MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

JAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
“Design, Modelling and Implementation of Power Electronics
Circuit for Harnessing Renewable Energy Resources”

Submitted by

SIP03 RUSHIKESH MALI

SIP08 AKSHAY SATPAISE

SIP09 MAYURESH KARALE

SIP32 NITIN ADAM

SIP56 NIKITA MANDHARE

SIP57 SHARADA MADYASWAR

Under the guidance of

Prof. Dr. Arun Kumar Verma

Summer 2018

1|Page
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Internship report entitled “DESIGN MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION OF POWER ELECTRONICS CIRCUIT FOR HARNESSING
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES” submitted to Malaviya National
Institute Technology, Jaipur is a bonafide record of work done by following
students under my supervision from “26thMay,2018” to “7th July,2018”

Rushikesh Mali SIP03

Akshay Satpaise SIP08
Mayuresh Karale SIP09
Nitin Adam SIP32
Nikita Mandhare SIP56
Sharda Madyaswar SIP57

Date: / / 2018 Dr. Arun Kumar Verma

Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Dept.
Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur.

2|Page
 ABSTRACT

Power electronics has a history that is much older than many of us practicing in the
field today are likely to realize. As we will see, its growth and development have not
been what one would call smooth and orderly. The “life changing” episodes that have
brought about the most dramatic changes in the field have been largely unanticipated.
To provide a framework both for looking backward toward our roots and at the same
time for better understanding the context in which power electronics engineers work
today, it is helpful to adopt the following working definition: Power electronics is the
technology associated with the efficient conversion, control and conditioning of
electric power by static means from its available input form into the desired electrical
output form. More semiconductor devices such as triac, gate turn off(GTO), power
MOSFET And power BJTs are replacing conventional bulky devices. Therefore, the
knowledge of such circuits is much important. This report covers the circuits i.e. ac-dc
converters, controlled and uncontrolled rectifiers, switches, triggering circuits, pulse
generation, dc-dc converters, etc. Each circuit was designed and simulated using
software such as MATLAB. The same have been fabricated on printed circuit
board(PCB). The various waveforms obtained, through software and practical circuits,
were analysed and compared with each other.

3|Page
 INDEX
Sr.No Contents Page No.
1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER 6

3 CENTERTAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER 8

4 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER 10

5 THREE PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER 12

6 R TRIGGERING CIRCUIT 14

7 RC TRIGGERING CIRCUIT 16

8 UJT TRIGGERING CIRCUIT 18

9 POWER SUPLY 20

10 BUCK CONVERTER 22

11 BOOST CONVERTER 25

12 BUCK BOOST CONVERTER 28

13 DRIVER CIRCUIT 30

14 SIMULATION OF ZVZCS DC-DC 32

CONVERTER

15 BIBLOGRAPHY 34

4|Page
 INTRODUCTION

Power Electronics is the study of electronic circuits used to convert and control the flow of
electrical power.In other words, Power Electronics deals with the applications of solid state electronic
devices in the control and conversion of electric power. Power Electronics embraces the studies of:-
(a) Power:-
It deals with both rotating and static equipment for the generation, transmission, distribution and
utilization of vast quantities of electrical power.
(b) Electronics: -
It deals with the study of semiconductor devices and circuits for the processing of information at
lower power levels.
(c) Control: -
In deals with the stability and response characteristics of closed loop system. Power Electronics deals
with the use of electronics for control and conversion of large amount of electrical power. It is one of
the contemporary subjects of electrical engineering which has seen a lot of advancements in recent
times and has impacted human life in almost every sphere. We over selves use so many power
electronics applications in our daily life, without even realizing it

 Representation of Power Electronic System: -

The Block diagram of Power Electronics System is given below.

The main power source may be either AC or DC based on the application

The output of the power electronic circuit may be variable ac or dc, or it may be variable voltage and
frequency based on the requirement. It is also known as power electronics conversion circuit. It can
be described as a group of electrical and electronic components arranged to form an electric power
from one form to another. The feedback component measures a parameter of the load(say for
example speed) and compares it with the command signal
The difference between these two signals, through the digital circuit controls the instant of turn on of
the semiconductor device. The load circuit can be controlled over a wide range with the adjustment
of the command signal. In between Power Electronic circuit to load, the Filter is added in most of the
applications.
A filter is necessary to prevent any harmonics generated by the converter from being feedback to the
mains or from being radiated into space.

5|Page
 1. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

OBJECTIVE: To Study Half Wave Rectifier Circuit.

COMPONENTS: Transformer, Diode, Power Resistor
THEORY:
A rectifier is an electronic device that converts AC voltage into DC voltage. In other words, it
converts alternating current to direct current. A rectifier is used in almost all the electronic devices.
Mostly it is used to convert the main voltage into DC voltage in the power supply section. During the
positive half cycle the diode is under forward bias condition and it conducts current to RL (Load
resistance). A voltage is developed across the load, which is same as the input AC signal of the
positive half cycle.
WORKING :
Alternatively, during the negative half cycle the diode is under reverse bias condition and there is no
current flow through the diode. Only the AC input voltage appears across the load and it is the net
result which is possible during the positive half cycle. The output voltage pulsates the DC voltage.
FORMULAE:
VO=VM/π
FF=IRMS/IAVG
RF=((VRMS/VDC)^2-1)^(1/2)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

6|Page
MATLAB SIMULATION:

SIMULATION RESULTS:

___________= AC Voltage Supply

___________= Voltage across Diode
___________= Voltage across Load
___________= Current in Load

CONCLUSION: Single phase half wave rectifier circuit is analysed and thus simulated it on Matlab.

7|Page
 2. CENTRE TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
OBJECTIVE: To study centre tap full wave rectifier circuit.
COMPONENTS: Transformer, Diode, Power Resistor
THEORY:
During the positive half cycle, current flows only in the upper part of the circuit while the lower part
of the circuit carry no current to the load because the diode D2 is reverse biased. Thus, during the
positive half cycle of the input AC signal, only diode D1 allows electric current while diode D2 does
not allow electric current.
During the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, terminal A become negative, terminal B
become positive and center tap is grounded (zero volts). The negative terminal A is connected to the
p-side of the diode D1 and the positive terminal B is connected to the n-side of the diode D1. So the
diode D1 is reverse biased during the negative half cycle and does not allow electric current through
it.

During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes forward biased and D2
becomes reverse biased. Hence D1 conducts and D2 remains OFF. The load current flows through
D1 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage. During the negative half cycle
of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes reverse biased and D2 becomes forward biased.Hence D1
remains OFF and D2 conducts. The load current flows through D2 and the voltage drop across RL
will be equal to the input voltage.
FORMULAE:
VDC=(2*VM)/π
FF=IRMS/IAVG
RF=((VRMS/VDC)^2-1)^(1/2)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

8|Page
MATLAB SIMULATION:

SIMULATION RESULTS:

CONCLUSION: Single phase centre tapped full wave rectifier circuit is analysed and thus simulated
it on Matlab

9|Page
 3.SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

OBJECTIVE: To study full wave rectifier circuit.

COMPONENTS: Transformer, Diode, Power Resistor
THEORY:
A rectifier is an electronic device that converts AC voltage into DC voltage. In other words, it
converts alternating current to direct current. A rectifier is used in almost all the electronic devices.
Mostly it is used to convert the main voltage into DC voltage in the power supply section. During the
positive half cycle the diode is under forward bias condition and it conducts current to RL (Load
resistance). A voltage is developed across the load, which is same as the input AC signal of the
positive half cycle.
WORKING:

A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using
both half cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half
cycle while the other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied ac voltage.

During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes forward biased and D2
becomes reverse biased. Hence D1 conducts and D2 remains OFF. The load current flows through
D1 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage. During the negative half cycle
of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes reverse biased and D2 becomes forward biased.Hence D1
remains OFF and D2 conducts. The load current flows through D2 and the voltage drop across RL
will be equal to the input voltage.
FORMULAE:
VDC=(2*VM)/π
FF=IRMS/IAVG
RF=((VRMS/VDC)^2-1)^(1/2)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM &OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

10 | P a g e
MATLAB SIMULATION:

SIMULATION RESULTS:

CONCLUSION: Single phase diode bridge full wave rectifier circuit is analysed and thus simulated
it on Matlab.

11 | P a g e
 4.THREE PHASE UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER

OBJECTIVE: To construct a 3-phase uncontrolled half-wave rectifier circuit and analyse its output.
CIRCUIT COMPONENTS :
Component name Number of component
(a) diode 3
(b) Load (100ῼ & 1mh) 1
(c)3-phase AC supply source (100V&50Hz) 1
(d) Voltage measurement source 1
(e) Scope 2
(f) current measurement source 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MATLAB SIMULATION:

12 | P a g e
SIMULATION RESULTS:

CONCLUSION: Three phase uncontrolled half wave rectifier circuit is analysed and thus simulated
it on Matlab.

13 | P a g e
 5. R-TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR THYRISTOR
OBJECTIVE: To analyse and implement the R triggering circuit For Thyristor
COMPONENTS USED:
Sr.No Name of Ratings/Specifications Quantity
component
1 Thyristor TYN612;600V,12A 1
2 Diode IN4007 1
3 Rheostat 5KΩ 1
4 Resistors 9KΩ,100Ω 1
5 load 1KΩ,5W 1

THEORY:
Circuit provides phase retard from essential zero ( SCR full “on”) to 90 electrical degrees of the
anode voltage wave ( SCR half “on”).Diode D1 blocks reverse gate voltage on the negative half-
cycle of anode supply voltage. It is necessary to rate blocking to at least the peak value of the AC
supply voltage and the trigger voltage producing the gate current to fire IGF are in phase. When EAC
= Em, at the peak of the AC supply voltage, the SCR can still trigger with the maximum value of
resistance between anode and gate.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRIGGERING WAVEFORMS:

14 | P a g e
PSIM SIMULATION:

PSIM SIMULATION RESULTS:

HARDWARE:

CONCLUSION: Basic triggering using Resistance is implemented which gives ideal firing angle
control range bet 00 to 900 .

15 | P a g e
 6. RC TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR THYRISTOR
OBJECTIVE: To analyse and implement the RC triggering circuit
COMPONENTS USED:
Sr.No Name of Ratings/Specifications Quantity
component
1 Thyristor TYN612;600V,12A 1
2 Diode IN4007 1
3 Rheostat 5KΩ 1
4 Resistors 9KΩ,100Ω 1
5 load 1KΩ,5W 1
6 Capacitors 0.1uF 1

THEORY:
R-C-Diode circuit gives full half-cycle control (180 electrical degrees). On the positive half-cycle
of SCR anode voltage the capacitor charges to the trigger point of the SCR in a time determined by
the RC time constant and the rising anode voltage. The top plate of the capacitor charges to the peak
of the negative voltage cycle through diode D2 on the negative half-cycle, resetting it for the next
charging cycle.
During negative half cycle capacitor charges in reverse direction when the supply voltage increases
towards positive side the capacitor voltage also recharges in opposite direction. When this capacitor
voltage reaches threshold voltage SCR will turn on and capacitor discharges through diode D2 and its
voltage become very small positive voltage. Firing angle can be varied from 0 to 1800 .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WAVEFORMS:

16 | P a g e
PSIM SIMULATION:

SIMULATION RESULTS:

HARDWARE:

CONCLUSION: RC triggering circuit gives control of full 1800 which uses charging and discharging
of capacitor.

17 | P a g e
 7. UJT TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR THYRISTOR
OBJECTIVE: To study firing of thyristor (TYN612) using UJT triggering method.
COMPONENTS:
Sr. No. Name of Specification Rating Quantity
component
1. Thyristor TYN612 VRRM=600V,IT=12A 1
2. Transformer - 15-0-15 1
3. Diode 1N4007 VF=1.1V,PD=3.0W 4
4. Power resistor - 1K/5W 1
5. Zener diode - 8.2V 1
6. Potentiometer - 47K 1
7. Capacitor - 0.001Uf 1
8. Unijunction 2N2646 VB2E=30V,VB2B1=35V 1
Transformer
9. Pulse - 1:1 1
Transformer

THEORY:
The UJT is almost ideal as a firing device for SCRs. There are 2 main reasons for the compatibility
between UJTs and SCRs. Firstly, the UJT produces a pulse-type output, which is excellent for
accomplishing sure turn-on of an SCR without straining the SCR’s gate power dissipation capability.
Secondly, the UJT firing point is inherently stable over a wide temperature range. This can
compensate for the temperature instability of the SCR.
A synchronized UJT triggered circuit using an UJT is shown in the figure. Diodes ‘D1’ to ‘D4’
rectify ac to dc. Resistor R1 lowers Vdc to a suitable value for the zener diode and UJT. Zener diode
‘Z’ functions to clip the rectified voltage to a standard level, ‘Vz’ which remains constant except near
the Vdc zero. The voltage Vz is applied to the charging circuit RC. Current ‘I’, charges capacitor ‘c’
at a rate determined by ‘R’ voltage across capacitor is marked by ‘Vc’ as shown. When ‘Vc’ reaches
the unijunction threshold voltage Vz, the B1 junction of UJT breaks down and the capacitor ‘c’
discharges through the primary of pulse transformer sending a current ‘C2’ as shown.
As the current ‘i2’ is in the form of pulse, windings of the pulse transformer have pulse voltages at
their secondary terminals. Pulse at the two secondary windings feeds the same in phase pulse to two
SCRs of a full wave circuits. SCR with positive anode voltage would turn ON. As soon as the
capacitor discharges, it starts to recharge as shown. Rate of rise of capacitor voltage can be controlled
by varying ‘R’. The firing angle can be controlled upto 1500. This method of controlling the output
power by varying the charging resistor ‘r’ is called ramp control, open loop control (or) manual
control.

18 | P a g e
FORMULAE:
VRB1=((RB1)/(RB1+RB2))VBB
VP=VBB+VD
=(RB1)/(RB1+RB2)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WAVEFORMS:

HARDWARE:

19 | P a g e
 8.POWER SUPLY DESIGN(12V,15V)
OBJECTIVE: To study and implement the power supply circuits of 12volts and 15volts
COMPONENTS USED:
Sr.No Name of Ratings/Specifications Quantity
component
1 Voltage Regulators 7812,7815 1
2 Diode IN4007 4
3 Capacitor 2000uF,1000uF 1
4 Transformers 9-0-9 1

THEORY:
The power supply was made to get the desired voltage supply to satisfy the need for the specific
circuit. The transformer was used to step-down the 230volts,50Hz voltage supply and then the
voltage regulator 7812,7815 were used to regulate the desired amount of voltage. The electrolytic
capacitors were used to filter out the ripples in the obtained output.
CIRCUIT-DIAGRAMS:
1)12V DC Power Suply

2)15V DC Power Suply

20 | P a g e
21 | P a g e
HARDWARE:

CONCLUSION: Design a power supply with very less ripple with stable DC value is done.

22 | P a g e
 9. BUCK CONVERTER
OBJECTIVE: Designing and Modelling of Buck Converter
COMPONENTS USED: Inductor(10mH,) MOSFET(IRFP460),
Rectifier(MUR460),Capacitor(2.2uF)
THEORY:-
A buck converter (step-down converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter , which steps down voltage
(while stepping up current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-mode
power supply (SMPS) typically containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor,
although modern buck converters frequently replace the diode with a second transistor used
for synchronous rectification) and at least one energy storage element, a capacitor, inductor, or the
two in combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination
with inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input (supply-
side filter)Figure below shows an LC low-pass filter added to the basic converter. The diode provides
a path for the inductor current when the switch is opened and is reverse-biased when the switch is
closed. This circuit is called a buck converter or a step-down converter because the output voltage is
less than the input.

Inductor Current , Inductor Voltage, Capacitor Current Profile

23 | P a g e
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
1. The circuit is operating in the steady state.
2. The inductor current is continuous (always positive).
3. The capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is held constant at voltageVo. This restriction
will be relaxed later to show the effects of finite capacitance.
4. The switching period is T; the switch is closed for time DT and open for time (1-D)T.
5. The components are ideal.

CALCULATIONS:
Given Data:
Vs=15V, f=25KHz, D=0.3, Current Ripple < 2% Voltage Ripple < 1%
1. Vo=D*Vs
Vo=0.3*15
=4.5V
2.L=Vs*D*T/ΔIL
L=10Mh
3.C=(1-D)/(8*f2*L*(ΔVo/Vo))
C=2.2Uf

SIMULATION:

SIMULATION RESULTS:

24 | P a g e
HARDWARE CIRCUIT:

CONCLUSION:
Analysis and design of buck converter with some considerations and simulation on Matlab is done.

25 | P a g e
 10. BOOST CONVERTER
OBJECTIVE: Design and Implementation of Boost Converter
COMPONENTS USED:
Sr.No Name of Ratings/Specifications Quantity
component
1 MOSFET IRF460;500V,21/13A 1
2 Diode MUR460; 600V,4A 1
3 Capacitor 22uF,35V 1
4 Inductor 10mH 1
5 Load(Resistor) 1KΩ,5W 1

THEORY:
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage (while
stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-mode
power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor) and at least
one energy storage element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage
ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to
such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input

Nature of Inductor Current:

26 | P a g e
DESIGN CONSIDERATION:
1. Steady-state conditions exist.
2. The switching period is T, and the switch is closed for time DT and open for (1_D)T.
3. The inductor current is continuous (always positive).
4. The capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is held constant at voltage Vo.
5. The components are ideal.

FORMULAS:
V0 = VS/(1-D)
IL=(V0*I0)/IS
Lmin= (D*(1-D)2 *R)/f
V0/V0 = D/(R*C*f)
CALCULATIONS :
Given: f=25KHz, VS=15volts , R=1KΩD=0.5 Voltage Ripple= 5%
Vo= 30V Lmin =5mH L=10mH(Considered twice for safety factor) C=18.2uF
MATLAB SIMULATION :

SIMULATION RESULTS:

27 | P a g e
HARDWARE CIRCUIT:

CONCLUSION:

Analysis and design of buck converter with some considerations and simulation on Matlab is done.

28 | P a g e
 11. BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
OBJECTIVE: Design and Implementation of the buck-boost converter
COMPONENTS USED:
Sr.No Name of Ratings/Specifications Quantity
component
1 MOSFET IRF460;500V,21/13A 1
2 Diode MUR460; 600V,4A 1
3 Capacitor 22uF,35V 1
4 Inductor 10mH 1
5 Load(Resistor) 1Ω,5W 1

THEORY:
The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that
is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent to a flyback
converter using a single inductor instead of a transformer.
Two different topologies are called buck–boost converter. Both of them can produce a range of
output voltages, ranging from much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, down to
almost zero.

Inductor Current and Voltage Profile:

FORMULAS:
V0= -VS(D/(1-D))
IL= VSD/(R*(1-D)2)
Lmin = (1-D)2*R/(2f)
V0/V0 = D/(R*C*f)
29 | P a g e
CALCUATION:
Given : f=25KHz, VS= 15volts, D= 0.2928932 voltage ripple= 0.0532percent
L= 10mH C= 2.2uF
SIMULATION:

SIMULATION RESULTS: Output Voltage Waveforms

HARDWARE CIRCUIT:

CONCLUSION: Analysis and design of buck-boost converter with some considerations and
simulation on Matlab is done.

30 | P a g e
 12. DRIVER CIRCUIT USING TLP250
OBJECTIVE: Design of Driver Circuit using TLP250 Driver IC
THEORY:
TLP250:
Pinout of TLP250:

Pin Description:
Pin number one and four is not connected to any point physically. Therefore, they are not in use.
Pin number 8 is use to provide power supply to TLP250 and pin number 5 is ground pin which
provides return path to power supply ground. Maximum power supply voltage between 15-30 volt dc
can be given to TLP250.
Pin number 2 and 3 are anode and cathode points of input stage LED. It works like a normal light
emitting diode..
Pin number six and seven is internally connected to each other. Output can be taken from either pin
number 6 and 7.
TLP250 can be used up to 25 kHz frequency due to slow propagation delay.

31 | P a g e
HARDWARE:

DSO Waveforms:

CONCLUSION: TLP 250 can be used for triggering of MOSFET and IGBT since these require
higher voltages than the TTL voltage levels

32 | P a g e
 13. SIMULATION OF ZVZCS FULL-BRIDGE DC–DC CONVERTER
OBJECTIVE: To Simulate ZVZCS Full-Bridge DC–DC Converter for Battery Charging in Electric
Vehicles
THEORY:
An efficient power converter system plays a significant role in the design of battery charging systems
for electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, a new zero-voltage and zero-current switching (ZVZCS)
full-bridge dc–dc converter is proposed to reduce the power conversion losses. The proposed
converter incorporates a new asymmetrical pulse width modulation (APWM) gating technique for the
dc–dc conversion stage in the battery charging system. The proposed dc–dc converter topology
achieves zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for all the active switches and near zero-current switching
(ZCS) for low-side active switches throughout the charging range of the battery. The proposed
APWM techniquecan reduce the switching and conduction losses compared tothe conventional
phase-shift modulation (PSM) gating technique.
Block Diagram:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND REQUIRED CONTROL SIGNALS:

33 | P a g e
MATLAB SIMULATION:

CONTROL SIGNALS: APWM 40KHz

OUTPUT VOLTAGE PROFILE:

CONCLUSION: It uses soft switching technique, which allows switching at higher frequencies
thereby increasing overall conversion efficiency.

34 | P a g e
 BIBLOGRAPHY
1. Basic Power Electronics Concepts_Ozipineci_ORNL
2. first-course-on-power-electronics-and-drives
3. Power Electronics :Dr.P.S.Bhimra
4. Power Electronics : D.H.Hart
5. M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications, 3rd edition, Pearson,
2004
6. Analysis, Design, and Implementation of an APWM ZVZCS Full-Bridge DC–DC Converter
for Battery Charging in Electric Vehicles-Venkata Ravi Kishore Kanamarlapudi, Student
Member, IEEE, Benfei Wang, Ping Lam So, Senior Member, IEEE, and Zhe Wang

35 | P a g e