Think Summary Simon Blackburn PDF Download
Think Summary Simon Blackburn PDF Download
Book
Think
A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy Make way for the philosophy All-
Stars!
Simon Blackburn
Oxford UP, 1999
Buy the book
Rating Recommendation
6
6 Applicability Gertrude Stein observed of Ezra Pound that he was a village explainer, and very
good to have around if one happened to be a village. Simon Blackburn merits the
6 Innovation
same level of praise. This book’s stated intention is to give readers some sense of
7 Style how philosophers approach the really big questions of knowledge, free will, God,
reasoning, and so on. That’s a tall order. Think is better appreciated as a
chrestomathy of thoughtprovoking quotations and asides. The book’s strongest
points are its useful tips on formulating and analyzing arguments. Incidentally,
the politically correct reader will be delighted at Blackburn’s bows to gender
neutral language, his digs at the religious right and his sly elbow in the dead ribs
of Edmund Burke. getAbstract recommends this book for anyone interested in
philosophy but short of time, or merely out to impress friends, colleagues and
clients by dropping names of celebrity philosophers into conversations or sales
pitches.
Take-Aways
• Philosophy is not a body of knowledge, but a skill like playing the piano.
• Ideas matter.
• The way we think matters.
• Every good argument in philosophy seems to have a counterargument just
as good.
• The important thing is not to get the answer right, but to get an answer the
right way.
• Logic provides tools to test whether arguments are valid.
• A valid conclusion is one that follows from its premises.
• A sound argument is a valid argument whose premises are indeed true.
• Philosophers cannot tell us for sure whether we exist, what we are, whether
we are free, whether God exists, whether we know anything about the world,
or whether the world exists at all for that matter.
• Chance is as relentless as necessity.
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Summary
Knowledge
On November 10, 1619 the philosopher, mathematician and pious Catholic René
Descartes shut himself away in a room heated by a stove and had a vision followed
“Reflection doesn’t get
by dreams. He concluded that this experience had revealed his vocation: to unfold
the world’s business
the one true way to knowledge. The world was rapidly changing. Polish
done.”
astronomer Copernicus had formulated a heliocentric model of the solar system,
and such scientists as Galileo were laying the foundations of a "mechanical"
science of nature. There seemed to be no room in the world for God. Descartes
aimed to show that God still belonged to the world, or the world to God. He was
the first philosopher to wrestle with the implications of the modern scientific
world view. The issues he treated in his "Meditations" included most of the central
problems for subsequent philosophy.
“In the end, it is ideas for
He begins by introducing a world in which nothing is certain, in which nothing
which people kill each
the senses tell him can be trusted, because an Evil Demon has the power to
other.”
deceive people through their senses. However, if one can be deceived, one must
exist. In fact, if one can think at all, one must exist. This is the famous "Cogito,
ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). Although this tells us that "I" exist, it tells us
nothing about what "I" is.
The working parts of an argument are its premises. From the premises derive the
conclusion. According to the laws of logic, an argument is valid if its conclusions
follow from the premises. It is invalid if they do not if there is some flaw in the
“To process thoughts reasoning. When the premises of a valid argument are true, the argument is
well is a matter of being sound. We want our reasoning to be valid, so when forming an argument, we need
able to avoid confusion, to analyze whether there is any way our premises can be true without our
detect ambiguities, keep conclusion being true.
things in mind one at a
time, make reliable The formula "p & p" is a contradiction; it cannot be true. The formula "(p & p)"
arguments, become is true. Bracketing is extremely important in logic. Many fallacies in formal and
aware of al ter na tives, informal reasoning can be avoided by knowing where brackets fall, knowing the
and so on.”
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scope of the negatives, conjunctions, etc. One of the terrific virtues of formal logic
is that it sensitizes people to scope ambiguities that arise when it is not clear
where the brackets lie.
Free Will
We are conscious of our freedom at least, we seem to be free. Sometimes we are
proud of our freedom, as when we struggle successfully against addictions.
“Behavior is not a Freedom brings responsibility.
transparent guide to
sensations, thoughts, or The doctrine of determinism denies freedom. It can be stated simplistically as
feelings.” follows: 1) The past controls the present and future; 2) You can’t control the past;
3) You can’t control the way the past controls the present and future, so 4) You
can’t control the present and future. People who accept this argument are called
"hard determinists" or incompatibilists, because they think that freedom and
determinism are incompatible.
Some have tried to counter determinism by introducing an element of
randomness into their model of the world. In fact, quantum physics offers a world
where events seem to happen without any cause. But chance is as relentless as
“Animals can
necessity. Freedom is as meaningless in a random world as in a deterministic
presumably perceive the
world, but we are world.
nervous about
Compatibilism, on the other hand, denies that there is any contradiction between
supposing that they can
acknowledging determinism and simultaneously holding people responsible for
represent to themselves
distant and past and their actions. Compatibilists say that we are part of the causal order, part of the
future states of affairs.” way that the past controls the future. We control nature from inside nature. If we
exercise control badly, we can be held responsible. Thus, recklessness and
negligence are faults, and we can be held responsible for them.
The event of someone eating an omelet is always preceded by the event of
someone breaking an egg. The event of reaching the top of the mountain is always
preceded by the event of starting out. Doing nothing is invariably followed by no
omelet, or no summit. Which events unfold from time’s womb depends on what
we decide to do.
“Chance is as relentless
as necessity.” When we are powerless, we need consolation, and thoughts of unfolding, infinite
destiny are sometimes consoling. But not when we are acting. When we are
driving a car, we cannot safely think that it makes no difference whether we turn
the wheel or hit the brake. Our best efforts do not come to nothing.
The Self
Descartes thought we had a "clear and distinct" perception that the soul was
distinct from the body, although he could say little else about it. Hume pointed
“Perhaps blame and
associated reactions out that the self is elusive, unobservable. Looking into ourselves to find it, we see
have a function, and we only perceptions, experiences and emotions, never the "I" that perceives,
just need things with experiences and emotes. Yet we all feel that we know ourselves!
that function.”
Many philosophers reason that the soul is simple, rather than composite. Since all
change, death and decay amounts to the falling apart of composite things, if the
soul is not composite it may well be immortal.
Yet John Locke pointed out that we can refer to a tree as the same oak tree even
though its constituent parts change over time. Thus, the sapling, the mature tree
and the pruned tree are all the same oak tree because all stages share the same
life. Since we don’t know anything about immaterial substance, is it possible that
“If our best efforts come it gets replaced the same way oak tree cells do?
to nothing often enough,
we need consolation, Hume, again, held that we could not properly talk about an "I" as distinct from its
and thoughts of perceptions and experiences and emotions. For him, and for some others, the self
unfolding, infinite is merely a bundle of perceptions. But we can no more have perceptions floating
destiny, or karma, are
sometimes consoling.”
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around waiting to be bundled up than we can have dents floating around waiting
to affix themselves to a car.
Perhaps the solution to these questions and problems is to think of the self as an
organizing principle. In this case, the "I" is not something else to be experienced
but rather the point of view from which interpretation of experience begins.
God Beliefs are supposed to be true, but religion may, in fact, not be a matter of
“There is a curious
difference between the truth or falsity. Accepting a religion may be more like enjoying a poem or playing
past and the future, football, an immersion in a set of practices. Poems, artworks and religions may be
when we think of our magnificent, moving and aweinspiring, but not because they are true or false.
own selves.”
Yet believers do not think of religion this way. They expect, for example, the
resurrection of the dead in the same matteroffact way that they expect the
arrival of the mail. Some have tried to prove their beliefs using reason.
St. Anselm, for example, defined God as something than which nothing greater
could be conceived. Since something that does exist is greater than something that
does not exist, he argued that God must be true. This form of circular reasoning is
deeply flawed, and was in fact rejected by other great philosophers and
“Many people called theologians, including St. Thomas Aquinas.
’illogical’ may actually
be propounding valid St. Thomas Aquinas argued that God was necessary in order to explain the world.
arguments, but be dotty This cosmological proof of God’s existence comes in several forms. The first cause
in other ways.” argument says that everything is caused by something but that there must
somewhere along the line be a first cause, itself uncaused, that caused everything
else.
Another form of the cosmological argument looks at the uniformity of nature. For
example, one says that the chance of various cosmological constants being
adjusted so that life becomes possible anywhere in the universe is so
unimaginably slim that a wise architect must have adjusted them.
“Chance is just as good
at throwing up im prob a Both the first cause argument and the argument from the uniformity of nature
bil i ties as design.” have been attacked by skeptics. The problem of evil is also particularly knotty for
believers. Perhaps God merely has a twisted sense of humor as the Jewish joke
goes, he led the Chosen People around the desert for 40 years only to drop them
on the only spot in the Middle East with no oil!
Why Bother?
Why bother to study philosophy? Philosophical reflection doesn’t accomplish
anything, but there are three reasons we might want to study it. First, to better
“To understand the understand ourselves. Second, because how we think about ourselves and our
structure of information
actions affects what we do and how we do it. Third, because ideas have practical
is to understand the
consequences. People kill each other when they disagree about ideas, rights,
ways it can be true.”
religions, etc. Philosophical reflection enables us to step back and critically
examine the origins, validity and consequences of our ideas.
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