Engr. Philip Caesar L.

Ebit
Instructor, DME
VSU, Baybay, Leyte
 Electronic device that limits,
or resists current.
 Can be made from many
different materials, but the
most common is carbon
composition.
1. Linear Resistor
 Those which obey ohms law.

2. Non-Linear Resistor
 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) – Light Sensitive
 Thermistor – Heat Sensitive
 Voltage Dependent Resistor
Different resistor wattage
According to type of material According to their tolerance
A. Carbon composition A. General purpose, 5% or greater
B. Carbon film B. Semi-precision, 1% to 5%
C. Metal film C. Precision, 0.5% to 1%
D. Wire wound D. Ultra-precision, less than 0.5%
 Made either by hot or cold molding
from mixtures of carbon and clay
binder.
 Become a dominant discrete resistor
mainly for its low-cost reliability in
general purpose
 Resistive tolerance of ±5% to ±20%
 Resistive value ranges from 10 ohms
to megaohms, in power ratings from
1/8 to 4 watts
 Ability to withstand higher current
surges and ruggedness.
 Made from carbon graphite, mixed
with powdered insulating materials.
 Offers high resistance, using low
power.
 Resistance values from tenths of ohm
(W) to hundreds of megaohm (MW).
 Power rating are available from 1/8
watt to 5 watts.
1. The Standard Film
Resistor
 A circular resistor with two pins
extending from opposite side or
the barrel-shaped resistor.
2. The Chip Resistor
 Introduced in the late 80’s to
accommodate for the ever
shrinking computer components
where there can be up to 6 layers
per circuit board.
3. The network Resistor
 Type of resistor comes in
compact form and can contain up
to 12 resistors in a compact
space.
 Form by means of vacuum
decomposition, a process by
which any of a number of
different metal or metal oxide
films are deposited on a
suitable insulating mandrel or
core.
 Laser trimmed to obtain the
desired resistance value
before the protective
insulation coat is applied.
 Highly resistive wire is wrapped around insulating core.
 The length of the wire determines the resistance of the device.
 Insulating core are usually made of cement or ceramic materials or
just plain paper or pressed cardboard.
 Provides low resistance with high wattages ranging 5 to 100 watts
or more.
 Best choice in applications where accurate and stable resistances
are necessary.
 Manufactured in a wide range starting from 1
watt to 5000 watts.
 These may be Open type, Perforated type, and
Graded type.
 Standard tolerance is ±10% but closer
tolerance also be supplied.
 Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance
BLACK 0 100 = 1
BROWN 1 101 = 10 ±1%
RED 2 102 = 100 ±2%
ORANGE 3 103 = 1000 ±3%
YELLOW 4 104 = 10000 ±4%
GREEN 5 105 = 100000
BLUE 6 106 = 1000000
VIOLET 7 107 = 10000000
GRAY 8 108 = 100000000
WHITE 9 109 = 1000000000
GOLD 0.1 ±5%
SILVER 0.01 ±10%
NONE ±20%
 4 –band resistor
• Give the value and tolerance of the resistor color
band: red, green, brown, gold.
 Solution:
• 1st digit : Red = 2
• 2nd digit: Green = 5
• 3rd digit: Brown = x10
• 4th digit: Gold = ±5%
 Therefore;
• 25 x 10 = 250 ohms(W) ±5%
 5 –band resistor
• Give the value and tolerance of the resistor color
band: yellow, orange, red, brown, brown.
 Solution:
• 1st digit : Yellow = 4
• 2nd digit: Orange = 3
• 3rd digit: red = 2
• 4th digit: brown = x10
• 4th digit: brown = ±1%
 Therefore;
• 432 x 10 = 4.32 kilo ohms(kW) ±1%
Color Hints Digit Resistor Value in ohms Tolerance
Range of Resistance
BLACK BLACK 0 from 10W to 99W
BROWN BOY 1 from 100W to 990W ±1%
RED RAPE 2 from 1kW to 9kW ±2%
ORANGE ONE 3 from 10kW to 99kW ±3%
YELLOW YOUNG 4 from 100kW to 999kW ±4%
GREEN GIRL 5 from 1MW to 9MW
BLUE BUT 6 from 10MW to 99MW
VIOLET VIOLETA 7 from 100MW to 999MW
GRAY GIVES 8
WHITE WILLINGLY 9
GOLD from 1W to 9W ±5%
SILVER from 0.1W to 0.99W ±10%
NONE ±20%
 4 –band resistor
• Give the value and tolerance of the resistor color
band: red, violet, yellow, gold.
 Solution:
• 1st digit : Red = 2
• 2nd digit: Violet = 7
• 3rd digit: Yellow = ranging from 100kW to
999kW
• 4th digit: Gold = ±5%
 Therefore;
• The resistor value is 270 kilo ohms(kW) ±5%
Color Hints Digit Resistor Value in ohms Tolerance
Range of Resistance
BLACK BLACK 0 from 100W to 999W
BROWN BOY 1 from 1kW to 9kW ±1%
RED RAPES 2 from 10kW to 99kW ±2%
ORANGE ONE 3 from 100kW to 999kW ±3%
YELLOW YOUNG 4 from 1MW to 9MW ±4%
GREEN GIRL 5 from 10MW to 99MW
BLUE BUT 6 from 100MW to 999MW
VIOLET VIOLETA 7
GRAY GIVES 8
WHITE WILLINGLY 9
GOLD from 10W to 99W ±5%
SILVER from 1W to 9W ±10%
NONE ±20%
 5 –band resistor
• Give the value and tolerance of the resistor color
band: blue, brown, white, orange, brown.
 Solution:
• 1st digit : Blue = 6
• 2nd digit: Brown = 1
• 3rd digit: White = 9
• 4th digit: Orange = ranging from 100kW to
999kW
• 4th digit: brown = ±1%
 Therefore;
• The resistor value is 619 kilo ohms(kW) ±1%
 The percentage of change in the value of
a resistor due to manufacturing defect or
variation in humidity and temperature.

 Therefore the rated resistance value of a

resistor is more or less than its rated
value.
 Example:
• What is the possible resistance value of 100 W ±
5%?
 Solution:
• For +5%
 100 + (100 x 0.05) = 105 ohms (maximum)
• For -5%
 100 – (100 x 0.05) = 95 ohms (minimum)
CODES MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
F --- ±1%
G --- ±2%
J --- ±5%
K 1000 ±10%
M 1000000 ±20%
R --- ---
 Resistors in Series
 Resistors in Parallel
 Resistors in Series-Parallel
 How to get the total
resistance in series?
 RT = R1 + R2 + …..
 Where RT = total
resistance
 How to get the total resistance in
parallel?
 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + …..
 Where RT = total resistance
 May be carbon or wire wound
 Enclosed in a metal case with a shaft extending outside the case for
variable control
 It may also be tapered (rotary motion) or sliding
 Amount of resistance varies from zero to the maximum controls or
trimmers where controlled amount of current or voltage is needed.
1. Single Turn – used for gain, treble, bass
control in amplifier, brightness, contrast
in TV.
2. Multiple Turn – used for precise setting
of resistance
3. Trimmer – used for one time resistance
adjustment.
 Usually, used for volume control for audio
appliances and varying voltage, current,
light intensity, motor speed, etc.
 Usually based on the fact that a film of cadmuim
sulphide has a high resistance in the absence of light
but has a reduced resistance when light is directed
on its surface.
 Dark resistance may be of the order of megaohms
and reduce to a few hundred ohms in daylight.
 Used in potential divider network to cause a voltage
to change if the light falling on it changes.
 Available at sizes of 5 mm, 7 mm in diameter.
LDR Actual Picture

LDR Schematic Symbol

 Thisprinciple can be used in automatic
street light switching or parking light
control and other purposes using light or
dim sources.
 Differfrom regular resistors in that their
resistance is determined by temperature.

 Caneither be Positive Temperature

Coefficient (PTC) or Negative
Temperature Coefficient (NTC).
 Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC)
• The resistance goes up when temperature
goes up.
• Resistance is required at a specific
temperature or current level.
 PTC Applied in:
• Temperature sensing, switching at
temperatures ranging from 600C to 1800C, e.g.,
protection of windings in electric motors and
transformers.
• Solid state fuse to protect against excess
current levels, ranging from several mA to
several A (250C) and continuous voltages up to
600V and higher, e.g., Power supplies for a
wide range of electrical equipment.
• Liquid level sensors.
 Negative Temperature
Coefficient (NTC)
• The resistance goes down when
the temperature goes up.
• Temperature dependant
semiconductor resistors.
• Operating over a range of -2000C
to +10000C
• Applied in temperature
measurement and control,
temperature compensation, surge
suppression and fluid flow
measurement.
 Sometimes called Metrosil
 Has a resistance which decreases with
increase of applied voltage
• the change is not linear; doubling the voltage
can decrease the resistance to one tenth of its
original value.
 Used in the suppression of voltage surge
to protect other circuits, and they are
usually in the form of a disc which is
color coded by the manufacturer to
indicate the reference voltage.
1. Open
• since resistors offer electrical resistance in a
circuit, the most common trouble is open. This
means that the resistor offers a very high or
infinite resistance, which does not allow any
current to flow through it.
2. Out of Tolerance (Changed in Value of
Resistance)
• When a resistor functions as a load or limiting
device, usually it generates heat and changes
its resistance value beyond the tolerance,
giving a high resistance reading beyond the
color coded value. It may then be contingent to
replace the resistor before it opens.
3. Noise Control (for Potentiometer)
• In volume or tone control, carbon resistor are
used, since these offer smooth change in
resistance.
• However, when resistance elements start
wearing out because of the sweeping of the
wiper, which results to loose contact of the
wiper to the resistance element, the control
becomes noisy.
1. Basically, resistors are carbon and wire-
wound.
2. Resistor color code are used to place
values on carbon resistor.
3. A potentiometer is a three-terminal device
that divides the voltage across it.
4. a rheostat or trimmer is a two terminal
device that limits the total circuit current
and varies series resistance.
5. A potentiometer can be used as a rheostat.