EXPEREMENT NO.

01

FLOW MEASUREMENT THROUGH VENTURIMETER

AIM: To measure the discharge through venturimeter.

APPARATUS: 1) Set up of venturimeter.

2) Stop watch

3) Accessories.

INTRODUCTION:
The venturimeter is an apparatus used to find out the discharge of a liquid flowing at
any point along a pipeline when it is running full. It is a practical application of Bernoullis
Theorem.

A venturimeter in its simplest form consist of the following three parts:

1) Convergent
2) Throat
3) Divergent

1) Convergent Cone:
It is a short pipe which discharges from a larger diameter to smaller diameter d 2.
Convergent Cone is also known as inlet of the venturimeter. The slope of the Converging
side is between 1 & 4 and (1) & (5)

2) Throat :
It is a small portion of circular pipe in which the diameter d2 is kept constant.

3) Divergent Cone:
It is a pipe which diverges from a diameter d2divergent diverges from a
diameter d2 to a larger diameter d1. Divergent cone is also known as outlet of the
venturimeter. The length of the divergent cone is about 3-4 times more than that of
convergent cone.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:-
1) SUMP TANK : 1210 × 500 ×400 mm3
2) MEASURING TANK : 500 × 330 ×410 mm3
3) VENTURIMETER
4) DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
5) FLOW CONTROL VAVE etc.

PROCEDURE:-
1) First open the bypass valve completely and close all manometer tapping.
2) Start the motor.
3) First take the discharge through venturimeter & take the following readings.
a) Manometer reading.
b) Time required for 100 mm rise in water level.
4) For taking discharge through venturimeter
a) Open the venturimeter valve completely.
b) Open the manometer tapping of venturimeter.
c) Control the flow with the help of bypass valve provided.
5) Repeat the above procedure for different discharger.
6) Take at least 3-4 readings
OBSERVATION:-
1) Diameter of throat = Ø14mm = 0.0014m
2) Diameter of convergent cone = Ø28mm = 0.0028m
3) Area of measuring tank = (0.5×0.33) m2

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr. no. Pressure Head Time required for

h1 cm h2 cm 100 mm

Rise in water (sec.)

CALCULATION:-
1) Theoretical Discharge:-
a1 = π/4 (c/s area of throat in m2)
a2 = π/4 (c/s area of convergent cone in m2)
H = {(h1 + h2)/ 100} × 13.6

H =

a1 × a2
QTH = -------------- × √2 g h
√a12 – a22

QTH = ----------------------------m3/s

2) Actual Discharge:-

Area of measuring tank × 0.1

QACT = -------------------------------------------------
Time required (sec)

QACT = -------------------------------------------------

QACT = -------------------------m3/s
3) Coefficient of Discharge:-

QACT
Cd = ---------------
QTH

Cd = ---------------

Cd = ---------------
RESULT:-

SR. NO. Head (H) Q TH Q ACT Cd Cd

m of water (m3/s) (m3/s) Avg.

 EXPERIMENT NO: 2

FLOW MEASUREMENT THROUH ORIFICEMETER

AIM: To measure the discharge through orificemeter

TEST SET UP: It comprises following

1) Set up of orificemeter

2) Stop watch

3) Accessories.

THEORY:
ORIFICEMETER

It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid trough a pipe. It is a cheaper device
as compared to venturimeter. It also works on same principle as that of a venturimeter. It
consists of a flat circular plate which has a circular shaft, edged hole called orifice diameter is
generally kept 0.5 times diameter of the pipe through it may vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times the
diameter of pipe.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

1) SUMP TANK : 1210 × 500 ×400 mm
2) MEASURING TANK : 500 × 330 ×410 mm
3) ORIFICEMETER
4) DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
5) FLOW CONTROL
6) NECESSARARY PIPING & VALVES
7) STAND
8) EACH PIPELINE.

PROCEDURE:
1) First open the bypass & pipe valve completely and close all manometer tapping.

2) Start the motor.

3) First take the discharge orificemeter & take the following readings.

a) Manometer reading.

b) Time required for 100 mm rise in water level.

4) For taking discharge through orificemeter

a) Open the manometer tapping of orificemeter

b) Control the flow with the help of bypass valve provided.

5) Repeat the above procedure for different discharger.

6) Take at least 3-4 readings

OBSERVATION:
1) Diameter of orifice = 13mm= 0.013m
Area = 1.327 × 10-4 m2

2) Area of measuring tank = 0.5 × 0.33

= 0.165 m2

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr. no. h1 h2 Time required for 100 mm

cm cm Rise in water (sec.)

CALCULATION:-
1) Theoretical Discharge:-
QTH = a √2 g h

QTH = ----------------------------m3/s

2) Actual Discharge:-

Area of measuring tank × 0.1

QACT = -------------------------------------------------
Time required (sec)

QACT = -------------------------------------------------

QACT = -------------------------m3/s

3) Coefficient of Discharge:-

QACT
Cd = ---------------
QTH

Cd = ---------------

Cd = ---------------
RESULT:

SR. NO. Head (h) Q TH Q ACT Cd Cd

m of water (m3/s) (m3/s) Avg.

EXPERIMENT NO.:-3

MAJOR LOSSES

AIM: - To determine Major Losses.

OBJECTIVES:-
1. To determine coefficient of friction for pipes.
2. To determine head lost in pipe friction.

TEST SET UP:-

It comprises of following
1. Set up of pipe friction apparatus.
2. Stop watch.
3. Accessories.

INTRODUCTION & THEORY:-

When the water is flowing in a pipe it experiences some resistance to its motion, whose
effect is to reduce the velocity & ultimately the head of water available. Though there are many
types of losses, yet the major loss is due to the frictional resistance of the pipe only. The
frictional resistance of the pipe depends upon the roughness of the inside pipe. It has been
experimentally found that more the roughness of the inside surface of the pipe, greater will be
the resistance. This is friction is known as fluid friction & the resistance is known as frictional
resistance.
The major losses are due to friction. In the case of pipes longer than 1000 times the
diameter.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:-

1. Sump Tank: - 1210 mm * 500 mm * 400mm.

2. Measuring Tank: - 500 mm * 330 mm * 410 mm.

3. Three pipes:-
1. Dia. of pipe – 27.5 mm – 0.0275 m (G.I.)
2. Dia. of pipe – 21.5 mm – 0.0215 m (Copper)
3. Dia. of pipe – 16 mm – 0.016 m (PVC)
 4. Flow control valve.

5. Differential Manometer – To measure pressure differences.

6. Stand – Sump tank is fitted on a strong stand.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Before starting flow through pipes the initial manometer reading is taken.

2. Then the fluid is allowed to flow through pipes.

3. Then the manometer readings on the pipe are taken down.

4. Take the time required for 100 mm rise in water level in measuring tank.

5. Above procedure is repeated for different discharges.

6. Take at least 2 / 3 readings.

OBSERVATION:-
.
1. Length of pipe :- 1.25 m
2. Area of pipe A :- 5.93 * 10-4 m2
3. Area of pipe B :- 3.63 * 10-4 m2
4. Area of pipe C :- 2.01 * 10-4 m2
5. Area of measuring tank :- (0.50 * 0.33) m2
6. Material of pipe :- G.I., Copper, PVC
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Sr. Manometer Readings H = h1 + h2 H in m of Time required for 100 mm
No. h1 h2 mm water rise in water level (sec)
mm mm
1

6
CALCULATION:-

1. Head lost in friction in m of water (hf) = (h1 + h2 / 1000 ) * 13.6

1 m of Hg = 13.6 m of water
hf = ---------------
2. Velocity (V) in m/s

V = Q/A

V = ---------------- m/s

Where,Q = Discharge in m3/s.

A = Area of the pipe fittings in m2.
3. Discharge (Q) in m3/s
Area of Measuring Tank * 0.1
Q = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time required for 100 mm rise of water level in (sec)

Q = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q = -------------------- m3/s
4. Coefficient of friction (f)
We have,
f * L * V2
hf = -------------------
2gd

hf * 2 g d
f = -------------------
L * V2
 f = -------------------

f = -------------------

Where,

hf = Head lost in friction in meters of water.

g = 9.81 m/s2.
d = Dia. of the pipe in meter.
L = Length of the pipe in meter.
V = Velocity of flow through pipe in m/s.
 RESULT TABLE:-

Sr.No. Discharge Head lost in friction (hf) Coefficient of Average (f)

m3/s in m of water friction (f)
1

6
EXPERIMENT NO.:-04

MINOR LOSSES

AIM: - To determine Minor losses in pipe fittings.

TEST SET UP:-
It comprises of following items.
1. Test set up of pipe fitting apparatus.
2. Accessories.
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY:-
When liquid flows through pipes, they have to overcome the friction offered by the
rough projection of the inner walls of the pipe material.
The head loss due to variable velocity takes place whenever the value of flow velocity
changes as a consequences of the changes in the cross section available for flow, pipe entrance,
sudden enlargement, sudden contraction & pipe fittings like elbows, valves, bends, tees, etc.
The loss due to these fittings will be smaller than the frictional loss in the case of long
pipes.
Following are the minor losses or variable head loss
1. Loss of Head due to Sudden Enlargement.
2. Loss of Head due to Sudden Contraction.
3. Loss of Energy in Bends.
4. Loss of Energy in Elbow.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:-

1. Sump Tank - 1210 * 500 * 400 mm

2. Measuring Tank - 500 * 330 * 410 mm

3. Basic Piping

4. Pipe Fittings –

a) Sudden Expansion
b) Sudden Contraction
c) Pipe Bend
d) Pipe Elbow
 5. Flow control valve.

6. Differential manometers.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Start the motor.

2. Then the fluid is allowed to flow through pipe fittings like sudden enlargement,
contraction, bend, and elbow.

3. Take manometer difference for each pipe fittings.

4. Take the time required for 100 mm rise of water level in measuring tank.

5. Above procedure is repeated for different discharge.

6. Take at list 2-3 readings.

OBSERVATIONS:-

1. Dia. Of enlargement = 27.5 mm = 0.0275 m.

Area of enlargement = 5.93 * 10-4 m2.
2. Dia. Of contraction = 17 mm = 0.017 m
Area of contraction = -4
2.26 * 10 m 2

3. Dia. of bend = 17 mm = 0.017 m

Area of bend = 2.26 * 10-4 m2
4. Dia. of elbow = 17 mm = 0.017 m
Area of elbow = -4
2.26 * 10 m 2

5. Area of measuring tank = 0.50 * 0.33 m2

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
A. For Sudden Enlargement

Sr. Manometer Readings h1 + h2 Time required for 100 mm rise in water

No. h1 h2 level (sec)

B. For Sudden Contraction

Sr. Manometer Readings h1 + h2 Time required for 100 mm rise in water

No. h1 h2 level (sec)
 C. For Bend

Sr. Manometer Readings h1 + h2 Time required for 100 mm rise in water

No. h1 h2 level (sec)

D. For Elbow

Sr. Manometer Readings h1 + h2 Time required for 100 mm rise in water

No. h1 h2 level (sec)
CALCULATIONS:-
1. Head lost m of water

1m of Hg = 13.6 m of water
i.e.
= (h1 + h2 / 1000) * 13.6

= ------- m
2. Velocity (V) in m/s

V = Q/A

V = ---------------- m/s

Where,
Q = Discharge in m3/s.
A = Area of the pipe fittings in m2.
3. Discharge (Q) in m3/s
Area of Measuring Tank * 0.1
Q = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time required for 100 mm rise of water level in (sec)

Q = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q = -------------------- m3/s
4. Head Loss (Contraction)

0.5 V2
hl = -------------------
2g
 hl = -------------------

hl = -------------------

5. Head Loss (Enlargement)

(V1 – V2)2
hl = -------------------
2g

hl = -------------------

hl = -------------------
6. Head Loss (Bend)
0.25 V2
hl = -------------------
2g

hl = -------------------

hl = -------------------
7. Head Loss (Elbow)

0.25 V2
hl = -------------------
2g

hl = -------------------

hl = -------------------
RESULT TABLE:-

A. For Sudden Enlargement

Sr. Head Discharge Velocity (V1) Velocity (V2) Head loss in Friction
No. m m3/s m/s m/s
1

B. For Sudden Contraction

Sr. Head Discharge Velocity (V) Head loss in Friction

No. m m3/s m/s
1

4
 C. For Bend

Sr. Head Discharge Velocity (V) Head loss in Friction

No. m m3/s m/s
1

D. For Elbow

Sr. Head Discharge Velocity (V) Head loss in Friction

No. m m3/s m/s
1

4
EXPERIMENT NO: 05

METACENTRIC HEIGHT

AIM: - To determine Metacentric Height of given ship model.

Theory:-
A. BUOYANCY: - when a body is immersed in a fluid either wholly or partially it is subjected
to an upward force which tends to lift (or buoy) it up. This tendency due to an upward
force opposite to action of gravity is known as BUOYANCY.
B. BUOYANT FORCE & CENTRE OF BUOYANCY: - The force tending to lift up the body
under such condition is known as buoyant force (up thrust). The point of application of
the force of buoyancy on the body is known as Centre of Buoyancy.

If the body floating in a fluid is to be in equilibrium to the buoyant force must be

equal to the weight of the body.

i.e.

FB = W

Further the lines of action of both, the buoyant force and the weight of the body
must lie along the same vertical line, so that their moment about any axis is zero.

METACENTRIC AND METACENTRIC HEIGHT

The distance GM is given by the formula

wX

GM = -------------------------- (W = Ws + w)

W tan θ

Where, w = weight provided on ship model.

X = distance at which weight is provided.

Ws = weight of ship model.

SPECIFICATION:-
The arrangement in which ship model is made to float in small tank

- Set weights are provided.

-Graduated arc & pointer arrangement is provided to measure angle of tilt.
-A crossbar is provided in a ship model to place the load at desired distance (x).

PROCEDURE:-
1. Weight the ship model and note down its value say Ws gms.

2. Put the ship model in water tank & adjust the pointer to zero position with the help of
adjustable weight.

3. Place the weight at desired distance (X1) on longitudinal cross bar.

4. Note down angle (T) which gives angle θ.

5. Repeat the step 3 & 4 for different loads & different distances.
OBSERVATION:-
1. Weight of ship model (Ws) = 8500 gms.
2. Angle of tilt θ =
3. X1 = 50 mm
4. X2 = 100 mm
5. X3 = 140 mm
6. X = 205 mm

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr. Load (LH) θ Distance Load (RH) θ

No. (Kg) X (Kg)

CALCULATION:-

W . X

GM = --------------------------

W tan θ

GM = --------------------------

GM = --------------------------

Where, w = weight provided on ship model.

X = distance at which weight is provided.

Ws = weight of ship model.

(W = Ws + w)
RESULT TABLE:-

Sr. No. Load (W) Distance (x) Angle (θ) GM

(Kg) (m) (°) (m)

EXPERIMENT NO.:-06

BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
AIM: - To verify Bernoulli’s Theorem experimentally.
TEST SET UP:-
It comprises following –
1. Set up of ‘Bernoulli’s Theorem’ experiment.
2. Stop watch.
3. Accessories.
INTRODUCTION & THEORY:-
For any mass of flowing liquid, when there is a continuous connection between all the
particles of the flowing liquid, the total energy remains the same at every section provided
there is no addition or subtraction of energy.
The energy is defined as the capacity to do work.
Though the energy exists in many forms, yet the following are important from the
subject point of view.
1. Potential Energy.
2. Kinetic Energy.
3. Pressure Energy.
The Bernoulli’s theorem is the basic equation which has the widest application in hydraulics
(such as Venturimeter Orifice, Pitot tube,).
The Bernoulli’s theorem has been derived on certain assumptions which are rarely
possible. Thus the Bernoulli’s theorem has the following limitation.
1. Bernoullis equation can be applied to a stream tube having an ideal & incompressible
liquid at constant density & temperature. For a pipe line which consists of number of
stream tubes, the mean velocity of flow is to be taken for use in the Bernoullis equation.
2. If any force is added or extracted in the flow, it should be taken into account.
3. In the case of unsteady flow, the changes in the kinetic energy are to be accounted.
4. For turbulent flow, a part of energy will be dissipated as heat. This loss is to be
considered in the Bernoullis equation.
5. For viscous flow the loss of energy due to shear force, has to be accounted.
6. For the flow of liquid in curved path, the energy due to centrifugal force must be taken
into account.
OBSERVATIONS:-
1. Width of Channel = 0.05 m

2. Area of Measuring tank = (0.50 * 0.33) m2

3. Time required for 100 mm rise of water level = -----------------sec.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr. Tubes No. Head (H) Head (H) Height of C/S Area of
No. in cm in cm Channel in m Channel (A) (m2)

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

11 11
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:-

1. Flow channel 700 mm long, transparent acrylic.

2. Supply with flow control valve.

3. Manometric tubes (11 No.) fixed over flow channel with separate scale.

4. Sump tank – 1210 * 500 * 400 mm Measuring tank – 500 * 330 * 410 mm

5. Inlet, Outlet tank – 100 mm diameter.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Start the motor.

2. Open the by pass valve fully.

3. Control the gate valve for steady flow.

4. Allow some time to raise the water level in manometric tubes.

5. Take the height level in manometric tubes.

6. Take the time required for 100 mm rise in water level of measuring tank.
CALCULATION:-

Area of measuring tank * 0.1

1. Discharge (Q) = ------------------------------------------------
Time required in sec.

(Q) = ------------------------------------------------

Q= m 3 / sec

Discharge (Q) in m3 / sec.

2. Velocity (V) = ---------------------------------------------- (m / s)
Cross sectional area (A) in m2

Velocity (V) = ---------------------------------------------- (m / s)

3. Pressure (P) =ρgH

Where,

ρ = 1000 Kg / m3
g = 9.81 m2/ sec
H = Head in m.

4. Pressure head =P/w

Where,

W = Specific weight of water = 1000

RESULT TABLE:-

Sr. Tube No. (p/w) + Z V2/2g (p/w) + Z + V2/2g

No.
1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

11 11
EXPERIMENT NO.:-07

REYNOLD’S NO.

AIM: - To study different flow condition

TEST SET UP: - It comprises following –

1. Acrylic tube (transparent) 25 mm ID of suitable length.
2. Supply tank & die tank with die needle.
3. Flow control valve.
4. Measuring jar.
5. Stop watch for flow measurement.

INTRODUCTION AND THEORY:-

The distribution of water from reservoir from a city is through closed conduits or pipes.
Channels or canals are used to convey water to agriculture fields. The flow in open channels is
exposed to atmospheric pressure. The flow in pipe becomes atmospheric if it is running
partially, full as in sewer pipes & pipe culverts. If the pipe is running full the water is under
pressure. The water rises against gravity & reaches the upper floors of a building due to this
pressure.

TYPES OF FLOW IN PIPE:-

1. Uniform flow
2. Non Uniform Flow
3. Streamline or Laminar Flow
4. Turbulent Flow
5. Steady Flow
6. Unsteady Flow
7. Steady Uniform Flow

FLUID FRICTION:-
Fluid friction depends upon the type of water. For turbulent flow the resistance is as follows
a. Proportional to the square of the velocity.
b. Independent of pressure.
c. Proportional to the density of fluid.
d. Varies slightly with temperature.
e. Proportional to the area of the surface in contact.
 f. Depends upon the nature of the surface in contact.

THE REYNOLD’S NUMBER:-

Laminar flow is defined as flow in which the fluid moves in layers, one layer gliding smoothly
over an adjacent layer with only molecular interchange of momentum. While turbulent flow
has very erratic motion of fluid particles with a violent transverse interchange of momentum.
The nature of flow i.e. whether laminar or turbulent & its relative position along a scale
indicating the relative importance of turbulent to laminar tendencies are indicated by the
Reynolds’s number.
Reynolds’s number (Re) is the ratio of the inertia force per unit volume to the viscous
force per unit volume.
The inertia force is due to the mass & velocity of the fluid particles trying to diffuse the
fluid particles. The viscous force is the frictional force due to the viscosity of the fluid.

Vd 4. Q
Re = -------------------------- or Re = ----------------------
V ∏. d. v.

Where Q = Discharge in m³ / sec.

V = mean velocity of flow in pipe in m / sec.
d = diameter of circular pipe in m.
v = kinematics viscosity of the liquid in m² / sec.

PROCEDURE:-
1. First fill the supply tank with water upto the die tank.
2. Then fill the die into the die tank.
3. Start the flow of water from supply tank.
4. Start the flow of die.
5. For getting the different pattern of die in the acrylic tube, control the flow of water,
flowing through the acrylic tube.
6. The discharge must be varied gradually.
7. The moment when die deviates from the straight line pattern correspondence to the
conditions, then the flow in the acrylic tube is no longer in laminar conditions.
8. The discharge (Q) flowing in the acrylic tube at that moment is measured.
OBSERVATIONS:-
1. Diameter of Acrylic tube (ID) = 25 mm.
2. Kinematic viscosity of water = 1 * 10 ⁻6 m2 / sec.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr. Discharge Time Required Discharge Discharge (Q)

No. (Lit) (sec) (Lit / sec) (m3 / sec)
CALCULATIONS:-
4Q
Reynold’s Number (Re) = ----------------------
∏. D. v

Reynold’s Number (Re) = ----------------------

Where Q = Discharge in m³ / sec.

d = diameter of circular pipe in m.
v = kinematics viscosity of the liquid in m² / sec.

If Reynolds Number < 2000, then flow is laminar and

Reynolds Number > 2000, then flow is turbulent.
RESULT TABLE:-

Sr. No. Types of Flow Reynolds Number

6
EXPERIMENT NO.:-08

MOMENTUM EQUATION

AIM: - To study momentum equation of fluid.

THEORY:-
It is based on the law of conservation of momentum or on the momentum principle,
which states that the net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in the momentum
of flow per unit time in that direction. The force acting per unit mass ‘m’ is given by the
Newton’s second law of motion.

F=ma

Where a = Acceleration acting in same direction as force ‘F’.

dV
But a= --------
dt

dV
F= m --------
dt

d
a= -------- mv………………………………….. (m = constant)
dt

d
F= -------- (momentum)………………… (mv = momentum)
dt

The above equation is known as the momentum principle and can be written as

F * dt = d (mv)
 Which is known as the impulse momentum equation and states the impulse of force
acting ‘F’ on the fluid, mass ‘m’ in a short interval of time ‘dt’ is equal to change of
momentum d (mv) in the direction of the applied force.

MOMENT OF MEMENTUM EQUATION:-

Moment of momentum equation is derived from moment of momentum principle
which states that the resulting torque acting on a rotating fluid is equal to the rate of
change of moment of momentum.
Let V1 = Velocity of fluid at section 1.
r1 = Radius of curvature at section 1.
Q = Rate of flow of fluid.
ρ = Density of fluid.
V 2, r 2 = Velocity & radius of curvature at section 2.
and
Momentum of fluid at section 1 = mass * velocity
= ρQ * V1
Moment of momentum equation per second of fluid at section 1
= ρQ * V1 * r1

Similarly moment of momentum equation per second of fluid at section 1

= ρQ * V2 * r2

Rate of change of momentum

= (ρQ V1 r1) – (ρQ V2 r2)
= ρQ ( V1 r1 – V2 r2)
According to moment of momentum principle,

Resultant force = rate of change of moment of momentum.

T = ρQ ( V1 r1 – V2 r2)
This equation is known as moment of momentum equation.
This equation is applied
1. For analysis flow problems in Turbines & Centrifugal Pump.
2. For finding torque exerted by water on sprinkler.
EXPERIMENT NO.-09

AIM: - To study Energy equation.

INTRODUCTION:-
The flow of fluid particle along stream line in the direction of “S” is considered. The resultant
force on the particle in direction of‘s’ is equal to product the mass of fluid particle and its acceleration.
As the flow of compressible fluid is to steady.

Eulers Equation is given as,

dP

----- + Vdv + gdz = 0

Integrating the above equation

dP

∫ ----- + ∫ Vdv + ∫ gdz = Constant

dP

∫ ----- + Vdv + gdz = Constant

In case of incompressible flow, the density is constant and hence integration of dP/ ρ is fqual to P/ρ. But
in case of compressible flow the density ‘ρ’ cannot be taken outside, with change of ρ pressure P also
changes for a compressible flow. This change of ‘ρ’ & ‘P’ takes place according to equation.
 P/ρ = Constant

The value of ‘ρ’ from the equation in terms of ‘P’ is obtained and is substituted in ∫ dP/ρ and the
integration is done. The Bernoulli’s equation will be different for isothermal process.

A. Bernoulli’s Equation For Isothermal Process:-

For isothermal process, the relation between pressure (P) and density (ρ) is given by
equation

P/ρ = Constant = C1

Ρ = P / C1

Hence, dP dp C1dP dP

Hence, ∫ ----- = ∫ -------- = ∫ ---------- = C1∫ ----------

Ρ P / C1 P P