Department of Civil Engineering, KJCOEMR, Pune

Experiment No. 2
INTERSECTION METHOD – PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

Aim:

To draw the position in plan of the given points by intersection method.

Equipment and Accessories:

Plane table and its accessories (tripod, alidate, trough compass, plumbing fork, spirit level,
drawing sheet, pencil, eraser etc.), measuring tape, ranging rods.

Theory:
The plane table surveying is that method of surveying in which the fieldwork and plotting
work is done simultaneously, and no office work is necessarily required.
The plane tabling is generally adapted for surveys in which high precision is not required. It
is mainly employed for small-scale or medium size mapping.
Methods of Plane table Surveying
1. Radiation method
2. Intersection method
3. Traversing method
Operations involved in Plane Table Surveying
SETTING UP THE PLANE TABLE
The setting up the plane table includes the following three operations.
1. Centering the plane table
2. Leveling the plane table
3. Orientation of plane table
CENTERING THE PLANE TABLE:
The table should be set up at a convenient height for working say about 1m. The legs of
tripod should be spread well apart and firmly fixed in to the ground. The table should be
approximately leveled by tripod legs and judging by the eye. Then the operation of centering
is carried out by means of U-frame and plumb bob. The plane table is exactly placed over the
ground station by U-frame and plumb bob.
LEVELING THE PLANE TABLE:
The process of leveling is carried out with the help of level tube. The bubble of level tube is
brought to center in two directions, which are right angles to each other. This is achieved by
moving legs.
ORIENTING THE TABLE:
The process of keeping the plane table always parallel to the position, which is occupied at
the first station, is known as orientation. When the plane table is oriented, the lines on the
board are parallel to the lines on the ground.

Procedure:

It is required to plot the position of ground points PQRST (shown in figure given below) on
the drawing sheet. The line AB is a base line measured on the ground. It is represented by the
line ab on the board drawn to scale.

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1. Set up the plane table over A and orient the plane table by laying the alidade along the
drawn line ab and rotate the board until B is sighted from A through the alidade (Now the
line ab is aligned with line AB on the ground).
2. Pivot the alidade at ‘a’ and sight to the points P, Q, R, S & T and draw the rays. These
rays represent the lines of sight to these features.
3. Shift the table to B. Plumb point b on the board over B on the ground.
4. By laying the alidade along the drawn line ba rotate the board until A is sighted and
clamp the board (Now the line ab is aligned with line AB on the ground)
5. Mark the direction of the magnetic meridian on the drawing sheet by means of
trough compass.
6. Pivot the alidade at ‘b’ and sight to the points P, Q, R, S & T and draw the rays (The rays
from B will intersect those drawn from A, thus establishing the positions p, q, r, s & t on
the board).
7. Join the points p, q, r, s & t on the drawing sheet.

Fig. Intersection method – plane table

Observations and Calculations:

1. Measure the distance PQ, QR, RS, ST and TP on the ground.

2. Scale the distance pq, qr, rs,st and tp on the drawing sheet.

Result:

Compare the ground and plan distances between the stations P, Q, R, S and T.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, KJCOEMR, Pune

Experiment No. 4

Aim: -

To measure of horizontal angles by method of repetition using Transit Theodolite.

Equipment: -

Theodolite, ranging rod, pegs etc.

Theory:

Theodolite: The theodolite is the most intricate and accurate instrument used for measurement
of horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of telescope by means of which distant objects can
be sighted. The telescope has two distinct motions on in the horizontal plane and the Other in the
vertical plane. The former being measured on a graduated Horizontal vertical circle of two
verniear.

Theodolite are primarily classified as

1) Transit theodolite

2) Non-transit theodolite

A theodolite is called transit theodolite when its telescope can be resolved through a
complete revolution about its horizontal axis. In a vertical plane. The transit type is largely
used.

1) Telescope: it is an integral part and is mounted on the spindle known as horizontal

axis or turn on axis. Telescope is either internal or external focusing type.

2) The leveling head: It may consists of circular plates called as upper and lower Parallel
plates. The lower parallel plate has a central aperture through which a plumb bob may be
suspended. The upper parallel plate or tribranch is supported by means of four or three leveling
screws by which the instrument may be leveled.

3) To lower plate or screw plate: It carries horizontal circle at its leveled screw.
It carries a lower clamp screw and tangent screw with the help of which it can be fixed
accurately in any desired position.

4) The upper plate or vernier plate:- it is attached to inner axis and carries two vernier and
at two extremities diametrically opposite.

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5) Compass: the compass box may be either of circular form or of a rough type. The
former is mounted on the vernier plate between the standards while the latter is attached to the
underside of the scale or lower plate or screwed to one of the standards. Modern theodolite is
fitted with a compass of the tubular type and it is screwed to one of the standards.

6) Vertical circle: the vertical circle is rigidly attached to the telescope and moves with it.
It is silvered and it is usually divided into four quadrants.

7) Index bar or T-frame: the index bar is T shaped and centered on horizontal axis of the
telescope in front of the vertical axis. It carries two vernier of the extremities of its horizontal
arms or limbs called the index arm. The vertical leg called the clip or clipping screws at its lower
extremity. The index arm and the clipping arm are together known as T-frame.

8) Plumb bob: To centre the instrument exactly over a station mark, a plumb bob
is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the central vertical axis.

Repetition method of measuring Horizontal angles

When it is required to measure horizontal angles with great accuracy as in the case of traverse,
the method of repetition may be adopted. In this method the same angle is added several times by
keeping the vernier to remain clamped each time at the end of each measurement instead of
setting it back to zero when sighting at the previous station. The corrected horizontal angle is
then obtained by dividing the final reading by the number of repetitions. Usually six reading,
three with face left and three with face right, are taken The average horizontal angle is then
calculated.

Procedure:-

1) Let LOM is the horizontal angle to be measured as shown in fig. O is the station point
fixed on the ground by a peg. Set up the theodolite over the peg ‘o’ and level it accurately.

2) Set the horizontal graduated circle vernier A to read zero or 360° by upper clamp screw
and slow motion screw. Clamp the telescope to bisect the bottom shoe of the flag fixed at point
‘L’ and tighten the lower clamp. Exactly intersect the centre of the bottom shoe by means of

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 Department of Civil Engineering, KJCOEMR, Pune

lower slow motion screw. Check that the face of the theodolite should be left and the telescope in
normal position.

3) Check the reading of the vernier A to see that no slip has occurred .Also see that the plate
levels are in the centre of their run. Read the vernier B also.

4) Release the upper clamp screw and turn the theodolite clockwise. Biset the flag bottom
shoe fixed at point M by a telescope. Tighten the upper clamp screw and bisect the shoe exactly
by means of upper slow motion screw.

5) Note the reading on both the vernier to get the approximate value of the angle LOM.

6) Release the lower clamp screw and rotate the theodolite anticlockwise ai azimuth. Bisect
again the bottom shoe of the flag at ‘L’ and tighten the lower clamp screw. By means of slow
motion screw bisect exactly the centre of the shoe.

7) Release now the upper clamp screw and rotate the theodolite clockwise. Bisect the
bottom shoe of the flag fixed at M and tighten the upper clamp screw. By means of slow motion
screw bisect exactly the centre of the shoe. The vernier readings will bw now twice the of the
angles.

8) Repeat the process until the angle is repeated the required number of times (usually 3).
Add 360° for every complete revaluation to the final reading and divided the total angle by
number of repetitions to get the value of angle LOM.

9) Change the face of the theodolite the telescope will now be inverted. Rrpeat the whole
process exactly in the above manner and obtain value of angle LOM.

10) The average horizontal angle is then obtained by taking the average of the two angles
obtained with face left and face right.

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11) Usually three repetitions face left and three with face right should be taken and
the mean angle should be calculated.

Result: Average horizontal angle is found to be ------------

Fig: Transit theodolite

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 Department of Civil Engineering, KJCOEMR, Pune

Experiment no. 3

Aim:

To find horizontal and vertical distance using Tacheometer.

Equipment:

Tacheometer, Tripod stand, Measuring Tape, Plumb bob, Pegs and Leveling Staff.

Theory:

Tacheometry is a branch of surveying in which the horizontal and vertical distances are
determined by angular observations with a tacheometer.

A taceometer in general sense is a transit theodolite having a telescope fitted with a stadia
diagram, i.e. a telescope equipped with two horizontal hairs called stadia hairs in addition to
the usual central hair. The additional hairs are equipped from the central one and are also
known as stadia lines.

Methods of Tachemetric Survey:

(i) The stadia system:

In the stadia system, the observations are taken with the stadia wires of the
tacheometer.
In the stadia system of tacheometry there are two methods of surveying viz:
(a) Fixed hair method: -
In this method, the distance between the stadia hairs is fixed. When a staff is
sighted through the telescope, its certain length is intercepted by the stadia hair
and from tins value of staff intercept, the distance from the instrument to the staff
can be determined. The staff intercept varies with its distance from the instrument.
(b) Moveable hair method.

(ii) The tangential system: -

This method is used when the telescope is not fitted with a stadia diagram. In this
method, the telescope is directed towards the staff to which the horizontal and vertical
distances are to be measured and two vertical angles to two vanes or targets on the
staff at a known distance (S) apart are taken.

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Procedure:

A) To find constants of tacheometer.

1. Setup the instrument at one end of a straight line say 50m.

2. Drive pegs at 10m, 20m, 25m and 50m lengths.

3. Keep the staff on the pegs and observe the corresponding staff intercepts with
horizontal sight.

4. Knowing the values of ‘S’ and corresponding ‘D’ values for different peg intervals a
number of similar equations can be formed by substituting the values of ‘S’ and ‘D’ in
equation

D=KS+C

5. The simultaneous equations are taken two at a time to find the values of ‘K’ and ‘C’.

6. The average values of ‘K’ and ‘C’ are found.

B) To find horizontal and vertical distances.

1. Set up the instrument in such a way that all the point should be visible from the
instrument station.

2. Carryout the temporary adjustment and set vernier zero reading making line of sight
horizontal.

3. Take the first staff reading on Benchmark and determine height of instrument and also
note the three crosshair readings.

4. Then sight the telescope towards the staff station whose R.Ls are to be calculated.
Measure the angle on vernier if line of sight is inclined upward or downward and also
note the three crosshair readings.

5. Determine the horizontal and vertical distances by using following formulas,

Horizontal distance D = KScos^2Ѳ + CcosѲ

Vertical distance V = KScosѲsinѲ + CsinѲ

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Figure:

Result:
A) For the given instrument

1) Multiplying constant (K) =

2) Additive constant (C) =

B) Horizontal distance between Inst. St. & Staff St. =

Vertical distance between Inst. St. & Staff St. =

RL of Inst. St. =

RL of staff St. =

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