Chapter 02 Warming Earth and The Atmosphere
Chapter 02 Warming Earth and The Atmosphere
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
1. Which characteristic of air provides a measure of the average speed of the atoms and molecules?
a. pressure
b. temperature
c. density
d. evaporation
ANSWER: b
2. The freezing of pure water is 32° on the ____ scale.
a. Kelvin
b. Fahrenheit
c. Celsius
d. absolute
ANSWER: b
3. The transfer of heat from molecule to molecule within a substance is called ____.
a. conduction
b. convection
c. radiation
d. latent energy
ANSWER: a
4. The heat energy released when water vapor changes to a liquid is called the latent heat of ____.
a. evaporation
b. sublimation
c. vaporization
d. condensation
ANSWER: d
5. The energy of motion is known as ____.
a. kinetic energy
b. potential energy
c. radiant energy
d. specific heat
ANSWER: a
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
6. What is responsible for the cold feeling that you experience after leaving a swimming pool on a hot, dry summer day?
a. heat transport by conduction
b. heat transport by convection
c. heat transport by radiation
d. heat transport by latent heat
ANSWER: d
7. The movement of smoke in the atmosphere from one area to another by wind is an example of ____.
a. advection
b. radiation
c. conduction
d. reflection
ANSWER: a
8. In the lower atmosphere, any air that rises will ____ and cool.
a. expand
b. evaporate
c. compress
d. vaporize
ANSWER: a
9. During atmospheric convection, rising air bubbles are called ____.
a. wind
b. vapors
c. thermals
d. clouds
ANSWER: c
10. The absolute temperature scale that contains no negative numbers is the ____, which makes it convenient for
scientific computing.
a. Fahrenheit
b. Celsius
c. Kelvin
d. Convection
ANSWER: c
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
11. Radiation is made of discrete packets of energy called ____.
a. thermals
b. convective cells
c. photons
d. microns
ANSWER: c
12. The wavelength of radiation is ____ proportional to the energy carried per wave.
a. directly
b. not
c. slightly
d. inversely
ANSWER: d
13. Which region of the sun’s electromagnetic spectrum is most responsible for human skin cancer?
a. infrared
b. ultraviolet
c. visible
d. near infrared
ANSWER: b
14. Energy transferred by electromagnetic waves is called ____.
a. magnetism
b. convection
c. conduction
d. radiation
ANSWER: d
15. The longest wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponds to the color ____.
a. blue
b. violet
c. red
d. yellow
ANSWER: c
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
16. Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers is called ____.
a. ultraviolet light
b. visible light
c. infrared light
d. microwaves
ANSWER: b
17. Earth's radiation is often referred to as ____ radiation, while the sun's radiation is often referred to as ____ radiation.
a. shortwave; longwave
b. shortwave; shortwave
c. longwave; shortwave
d. longwave; longwave
ANSWER: c
18. Earth emits radiation with greatest intensity at ____ wavelengths.
a. infrared
b. radio
c. visible
d. ultraviolet
ANSWER: a
19. The wavelengths of radiation that an object emits depend primarily on the object’s ____.
a. temperature
b. photons
c. density
d. reflective surfaces
ANSWER: a
20. As the temperature of an object ____, the intensity of the radiation emitted by the object ____.
a. increases; increases
b. increases; decreases
c. decreases; stays the same
d. decreases; increases
ANSWER: a
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
21. The atmospheric greenhouse effect is due primarily to the fact that ___.
a. oxygen and ozone absorb ultraviolet radiation
b. nitrogen and oxygen transmit visible radiation
c. cloud formation releases latent heat energy
d. carbon dioxide and water vapor absorb infrared radiation
ANSWER: d
22. Without the atmospheric greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature of Earth would be ___.
a. higher than at present
b. lower than at present
c. the same as it is now
d. much more variable than it is now
ANSWER: b
23. An object at radiative equilibrium temperature is behaving as a ____.
a. selective absorber
b. blackbody
c. light reflector
d. greenhouse gas
ANSWER: b
24. Earth emits infrared radiation ____.
a. only at night
b. only during the day
c. at variable times
d. continuously
ANSWER: d
25. Which structure or substance has a higher albedo than thin clouds?
a. the moon
b. snow
c. ice
d. water
ANSWER: b
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
26. Although water vapor accounts for about 60% of the atmospheric greenhouse effect, it is the increase of ____ in the
atmosphere that appears to be the main cause of global warming.
a. carbon monoxide
b. ozone
c. carbon dioxide
d. argon
ANSWER: c
27. The albedo of Earth's surface is only about 4%, yet the combined albedo of Earth and its atmosphere is about 30%.
Which set of conditions below best explains why this is so?
a. high albedo of clouds; low albedo of water
b. high albedo of clouds; high albedo of water
c. low albedo of clouds; low albedo of water
d. low albedo of clouds; high albedo of water
ANSWER: a
28. Earth’s surface receives about twice as much energy from the atmosphere than from the sun as a result of ____.
a. the release of latent heat during condensation
b. conduction of heat upward from the surface
c. convection
d. absorbed infrared energy radiated back to Earth
e. direct absorption of sunlight by the atmosphere
ANSWER: d
29. Which process accounts for the sky’s blue color?
a. light reflection
b. light scattering
c. albedo
d. thermal convection
ANSWER: b
30. An object that radiates more energy than it absorbs will ____.
a. become colder
b. become warmer
c. maintain the same temperature
d. reach radiative equilibrium
ANSWER: a
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
31. During the summer months at the North Pole, the sun does not set for ____.
a. 2 months
b. 24 hours
c. 6 months
d. 4 months
ANSWER: c
32. The auroras are caused by charged particles originating from ____.
a. Earth’s atmosphere
b. solar wind
c. the North Pole
d. the South Pole
ANSWER: b
33. Earth is closest to the sun in ____.
a. January
b. March
c. July
d. September
ANSWER: a
34. Seasons on Earth are regulated by ___.
a. only the length of daylight hours
b. both the length of daylight hours and the angle sunlight strikes Earth’s surface
c. only the angle sunlight strikes Earth’s surface
d. only Earth’s nearness to the sun
ANSWER: b
35. After the winter solstice at middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the length of the day ____.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. does not change
d. is 12 hours long
ANSWER: a
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
36. On which date are the sun's rays closest to perpendicular to Earth's surface in the middle latitudes of the Northern
Hemisphere?
a. March 21
b. June 21
c. September 22
d. July 21
ANSWER: b
37. The average summer temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere are cooler than the average summer temperatures in
the Northern Hemisphere because ____.
a. Earth is closer to the sun in January
b. Earth is farther from the sun in July
c. over 80% of the Southern Hemisphere is covered with water
d. the sun's energy is less intense in the Southern Hemisphere
ANSWER: c
38. In the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the day with the shortest number of daylight hours occurs on
____.
a. June 21
b. December 21
c. September 22
d. January 1
ANSWER: b
39. When it is January and winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is ____ in the Southern Hemisphere.
a. January and summer
b. January and winter
c. July and winter
d. July and summer
ANSWER: a
40. For maximum winter warmth in the Northern Hemisphere, large windows in a house should face ____.
a. north
b. south
c. east
d. west
ANSWER: b
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
41. The formation of ice releases heat and warms the surroundings.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
42. All things with a temperature above absolute zero emit energy no matter how big or small.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
43. When an object emits and absorbs energy at equal rates, its temperature increases.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
44. The Southern Hemisphere has warmer summers and colder winters than the Northern Hemisphere.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
45. Airline routes are sometimes changed as a result of solar storms.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
Instructions: Choose one answer from each pair of selections.
46. If you could somehow see the random motions of atoms and molecules in air, would they all be moving at the SAME
or at DIFFERENT speeds?
ANSWER: DIFFERENT
47. The average speed of atoms in a molecule is a measure of its DENSITY | TEMPERATURE.
ANSWER: TEMPERATURE
48. The longest wavelengths of visible light correspond to the color RED | VIOLET.
ANSWER: RED
49. At a UV index of 10, a person should take EXTRA | MODERATE precautions when exposed to sunlight.
ANSWER: EXTRA
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
50. Overcast skies usually result in cooler daytime temperatures because clouds are good REFLECTORS |
ABSORBERS of sunlight.
ANSWER: REFLECTORS
51. Earth’s atmosphere SELECTIVELY | CONTINUOUSLY absorbs radiation.
ANSWER: SELECTIVELY
52. Which is a better reflector of solar energy, WATER or ICE?
ANSWER: ICE
53. To see the aurora australis, you have to travel to the NORTHERN | SOUTHERN Hemisphere.
ANSWER: SOUTHERN
54. Compared to Phoenix (30°N latitude), Minneapolis (45°N) will have shorter days in the winter and LONGER |
SHORTER days in the summer.
ANSWER: LONGER
55. In the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the sun’s position can affect vegetation. You would expect a
SOUTH- | NORTH-facing hill to receive more sunlight during a year.
ANSWER: SOUTH
56. What provides a measure of the average speed or kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in air?
ANSWER: temperature
57. Which heat transfer mechanism describes the flow of energy from warmer to colder regions?
ANSWER: conduction
58. In some situations, light behaves as if it were composed of particles rather than having a wavelike nature. What is the
name given to light "particles?"
ANSWER: photons
59. Which atmospheric gas is responsible for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect?
ANSWER: water vapor
60. During cloud droplet formation, condensation causes the release of what kind of heat into the environment?
ANSWER: latent
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
61. Using the concept of latent heat, explain why perspiration is an effective way of reducing a person's body
temperature.
ANSWER: The process of a phase change, such as the evaporation of perspiration from the skin, requires the
exchange of energy known as latent heat. As molecules of water escape, or evaporate, from the skin,
energy is taken from the environment. During evaporation, the more energetic, faster-moving molecules
escape most easily and the average motion of all the molecules left behind decreases as each additional
molecule evaporates. Since temperature is a measure of average molecular motion, the slower motion
suggests a lower water temperature. Therefore, evaporation is a cooling process because the energy
needed to change the water’s phase from liquid to a gas is taken from the environment.
62. Does the expansion of air cause its temperature to increase or decrease? Why?
ANSWER: Expansion decreases the temperature of air. As air rises in the atmosphere the surrounding air pressure
decreases allowing for the air to expand. Because there is no other energy source, the air molecules use
their own energy to spread out. This energy loss causes a reduction in molecular speed and, therefore, air
temperature as well.
63. In the discussion of Earth's annual energy balance, we saw that Earth absorbed approximately 51 units of solar
energy but emitted 117 units of infrared energy. What prevents Earth from getting colder and colder?
ANSWER: Only a fraction of the emitted energy passes through into space. The majority of the energy is absorbed in
the atmosphere mainly by greenhouse gases (primarily water vapor and carbon dioxide) and clouds. Much
of this absorbed energy is then radiated back to Earth, producing the atmospheric greenhouse effect and,
therefore, preventing the cooling of the Earth.
64. If the amount of snow and ice in the polar regions of Earth were to decline due to global warming, how would you
expect this to affect the radiation budget of Earth?
ANSWER: The percent of radiation reflected from a given surface is the albedo. Snow has one of the highest albedo
percentages, in that up to 95% of sunlight may be reflected from the snow surface. If total snow cover on
Earth is reduced, the energy that would have been reflected becomes absorbed instead. Increased polar
snow and ice melt will result in higher sea levels, which coupled with rising ocean temperatures will cause
an increase in evaporation rates that will add more water vapor (a greenhouse gas) to the atmosphere
and, subsequently, increase the amount of radiation returned to Earth.
65. Explain why sunrises and sunsets typically have colors of red, orange, and yellow.
ANSWER: Solar radiation entering Earth’s atmosphere is scattered as it strikes air molecules and dust particles.
Because air molecules are much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light, they more effectively
scatter the shorter (blue) wavelengths than the longer (red) wavelengths. At sunrise and sunset, the sun is
(typically) located on the horizon and sunlight must travel a longer distance through a thicker portion of the
atmosphere. As sunlight travels along this path, the shorter wavelengths of visible light are more
effectively scattered by the atmospheric air particles and the longer wavelengths of red, orange, and
yellow are allowed to pass through, thereby creating the image of a red/orange sun.
Chapter 02 - Warming Earth and the Atmosphere
Match each item with the appropriate description.
a. the horizontal transfer of any atmospheric property by wind
b. the transfer of heat from molecule to molecule within a substance
c. when a substance inhibits the passage of outgoing radiation
d. the transfer of heat by the mass movement of a fluid, such as water and air
e. when sunlight enters Earth and more light is sent backward
66.
ANSWER: b
67. convection
ANSWER: d
68. advection
ANSWER: a
69. reflection
ANSWER: e
70. absorption
ANSWER: c