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Proof of Properties of Gradient, Divergence and Curl

The document discusses properties of gradient, divergence and curl. It states that the gradient of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their individual gradients. The divergence of the sum of two vector fields is equal to the sum of their individual divergences. Similarly, the curl of the sum of two vector fields is equal to the sum of their individual curls. It also provides proofs of these properties using component-wise expressions and differentiation rules.

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felix Kathae
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0% found this document useful (1 vote)
3K views

Proof of Properties of Gradient, Divergence and Curl

The document discusses properties of gradient, divergence and curl. It states that the gradient of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their individual gradients. The divergence of the sum of two vector fields is equal to the sum of their individual divergences. Similarly, the curl of the sum of two vector fields is equal to the sum of their individual curls. It also provides proofs of these properties using component-wise expressions and differentiation rules.

Uploaded by

felix Kathae
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Properties of Gradient, Divergence and Curl

Mr. Lewis

1. Gradient
(a) ∇(F + G) = ∇F + ∇G
Proof
 
∂ ∂ ∂
∇(F + G) = î + ĵ + k̂ (F + G)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= î (F + G) + ĵ (F + G) + k̂ (F + G)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂F ∂G ∂F ∂G ∂F ∂G
= î + î + ĵ + ĵ + k̂ + k̂
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂F ∂F ∂F ∂G ∂F ∂G
= î + ĵ + k̂ + î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ (F ) + î + ĵ + k̂ (G)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
= ∇F + ∇G

(b) ∇(F G) = G∇F + F ∇G


Proof
 
∂ ∂ ∂
∇(F G) = î + ĵ + k̂ (F G)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= î (F G) + ĵ (F G) + k̂ (F G) Differentiating using product rule
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂F ∂G ∂F ∂G ∂F ∂G
= îG + îF + ĵG + ĵF + k̂G + k̂F
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
   
∂F ∂F ∂F ∂G ∂F ∂G
= G î + ĵ + k̂ + F î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= G î + ĵ + k̂ (F ) + F î + ĵ + k̂ (G)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
= G∇F + F ∇G

1
2. Divergence
~ + B)
(a) ∇ · (A ~ =∇·A
~+∇·B
~

Proof
~ ~ ~ ~
To prove ∇ · (A + B) = ∇ · A + ∇ · B first express individual vectors in terms of their components i.e

~ = A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂
A and ~ = B1 î + B2 ĵ + B3 k̂
B

~ + B)
∇ · (A ~ = ∇ · {(A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂) + (B1 î + B2 ĵ + B3 k̂)}
∇ · {(A1 + B1 )î + (A2 + B2 )ĵ + (A3 + B3 )k̂}
 
∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ · {(A1 + B1 )î + (A2 + B2 )ĵ + (A3 + B3 )k̂}
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (A1 + B1 ) + (A2 + B2 ) + (A3 + B3 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂A1 ∂B1 ∂A2 ∂A2 ∂A3 ∂B3
= + + + + +
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂A1 ∂A2 ∂A3 ∂B1 ∂B2 ∂B3
= + + + + +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ · (A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂) + î + ĵ + k̂ · (B1 î + B2 ĵ + B3 k̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
=∇ · A~+∇·B ~

~ = ∇φ · A
(b) ∇ · (φA) ~ + φ∇ · A
~

Proof
~ ~ ~
To prove ∇ · (φA) = ∇φ · A + φ∇ · A first express individual vectors in terms of their components i.e

~ = A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂
A

~ = ∇ · {φ(A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂)}
∇ · (φA)
∇ · {(φA1 )î + (φA2 )ĵ + (φA3 )k̂}
 
∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ · {(φA1 )î + (φA2 )ĵ + (φA3 )k̂}
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (φA1 ) + (φA2 ) + (φA3 ) Differentiating using product rule
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ ∂A1 ∂φ ∂A2 ∂φ ∂A3
= A1 +φ + A2 +φ + A3 +φ
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
 
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂A1 ∂A2 ∂A3
= A1 + A2 + A3 +φ + +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
   
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂A1 ∂A2 ∂A3
= î + ĵ + k̂ · (A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂) + φ + +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
~
= ∇φ · A + φ∇ · A ~

2
3. Curl
~ + B)
(a) ∇ × (A ~ =∇×A
~+∇×B
~

Proof
~ + B)
To prove ∇ × (A ~ = ∇×A
~+∇×B
~ first express individual vectors in terms of their components i.e

~ = A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂
A and ~ = B1 î + B2 ĵ + B3 k̂
B

~ + B)
∇ × (A ~ = ∇ × {(A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂) + (B1 î + B2 ĵ + B3 k̂)}
= ∇ × {(A1 + B1 )î + (A2 + B2 )ĵ + (A3 + B3 )k̂}
 
∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ × {(A1 + B1 )î + (A2 + B2 )ĵ + (A3 + B3 )k̂}
∂x ∂y ∂z


i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
=
∂x ∂y ∂z

A1 + B1 A2 + B2 A3 + B3
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (A3 + B3 ) − (A2 + B2 ) î − (A3 + B3 ) − (A1 + B1 ) ĵ
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z
 
∂ ∂
+ (A2 + B2 ) − (A1 + B1 ) k̂
∂x ∂y
     
∂A3 ∂A2 ∂A3 ∂A1 ∂A2 ∂A1
= − î − − ĵ + − k̂
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
| {z }
~
∇×A
     
∂B3 ∂B2 ∂B3 ∂B1 ∂B2 ∂B1
+ − î − − ĵ + − k̂
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
| {z }
~
∇×B
~+∇×B
=∇ × A ~

~ = ∇φ × A
(b) ∇ × (φA) ~ + φ∇ × A
~

Proof
~ = ∇φ × A
To prove ∇ × (φA) ~ + φ∇ × A
~ first express individual vectors in terms of their components i.e

~ = A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂
A

3
~ = ∇ × {φ(A1 î + A2 ĵ + A3 k̂)}
∇ × (φA)
= ∇ × {(φA1 )î + (φA2 )ĵ + (φA3 )k̂}
 
∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ × {(φA1 )î + (φA2 )ĵ + (φA3 )k̂}
∂x ∂y ∂z

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂
=
∂x ∂y ∂z
φA1 φA2 φA3
     
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (φA3 ) − (φA2 ) î − (φA3 ) − (φA1 ) ĵ + (φA2 ) − (φA1 ) k̂
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
       
∂φ ∂A3 ∂φ ∂A2 ∂φ ∂A3 ∂φ ∂A1
= A3 +φ − A2 +φ î − A3 +φ − A1 +φ ĵ
∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂z ∂z
   
∂φ ∂A2 ∂φ ∂A1
+ A2 +φ − A1 +φ k̂
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
      
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
= A3 − A2 î − A3 − A1 ĵ + A2 − A1 k̂
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
| {z }
~
∇φ×A
      
∂A3 ∂A2 ∂A3 ∂A1 ∂A2 ∂A1
+φ − î − − ĵ + − k̂
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
| {z }
~
∇×A
~ + φ∇ × A
= ∇φ × A ~

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