equation. 5,
2
1 −𝑟𝐷
𝑝𝐷 = − 𝐸𝑖
2 4𝑡𝐷
In terms of the logarithmic approximation 𝐸𝑖 −𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 1.781𝑥 , Eq. 5 can be
written as:
2
1 −𝑟𝐷
𝑝𝐷 = − 𝑙𝑛 1.781 (17)
2 4𝑡𝐷
Equation 17 can be written as,

1 1.781 𝑡𝐷
𝑝𝐷 = − 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 −𝑟𝐷2 − 𝑙𝑛 ൗ𝐶𝐷 + 𝑙𝑛 𝐶𝐷
2 4

Thus,
𝑡𝐷 𝑑𝑝𝐷
𝑝𝐷′ ൗ𝐶 = = 0.5
𝐷 𝑡𝐷
𝑑 𝑙𝑛 ൗ𝐶
𝐷

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D

Advantages of pressure derivative type curves

➢ Heterogeneities, hardly visible on the conventional plot

of well testing data, are amplified on the derivative plot.
➢ Flow regimes have clear characteristic shapes on the
derivative plot.
➢ The derivative plot is able to display in a single graph
many separate characteristics that would otherwise
require different plots.
➢ The derivative approach improves the definition of the
analysis plots and therefore the quality of the
interpretation.

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D

Procedure
Step 1: Calculate pressure derivative functions of the well-test data
For drawdown test,
Δ𝑝𝑖 − Δ𝑝𝑖−1 Δ𝑝𝑖+1 − Δ𝑝𝑖
𝑑Δ𝑝 𝑑Δ𝑝 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖−1
𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖−1 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
=𝑡 =𝑡∗
𝑑𝑙𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖−1

For build-up test

𝑑Δ𝑝 𝑑Δ𝑝
= Δ𝑡𝑒
𝑑𝑙𝑛 Δ𝑡𝑒 𝑑Δ𝑡𝑒

Where Δ𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 for drawdown test or Δ𝑝 = 𝑝𝑤𝑠 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 , Δ𝑡 = 0

for build-up test.

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D

Procedure
Step 2: Prepare a log-log graph paper with the same size (scale) as the
master type curve using tracing paper.
𝑑Δ𝑝 𝑑Δ𝑝
Step 3: Plot 𝑡 (or Δ𝑡𝑒 ) and Δ𝑝 as a function of t (drawdown) or
𝑑𝑡 𝑑Δ𝑡𝑒
Δ𝑡𝑒 (build-up) on log-log graph on the tracing paper.
Step 4: Align horizontal part of field data and the master type curve
pressure-derivative
Step 5: Align unit-slop part of the field data and type curve
Step 6: determine 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑠 from the match curve and select a match point
Δ𝑝, 𝑝𝐷 and 𝑡, 𝑡𝐷ൗ𝐶𝐷 for drawdown test or Δ𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑡, 𝑡𝐷ൗ𝐶𝐷 for
build-up test.

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D
Step 7: calculate permeability, k, from the pressure match point.
𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑝𝐷
𝑘 = 141.2
ℎ Δ𝑝 𝑀𝑃
Step 8: calculate the dimentionless wellbore storage coefficient, 𝐶𝐷 ,
from the time match point
0.000264𝑘 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑡𝑒
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷
𝜇𝑟𝑤2 𝜙𝑐𝑡 ൗ𝐶
𝐷 𝑀𝑃
Step 9: Calculate skin factor, s, with 𝐶𝐷 from step 7 and 𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑠 from step
6
𝐶𝐷 𝑒 2𝑠
𝑠 = 0.5𝑙𝑛
𝐶𝐷

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D

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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D
Diagnostic log-log plot

• Bring confidence and better identify the flow regimes

• Monitor well performance and diagnose production problem
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 Bourdet et al. derivative type curves CONT’D
Log-log Derivative plot analysis
Diagnostic plot

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 Correcting initial pressure in a well test

Sometimes pressure may not

immediately start to decline
even after recording has begin.

• A suitable method to correct initial pressure or time is to prepare a

cartesian-coordinate plot of pressure as a function of elapsed test time.
• Data falling on a unit-slope line on a log-log plot will also fall on a straight
line on a Cartesian-coordinate plot.
• Therefore, if any early test data fall on a unit-slope straight line, we can
plot these data on Cartesian coordinates and extrapolate the straight line
back to Δt =0.
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 Correcting initial pressure in a well test

Example: Given the times and pressures, determine the time at which
Δt = 0and the correct flowing bottomhole pressure.

1. Inspection of the data shows that that well was not shut in until a few
moments after the recorded shut-in time. To correct the initial time and
pressure, we plot the early data on a convenient Cartesian coordinate scale.
Then, we draw straight lines through both the flow data and the initial
straight-line portion of the buildup data, as Fig. shows.
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 Correcting initial pressure in a well test

2. Next, we determine the location of the intersection of the two

straight lines to be Δt = 0.025 hour, Pwt= 4,171.58 psia.
3. Finally, we correct the recorded shut-in time by subtracting the
recorded shut-in time at Δt = 0.025 hour, as Table shows.

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 Reservoir identification with type curves

❖ The underlying principle of a type curve analysis is that, if the test

data exhibit the same shape as a type curve in all time regions, the
reservoir is of the same type as that characterized by the type curves.

❖ The best approach for identifying the correct reservoir model

incorporates three major plotting techniques- the ordinary type
curve, the derivative type curve and specialized graph for a test.

❖ When the reservoir type is identified correctly, all three plots will
confirm or at least be consistent with the hypothesized reservoir
type.

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 Summary
• The biggest drawback to the use ofthe Ramey
type curve is the difficulty in finding the best
match because of the similarity of the shapes
of the curves and the need to determine both
time and pressure match points and two
correlating parameters simultaneously. As a
result, the Ramey type curve is seldom used
for manual type-curve matching.

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 Summary
• With the Gringarten type curve, all wellbore-
storage-dominated data fall on a single unit-
slope line. As the transition to the middle-time
region occurs, the data follow one of several
curves characterized by the parameter Cne2s.
With this type curve, the engineer can be
much more confident that the best match has
been identified with the Ramey type curve.

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 Summary
• The Bourdet derivative type curve has two interesting
features: first, field-pressure-derivative data from the well
bore-sto rage-dominated period fall on a unit-slope line that
coincides with the unit-slope line followed by the pressure
data; second, data from the middle time region fall on a
horizontal line at 𝑡𝐷 Τ𝐶𝑑 𝑝𝐷′ . The Bourdet derivative type
curve is much more sensitive to the reservoir model than
the Gringarten type curve and is often used in reservoir
model identification. If all the available pressure and
pressure-derivative data can be matched with a single set of
pressure and pressure-derivative type curves, the well-test
analyst is reassured that a reasonable interpretion model
has been selected and that the analysis is correct.
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 …

The End
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