IMS│MSU

LAB MANUAL

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

SMS 1053
 TITLE: Heart structure and function

DURATION: 4 hours

INTRODUCTION:

The heart is a small double pump that simultaneously pumps blood to and from body
cells through the systemic circulation and from the lungs through the pulmonary
circulation.

The blood vessels that carry blood from the heart are called arteries and the blood
vessels that carry blood to the heart are called veins.

OBJECTIVE:

IDENTIFY THE MAJOR HEART STRUCTURES ON MODELS AND CHARTS

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF TE TWO TYPES OF EART VALVES

DESCRIBE THE CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE IN THE HEART AFTER BIRTH

TRACE THE FLOW OF A DROP OF BLOOD THROUGH THE PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC

CIRCULATIONS, LISTING

THE VESSELS, CHAMBERS, AND VALVES

DESCRIBE THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

NAME AND DESCRIBE THE TWO LAYERS OF PERICARDUIM AND THE THREE LAYERS OF THE

HEART WALL

MATERIAL:

Human heart model

Human torso showing the heart /pulmonary/systemic circulation

Prepared microscope slides of the cardiac muscle

PROCEDURE:

A. surface features of the heart

B. great vessels of the heart

C. internal features of the heart

D. systemic and pulmonary circulations

E. coronary circulation
 F. pericardium and layers of the heart wall

DISCUSSION:

1. What is the function of the pericardial fluid?

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2. If a mitral valve prolapsed, which circulation is affected the most: pulmonary,

systemic, cardiac.
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3. Athletes have thicker heart wall than non athletes, which layer of the heart
enlarges? Explain.
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4. If a ductus arteriosus do not fully close after birth, what will happen?
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 TITLE: CARDIAC CYCLE

DURATION: 4 hours

INTRODUCTION /:

Heart rate is the umber of heart beats per minute.

Each heart beat represents one cardiac cycle, which consists of atrial and
ventricular systole (contraction) and atrial and ventricular diastole (relaxation).

The heart rate can be measured by counting the numbers of heart beat per minute
or by the number of pulses per minute.

A pulse is the blood pressure wave that travels through the arteries when the
ventricles contract.

Pulses are commonly felt in the radial and carotid arteries. The number of
heartbeats per minute (heart rate) will be very close to, but not necessarily equal
to, the number of pulses per minute.

OBJECTIVE:

Calculate changes in length of cardiac cycle with exercise and discuss significance
Describe the relationship of auscultated heart sounds, pulse rate, and heart rate

Identify the parts of the cardiac conduction system on models and charts

Describe the pathway of action potential through the cardiac conduction system and
explain its association with contractions of atria and ventricles

Describe the association of ECG tracings with electrical events occurring in the heart

Identify the components of a normal ECG

Identify normal sinus rhythm, tachycardia, and bradycardia on ECG

MATERIAL:

Length of cardiac cycle: stethoscope, alcohol, swabs, stopwatch or clock

Heart sounds: stethoscopes, alcohol swabs

Model and charts of the heart

PROCEDURE:
 A. length of the cardiac cycle: experiment changes in the length of cardiac cycle
with exercise

B. opening and closing of heart valves

C. stimulation of cardiac muscle contraction:1. electrical conduction system of the

heart 2. ECG 3.determining heart rate using an ECG

DISCUSSION:
5. auscultations of heart sounds: Greg counted his lab partners heartbeat as 13
beats in 15 seconds. What is the lab partners heart rate? What other information would
you like to have about Greg’s lab partner to decide if his heart rate is abnormal?
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6. electrical conduction system: Larry has damaged his SA node. What will happen
now that the “pacemaker” is not functional?
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7. in a normal cardiac cycle, what two chambers of the heart contract last?
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 TITLE: Blood Vessel Anatomy and Histology

DURATION: 2 hours

INTRODUCTION /:

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and divide into smaller vessels called
arterioles that branch into the tiniest vessels called capillaries.

At the capillary level, an exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases occur between
blood and interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding tissue cells).

Capillaries join to form small venules that will merge to form larger veins that
carry blood back to the heart.

The structure of these vessels reflects their functions.

OBJECTIVE:

Compare and contrast the structures of arteries, capillaries and veins

Identify layers of tunics present in a transverse section of an artery and vein

Measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and after exercise

Discuss how exercise and body position affect blood pressure

MATERIAL:

Microscope slides of transverse section through artery and vein

Blood pressure measurement: sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, alcohol wipes,

meterstisk, and exercise mat

Stop watch

Regulation of blood pressure: sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, alcohol wipes,

stopwatch

Video showing the effect of exercise on arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance
PROCEDURE:

A. Blood vessel structure: 1- arteries 2- veins 3- capillaries

B. Blood pressure:

1- blood pressure measurements

2- regulation of blood pressure

DISCUSSION:

8. In coronary bypass surgery, a section of vein is used to replace (bypass)

occluded coronary arteries. Overtime, the vein wall becomes more like an arterial wall.
Describe the changes that will occur in the vein wall.
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9. The smooth muscle fibers within the wall of an artery do not receive their
nutrients from the blood within the lumen of the artery. Why not?
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10. Explain how blood flow to the kidneys is decreased with exercise?
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TITLE: Blood Supply For Upper and Lower Limbs

DURATION: 4 Hours

INTRODUCTION:

The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood
throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which
carry the blood away from the heart, the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange
of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry
blood from the capillaries back towards the heart
There are various kinds of blood vessels:

 Arteries
o Aorta (the largest artery, carries blood out of the heart)
o Branches of the aorta, such as the carotid artery, the subclavian artery,
the celiac trunk, the mesenteric arteries, the renal artery and the iliac
artery.
 Arterioles
 Capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)
 Venules
 Veins
o Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the
renal vein and the iliac vein.
o Venae cavae (the 2 largest veins, carry blood into the heart)

They are roughly grouped as arterial and venous, determined by whether the blood in it
is flowing away from (arterial) or toward (venous) the heart. The term "arterial blood" is
nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery
carries "venous blood" and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen. This is
because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs, respectively, to be
oxygenated.

OBJECTIVE:

 Location and external morphology for blood vessels

 Explain the blood vessels of upper and lower limbs with the nerve supply of
muscle of that part.
 Describe the systemic circulation and Major Arteries and Veins
 Given the understanding of the blood supply for pelvis, pelvic diaphragm and
superficial and deep perineal pouches.

MATERIAL:
Cadaver

Slides Show
PROCEDURE:

 Show and explain the major arteries and vein.

 Exposed to the blood vessels of upper and lower limbs with the nerve supply of
muscle of that part
 Taught on muscle of neck and head with nerve supply
 Locate and identify on the cadaver and models great blood vessels entering and
exiting the heart, and the coronary arteries. Also locate and identify major peripheral
vessels servicing the extremities.

DISCUSSION:

1. Mention the major blood vessels in upper limb?

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2. Mention the major blood vessels in lower limb?

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 3. Explain the blood supply for head and neck?
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4. Give the supply area for:

 inferior phrenic, Celiac

 Superior Mesenteric
 Middle Suprarenal
 Renal
 Anterior And Posterior
 Interlobar Artery
 Gonadal
 Lumbar
 Inferior Mesenteric
 Median Sacral
 Common Iliac
 Common Iliac Arteries

5. Labeling the following arteries on cadaver:

 right or left subclavian artery (under clavicle)

 Axillary artery, axilla, lateral chest, shoulder joint

 Brachial artery

 Radial artery

 Ulnar artery

TITLE: Blood Vessel Anatomy and Histology

DURATION: 2 hours

INTRODUCTION:
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and divide into smaller vessels called arterioles
that branch into the tiniest vessels called capillaries.

At the capillary level, an exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases occur between blood
and interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding tissue cells).

Capillaries join to form small venules that will merge to form larger veins that carry blood
back to the heart.

The structure of these vessels reflects their functions.

OBJECTIVE:

Compare and contrast the structures of arteries, capillaries and veins

Identify layers of tunics present in a transverse section of an artery and vein

Measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and after exercise

Discuss how exercise and body position affect blood pressure

MATERIAL:

Microscope slides of transverse section through artery and vein

Blood pressure measurement: sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, alcohol wipes,

meterstisk, and exercise mat
Stop watch

Regulation of blood pressure: sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, alcohol wipes,

stopwatch

Video showing the effect of exercise on arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance

PROCEDURE:

A . Blood vessel structure: 1- arteries 2- veins 3- capillaries

B . Blood pressure:

3- blood pressure measurements

4- regulation of blood pressure

DISCUSSION:
11. In coronary bypass surgery, a section of vein is used to replace (bypass)
occluded coronary arteries. Overtime, the vein wall becomes more like an arterial wall.
Describe the changes that will occur in the vein wall.
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________________________________________________________________
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12. The smooth muscle fibers within the wall of an artery do not receive their
nutrients from the blood within the lumen of the artery. Why not?
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13. Explain how blood flow to the kidneys is decreased with exercise?
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