Scribd
Upload
56 views

Synopsis

This document provides a synopsis of a minor project on a line follower robot. It includes an introduction describing how line followers use infrared sensors to detect white lines on black surfaces. It also includes a block diagram and description of the working principle. The line follower uses infrared LED emitters and sensors, an op-amp amplifier, AT89S52 microcontroller, and an L293B H-bridge to control two motors. It concludes with applications of line followers in autonomous vehicles and their future scope in robotics.

Uploaded by

vini4v
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
56 views

Synopsis

This document provides a synopsis of a minor project on a line follower robot. It includes an introduction describing how line followers use infrared sensors to detect white lines on black surfaces. It also includes a block diagram and description of the working principle. The line follower uses infrared LED emitters and sensors, an op-amp amplifier, AT89S52 microcontroller, and an L293B H-bridge to control two motors. It concludes with applications of line followers in autonomous vehicles and their future scope in robotics.

Uploaded by

vini4v
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Synopsis

Of
Minor Project on

LINE FOLLOWER

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement


For the award of degree
Of
Bachelor of Technology

In
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted by
Naveen Bhatta Abhishek Garg Achhar Kalia Ankur Rohilla
1207054 1207004 1207007 1207019

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering


Seth Jai Prakash Mukand Lal Institute of Engineering and Technology
Radaur – 135133 ( Yamunanagar )

Affiliated to Kurukshetra Unniversity, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India


INTRODUCTION
A line follower is an autonomous robot that can follow a specific colored line painted on a
surface of different contrast, such as white on black. When Light rays strikes any surface they
reflected by that surface and reflection coefficient of light depends upon material, color of
platform and other factors. Black surface absorbs the light and the white surface reflects it, this
is the basic concept behind making a line follower.

So the line follower has an emitter and a reflector. The reflector receives the light
and generates a voltage proportional to the intensity of the light, if this voltage is above a
threshold it means SIGNAL=1 (logic one) else SIGNAL= 0 (logic zero).

Let’s take up an example where we have to move our robot on black surface
having white line. Suppose I have two Infra Red (IR) sensor pairs that are on different halves of
a robot with respect to geometrical central axis of the robot. The sensors are placed in such a way
that the white line lies in between both the sensors when the robot is placed on the white track
painted on black surface to move. Now if the white line is between both the sensors while
moving forward both the sensors will be on black surface and the detectors/receivers will receive
less amount of light since black absorbs light and hence signal provided by both the infra-red
receivers will be low. Let’s take up an example where we have to move our robot on black
surface having white line. Suppose I have two Infra Red (IR) sensor pairs that are on different
halves of a robot with respect to geometrical central axis of the robot. The sensors are placed in
such a way that the white line lies in between both the sensors when the robot is placed on the
white track painted on black surface to move. Now if the white line is between both the sensors
while moving forward both the sensors will be on black surface and the detectors/receivers will
receive less amount of light since black absorbs light and hence signal provided by both the
infra-red receivers will be low.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working of line follower is explained according to the block diagram as:

IR-LED EMITTER AND IR-SENSOR


The Infra Red sensors are used to interact with the environment. The emitter sends a ray which is
received by detector in the form of voltage and it then amplified by amplifier since the signals
are weak .

OP-AMPLIFIER (LM324)
If the rays received by the IR- LED receiver are above a particular threshold then an amplified
signal is generated by the amplifier (LM324). Note that the sensors cannot directly send a signal
to the microcontroller as the signal voltage generated by them is too low and even when sensors
are on white surface signal generated by them will interpreted low by the microcontroller.

Microcontroller (AT89S52)

The microcontroller receives the signal and responds accordingly. It takes the decision based on
input signal received by both the receiver LEDs. It will give command to motors through H-
bridge to move forward, or take a left turn or a right turn.

H-bridge (L293B)

The microcontroller sends a signal to the H-bride that acts as a switch. If the signal received by
the H-bridge is high it will rotate the motor or else it won’t do so. Note that microcontroller only
sends a signal to a switch which gives the voltage required by the motor to rotate. Here we are
using L293B which can be used to control two motors.

Pin connections for H-bridge:

• En1 & En2 are given logic 1 from microcontroller or give 5V from outside and are used
to activate/deactivate one ‘half’ of the H-bridge.
• V is the voltage that you want to supply to the motor(s) : 9 or 12V
• Vcc is the logic 1 or 5V
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

APPLICATIONS
Line Follower found a great application in building autonomous robots which can navigate itself.
Practical applications of a line follower is in building Automated cars running on roads without
any driver. These Automated Cars have great importance as the chances of accident in these cars
have been subside to a great extent. Future Scope of Line Follower is also very wide in field of
Robotics. As different robots are being designed having plenty of sensors , so they can also
change the direction in case an obstacle come in way.

You might also like