Heat a n d T h er m o d y n am i cs w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg.

1 Heat and Temperature 4 Theromodynamic Processes

Temp. scales: F = 32 + 95 C, K = C + 273.16 First law of thermodynamics: ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles Work done by the gas:
V2
van der Waals equation: p + Va2 (V − b) = nRT

Z
∆W = p∆V, W = pdV
V
Thermal expansion: L = L0 (1 + α∆T ), 1 
A = A0 (1 + β∆T ), V = V0 (1 + γ∆T ), γ = 2β = 3α V2
Wisothermal = nRT ln
V1
F ∆l
Thermal stress of a material: A =Y l Wisobaric = p(V2 − V1 )
p1 V1 − p2 V2
Wadiabatic =
γ−1
2 Kinetic Theory of Gases
Wisochoric = 0
General: M = mNA , k = R/NA
n
T1
Maxwell distribution of speed: Q1
Efficiency of the heat engine: W
Q2
vp v̄ vrms v T2
q q
RMS speed: vrms = 3kT
= 3RT work done by the engine Q1 − Q2
m M η= =
heat supplied to it Q1
q q
Average speed: v̄ = 8kT
= 8RT Q2 T2
πm πM ηcarnot = 1 − =1−
Q1 T1
q
2kT
Most probable speed: vp = m T1
Q1
Pressure: p = 13 ρvrms
2 Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: W
Q2
Equipartition of energy: K = 12 kT for each degree of T2
Q2 Q2
freedom. Thus, K = f2 kT for molecule having f de- COP = W = Q1 −Q2
grees of freedoms. Rf
∆Q ∆Q
Entropy: ∆S = T , Sf − Si = i T
f
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = 2 nRT .
Q Tf
Const. T : ∆S = T, Varying T : ∆S = ms ln Ti

3 Specific Heat Adiabatic process: ∆Q = 0, pV γ = constant

Q
Specific heat: s = m∆T
5 Heat Transfer
Latent heat: L = Q/m
∆Q
 Conduction: ∆t = −KA ∆T
x
∆Q
Specific heat at constant volume: Cv =

n∆T 
x
V Thermal resistance: R = KA

∆Q 
Specific heat at constant pressure: Cp = n∆T   
A
p 1 x1 x2 K1 K2
Rseries = R1 + R2 = A K1 + K2
x1 x2
Relation between Cp and Cv : Cp − Cv = R
K2 A2
Ratio of specific heats: γ = Cp /Cv 1
= 1
+ 1
= 1
(K1 A1 + K2 A2 ) A1
Rparallel R1 R2 x K1

Relation between U and Cv : ∆U = nCv ∆T x

Specific heat of gas mixture: emissive power Ebody

Kirchhoff ’s Law: absorptive power = abody = Eblackbody
n1 Cv1 + n2 Cv2 n1 Cp1 + n2 Cp2
Cv = , γ= Eλ
n1 + n2 n1 Cv1 + n2 Cv2
Wien’s displacement law: λm T = b
λ
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f2 RT , λm
f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas.
∆Q
Stefan-Boltzmann law: ∆t = σeAT 4
dT
Newton’s law of cooling: dt = −bA(T − T0 )

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