DEFINING

GLOBALIZATION

GEN ED 107 The Contemporary World

RICCI ELAINE V. GAMMAD, MPA

Instructor
 Flow of the Presentation
The Task of Defining Globalization
and Metaphors of Globalization

Globalization Theories and Dynamics of

Local and Global Culture

Globalization of Religion and

Globalization and Regionalization

Origins and History of Globalization

 Globalization
It cannot be contained within a specific time
frame, all people, and all situations. Also, It encompasses a
multitude of processes that involves the economy, political
systems, and culture. Social structure, therefore, are
directly affected by globalization (Al-Rhodan, 2006)
Sweddish journalist Thomas Larsson (2001) saw
globalization as “ the process of world shrinkage, of
distance getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to
the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of
the world can interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on
the other side of the world. View it as a positive
phenomenon.
 Globalization
Some may perceive it as occurring through and
with regression, colonialism, and destabilization in the
mid-1990’s it was once regarded as colonization ( Martin
Khor – former president of Third World Network (TWN)
in Malaysia).
THE TASK OF DEFINING
GLOBALIZATION
Classification of Globalization

Broad and Inclusive

Narrow and Exclusive

 Broad and Inclusive
Ohmae, 1992 claim that globalization means the
onset of the borderless world. It can include a variety of
issues that deal with overcoming traditional boundaries.
However, it does not shed light on the implications of
globalization due to its vagueness.
 Narrow and Exclusive
better justified but can be limiting in the sense
that their application adhere to only particular definitions.
Robert Cox’s claim that the characteristics of
globalization trend include the internationalization of
production, the new international division of labor, new
migratory movements from south to north, the new
competitive environment that accelerate these processes,
and the internationalizing of the state.. Making states into
agencies of the globalizing world.
 Recent Definition
Globalization transplanetary process or a set of
processes involving increasing liquidity and growing
multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and
information as well as structures they encounter and create
that are barriers to, or expedite, those flows.
Generally, this definition assumes that
globalization could bring either or both integration and/or
fragmentation. Although things flow easily in a global
world, hindrances or structural blocks are also present.
These blocks could slow down one’s activity in another
country or could even limit the places a person can visit.
 Research
➢ Globalization is a world of things that have
different speeds, axes, points of origin and
termination, and varied relationships to
institutional structures in different regions,
nations, or societies (Arjun Appadurai, 1996 as
cited by Chowdhury, 2006)
 Research
➢ In a more recent study, Al- Rhodan (2006) states
that definition and perspective could determine
concrete steps in addressing the issues of
globalization. So if one see’s globalization
positive, the person can say that it is a unifying
force. On the other hand, if it is deemed as
creating greater inequalities among nations,
globalization is negatively treated
 Research
➢ It is a debate and the debate is globalization
according to the sociologist Cesare Poppi.

➢ Globalization is reality. It is changing as human

society develops. It has happened before and is
still happening today. And we will expect it to
happened in the future.
 Research
➢ Therefore, globalization is a concept that is not
easy to define because in reality, globalization
has a shifting nature. It is complex,
multifaceted, and can be influenced by the
people who define it. Thus, issues and concern
involving globalization have a wide range – from
individual to society, from small communities to
nation and states, and from the benefits we can
gain from it to the cost it could carry.
METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION
 Solid and Liquid
Solidity

❖ Refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the

movement of thing
❖ It can be either natural or man-made
 Liquidity

❖ Refers to the increasing ease of movement of people,

thing, information, and places in the contemporary
world.
❖ According to Zygmunt Bauman:
❖ Liquid phenomenon change quickly and their
aspects, spatial, and temporal are in continuous
fluctuation. This means space and time are crucial
for globalization
❖ Liquid phenomena is that their movement is difficult
to stop.
❖ The forces (liquid) made political boundaries more
permeable to the flow of people and things (Cartier,
2001). This brings us to what Ritzer, 2015 regarded
as the most important characteristics of liquid: it
tends to melt whatever stands in its path.
❖ Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction.
However, liquidity is the one increasing and
proliferating today.
❖ Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe
globalization is liquidity.
 Flows
❖ Are the movement of people, things, places, and
information brought by the growing “porosity” of
global limitations.
❖ Food being globalized
❖ Global financial crises
❖ Illegal migrants flooding many parts of the
world
GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
Homogeneity

Heterogeneity
 Homogeneity
refers to the increasing sameness in the
world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand to create
common practices, same economies, and similar
forms of government
 Homogeneity in Culture
linked to cultural imperialism. It means a
given culture is influence by other cultures.
 Homogeneity in
Economics
there is a recognition of neoliberalism,
capitalism, and the market economy in the world
 Homogeneity in Politics
also suffer homogenization if one takes into
account the emerging similar models of
governance in the world. And “McWorld” is
existing. It means only one political orientation is
growing in todays societies.
 Heterogeneity
pertains to the creation to various cultural
practices, new economies, and political groups
because of the interaction of elements from
different societies in the world.
can also be the differences because of either lasting
differences or of the hybrids or combinations of culture
that can be produced through the different
transplanetary processes.
 Heterogeneity in Culture
contrary to cultural imperialism. It is
associated with cultural hybridization
 Heterogeneity in
Economics
global forces interact with local factors or
specific geographical area.
 Heterogeneity in Politics
Barber (1995)also provided the alternate of
“Mcworld” – the Jihad

Jihad- refers to the political groups that are

engaged in an “ intensification of nationalism and
that leads to greater political heterogeneity
throughout the world.
DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND
GLOBAL CULTURE
THREE PERSPECTIVE ON GLOBAL CULTURE FLOW

CONVERGENCE

HYBRIDIZATION

DIFFERENTIALISM
 Cultural Differentialism
emphasizes the fact that cultures are
essentially different and are superficially affected
by global flows. The interaction of cultures is
deemed to contain the potential for “catastrophic
collision.”
 Cultural Hybridization
emphasizes the integration of local and
global culture. Globalization is considered to be a
creative process which gives rise to hybrid
entities that are not reducible to either global or
local.
 Cultural Convergence
stresses homogeneity introduced by
globalization. Cultures are deemed to be radically
altered by strong flows.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF
RELIGION
 Religion
is a collection of cultural systems, belief
systems, and world views that establishes
symbols that relate humanity to spiritually and to
moral values.
 Religion
entered the “information age” and has
globalized at accelerating rates, in the methods
religion use for teaching and in belief system
 Tools of uniting people all over the world
on religious basis
❑ Books
❑ Movies
❑ Cell phone Apps
❑ Social Networks
❑ Charity Funds
❑ Special Internet Sites
❑ Religious Schools
 Globalization to Religion
❖ Information technologies, transportation means, and the
media are deemed important means on which
religionist rely on the dissemination of their religious
ideas.
❖ Media also play important role in the dissemination of
religious ideas.
Globalization to Religion

❖ Exhibit a solid
proof confirming
the erosion and the
failure of ❖Ecumenism -
hybridization. Believing their own
CHALLENGE
God do have the
❖ Assertion of same will (love,
religious identities justice) with others.
come to the fore
and assert
themselves
 Globalization and
Regionalization

❖Gradual
development of
Inter-regional
relations
❖Globalization
(ASEAN, EU,
South American
Trade Bloc,
Mercusur.
ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION
FIVE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES REGARDING THE
ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION
5. BROADER, MORE RECENT
CHANGES (Global Demography &
Global Migration

4. EVENTS

3. EPOCH

2. CYCLES

1. HARDWIRED
 Hardwired
❖ Nayan Chanda (2007) it is because of our basic human
need to make our lives better that made globalization
possible.
❖ Globalization can be trace the beginning from our
ancestors in Africa who walked out from the said
continent in the late Ice Age.
❖ This long journey finally led them to all known
continents today, roughly after 50,000 years.
 Hardwire

✓Commerce
✓Religion ✓BETTER
✓Politics LIFE
✓Warfare
 Cycles
❖ Globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus,
finding its origin will be a daunting task.
 Epoch
❖ Six great epochs of globalization was also called
“waves” and each has its own origin.
1. Globalization of Religion (4th to 7th centuries)
2. European Colonial Conquest (late 15th century)
3. Intra-European war ( late 18th to early 19th century)
4. Heyday of European Imperialism (mid19th century to
1918)
5. Post-World War II Period
6. Post-Cold War Period
 Events
❖ Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in
explaining the origin of globalization.
❖ Roman conquests centuries before Christ were its origin
❖ The rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern
Europe in the 13th century
❖ Voyage of discovery of Christopher Columbus of America in
1942, Vasco de Gama in Cape Good Hope in 1498, and
Ferdinand Magellan’s completed circumnavigation of the
globe in 1522.
❖ Recent years could also be regarded as the beginning of
globalization with reference to specific technological
advances in transportation and communication.
 Border, more Recent
Changes
❖ Three notable changes as origin of
globalization
1. The emergence of United States as global
power (Post world war II)
2. The emergence of multinational
corporations (MNC’s)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the
end of Cold War
 Global Demography

❖ Demographic Transition – is a singular

historical period during which mortality
and fertility rates decline from high to low
levels in a particular country or region.
 Global Demography

❖ Transition started in mid or late 1700s in

Europe. Death rates and fertility rate began
to decline
❖ There was a reverse a in global population
shares during the 20th century as Africa,
Asia, Latin America , and Oceana had high
levels of population growth rates.
 Global Demography

❖ The United Nations projected that

population growth will be shifted toward
Africa.
❖ 2050 – regions shares will be almost 20%
also there will be projected increase in two
billion if we combine the population of
Asia, Latin America and Oceana
 Global Demography

❖ The developing countries like India and the

Philippines had higher dependency ratios
than West in 1900. A great increase in
dependency ratio was caused by the
decline in infant and child mortality and
high level of fertility, with its peak around
1970.
 Global Demography

❖ Dependency Ratio started to disappear because

there is a decline in global birth rate.
❖ The gap in fertility between the West and the
less developed countries become smaller by the
21st century
❖ Over the next 50 years, the dependency ratio of
these two areas in the world will be reversed.
The aging population will cause rise in
dependency ratio, starting in the west.
 Global Migration

❖ Migration is traditionally governed either by

“push” factors such as political persecution,
economic depression, war and famine in the
home country or by pull factor such as favorable
immigration policy, labor shortage, and a
similarity of language and culture in the country
of destination.
❖ Global factors which facilitate easy access to
information about the country of destination,
also exert a significant influence.
Reasons for Migration

❖ Movement of Vagabonds – “because they have

to be – not faring well in their home countries
and are forced to move in the hope that their
circumstances will improve.
❖ Refugees are vagabond forced to flee their
home countries due to safety concern.
❖ Asylum seekers who seek to remain in the
country to which they flee.
❖ Tourist – move because they want to be and
because they can afford it.
Reasons for Migration

❖ Labor Migration – is driven by “push” factor (

lack of employment opportunities at home), as
well as “pull” factors (work available elsewhere)
❖ - mainly involves the flow of less skilled and
unskilled workers, as well as illegal
immigrants who live on the margins of the
host society.
Reasons for Migration

❖ DIASPORA – has been increasingly used to

describe migrants communities.
❖ - transnational process which involves dialogue
to both imagined and real locales
❖ Diasporization and globalization are closely
interconnected and the expansion of the latter
will lead to an increase in the former.
❖ Today, there exist “VIRTUAL DIASPORAS”
which utilize technology such as the Internet to
maintain the community network.