FORMS: FUNCTIONS: CHARACTERISITICS: DEFICIENCY: RDA: SOURCES: TOXICITY:

VIT. C  Ascorbic Acid  Formation and  Most Unstable of All  Rare but may occur among chronic alcohol and drug  Male: 90 Fruits and
 antiscorbutic maintenance of the Vitamins abusers and poor dietary intake. mg/day vegetables:
vitamin intracellular cementing  Destroyed by air, light  Early Signs and Symptoms:  Female: 75  Citrus fruits,
substance/ ”binders” and and heat  Irritability, general weakness, anorexia mg/day red and green
collagen formation  Almost completely  Lowered resistance to infection  Minimum daily peppers,
 Conversion of folic acid to absorbed in the small  Pallor requirement: strawberries,
its active form folinic acid intestines Late Signs 10 mgs tomatoes,
 Healing of Wounds and  Hardly stored in the  Scurvy potatoes,
Bone fractures cells of the body  Bleeding and swollen gums broccoli and
 Prevention of  Loose teeth green leafy
megaloblastic anemia  swollen tender joints vegetables, atis
 Builds body resistance  Internal and pinpoint hemorrhages(capillary  Guava, datiles,
 Production of thyroid and fragility), megaloblastic anemia cashews,
steroid hormones melon, papaya
 Aids in the metabolism of  Infantile scurvy
tyrosine and  frog legs, delayed dentition and retarded skeletal
phenylalanine growth
 Aids in Iron Utilization
 Brain metabolism
 Antioxidant

VIIT. B COMPLEX
B1 – Other names: Other names:  Stable when dry 1. Early Signs  0.2mg per  Lean pork,
 Anti beri-beri  Anti beri-beri vitamin  Easily destroyed by  Loss of appetite 1000 caloric Whole and
THIAMIN
vitamin  Aneurin/ antineuritic alkali and sulfites  Weakness and easy fatigability intake enriched grains
 Aneurin/ factor  Absorption is  Indigestion and severe constipation  Male: (59kg) and
antineuritic facilitated by an acid  Gastric atony 1.2mg/day flours,seeds
factor medium  Poor reflexes numbness of extremities and  Female: (51kg) and nuts
 Concentrated in the irritability 1.1 mg/day  Liver and
liver, kidney, brain,  Retarded growth glandular
heart and muscles organs and
 Limited storage in the 2. Late Signs some shellfish,
body a. Infantile beri-beri egg yolk
 Fat and protein  Aphonia, whining cry, dyspnea and cyanosis  Legumes (
spares thiamine b. Wet beri-beri mongo, kadyos,
 CHO increases  Bipedal edema, Cardiomegaly, Dyspnea soy bean)
demand for thiamine c. Dry beri-beri  Unpolished rice
 affects the peripheral nerves
 Paresthesia ”pins and needles”, loss of
sensation, Ataxia (muscles weakness and poor
coordination), paralysis
 Calf muscle tenderness, loss of vibratory sense,
muscle atrophy, reduced leg reflexes
 Headache, extreme tiredness and irritability
 Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
 Loss of memory, extreme mental confusion and
ataxia
 Others at risk for Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome:
individuals with severe GI disease, human
 immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and improper
parenteral glucose solutions
 Effects may cause memory loss, extreme mental
confusion, and ataxia (same symptoms as
chronic excessive alcohol ingestion)

B2 –  Coenzyme in the  Easily Destroyed by 1. Early Signs:  0.4mg/1000  Animal

release of energy from light, irradiation  similar to Thiamin Deficiency Kcal/day Sources:
RIBOFLAVIN  Dairy
nutrients in every cell and alkalis 2. Late Signs (0.7-1.4 mg)
in the body  Absorbed in the  Ariboflavinosis  Male: (59kg) products,
 Essential component of small intestines  Group of changes occurring on the 1.3 mg/day liver,
coenzymes, Flavin  Limited storage tissues on the skin, eyes, mouth, nose  Females: glandular
mononucleotide (FMN) and depends on and tongue (51kg) 1.1 organs,
and Flavin adenine tissue saturation of  Seborrheic dermatitis mg/day poultry,
dinucleotide (FAD)- Proteins  Itchy eyes with burning sensation and eggs
 Needed for the corneal vascularization → photophobia,  Plant
conversion of Riboflavin Antagonist: dimness of vision Sources:
tryptophan to niacin  Atabrin,  Glossitis  Broccoli,
 Maintains healthy skin, isoriboflavin and  Cheilosis asparagus,
tongue and mouth galactoflavin dark leafy
 Maintains normal green
vision vegetables
 Proper growth and , sea
development weeds,
legumes
 Whole
grains,
enriched
bread and
cereals

B3 – NIACIN Active forms:  Coenzyme for many  Most stable among  Early Signs:  13-18  Meat,  UL for niacin is 35
 Nicotinic enzymes involved in all the water  Anorexia, indigestion, skin changes, glossitis, mg/day poultry, fish, mg NE per day
acid and energy metabolism, soluble vitamins angular stomatitis  Male: (59kg) legumes,  When preformed
Niacinamide tricarboxylic acid cycle  Limited storage  Late Signs : PELLAGRA 16mg/day enriched niacin and nicotinic
Precursors: and glycolysis  With antivitamins:  Female: cereals, milk, acid (but not
 Tryptophan  Normal Growth and 1. Isonicotinic acid ( 4 D’s) (51kg) coffee and niacinamide)
Healthy skin hydrazide (INH) 1. Diarrhea 14mg/day tea consumed in excess
 Maintenance of GIT 2. 3-acetylpyridine 2. Dermatitis  Milk, cheese, of UL, vascular
and Nervous system  Can be synthesized 3. Dementia eggs, liver system affected,
from tryptophan  CNS affectation – confusion, anxiety, and producing a flushing
1. 60 mg insomnia, paranoia glandular effect throughout
Tryptophan = 1 4. Death organs body
mg Niacin  Therapeutic use of
= 1 NE Note: Corn is a megadoses may
(Niacin Equivalent) lower total
POOR source cholesterol and low-
density lipoprotein
(LDL) and increase
 high-density
lipoprotein (HDL)
 Pharmacologi
c dose 3 to 9
g of niacin
 Must be
medically
administered
to guard
against liver
damage and
related gout
and arthritic
reactions

B6 –  Pyridoxine,  Coenzyme in the  Readily absorbed  Rarely occurs or together with other B vitamin  Males:  Whole grains  UL of vitamin B6 is
Pyridoxal, metabolism Protein in the intestines deficiency (59kg) – and cereals, 100 mg/day
PYRIDOXINE
Pyridoxamin and Amino acid  Limited storage  Seborrheic or oily dermatitis 1.72mg/day legumes, soy  Long-term
e  Synthesis of the heme  All 3 forms are  Glossitis, conjunctivitis, Depressive moods  Females: beans and megadose
portion of Hgb converted to  Infants = irritability, poor growth, anemia and (51kgs) 1.5 nuts, supplementation
 Acts as a catalyst in: pyridoxal convulsions mg/day Vegetable may cause ataxia
 synthesis of phosphate  dermatitis, altered nerve function, weakness, oils (corn, and sensory
Essential Fatty  Contraceptives poor growth, convulsions, and microcytic anemia cottonseed, neuropathy
Acids increases need for (small red blood cells deficient in hemoglobin) olive,
 Conversion of it peanut)
tryptophan to  Antagonists:  chicken, fish,
Niacin  Deoxypyrid pork and
 Urea production oxine eggs
 Promotes Proper  methoxypyr
functioning of the idoxine
Nervous system
 Reduced risk of
colorectal cancer for
women

B12 -  Absorbed in the  Pernicious Anemia  2.4mg/day  Animal

small intestines  Megaloblastic anemia (hyperchromic, Sources:
COBALAMIN
with the aid of the macrocytic cells)  Meat,
intrinsic factor  Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, achlorhydria, fish,
 Can be stored in abdominal pain, weight loss and retarded poultry,
the liver growth eggs and
 the kidneys, testes,  Hepatomegaly and Splenomegaly dairy
brain, spleen,  Jaundice products
pancreas, bone  Nerve degeneration
marrow and  Neuropsychiatric symptoms, paresthesias,
muscles contains loss of vibratory sense and difficulty in
cobalamin walking
 Has a more active
form which is
adenylcobalamine
FOLIC ACID  Spinach –  Coenzyme during  Megaloblastic Anemia of Infancy  Adults: 400  Green leafy  UL 1000 mcg folic
“folium” metabolism and  Large RBC’s which cannot carry O2 mcg vegetables, acid, men and
 Other Synthesis of Amino  Macrocytic Anemia in pregnant Women  Pregnancy: legumes, women
names: acids for DNA and RNA  Neural Tube defects among the new born of 600 mcg cereals,  Excess folate or folic
 Pteroyl  Essential in Mothers with deficiency  Lactation: fruits rich in acid intake not
glutami erythropoesis and  Spina bifida 500 mcg Vit. C recommended or
c acid synthesis of  Anencephaly warranted
(PGA) Hemoglobin  Glossitis, diarrhea, irritability, absent mindedness, Note: Excess of  May mask
 Folate, depression and anxiety folate can mask a presence of
Folacin, B12 deficiency for pernicious
folic which older adults anemia (due
acid are at risk to B12
deficiency)

PANTOTHENI  Pantothen  5mg/day  Whole

 Important component grains,
C ACID
of Coenzyme A which is cereals,
important in the legumes
metabolism of CHO,  meat, fish
CHON and fats and poultry
 Synthesis of lipids,  Liver and
acethylcholine and glandular
porphyrin ring organs
 Needed for Heme
formation
 For normal growth and
healthy skin
 Maintains integrity of
CNS

CHOLINE  Synthesis of Adequate Intake  Milk, eggyolk  UL of 3500 mg/day

acetylcholine Tolerable (AI) and peanuts adults
 Synthesis of lecithin  Male:  Toxicity symptoms
 Mobilizes fat and 550mg include sweating,
prevents fatty liver  Female: 425 fishy body odor,
mg vomiting, liver
damage, reduced
growth, and low
blood pressure
(hypotension)

BIOTIN  Assists Carbon Dioxide  Unknown if consuming typical North American  Can be  Liver, kidney,
fixation (transfer of diet synthesized peanut,
CO2 from one  When experimentally produced, symptoms of by the GI butter, egg
compound to another) biotin deficiency include scaly red skin rash, hair bacterial yolks and
 CHO, CHON and fat loss, appetite loss, depression, and glossitis flora, 150- yeast
metabolism  Factors that may affect biotin status: 300
 Synthesis of purines  Avidin, a protein in raw egg white binds mcg/day
and pyrimidines biotin
 - Cooking egg whites denatures
avidin
 Antibiotics may reduce biotin-producing
bacteria
 Long-term intravenous feeding increases
risk of biotin deficiency

FORMS: FUNCTIONS: CHARACTERISITICS: DEFICIENCY: RDA: SOURCES: TOXICITY:

   
VIT. A
Current Names: Maintains the integrity Eye lesions, Poor dark Measured on Food Sources: Caused by intake of
 Retinol of epithelial tissues Adaptation RAE (retinol  Animal Sources Supplements/
 Dehydroxyr esp. mucous linings  Xerophthalmia activity (Preformed: Retinoids) Medications
etinol  Constituent of  Night blindness equivalent)  Liver, eggyolk, milk, (Isotretinoin)
 Retinaldehy Rhodopsin (visual which may progress  Male: 900 mcg cream,  Signs and Symptoms
de purple) to a hard dry cornea RAE  butter, cheese  HYPERCAROTEN
 retinoic acid  Helps eyes to (keratinization) or  Female: 700 mcg  Fishes eg. Dilis, EMIA
adjust to light keratomalacia RAE clams,  Blistered skin
Beta carotene - variation resulting to complete  shellfish  coarse sparse
Vitamin A  Needed for normal blindness.  Fish liver oils hair
precursor found bone and skeletal  Compromised Epithelial  Weakness
in plants. growth Tissues  Anorexia
 Needed for the stability  Keratinization of Plant sources:  Nausea/Vomitin
of immune, nervous epithelial lining  (Precursors: g
and reproductive  Hyperderatosis/Phar Carotenoids)  Headache
system ynoderma  Green leafy vegetables:  Joint pain
 Tied to cell synthesis  Hair follicles malungay, talbos ng  Irritability
for reproductive developing white kamote, kangkong,  Spleenomegaly,
purposes hard lumps of keratin pechay, spinach,etc. Hepatomegaly
  “toads skin”  Yellow vegetables:
 Faulty skeletal and Dental Carrots, squash,
development tomatoes, mango,
 Poor growth papaya, yellow corn,
 Poor resistance to infection cantaloupe
 Respiratory
Disturbances
 Gastrointestinal and
Genitourinary Disturbances
 diarrhea
    
VIT. D
Cholecalciferol(D3),  Rickets Males (59kg) – Animal Sources: UL of vitamin D 50
ergocalciferol or  Childhood disorder- 5mcg/day fortified margarine, mcg (2000
irradiated ergosterol (D2) insufficient mineralization  Females (51kg) – butter, eggyolk, fatty International Units)
 Precursor: 7- of bone and tooth matrix 5mcg/day fish, liver and glandular  Hypercalcemia
dehydrocholesterol (skin)  Sx: bowed legs, unable to organs, sardines,  Hypercalciuria
 Ultraviolet irradiation bear body weight, pigeon- salmons  Nausea, diarrhea,
from sunlight affects breasted, abnormal tooth  Sources: natural polyuria
vitamin D precursor 7- formation preformed vitamin D in  Demineralization of
dehydrocholesterol in  Osteomalacia butter, egg yolks, fatty bones
skin  Adult disorder-soft fish, and liver.  weight loss
 Transformed by liver and demineralized bones  Milk, although  Renal Damage
kidneys into  Soft bones that are at risk containing fat, not a
cholecalciferol for fractures good source
 Amount produced  Tetany - Milk fortified with
depends on length of  Abnormal muscle twitching, vitamin D good vehicle,
exposure to ultraviolet cramps and sharp bilateral contains calcium and
irradiation, atmospheric spasms of the joints in the phosphorus
conditions, age, and skin wrists and ankles.  Vegans may require
pigmentation as does supplements or regular
sunscreen and concealing sunlight exposure to
clothing ensure formation of
 Known as the anti- cholecalciferol.
rachitic or rickets
preventing vitamin
 Affects the intestinal
absorption of Calcium
and Phosphorus, bone
mineralization and
mineral homeostasis
 Functions for normal
bone and teeth
development
     
VIT. E
Tocopherol, Antioxidant Rarely occurs Males: Vegetable oils (corn, Increases
alpha-  Protects integrity of  Hemolytic Anemia 15mg/day soy, safflower and anticoagulant effect
tocopherol lung  Intermittent claudication  Females: cottonseed), and of the drug
(most  Cellular respiration  Neurologic disorders 15mg/day Margarine
abundant  Protects red blood cell  Muscular dystrophy  Whole grains, seeds,
form) membrane (prevents  Increased urinary excretion nuts, wheat germ and
 Popular hemolysis) of creatinine green leafy vegetables
aphrodisiac  Fair sources: Egg yolk,
= increased Liver, butter and milk
virility

     
VIT. K
Anti Maintenance of Delayed blood clotting AI for vitamin K Liver, Dark green Vomiting,
hemorrhagi prothrombin level in  Hemorrhagic disorder in 120 mcg: men; leaves,Vegetable oils, albuminuria
c factor blood plasma infants 90 mcg: women tomatoes, wheat bran,  Hemolytic anemia
 Quinones:  Phosphorylation  Amount dairy products, seeds,  Hyperbilirubinemia
menadione,  Synthesize osteocalcin provides legumes, egg yolk.  Kernicterus
phylloquino  Protein Formation in sufficient liver  Accumulation of
ne bones, kidney and storage bile pigments in
Plasma  Vitamin K the brain
consists of
 compounds in
different forms
in plant and
animal tissues
 All converted
by liver to
biologically
active form of
menaquinone,
vitamin K
 Children: 30-
60mcg