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Math World 1st Semester

The document discusses logic and mathematical concepts including: - The Fibonacci sequence and how it appears in nature - Translating between mathematical symbols and English statements - Analyzing logical statements using propositional logic including truth tables, conditional statements, converse, inverse and contrapositive - Key concepts in propositional logic like conjunction, disjunction, biconditionals

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Aaron Justine Juco
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51 views

Math World 1st Semester

The document discusses logic and mathematical concepts including: - The Fibonacci sequence and how it appears in nature - Translating between mathematical symbols and English statements - Analyzing logical statements using propositional logic including truth tables, conditional statements, converse, inverse and contrapositive - Key concepts in propositional logic like conjunction, disjunction, biconditionals

Uploaded by

Aaron Justine Juco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I.

FIBONACCI IN NATURE

1. Exact value of the golden ratio___________


2. Approximate value of the golden ratio___________
3. Notation of golden ratio_______
4. Other names for golden ratio_________
5. The golden angle___________
6. The Fibonacci sequence___________
7. In the original problem posed by Fibonacci, how many pairs of rabbits can be
produced in a year, if the nature of these rabbits is such that every month each pair
bears a new pair, a male and a female, which from their second month on, becomes
productive?__________________
8. How do we make a golden rectangle? A golden spiral?___________
9. Name for leaf arrangement__________________
10. What are some examples of mathematics in nature, in particular Fibonacci in
nature?_______
11. What are some examples of golden ratio in architecture?____________
12. What are the logos with golden ratio?______

II. LANGUAGE OF MATH

A. Translate the following statements to mathematical symbols.

1. The square of a number a is equal to the product of a and b.


_______________________
2. The square root of the sum of x and y is not equal to five.
_______________________
3. The reciprocal of the number y does not exceed the reciprocal of the number x.
______________
4. The square of the sum of x and y is positive. _______________
5. The square of a number is non-negative. _______________

B. Translate the following mathematical symbols into English sentence.

1. x2≠x __________________________________
2. ∣x∣>0_____________________________________

3. x2=2__________________________________
4. x - y < 0___________________________________

5. x4<x2_________________________________

III. LOGIC

A. Write first the given statement in “If p, then q” form. Then give the converse, inverse
and contrapositive of the given statement.

1. A necessary condition for x + 5 = 12 is x = 7.

“If p, then q” form: _______________________________________________________


CONVERSE :
_______________________________________________________
INVERSE :
_______________________________________________________
CONTRAPOSITIVE :
_______________________________________________________

2. Being divisible by 9 is a sufficient condition for being divisible by 3.

“If p, then q” form: _______________________________________________________


CONVERSE :
_______________________________________________________
INVERSE :
_______________________________________________________
CONTRAPOSITIVE :
_______________________________________________________
B. Write each statement in words and determine if it is true or false. Let p: “You need a
credit card.” Let q: “You will give me a cake.”

1. (p ∧( ∼q)) ⟶q

____________________________________________ _______

2. ~p ∨ ~q

____________________________________________ _______

3. q ⟶ (p ∨ (~p))

____________________________________________ _______

4. q ⟷p

____________________________________________ _______

5. ~p →q

____________________________________________ _______
C. Construct a truth-table for the given proposition:

[(p ∨ q) → r] ⟷ [(p → r) ∧ (q → r)]


LOGIC is the study of correct reasoning.

 STATEMENT OR PROPOSITION is a declarative sentence that is


either TRUE or FALSE but NOT both.
 A simple statement contains only one idea.
 Compound statements are formed by joining two simple statements
with what is called a connective.
 Connectives are “and”, “or”, “if,….then” and “if and only if”.
 A proposition will be symbolized as p, q, r, s, t.

Operations of the logic of propositions

1. Negation denoted by ∼
2. Conjunction denoted by ∧
3. Disjunction denoted by ∨
4. Implication or Conditional denoted by ⇒ or ⟶
5. Biconditional denoted by ⟺ or ⟷

ANTECEDENT AND CONSEQUENT

 In any conditional statement represented by “If p, then q” or by “If p, q”,


the p statement is called the antecedent and the q statement is called
the consequent. Antecedent is another term
for “hypothesis” and consequent for“conclusion.”

CONDITIONAL CONNECTIVE
The conditional statement “If p, then q” can be written using the arrow
notation p ⟶ q. The arrow notation

p ⟶ q is read as “if p, then q” or “p implies q.”


The following are all alternative ways of expressing a conditional statement.

 “if p, then q ” “ p only if q ”


 “if p, q ” “ q whenever p ”
 “ p is sufficient for q ” “q is necessary for p ”
 “ q if p ” “ q follows from p”
 “ q when p ” “a sufficient condition for q is p ”
 “a necessary condition for p is q ” “q provided that p ”
 “ p implies q ” “For as long as p, q”

THE RELATED CONDITIONALS: THE CONVERSE, INVERSE AND


CONTRAPOSITIVE
CONVERSE: Switch the hypothesis and conclusion
INVERSE: Negate the hypothesis and conclusion
CONTRAPOSITIVE: Switch and negate both

BICONDITIONAL CONNECTIVE
The following are alternative ways of expressing an “if and only if”
statement:

 “p is necessary and sufficient for q”


 “p iff q”
 “p is equivalent to q”
 “if p then q, and conversely”

TRUTH-VALUE FOR CONJUNCTION, DISJUNCTION, CONDITIONAL


AND BICONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 CONJUNCTION: True if and only if p and q are both true


 DISJUNCTION: True if and only if p is true or q is true or both are true
 CONDITIONAL: True under all circumstances except when p is true
and q is false.
 BICONDITIONAL: True if and only if p and q are both true or both false

SUMMARY:
STATEMENTS IN WORDS IN SYMBOLS

Conjunction p and q p ∧q

Disjunction p or q p ∨q

Conditional If p, then q. p ⟶q

Converse If q, then p. q ⟶p

Inverse If not p, then not q. ~p ⟶~q

Contrapositive If not q, then not p. ~q ⟶~p

Biconditional p if and only If q p ⟷q

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