M a them a ti cs | 27.

25

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
(aa) If θ is the angle between the line = = and the plane Ax + By + Cz + D =
0 , then
a b c
| aA + bB + cC |
sin θ =
a + b2 + c 2 A 2 + B2 + C2
2

| ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d |

(ab) Length of perpendicular from (x1, y1, z1) to the plane ax + by + cz + d =0 is
a2 + b2 + c2

(ac) The equation of a sphere with center at the origin and radius ‘a’ is | r | = a or x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
a2

(ad) Equation of a sphere with center (α , β, γ ) and radius ‘a’ is (x − α )2 + (y − β)2 + (z − γ )2 = a2

      
(ae) Vector equation of the sphere with center c and radius ‘a’ is | r − c | = a2
a or (r − c) ⋅ (r − c) =

(af) General equation of sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d =whose

0 center is ( −u, − v, −w) and radius is

u2 + v 2 + w2 − d
(ag) Equation of a sphere concentric with x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d =is
0

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + λ = 0 , where λ is a real number.

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards Let P(x, 0, 0) be a point on X-axis such that distance of

P from the point (1, –2, 3) is 2 6
Example 1: Find the coordinates of the point which
divides the join of P(2, –1, 4) and Q(4, 3, 2) in the ratio 2 ⇒ (1 − x)2 + ( −2 − 0)2 + (3 − 0)2 =2 6
: 3 (i) internally (ii) externally
⇒ (x − 1)2 + 4 + 9 =24 ⇒ (x − 1)2 =
11
Sol: By using section formula we can obtain the result. ⇒ x − 1 =± 11 ⇒ x = 1 ± 11
Let R(x, y, z) be the required point
2 × 4 + 3 × 2 14 2 × 3 + 3 × ( −1) 3 Example 3: If a line makes angles α , β, γ with OX, OY,
=(i) x = = ; y = OZ, respectively, prove that sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ = 2
2+3 5 2+3 5
2 × 2 + 3 × 4 16 Sol: Same as illustration 2.
=z =
2+3 5 Let  ,m,n be the d.c.’s of the given line, then
 14 3 16   = cos α ,m = cos β,n = cos γ
So, the required point is R  , , 
 5 5 5  cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ =1
2× 4 − 3× 2 2 × 3 − 3 × ( −1)
(ii) x = = −2 ; y = = −9 ⇒ (1 − sin2 α ) + (1 − sin2 β) + (1 − sin2 γ ) =
1
2−3 2−3
⇒ sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ = 2
2× 2 − 3× 4
=z = 8
2−3 Example 4: Projections of a line segment on the
Therefore, the required point is R(–2. –9, 8) axes are 12, 4 and 3 respectively. Find the length and
direction cosines of the line segment.
Example 2: Find the points on X-axis which are at a
distance of 2 6 units from the point (1, –2, 3) Sol: Let  ,m,n be the direction cosines and r be the
length of the given segment, then r,mr,nr are the
Sol: Consider required point is P(x, 0, 0), therefore by projections of the segment on the axes.
using distance formula we can obtain the result.
 2 7 . 2 6 | 3D Geometr y

Let  ,m,n be the direction cosines and r be the It will pass through B(3, 4, 2) and C(7, 0, 6) if
length of the given segment, then r,mr,nr are the
a(3 − 2) + b(4 − 2) + c(2 + 1) =
0 or
projections of the segment on the axes; therefore
=r 12,=mr 4, = nr 3 a + 2b + 3c = 0 .… (ii)
Squaring and adding, we get & a(7 − 2) + b(0 − 2) + c(6 + 1) = or
0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
5a − 2b + 7c = .… (iii)
r ( + m + n ) = 12 + 4 + 3 ⇒ r =
169
⇒ r = 13 ⇒ length of segment = 13 Solving (ii) and (iii) by cross multiplication, we get
And direction cosines of segment are a b c or a = b = c = λ (say)
12 12 4 4 3 3 = =
= = , m= = and n= = 14 + 6 15 − 7 −2 − 10 5 2 −3
r 13 r 13 r 13
⇒ a =5λ ,b = 2λ ,c =−3λ
Example 5: Find the length of the perpendicular from
Substituting the values of a, b and c in (i), we get
the point (1, 2, 3) to the line through (6, 7, 7) and having
5λ(x − 2) + 2λ(y − 2) − 3λ(z + 1) =0
direction ratios (3, 2, –2).
or,5(x − 2) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z + 1) =
0
Sol: By using distance formula i.e. |  (x2 – x1) + m(y2 – y1) ⇒ 5x + 2y – 3z = 17,
+ n(z2 – z1)| , we can obtain required length.
Which is the required equation of the plane.
Direction cosines of the line are
3 2 −2 Example 7: Find the angle between the planes x + y +
, ,
2 2
3 + 2 + ( −2)2 2 2
3 + 2 + ( −2) 2
3 + 22 + ( −2)2
2 2z = 9 and 2x – y + z = 15
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
3 2 −2 Sol: By using formula cos θ =
i.e. , , a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
17 17 17
we can obtain the result.
∴ AN = Projection of AP on AB
The angle between x + y + 2z = 9 and 2x – y + z = 15
3 2 ( −2) is given by
= (6 − 1) + (7 − 2) + (7 − 3)
17 17 17
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
cos θ =
15 + 10 − 8 17
= = = 17 a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
17 17
P(1, 2, 3) (1)(2) + 1( −1) + (2)(1) 1 π
=cos θ = ⇒θ =
2 2 2 2
1 + 1 + 2 2 + ( −1) + 1 2 2 2 3

B
A(6, 7, 7) N d.r’.s(3, 2, -2) Example 8: Find the distance between the parallel
planes 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 4x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0
Also, AP = (6 − 1)2 + (7 − 2)2 + (7 − 3)2
Sol: By making the coefficient of x, y and z as unity we
= 25 + 25 + 16 = 66 will be get required result.
Let P(x1, y1, z1) be any point on 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0, then,
∴ PN = AP2 − AN2 = 66 − 17 = 49 = 7 unit
2x1 – y1 + 2z1 + 3 = 0  … (i)

Example 6: Find the equation of the plane through the The length of the perpendicular from
points A(2, 2, –1), B(3, 4, 2) and C(7, 0, 6) P(x1 , y1 , z1 )to 4x − 2y + 4z + 5 =0 is

Sol: As we know, equation of a plane passing through

the point (x1, y1, z1) is given by 4x1 − 2y1 + 4z1 + 5 2(2x1 − y1 + 2z1 ) + 5
= =
2 2 2
a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c (z – z1) = 0 . 4 + ( −2) + 4 36

The general equation of a plane through (2, 2, –1) is

2( −3) + 5 1
a(x − 2) + b(y − 2) + c(z + 1) =
0  .… (i) = =
6 6
 M a them a ti cs | 27.27

Example 9: The equation of a line are 6x – 2 = 3y + 1 JEE Advanced/Boards

= 2z – 2. Find its direction ratios and its equation in
symmetric form. Example 1: Find the equations of the bisector planes of
the angles between the planes 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 and
Sol: The given line is 6x – 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z – 2 3x – 2y + 6z + 8 = 0 and specify the plane bisecting the
acute angle and the plane bisecting obtuse angle.
 1  1
⇒ 6  x −  = 3  y +  = 2(z − 1)
 3  3 Sol: As we know, Equation of the planes bisecting the
1 1 angle between two given planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 =
x− y+
⇒ 3 = 3 = z −1 0 and a2x + b1y + c2z + d2 = 0 are
1 2 3
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2
= ±
[We make the coefficients of x, y and z as unity]
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
This equation is in symmetric form. Thus the direction
The two given planes are
ratios of the line are 1, 2 and 3 and this line passes
1 1  2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 … (i)
through the point  , − ,1  .
3 3  and 3x – 2y + 6z + 8 = 0  … (ii)
Example 10: Find the image of the point (3, –2, 1) in The equations of the planes bisecting the angles
the plane 3x – y + 4z = 2. between (i) and (ii) are

Sol: Consider Q be the image of the point P(3, –2, 1) 2x − y + 2z + 3 3x − 2y + 6z + 8

= ±
in the plane 3x – y + 4z = 2. Then PQ is normal to the 2 2
2 + ( −1) + 2 2
32 + ( −2)2 + 62
plane hence direction ratios of PQ are 3, –1, 4.
⇒ 14x − 7y + 14z + 21 =
± (9x − 6y + 18z + 24)
Let Q be the image of the point P(3, –2, 1) in the
plane 3x – y + 4z = 2. Then PQ is normal to the plane. Hence the two bisector planes are
Therefore direction ratios of PQ are 3, –1, 4. Since PQ 5x − y − 4z − 3 =
0 … (iii)
passes through P(3, –2, 1) and has direction ratios
3, –1, 4. Therefore equation of PQ is and 23x − 13y + 32z + 45 =
0 … (iv)

x −3 y + 2 z −1 Now we find angle θ between (i) & (iii)

= = = r (say)
3 −1 4 We have,
Let the coordination of Q be (3r + 3, –r, –2. 4r + 1). 5(2) + ( −1)( −1) + 2( −4) 1
cos θ = =
Let R be the mid-point of PQ. Then R lies on the plane 2
2 + ( −1) + 22 2 2 2
5 + ( −1) + ( −4) 2 42
3x – y + 4z = 2. The coordinates of R are π
Thus the angle between (i) & (iii) is more than .
 3r + 3 + 3 −r − 2 − 2 4r + 1 + 1  4
Therefore, (iii) is the bisector of obtuse angle between
 , , 
 2 2 2  (i) and (ii) and hence (iv) bisects acute angle between
them.
 3r + 6 −r − 4 
or  , ,2r + 1 
 2 2  Example 2: Find the distance of the point (1, –2, 3) from
the plane x – y + z = 5 measured parallel to the line
 3r + 6   −r − 4  whose direction cosines are proportional to 2, 3, –6.
3 −  + 4(2r + 1) =
2
 2   2 
⇒ 13r = –13 ⇒ r = –1 Sol: By using distance formula we can obtain required
length,
So, the coordinates of Q are (0, –1, –3)
Equation of line through (1, –2, 3) parallel to the line
with d.r.’s 2, 3, –6 is
x −1 y + 2 z −3
= = = r  …(i)
2 3 −6
Any point on it is (1 + 2r, − 2 + 3r, 3 − 6r)
Line (i) meets the plane x – y + z = 5.
1
If 1 + 2r – (–2 + 3r) + (3 – 6r) = 5 ; i.e. if r =
7
2 7 . 2 8 | 3D Geometr y

If PQ is perpendicular to (i) and (ii), we have

∴ Point of intersection is  9 , − 11 , 15 
7 7 7  3(4r2 – 3r1 – 3) + 2(3r2 – 2r1 + 2) + 5(–2r2 – 5r1 – 2) = 0
whose distance from (1, –2, 3) is & 4(4r2 – 3r1 – 3) + 3(3r2 – 2r1 + 2) – 2(–2r2 – 5r1 – 2) = 0
2 2 2 i.e. 8r2 – 38r1 – 15 = 0 & 29r2 – 8r1 – 2 = 0
9   11   15 
 − 1 +  − + 2 +  − 3 r2 r1 1
7   7   7  Solving them, = =
76 − 120 −435 + 16 1038
4 9 36 49 44 419
= + += = 1 ⇒ r2 =
− , r1 =
−
49 49 49 49 1038 1038
 1257 838 2095 
Example 3: Show that the lines ∴ Points P and Q are  − + 1, − − 1, − + 1
 1038 1038 1038 
x −1 y +1 z −1
= =  … (i)  176 132 88 
3 2 5 and  − − 2, − + 1, − 1
 1038 1038 1038 
x + 2 y −1 z +1
and = =  … (ii) We can find the distance PQ by distance formula which
4 3 −2
is the shortest distance.
do not intersect. Also find the shortest distance
between them. Example 4: Find the angle between the lines whose
direction ratios satisfy the equations :
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
3 + m +=
5n 0, 6mn − 2n + 5=
m 0
Sol: If 1 m1 n1 ≠0
2 m2 n2 aa'+ bb'+ cc'
Sol: Here, cos θ = .
then the lines do not intersect each other. And using 2
a +b +c2 2 2 2
a' + b' + c'2

distance formula we will be get required shortest

distance. The given equations are 3 + m + 5n =
0 3 … (i)

Points on (i) and (ii) are (1, –1, 1) and (–2, 1, –1) 0 
and 6mn − 2n + 5m = … (ii)
3 2 5 From (i), we have m =−3 − 5n  … (iii)
respectively and their d.c.’s are , ,
38 38 38 Putting in (ii), we get
4 3 −2
and , , respectively. 6( −3 − 5n) n − 2n + 5( −3 − 5n) =
0
29 29 29
⇒ 30n2 + 45n + 15 2 =
0
−2 − 1 1 + 1 −1 − 1 ⇒ 2n2 + 3n + 2 =
0 ⇒ (n +  )(2n +  ) =
0
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
3 2 5 ⇒ Either  =
−n or  =
−2n
∴ 1 m1 n1
= 38 38 38
2 m2 n2 If  = −n , then from (iii), m = –2n
4 3 −2
If  = −2n , then from (iii), m = n
29 29 29
Thus the direction ratios of two lines are
−3 2 −2
1 1 –n, –2n, n and –2n, n, n
= × 3 2 5
38 29 i.e. 1, 2, –1 and –2, 1, 1
4 3 −2
∴ If θ is the angle between the lines, then
1 1
= × , [ −3( −4 − 15) + 2(20 + 6) −2(9 − 8)] ≠ 0 1.( −2) + 2.1 + ( −1).1 −2 + 2 − 1 −1
38 29 = cos θ = = .
1 + 4 + 1. 4 + 1 + 1 6. 6 6
Hence the given lines do not intersect.
Any point P on (i) is (1 + 3r1, 2r1, –1, 5r1 + 1) and a point Example 5: Find the equation of the plane through the
on (ii) is Q(4r2 – 2, 3r2 + 1, –2r2 – 1) intersection planes 2x + 3y + 4z = 5, 3x – y + 2z = 3
and parallel to the straight line having direction cosines
∴ Direction ratios of PQ are
(–1, 1, –1).
(4r2 – 3r1 – 3, 3r2 – 2r1 + 2, –2r2 – 5r1 – 2)
 M a them a ti cs | 27.29

Sol: By using formula of family of plane, we will get the x +1 y +3 z +5

result. = = 3 5 7 0
Equation of plane through the given planes is 1 4 7
2x + 3y + 4z − 5 + λ(3x − y + 2z − 3) = 0
or (x + 1)(35 − 28) − (y + 3)(21 − 7) + (z + 5)(12 − 5) =o
0 r
i.e. (2 + 3λ )x + (3 − λ )y + (4 + 2λ )z +( −5 − 3λ ) =0
x − 2y + z =0
This plane is parallel to the given straight line.
⇒ − 1(2 + 3λ ) + 1(3 − λ ) + ( −1)(4 + 2λ ) =0 Example 7: Find the equation of the plane passing
⇒ −2 − 3λ + 3 − λ − 4 − 2λ =0 through the lines of intersection of the planes 2x –
y = 0 and 3z – y = 0 and perpendicular to the plane
1
⇒ 6λ = −3 ⇒ λ = − 4x + 5y – 3z = 8.
2
∴ Equation of required plane is Sol: Here by using the family of plane and formula of
two perpendicular plane we will get the result.
1 7 7
x + y + 3z − =0 ⇒ x + 7y + 6z =7
2 2 2 The plane 2x – y + k(3z – y) = 0
⇔ 2x − (1 + k) y + 3kz =
0 is perpendicular to the plane
Example 6: Prove that the lines 4x + 5y − 3z = 8
x +1 y +3 z +5 x−2 y −4 z−6 ⇒ 2.4 − (1 + k).5 + 3k( −3) =
0 ⇒ 14k =
3
= = and = =
3 5 7 1 4 7 3
⇒k =
are coplanar. Also, find the plane containing these two 14
lines. Thus the required equation is
 3 
2x − y +   (3z − y) =0 ⇔ 28x − 17y + 9z =
0
Sol: As similar to example 3.  14 
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
We know the lines = = Example 8: Show that the lines
1 m1 n1
x − x2 y − y 2 z − z2 x +5 y + 4 z −7
and = = are coplanar if = = ,3x + 2y + z − 2 = 0 = x − 3y + 2z − 13
2 m2 n2 3 1 −2
are coplanar and find the equation to the plane in
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
which they lie.
1 m1 n1 =0
2 m2 n2 Sol: By using the condition of coplanarity of line, we
will get given lines are coplanar or not. And after that
and the equation of the plane containing these two by using general equation of the plane we can obtain
lines is required equation of plane.
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 The general equation of the plane through the second
1 m1 n1 = 0 line is
2 m2 n2
3x + 2y + z − 2 + k(x − 3y + 2z − 13) =0
Here x =
−1, y1 =
−3, z1 =
−5, x2 =
2, y 2 =
4, z 2 =
6,
⇔ x(3 + k) + y(2 − 3k) + z(1 + 2k) −2 − 13k =0 ;
1 3,m
= = 1 5,n
= 1 7,=
 2 1,m
= 2 4,n
= 2 7 K being the parameter

x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 3 7 11 This contains the first line only if

1 m1 n1 = 3 5 7 9
3(3 + k) + (2 − 3k) − 2(1 + 2k) =
0 ⇒k =
2 m2 n2 1 4 7 4
Hence the equation of the plane which contains the
= 21 − 98 + 77 = 0 two lines is
So, the given lines are coplanar, The equation of the 21x − 19y + 22x − 125 =
0
plane containing the lines is
This plane clearly passes through the point ( −5, −4,7)
2 7 . 3 0 | 3D Geometr y

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.15 Find the intercepts cut by the plane 3x – 2y + 4z

– 12 = 0 on axes.
3 −2 6
Q.1 Direction cosines of a line are , , , find its
7 7 7 Q.16 Direction ratios of a line are 1, 3, –2. Find its
direction ratios.
direction cosines.

Q.2 Find the direction ratios of a line passing through

Q.17 Find the direction cosines of y-axis.
the points (2, 1, 0) and (1, –2, 3).
Q.18 Find the direction ratio of the line
Q.3 Find the angle between the lines
x y z x −1 y +5 z −3 x + 2 2y − 1 3 − z
= = and = = . = = .
1 2 0 3 2 1 1 3 5

Q.4 Find the equation of a line parallel to the vector Q.19 Find the angle between the planes
3iˆ − ˆj − 3kˆ and passing through the point ( −1,1,1).
r.(iˆ − 2ˆj= ˆ 1andr.(3iˆ − 6ˆj=
− 2k) ˆ 0.
+ 2k)

Q.5 Write the vector equation of a line whose Cartesian 

x + 3 y −1 z +1 Q.20 Find the angle between the line = r (2iˆ − ˆj + 3k)
ˆ + λ(3iˆ − 6ˆj + 2
equation is = = .  
2 4 5 r (2iˆ − ˆj + 3k)
= ˆ + λ(3iˆ − 6ˆj + 2k)
ˆ and the plane r.(iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ +3

Q.6 Write the Cartesian equation of a line whose vector

 Q.21 Find the direction cosines of the two
equations is =r (3iˆ + 2ˆj − 5k)
ˆ + λ( −2iˆ + ˆj + 3k).
ˆ
lines which are connected by the relations
+ 3n 0 and72 + 5m2 −=
 − 5m = 3n2 0.
Q.7 Find the value of p, such that the line
x y z x y z Q.22 Prove that, the line passing through the point (1,
= = and = =
1 3 2p −3 5 2 2, 3) and (–1, –2, –3) is perpendicular to the line passing
through the points (–2, 1, 5) and (3, 3, 2).
are perpendicular to each other.
Q.23 Find the coordinates of the foot of the
Q.8 Write the Cartesian equation of the plane
 perpendicular drawn from the point (1, 2, 1) to the line
r(3iˆ + 2ˆj + 5k)
ˆ =7.
joining the points (1, 4, 6) and (5, 4, 4).

Q.9 Write the vector equation of plane 3x − y − 4z + 7 =0.

Q.24 If a variable line in two adjacent positions has
direction cosines  , m, n and  + δ  ,m + δ m,n + δ n,
Q.10 Find the vector, normal to the plane
 prove that the small angle δθ between two position is
r.(3iˆ − 7k)
ˆ +5 =0.
given by (δθ)2 = (δ )2 + (δm)2 + (δn)2 .
Q.11 Find the direction ratios of a line, normal to the
plane 7x + y – 2z = 1. 1 +  2 +  3 m1 + m2 + m3 n1 + n2 + n3
Q.25 Verify that , ,
3 3 3
x + 2 y −1 z
Q.12 Find the angle between the line = = can be taken as direction cosines of a line equally
and the plane 3x − 2z + 4 =
0. 4 −5 7
inclined to three mutually perpendicular lines with
direction cosines 1 ,m1 ,n1 ;  2 ,m2 ,n2 and  3 ,m3 ,n3
Q.13 Find the distance of the plane x + y + 3z + 7 = 0
from origin.
Q.26 Find the equations of line through the point (3, 0, 1)
and parallel to the planes x + 2y = 0 and 3y – z = 0.
Q.14 Find the distance of the plane 3x – 3y + 3z = 0
from the point (1, 1, 1).
 M a them a ti cs | 27.31

Q.27 Find the equations of the planes through the Q.39 Find the length and coordinates of the foot of
intersection of the planes x + 3y + 6 = 0 and 3x – y – perpendicular from points (1, 1, 2) to the plane 2x – 2y
4z = 0 whose perpendicular distance from the origin is + 4z + 5 = 0.
equal to 1.
Q.40 Find the vector equation in the scalar product
Q.28 Find the equation of the plane through the points form, of the plane passing through the points (1, 0, –1),
(–1, 1, 1) and (1, –1, 1) and perpendicular to the plane (3, 2, 2) and parallel to line
x + 2y + 2z = 5.
r = ˆi + ˆj + λ(iˆ − 2ˆj + 3k).
ˆ

Q.29 Find the distance of the point (–1, –5, –10) from
the plane x – y + z = 5 measured parallel to the line Q.41 Find the distance between the parallel planes
2x – y + 3z – 4 = 0 and 6x – 3y + 9z + 13 =0.
x −2 y +1 z −2
= = .
3 4 12 Q.42 Prove that, the equation of a plane. Which meets
the axes in A, B, and C and the given centroid of triangle
Q.30 Find the vector and Cartesian forms of the x y z
equation of the plane passing through (1, 2, –4) and ABC is the point (α , β, γ ), is + + = 3.
 α β γ
parallel to the line r = ˆi + 2ˆj − 4kˆ + λ(2iˆ + 3ˆj + 6k)
ˆ and
 ˆ ˆ
r = i − 3 j + 5kˆ + µ(iˆ + ˆj − k).
ˆ Q.43 Find the equation of the plane passing through
the origin and the line of intersection of the planes x –
Q.31 If straight line having direction cosines given 2y + 3z + 4 = 0 and x – y + z + 3 = 0.
by a + bm + cn = 0 and fmn + gn + hm = 0 are
f g h Q.44 Prove that, the line 2x + 2y – z – 6 = 0, 2x + 3y – z –
perpendicular, then prove that + + = 0.
a b c 8 = 0 is parallel to the plane y = 0. Find the coordinates
of the point where this line meets the plane x = 0.
Q.32 Prove that, the lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x
= a’y + b’, z = c’y + d’ are perpendicular to each other,
Q.45 Find the equation of the plane through the line
if aa’ + cc’ + 1 = 0.
ax + by + cz + d = 0, a’x + b’y + c’z + d’ = 0 and parallel
x y z
Q.33 Find the equation of the plane passing through to the line = = .
 m n
the intersection of the planes 4x – y + z = 10 and x +
y – z = 4 and parallel to the line with direction ratios Q.46 Find the equation of a plane parallel to x-axis and
2, 1, 1. Find also the perpendicular distance of (1, 1, 1) has intercepts 5 and 7 on y and z-axis, respectively.
from this plane.
Q.47 A variable plane at a constant distance p from
Q.34 The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin meets the coordinate axes in points A, B and C,
origin to the plane is (2, 5, 7). Find the equation of plane. respectively. Through these points, planes are drawn
parallel to the coordinate planes, prove that locus of
Q.35 Find the equation of a plane through (–1, –1, 2) 1 1 1 1
point of intersection is + + =.
2 2 2
and perpendicular to the planes 3x + 2y – 3z = 1 and x y z p2
5x – 4y + z = 5.
Q.48 Find the value of λ , for which the points
Q.36 Find the angle between the lines whose with position vectors ˆi − ˆj + 3kˆ and 3iˆ + λˆj + 3kˆ are

direction cosines are given by equations  + m + n =0; equidistant from the plane r.(5iˆ + 2ˆj − 7k)
ˆ +9 = 0.
2 + m2 − n2 = 0
Q.49 Find the equation of a plane which is at a distance
Q.37 Find the equation of the line which passes through of 7 units from the origin and which is normal to the
(5, –7, –3) and is parallel to the line of intersection of the vector 3iˆ + 5ˆj − 6kˆ
planes x – 3y – 5 = 0 and 9y – z + 16 = 0.
Q.50 Find the vector equation of the plane,
r = ˆi − ˆj + λ(iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ + µ(4iˆ − 2ˆj + 3k)
ˆ in the scalar
Q.38 Prove that, the plane through the points (1, 1, 1),
(1, –1, 1) and (–7, 3, –5) is perpendicular to xz-plane. product from.
2 7 . 3 2 | 3D Geometr y

Exercise 2 Q.8 The symmetric form of the equation of the line x +

y – z = 1, 2x – 3y + z = 2 is
Single Correct Choice Type x +1 y −2 z +1 x y z −1
(A) = = (B) = =
3 −2 −1 2 3 5
Q.1 The sum of the squares of direction cosines of a
straight line is x y −1 z x −1 y z
(C)
= = (D) = =
2 3 5 2 3 5
(A) Zero (B) Two
(C) 1 (D) None of these x −1 y −3 z − 4
Q.9 The line = = is parallel to the plane
1 2 3
Q.2 Which one of the following is best condition for the (A) 2x + y + 2z + 3 = 0 (B) 2x – y – 2z = 3
plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 to intersect the x and y axes
at equal angle (C) 21x – 12y + z = 0 (D) 2x + y – 2z = 0

(A) |a| = |b| (B) a = –b

Q.10 The vertices of the triangle PQR are (2, 1, 1),
(C) a = b (D) a2 + b2 = 1 (3, 1, 2) and (–4, 0, 1). The area of the triangle is

Q.3 The equation of a straight line parallel to the x-axis 38

(A) (B) 38 (C) 4 (D) 2
is given by 2
x −a y −b z −c x −a y −b z −c
(A) = = (B) = = Q.11 Equation of straight line which passes through the
1 1 1 0 1 1
point P(1, 0, –3) and Q(–2, 1, –4) is
x −a y −b z −c x −a y −b z −c
(C) = = (D) = = x −2 y +1 z − 4 x −1 y z+3
0 0 1 1 0 0 (A) = = (B) = =
−3 1 −1 3 1 1
Q.4 A straight line is inclined to the axes of x and z at x −1 / 2 y −1 z + 4 x −1 y z+3
(C) = = (D) = =
angles 45° and 60° respectively, then the inclination of −3 1 −1 −3 1 −1
the line to the y-axis is
Q.12 A point moves so that the sum of the squares
(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 90° of its distances from the six faces of a cube given by
x =±1, y = ±1, z = ±1 is 10 units. The locus of the point
Q.5 The coordinates of the point of intersection is
x +1 y +3 z + 2
of the line = = with the plane (A) x2 + y + z2 = 1 (B) x2 + y2 + z2 = 2
1 3 −2
3x + 4y + 5z = 5 (C) x + y + z = 1 (D) x + y + z = 2
(A) (5, 15, –14) (B) (3, 4, 5)
(C) (1, 3, –2) (D) (3, 12, –10) Q.13 The points (0, –1, –1), (–4, 4, 4), (4, 5, 1) and
(3, 9, 4) are
Q.6 Perpendicular is drawn from the point (0, 3, 4) to (A) Collinear (B) Coplanar
the plane 2x – 2y + z = 10. The coordinates of the foot
of the perpendicular are (C) Forming a square (D) None of these

8 1 16 8 1 16 Q.14 The equation of the plane containing the line

(A) − , , (B) , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
x −α y −β z − γ
= = is a(x − α ) + b(y − β) +c(z − γ ) =0,
8 1 16 8 1 16  m n
(C) ,− , (D) , ,−
3 3 3 3 3 3 where a + bm + cn is equal to
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0
Q.7 The equation of the plane through the line of
intersection of the planes 2x + y – z – 4 = 0 and 3x + 5z
– 4 = 0 which cuts off equal intercepts from the x-axis Q.15 The reflection of the plane 2 x + 3 y + 4 z − 3 = 0
and y-axis is in the plane x − y + z − 3 = 0 is the plane
(A) 3x + 3y – 8z + 8 = 0 (B) 3x + 3y – 8z – 8 = 0 (a) 4x− 3y + 2z −15 = 0 (b) x− 3 y + 2z − 15 = 0
(C) 3x – 3y – 8z – 8 = 0 (D) x + y – 8z – 8 = 0 (c) 4x + 3y− 2z + 15 = 0 (d) None of these
 M a them a ti cs | 27.33

Previous Years’ Questions Q.10 The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the point
x −2 y +1 z −2
of intersection of the line − − and the
x − 4 y −2 z −k 3 4 12
Q.1 The value of k such that = = lies
1 1 2 plane x − y + z =16, is:  (2015)
in the plane
2x − 4y + z =7, is  (2003) (A) 8 (B) 3 21 (C) 13 (D) 2 14

(A) 7 (B) –7 (C) No real value (D) 4 Q.11 The equation of the plane containing the line
2x − 5y + z + 3; x + y + 4 z =5 and parallel to the plane
   x −3 y −k z
Q.2 If the lines r= a2 + µb and = = x + 3y + 6z = 1 is  (2015)
1 2 1
intersect, then the value of k is  (2004) (A) x + 3y + 6z =
−7 (B) x + 3y + 6z =
7
 9 2 3 (C) 2x + 6y + 12z =
−13 (D) 2x + 6y + 12z =
13
(A) a2 (B) (C) − (D) −
2 9 2

x y z Q.12 The number of common tangents to the circles

Q.3 A variable plane + + = 1 at a unit distance  (2015)
a b c
from origin cuts the coordinate axes at A, B and C. (A) Meats the curve again in the second in the second
quadrant
1 1 1
Centroid (x, y, z) satisfies the equation + + =K.
x 2
y 2
z2 (B) Meats the curve again in the third quadrant
The value of K is  (2005) (C) Meets the curve again in the fourth quadrant
(A) 9 (B) 3 (C) 1/9 (D) 1/3 (D) Does not meet the curve again

Fill in the Blanks for Q.4 and Q.5 x −1 y −3 z − 4

Q.13 The image of the line = = in the
3 1 −5
Q.4 The area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, –1, 2), plane 2x − y + z + 3 is the  (2014)
B(2, 1, –1), C(3, –1, 2) is …  (1983)
x + 3 y −5 z − 2 x + 3 y −5 z − 2
(A) = = (B) = =
Q.5 The unit vector perpendicular to the plane 3 1 −5 −3 −1 5
determined by P(1, –1, 2), Q(2, 0, –1) and R(0, 2, 1)
x + 3 y −5 z − 2 x −3 y −5 z − 2
is…………..  (1983) (C) = = (D) = =
3 1 −5 −3 −1 −5
Q.6 A plane is parallel to two lines whose direction
ratios are (1, 0, –1) and (–1, 1, 0) and it contains the Q.14 The angle between the lines whose direction
point (1, 1, 1). If it cuts coordinate axes at A, B, C. Then cosines satisfy the equations l+m+n=0 and l2=m2+n2 is
find the volume of the tetrahedron OABC.  (2004)  (2014)
π π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.7 Find the equation of the plane containing the line 3 4 6 2
2x – y + z – 3 = 0, 3x + y + z = 5 and at a distance of
Q.15 If the lines
1
from the point (2, 1, –1).  (2005) x −2 y −3 z − 4 x −1 y − 4 z − 5
6 = = and = =
1 1 −k k 2 1
x −3 y +2 z + 4
Q.8 If the line = = lies in the plane, are coplanar, then k have  (2013)
2 −1 3
(A) Exactly one value (B) Exactly two value
x + my − z = 9 , then 2 + m2 is equal to:  (2016)
(C) Exactly three values (D) Any value
(A) 18 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 26
Q.16 An equation of a plane parallel to the plane
Q.9 The distance of the point (1, −5,9 ) from the plane x − 2y + 2z − 5 =and
0 at a unit distance from the origin
x − y + z =measured
5 along the line x= y= z is (2016) is  (2012)
10 20 (A) x − 2y + 2z − 3 =0 (B) x − 2y + 2z + 1 =0
(A) 10 3 (B) (C) (D) 3 10
3 3
(C) x − 2y + 2z − 1 =0 (D) x − 2y + 2z + 5 =0
2 7 . 3 4 | 3D Geometr y

y −1 z −3 (A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true; statement-II

=
Q.17 If the angle between the line x = and is not a correct explanation for statement-I
2 λ
 5 (B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false.
4 is cos−1 
the plane x + 2y + 3z =  , then λ equals
 14 
  (C) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true
 (2011)
3 2 5 2 (D) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, statement-II
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 5 3 3 is a correct explanation for statement-I

Q.18 Statement–I: The point A (1,0,7 ) is the mirror

x y −1 z − 2
image of the point B (1,6,3) in the line
= =
1 2 3
x y −1 z − 2
Statement-II: The line:
= = bisects the line
1 2 3
segment joining A (1,0,7 ) and B (1,6,3) (2011)


JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 
Q.5 For real number x, y the vector =
 
p xa + y c satisfies
  
the condition 0 ≤ p ⋅ a ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ p ⋅ b ≤ 1. Find the
Q.1 Points X and Y are taken on the sides QR and RS  
maximum value of p. c

respectively, of parallelogram PQRS, so that QX = 4 XR
 
and RY = 4 YS . The line XY cuts the line PR at Z. prove Q.6 For the maximum value of x andy, find the linear
 
  21   combination of p in terms of a and b .
that PZ =   PR .
 25 
Q.7 If O be the origin and the coordinates of P be (1, 2,
Q.2 Given three points on the xy plane on O(0, 0), -3), then find the equation of the plane passing through
A(1, 0) and B(–1, 0). Point P is moving on the plane P and perpendicular to OP.
   
satisfying the condition (PA ⋅PB) + 3(OA ⋅ OB) =0 . If the
 
maximum and minimum values of | PA || PB | are M and Q.8 Given non zero number x1 , x2 , x3 ; y1 , y 2 , y 3 and
m, respectively then find the value of M2 + m2. z1 , z 2 andz3 (i) Can the given numbers satisfy

x1 x2 x3  x1 x2 + y1 y 2 + z1 z 2 =
0
Instruction for questions 3 to 6. 
   y1 y2 y 3 = 0 and x2 x3 + y 2 y 3 + z 2 z3 =
0
Suppose the three vectors, a,b,c on a plane satisfy the 
z1 z2 z3  x3 x1 + y 3 y1 + z3 z1 =0
condition that
     (ii) If x1 > 0 and y1 < 0 for all I = 1, 2, 3 and
|a | = | b | = | c | = | a + b |= 1;c is perpendicular to a and
 P = (x1 , x2 , x3 ); Q(y1 , y 2 , y 3 ) and O(0, 0, 0) can the
b ⋅ c > 0, then
triangle POQ be a right angled triangle?
  
Q.3 Find the angle formed by 2a + b and b .
Q.9 ABCD is a tetrahedron with pv’s of its angular
points as A( −5,22,5);B(1,2,3);C(4,3,2) and D( −1,2, −3).
Q.4 If the
 vector c is expressed as a linear combination If the area of the triangle AEF where the quadrilaterals

λa + µb then find the ordered pair ABDE and ABCF are parallelogram is S, then find the
1 −  2 m1 − m2 n1 − n2 value of S.
, and .
2sin(θ / 2) 2sin(θ / 2) 2sin(θ / 2)
 M a them a ti cs | 27.35

Q.10 If x, y are two non-zero and non-collinear vectors Q.5 A line makes angle α , β, γ , δ with the four diagonals
satisfying [(a − 2)α2 + (b − 3)α + c]x + [(a − 2)β2 + (b − 3) β + c]y of a cube then cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ is equal
to
+[(a − 2) γ 2 + (b − 3) γ + c](x × y) =0
(A) 1 (B) 4/3 (C) ¾ (D) 4/5
where α , β, γ are three distinct real numbers, then find
the value of (a2 + b2 + c2 ).
Q.6 A variable plane passes through a fixed point (a, b,
c) and meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C. The locus of
Q.11 Find the distance of the point (-1, -5, -10)
the point common to plane through A, B, C parallel to
from the point of intersection of the line
coordinate planes is

(
r= 2 ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ + λ 3 ˆi + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ and the plane) (A) ayz + bzx + cxy = xyz (B) axy + byz + czx = xyz
(
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
r. i − j + k = 5) (C) axy + byz + czx = abc (D) bcx + acy + abz = abc

Q.12 Find the equations of the straight line passing Q.7 The equation of the plane bisecting the acute angle
through the point (1, 2, 3) to intersect the straight between the planes
line x + 1 = 2(y − 2) = x + 4 and parallel to the plane
2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 3x – 2y + 6z + 8 = 0
x + 5y + 4z =0.
(A) 23x – 13y + 32z + 45 = 0
Q.13 Find the equations of the two lines through the (B) 5x – y – 4z = 3
x −3 y −3 z
origin which intersect the line = = at an (C) 5x – y – 4z + 45 = 0
π 2 1 1
angle of . (D) 23x – 13y + 32z + 3 = 0
3

Q.8 The shortest distance between the two straight

Exercise 2
x − 4 /3 y +6 /5 z −3/2
lines = = and
Single Correct Choice Type 2 3 4
5y + 6 2z − 3 3x − 4
= = is
Q.1 If P(2, 3, –6) and Q(3, –4, 5) are two points, the 8 9 5
direction cosines of line PQ are
(A) 29 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 6 10
1 7 11 1 7 11
(A) − ,− ,− (B) ,− ,
171 171 171 171 171 171 Q.9 The equation of the straight line through the origin
1 7 11 1 7 11 parallel to the line (b + c)x + (c + a)y + (a + b) z = k
(C) , ,− (D) − ,− ,
171 171 171 171 171 171 = (b – c)x + (c – a)y + (a – b)z is
x y z
(A) = =
Q.2 The ratio in which yz-plane divide the line joining 2
b −c 2 2
c −a 2
a − b2
2

the points A(3, 1, –5) and B(1, 4, –6) is x y z

(B) = =
(A) –3 : 1 (B) 3 : 1 (C) –1 : 3 (D) 1 : 3 b c a
x y z
(C) = =
2 2 2
Q.3 The value of λ for which the lines a − bc b − ca c − ab
3x + 2y + z + 5 = 0 = x + y − 2z − 3 and 2x − y − λz = 0 (D) None of these
=7x + 10y − 8z are perpendicular to each other is
(A) –1 (B) –2 (C) 2 (D) 1 Assertion Reasoning Type

Q.4 The ratio in which yz-plane divides the line joining Q.10 Consider the following statements
(2, 4, 5) and (3, 5, 7)
Assertion: The plane y + z + 1 = 0 is parallel to x-axis.
(A) –2 : 3 (B) 2 : 3 (C) 3 : 2 (D) –3 : 2
Reason: Normal to the plane is parallel to x-axis.
2 7 . 3 6 | 3D Geometr y

(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct Q.5 Consider three planes
x −3 y −8 z −3
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not a correct AB : = = = λ
explanation of A 3 −1 1
x+3 y +7 z−6
(C) A is true but R is false CD : = = = µ and
−3 2 4
(D) A is false but R is true L ≡ (3λ + 3, −λ + 8, λ + 3)
Let L1, L2, L3 be the lines of intersection of the planes P2
and P3, P3 and P1, P1 and P2, respectively.
Previous Years’ Questions
Statement-I : At least two of the lines L1, L2 and L3 are
Q.1 A plane passes through (1, –2, 1) and is perpendicular non-parallel.
to two planes 2x – 2y + z = 0 and x – y + 2z = 4, then
the distance of the plane from the point (1, 2, 2) is  Statement-II : The three planes do not have a common
 (2006) point  (2008)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2 2
Paragraph for Q.6 to Q.8
Q.2 Let P(3, 2, 6) be a point in space and Q be a point
 Read the following passage and answer the questions.
on the line r= (iˆ − ˆj + 2k)
ˆ + µ( −3iˆ + ˆj + 5k)
 ˆ . Then the
Consider the lines
value of µ for which the vector PQ is parallel to the
x +1 y + 2 z +1 x −2 y +2 z −3
plane x – 4y + 3z = 1 is  (2009) L1 : = = , L2 : = =
3 1 2 1 2 3
1 1 1 1  (2008)
(A) (B) − (C) (D) −
4 4 8 8
Q.6 The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 is

Q.3 A line with positive direction cosines passes through − ˆi + 7 ˆj + 7kˆ − ˆi − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ
(A) (B)
the point P(2, –1, 2) and makes equal angles with the 99 5 3
coordinate axes. The line meets the plane 2x + y + z =
9 at point Q. The length of the line segment PQ equals − ˆi + 7 ˆj + 5kˆ 7 ˆi − 7 ˆj − kˆ
(C) (D)
 (2009) 5 3 99
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 2
Q.7 The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is
17 41 17
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
For the following question, choose the correct answer 3 5 3 5 3
from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) defined as follows.
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is also true; Q.8 The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the plane
statement-II is the correct explanation of statement-I passing through the point (-1, -2, -1) and whose normal
is perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 is
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is also true;
statement-II is not the correct explanation of statement-I. 2 7 13 23
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(C) Statement-I is true; statement-II is false. 75 75 75 75

(D) Statement-I is false; statement-II is true

Match the Columns
Match the condition/expression in column I with
Q.4 Consider the planes 3x – 6y – 2z = 15 and 2x + y
statement in column II.
–2z = 5.
Statement-I: The parametric equations of the line of Q.9 Consider the following linear equations ax + by +
intersection of the given planes are x = 3 + 14t, y = 1 cz = 0, bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz =0  (2007)
+ 2t, z =15t.
Column I Column II
Statement-II: The vectors 14iˆ + 2ˆj + 15kˆ is parallel to
the line of intersection of the given planes. (2007) (A) a + b + c ≠ 0 and (p) The equations
2 2 2 represent planes meeting
a + b + c = ab + bc + ca
only at a single point
 M a them a ti cs | 27.37

(q) The equation represent Q.14 In R3, consider the planes P1 : y=0 and P2 : x+z= 1.
(B) a + b + c =0 and
Let P3 be a plane, different from P1 and P2, which passes
the line x = y = z
a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ ab + bc + ca through the intersection of P1 and P2. If the distance of
(r) The equations the distance of the point (0, 1, 0) from P3 is 1 and the
(C) a + b + c ≠ 0 and
represent identical planes distance a point (α, β, γ) from p3 is 2, then which of the
a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ ab + bc + ca following relations is (are) true?  (2015)
(D) a + b + c =0 and (s) The equations represent (A) 2α + β + 2γ + 2 = 0 (B) 2α − β + 2γ + 4 = 0
2 2 2 the whole of the three
a + b + c ab + bc + ca
dimensional space (C) 2α + β − 2γ − 10 = 0 (D) 2α − β + 2γ − 8 = 0

Q.10 (i) Find the equation of the plane passing through Q.15 In R3 let L be a straight line passing through
the points (2, 1, 0), (5, 0, 1) and (4, 1, 1). the origin. Suppose that all the points on L
are at a constant distance from the two planes
(ii) If P is the point (2, 1, 6), then the point Q such that
P1 : x +=
2y − z + 1 0 and P2 : 2x=− y + z − 1 0 . Let M
PQ is perpendicular to the plane in (a) and the mid
be the locus of the feet of the perpendiculars drawn
point of PQ lies on it.  (2003)
from the points on L to the plane P1. Which of the
following points lie (s) on M?  (2015)
Q.11 T is a parallelepiped in which A, B, C and D are vertices
of one face and the face just above it has corresponding  5 2  1 1 1
(A)  0, − , −  (B)  − , − , 
vertices A’, B’, C’, D’, T is now compressed to S with face  6 3   6 3 6
ABCD remaining same and A’, B’, C’, D’ shifted to A’’, B’’, C”,
D” in S. the volume of parallelepiped S is reduced to 90%  5 1  1 2
− ,0,
of T. Prove that locus of A” is a plane. (2003) (C)  6 6  (D)  − ,0, 
 3 3

Q.12 Consider a pyramid OPQRS located in the first Q.16 From a point p ( λ , λ , λ ) perpendiculars PQ and
octant ( x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0 ) with O as origin, and OP and PR are drawn respectively on the lines = y x,=z 1 and
OR along the x-axis and the y-axis, respectively. The y= −1 . If p is such that ∠QPR is a right angle,
−x, z =
base OPQR of the pyramid is a square with OP = 3 .The then the possible value(s) of λ is(are)  (2014)
point S is directly above the mid-point T of diagonal (A) 2 (B) 1 (C) -1 (D) − 2
OQ such that TS = 3 .Then  (2016)
π Q.17 Perpendiculars are drawn from points on the line
(A) The acute angle between OQ and OS is
3 x + 2 y + 1 z to the plane x + y + z =
= = 3. The feet of
(B) The equation of the plane containing the triangle 2 −1 3
OQS is x ‒ y = 0
perpendiculars lie on the line  (2013)
(C) The length of the perpendicular from p to the plane
3 x y −1 z − 2 x y −1 z − 2
containing the triangle OQS is (A)
= = = =
(B)
2 5 8 −13 2 3 −5
(D) The perpendicular distance from O to the straight
x y −1 z − 2 x y −1 z − 2
(C)
= = = =
(D)
15 4 3 −7 2 −7 5
line containing RS is
2
y z
L1 : x 5,=
Q.18 Two lines= and
Q.13 Let P be the image of the point ( 3,1,7 ) with 3 − α −2
respect to the plane x − y + x =.Then
3 equation of the y z
L2 : x =
α, = are coplanar.
plane passing through P and containing the straight −1 2 − α
x y z The α can take value(s)  (2013)
line = = is  (2016)
1 2 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
(A) x + y − 3z =0 (B) 3x + z =0
(C) x − 4y + 7z =0 (D) 2x − y =0 x −1 y z+3 x−4 y +3 z+
Q.19 Consider the lines L1 : = = ,L2 : = =
2 −1 1 1 1 2
x −1 y z+3 x−4 y +3 z+3
L1 : = = ,L2 : = = and the planes
2 −1 1 1 1 2
2 7 . 3 8 | 3D Geometr y

P1 : 7x + y +=
2z 3,P2 : 3x + 5y −=
6z 4.
x
Let ax + by + cz =
d be the equation of the plane passing Q.22 If f ( x )= t2
(t − 2) ( t − 3) dt for all x ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) then
through the point of intersection of lines L1 and L2.and
∫e
0
perpendicular to planes P1 and P2  (2012)
(A) f has a local maximum at x = 2
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer
using the code given below the list:  (2013) (B) f is decreasing on (2, 3)

List I List II
(C) There exists some c ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) such that f’(c)=0
p. a= 1. 13 (D) f has local minimum at x = 3
q. b= 2. -3
r. c= 3. 1 Q.23 If the distance between the plane Ax − 2y + z =d
s. d= 4. -2 and the plane containing the lines
Codes:
x −1 y − 2 z −3 x −2 y −3 z − 4
= = and = = is 6 , then d is
p q r s 2 3 4 3 4 5
x −1 y − 2 z −3 x −2 y −3 z − 4
(A) = = 3 2and = 4 = 1 is 6 , then d is
2 3 4 3 4 5
(B) 1 3 4 2 (2010)
(C) 3 2 1 4
Q.24 If the distance of the point P (1, −2,1 ) from the
(D) 2 4 1 3 plane x + 2y − 2z =
α , where α > 0, is 5, then the foot
of the perpendicular from P to the plane is  (2010)
Q.20 The point P is the intersection of the straight line
8 4 7  4 4 1
joining the point Q ( 2,3,5 ) and R (1, −1, 4 ) with the plane (A)  , , −  (B)  , − , 
5x − 4y − z =.1 If S is the foot of the perpendicular 3 3 3  3 3 3
drawn from the point T ( 2,1, 4 ) to QR, then the length  1 2 10  2 1 5
(C)  , ,  (D)  , − , 
of the line segment PS is  (2012)  3 3 3  3 3 2
1
(A) (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2 2
2 Q.25 Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram ABCD are
 
given by AB = 2i + 10j + 11k and AD = −i + 2j + 2k
Q.21 The equation of a plane passing through the
The side AD is rotated by an acute angle a in the plane
line of intersection of the planes x + 2y + 3z =2 and of the parallelogram so that AD becomes AD'. If AD’
2 makes a right angle with the side AB, then the cosine of
x − y + z =and3 at a distance from the point
3 the angle a is given by  (2010)
(3,1, −1 ) is  (2012)
8 17 1 4 5
(A) 5x − 11y + z =
17 (B) 2x + y= 3 2 − 1 (A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 9 9
(C) x + y + z =3 (D) x − 2y =
1− 2
 M a them a ti cs | 27.39

MASTERJEE Essential Questions

JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.5 Q.10 Q.23 Q.2 Q.5 Q.8
Q.29 Q.36 Q.40 Q.10 Q.13
Q.42 Q.47 Q.49
Exercise 2
Q.50
Q.2 Q.5 Q.6
Exercise 2 Q.7 Q.9
Q.2 Q.8 Q.12
Previous Years’ Questions
Q.13 Q.14
Q.3 Q.5 Q.6
Previous Years’ Questions Q.9 Q.11
Q.3 Q.6

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
 7 
Q.1 <3, –2, 6> Q.2 <1, 3, –3> Q.3 cos−1  
 70 
x −3 y −2 z +5
Q.4 r = ( −ˆi + ˆj + k)
ˆ + λ(3iˆ − ˆj − 3k)
ˆ Q.5 r = ( −3iˆ + ˆj − k)
ˆ + λ(2iˆ + 4ˆj + 5k)
ˆ Q.6 = =
−2 1 3

Q.7 –3 Q.8 3x + 2y +5z = 7 Q.9 r(3iˆ − ˆj − 4k)

ˆ +7 =0

−1  −2 
Q.10 3iˆ − 7ˆj Q.11 <7, 1, –2> Q.12 sin  
 90 13 
7 1
Q.13 Q.14 Q.15 4, –6, 3
11 3

 1 3 −2 
Q.16   Q.17 <0, 1, 0> Q.18 <2, 3, –10>
 14 14 14 
2 7 . 4 0 | 3D Geometr y

−1  11  −1  −1   1 2 3   −1 1 2 
Q.19 cos   Q.20 sin   Q.21  . , ,  , , 
 21  7 3  14 14 14   6 6 6 
x −3 y z −1
Q.23 (3, 4, 5) Q.26 = = Q.27 x – 2y – 2x – 3 = 0; 2x + y – 2z + 3 = 0
−2 1 3

Q.28 2x + 2y – 3z + 3 = 0 Q.29 13 units Q.30 9x – 8y + z + 11 = 0

3 2
Q.33 5y − 5z − 6 =0, Q.34 2x + 5y + 7z = 78 Q.35 5x + 9y + 11z – 8 = 0
5
π x −5 y + 7 z + 3  1 25 1  13 6
Q.36 4 Q.37 = = Q.39  − , , −  ,
3 1 9  12 12 6  12
25 14
Q.40 r(4iˆ − ˆj − 2k)
ˆ =6
Q.41 42 Q.43 x + 2y – 5z = 0
a + bm + cn
Q.44 (0, 2, –2) Q.45 (ax + by + cz + d) − (a'x + b' y + c'z + a') =
0
(a'1 + b'm + c'm)

Q.46 7y + 5z = 35 Q.48 λ = 3, − 6 Q.49 r(3iˆ + 5ˆj − 6k)

ˆ − 7 70 =
0

Q.50 r(5iˆ + ˆj − 6k)

ˆ =4

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 C Q.5 A Q.6 B

Q.7 B Q.8 D Q.9 C Q.10 A Q.11 D Q.12 B
Q.13 B Q.14 D Q.15 A

Previous Years’ Questions

(2iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ 9
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 13 sq units Q.5 ±
sq.unit Q.6 cu unit
6 2

Q.7 2x – y + z – 3 = 0 and 62x + 29y + 19z – 105 = 0 Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 C
Q.11 B Q.12 B Q.13 A Q.14 A Q.15 B Q.16 A
Q.17 D Q.18 B

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
π  1 2   
Q.2 34 Q.3 Q.4  ,  Q.5 3 p 2(a + b)
Q.6=
2  3 3

Q.7 x + 2y − 3z = 14 Q.8 No, No Q.9 110 Q.10 13 Q.11 13

x −1 y − 2 z −3 x y z x y z
Q.12 = = Q.13 = = or = =
2 2 −3 1 2 −1 −1 1 −2
 M a them a ti cs | 27.41

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 A Q.5 B Q.6 A

Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 C

Assertion Reasoning Type

Q.10 C

Previous Years’ Question

Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 D Q.6 B

Q.7 D Q.8 C

Q.9 A → r; B → q; C → p; D → s Q.10 (a) x + y – 2z = 3 (b) Q(6, 5, –2) Q.12 B, C, D

Q.13 C Q.14 B, D Q.15 A, B Q.16 C Q.17 D Q.18 A, D

Q.19 A Q.20 A Q.21 A Q.22 B, C Q.23 6 Q.24 A

Q.25 B

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards Sol 5: r = − 3 ˆi + ˆj − kˆ + λ (2iˆ + 4ˆj + 5k)

ˆ

Exercise 1
Sol 6: xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = (3 − 2λ )iˆ + (2 + λ )ˆj + ( −5 + 3λ )kˆ
3 −2 6 x −3 y −2 z +5
Sol 1: l = m= n= = =
7 7 7 −2 1 3
Direction ratios are <3, –2, 6>
Sol 7: cos θ = 0 = –3.1 + 3.5 + 2p.2
Sol 2: [2, 1, 0] & [1, –2, 3] ⇒ 12 + 4p = 0 ⇒ p = –3
Direction ratios = 2 – 1, 1 + 2, 0 – 3 = <1, 3, –3>
Sol 8: (xi + yj + zk) . (3i + 2j + 5k) = 7
x y z x −1 y +5 z −3 3x+ 2y + 5z = 7
Sol 3: = = and = =
1 2 0 3 2 1
<1, 2, 0> and <3, 2, 1> Sol 9: 3x – y – 4z = –7; r(3i – j – 4k) = –7
1.3 + 2.2 + 0.1 7  7  r(3iˆ − ˆj − 4k)
ˆ + 7 =0
cos θ = = ⇒ θ =cos−1  
5 14 70  70 
x +1 y −1 z −1 Sol 10: 3x – 7y = –5
Sol 4: = = = t
3 −1 −3 Direction ratios of normal to plane are (3, –7, 0) the
vector along that normal is 3iˆ − 7ˆj .
(
r = ˆi + ˆj + kˆ + t 3iˆ – ˆj – 3kˆ )
2 7 . 4 2 | 3D Geometr y

Sol 11: 7x + y – 2z = 1 
Sol 20: r = 2i – j + 3k + λ (3i – 6j + 2k) and Plane

Direction ratios of vector normal to the plane are r . (i + j + k) = 3
7i + j – 2k = 0 3.1 − 6.1 + 2.1 −1
Sinθ = =
(7, 1, -2) 3 9 + 36 + 4 7 3

Sol 12: Direction ratios of line <4, -5, 7> Sol 21: l - 5m + 3n = 0 ; 7l 2 + 5m2 − 3n2 =
0
Direction ratio of line perpendicular to plane <3, 0, –2> l 5m − 3n
=

4 × 3 + ( −5) × (0) + 7 × ( −2) −2 ⇒ 7(25m2 + 9n2 − 30mn) + 5m2 − 3n2 =

0
sinθ = =
16 + 25 + 49 9 + 0 + 4 90 13 ⇒ 180m2 + 60n2 − 210mn =
0
⇒ 6m2 − 7mn + 2n2 =
0
Sol 13: x + y + 3z + 7 = 0
⇒ 6m2 − 4mn − 3mn + 2n2 =
0
0 + 0 + 3(0) + 7 7
Distance from origin is =
1+1+ 9 11 ⇒ 2m (3m – 2n) – n(3m – 2n) = 0
n 2n
⇒ m = or m =
Sol 14: 3x – 3y + 3z = 0 2 3
3(1) − 3(1) + 3(1) 3 1
Distance from (1, 1, 1) is = = n 2n m
9+9+9 3 3 3 If m = , l = –m, if m = , l=
2 3 2
The following ratio are
Sol 15: 3x – 2y + 4z = 12
Intercept on x-axis (y, z = 0, 0)x = 4 −1 1 2 +1 2 3
, , or , ,
Intercept on y-axis (z, z = 0, 0)y = –6 6 6 6 14 14 14
Intercept on z-axis (x, y = 0, 0)z = 3
Sol 22: Line through the points
Sol 16: <a, b, c> = <1, 3, –2> x −1 y −2 z −3
= = = λ
 1 3 −2  2 4 6
< l , m, n> =  , , 
 1+9+4 1+9+4 1+9+4  x −3 y −3 z −3
= = = λ
5 2 −3
 1 3 −2 
=  , ,  2.5 + 4.2 + 6.( −3)
 14 14 14  cos θ = =0
56 38
θ= 90°
Sol 17: Direction cosines of y-axis = <0, 1, 0>
x −5 y−4 z−4
x+2 2y − 1 3−z Sol 23: = =
Sol 18: = = 4 0 −2
1 3 5
1 equation of line = λ
y−
⇒ x+2 = 2 = z −3
1 3 −5 Let foot of ⊥ is ( α , β, γ )
2 α = 5 + 4λ ; β = 4 ; γ = 4 − 2λ
3
Direction ratio are 1, , − 5 or 2, 3, − 10 ⇒ (α − 1). 4 + (β − 2) . 0 + ( γ − 1) . ( −2) = 0
2
−1
⇒ (4 + 4λ )4 − 2(3 − 2λ ) =0 ⇒ 20λ + 10 =0 ⇒ λ =
  2
Sol 19: r . (i – 2j – 2k) = 1; r . (3i – 6j + 2k) = 0
 −1 
⇒ α = 5 + 4  = 3 β =4 = 4
3.1 + ( −6).( −2) + (2)( −2) 3 + 12 − 4 11  2 
cos θ = = =
1 + 4 + 4 9 + 36 + 4 3.7 21
 −1 
⇒ γ = 4 − 2 = 5
 11   2 
θ =cos−1  
 21  (3, 4, 5)
 M a them a ti cs | 27.43

Sol 24: cos (δθ) Sol 27: x + 3y + 6 = 0, 3x – y – 4z = 0

l . (l + δl ) + m . (m + δm) + n . (n + δn) x + 3y + 6 + λ (3x – y – 4z) = 0

=
l 2 + m2 + n2 (l + δl )2 + (m + δm)2 + (n + δn)2 x(1 + 3λ ) + y (3 – λ ) + z (-4 λ ) + 6 = 0
6
 neglecting  Distance from origin = =1
 2 2 2 (1 + 3λ ) + (4λ )2 + (3 − λ )2
2
δl , δm , δn 
36 = 1 + 9λ2 + 6λ + 16λ2 + 9 + λ2 − 6λ
l 2 + m2 + n2 + l δl + mδm + nδn
= 36 = 26λ2 + 10
2 2 2 2 2 2
(l + m + n ) (l + 2l δl + m + 2l δm + n + 2l δn)
λ = ±1
2
1 − (δθ) 1 + l δl + mδm + nδn Planes are ⇒ 4x + 2y – 4z + 6 = 0 (λ =1)
=
2 1
−2x + 4y + 4z + 6 =0 (λ = −1)
(δθ)2 = −2(l δl + mδm + nδn)  … (i)
Sol 28: ax + by + cz = 1  … (i)
l 2 + m2 + n2 = (l + δl )2 + (m + δm)2 + (n + δn)2
(–1, 1, 1) lies on (1)
⇒ (δl )2 + (δm)2 + (δn)2 =−2l δl − 2mδm − 2nδn  … (ii)
⇒ –a+b+c=1
(δθ)2 = (δl )2 + (δm)2 + (δm)2
(1, –1, 1) lies on (1)

Sol 25: y ⇒ +a – b + c = 1 ⇒ c = 1
If ⊥ to x + 2y + 2z =
5
y1 P (x1, y1, z1 )
a•1+b•2+2•c=0
x
O
z1 a + 2b = –2
x1
Z a–b=0
 l1 + l2 + l3   m1 + m2 + m3   n1 + n2 + n3 
  l1 +   m1 +   .n1 −2
 3   3   3  a=b=
3
Equation of plane is–2x – 2y + 3z = 3.
1 + l1l2 + l1l3 + m1m2 + m3m1 + n1m2 + n1n3 1
= =
3 3
Sol 29: P (–1 + r cos α , – 5 + r cos β , – 10 + r cos γ)
1
Similarly dot product with l2 and l3 gives as result
3 are coordinates of point at distance r from (–1, –5, –10)
i.e. it makes same angle with (l1 ,m1 ,n1 ) (l2 ,m2 ,n2 ) and along α , β, γ
(l3 ,m3 ,n3 ) Point P lies on the given plane
x–y+z=5
Sol 26: x + 2y = 0 … (i)
– 1 + r cos α + 5 – r cos β + r cos γ – 10 = 5
3y – z = 0
r cos α – r cos β + r cos γ = 11
2z
2y – = 0 … (ii) 11 11.13
3 r= = = 13 units
3 − 4 + 12 11
The line will be across (a1 , b1 , c1 ) × (a2 , b2 ,c2 )
13
(1 2 0) × (0 3 –1)
Sol 30: ax + by + cz = 1
i j k
(1, 2, –4)
1 2 0 = i (–2) –j (–1) + k(3) = –2i + j + 3k
a + 2b – 4c = 1  … (i)
0 3 −1
This plane is parallel
x −3 y − 0 z −1
Equation of line will be = = r1 = i + 2j + 4k + λ (2i + 3j + 6k)
−2 1 3
r2 = i – 3j + 5k + λ (i + j – k)
2 7 . 4 4 | 3D Geometr y

⇒ 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 Distance from (1, 1, 1)

⇒ a+b–c=0 −5 + 5 + 6 6 3 2
= = =
25 + 25 5 2 5
⇒ b = –8c
⇒ a = 9c Sol 34: Ratios of line perpendicular to plane is {(2 – 0),
⇒ 9c – 16c – 4 c = 1 (5 – 0), (7 – 0)}
−1 +8 −9 Equation of plane is 2x + 5y + 7z = k
⇒ c= ,b= ,a =
11 11 11 (2, 5, 7) lies on the plane
Equation of plane is –9x + 8y – z = 11 or
2.2 + 5.5 + 7.7 = k = 78

⇒ r . (–9i + 8j – k) = 11
2x + 5y + 7z = 78
Sol 31: al + bm + cn =
0  … (i)
Sol 35: Direction ratios of line ⊥ to the given planes
and f mn + gnl + hlm =
0 ... (ii)
3x + 2y – 3y = 1; 5x – 4y + z = 5
f g h
⇒ + + =0  ... (iii) i j k
l m n
3 2 −3 =i(2 – 12) – j (3 + 15) + k (– 12 – 10)
Comparing (i) and (iii)
5 −4 1
a 2 b 2 c 2
l = m = n = λ
f g h = −10i − 18 j − 22k
f f Plane will be 10x + 18y + 22z = k
⇒ l2 = λ ⇒ l =± λ
a a Passes through (–1, –1, 2)
Similarly
2 . (22) – 28 = k ∴ K = +16
g g
m2 = λ ⇒ m =± λ 10x + 18y + 22z – 16 = 0
b h
⇒ 5x + 9y + 11z − 8 =0
2 h h
n = λ ⇒ n =± λ
c c
Sol 36: l + m + n =0 and l2 + m2 =
n2
Since, lines are ⊥
⇒ n =− (l + m)
cos=
θ l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n= 0
⇒ l2 + m2 = (l + m) =l2 + m2 =l2 + m2 + 2m.n
2 2

f g h
− λ − λ − λ =0
a b c ⇒ m.n =
0
f g h  f g h ⇒
= m 0 or=n 0
⇒ λ  + +  =0 ⇒ + + =0
a b c  1 1 
a b c   1
⇒ (l,m,n) ≡  −
1  ,− , 0
,0 ,  or 
 2 2  2 2 
x −b z−d
Sol 32: =y= … (i) ⇒ Angle = π
a c  4
x − b' z − d'
=y= … (ii)
a' c'  Sol 37:
These 2 are perpendicular if aa’ + cc’ + 1 = 0
i j k
Sol 33: 4x – y + z – 10 + λ (x + y – z – 4) = 0 1 −3 0 =i(3) – j (–1) + k (9) =3i + j + 9k
0 +9 −1
⇒ x(4 + λ ) + y( −1 + λ ) + z(1 − λ=
) 10 + 4λ x −5 y+7 z+3
= =
⇒ (4 + λ ) • 2 + (λ − 1) •1 + (1 − λ ) •1 = 0 3 1 9

⇒ 8 − 1 + 1 + 2λ =0 ⇒ λ = −4 Sol 38: ax + by + cz = 1
⇒ −5y + 5z = −6 , equation of plane a + b + c = 1⇒ a + c = 1 – b
 M a them a ti cs | 27.45

a – b + c = 1⇒ b = 0 Sol 41: distance between 2x – y + 3z = 4

–7a + 3b – 5 +5a = 1 −13

2x – y + 3z =
3
b = 6 + 2a/3,a = –3,c = 4 13
4+
3 25 25 14
–3x + 4z = 1 → ratio → [-3, 0, 4] Distance, d = = =
4 +1+ 9 3 14 42
xz plane → ratio → [0, 1, 0]
–3.0 + 0.1 + 4.0 = 0 Sol 42: ax + by + cz = 1
Hence given plane is perpendicular to xz plane. 1   1   1
A  ,0,0  , B  0, ,0  , C  0,0, 
(1,1,2) a   b   c

α −1 β −1 γ −2 1 1 1
Sol 39: = = = 3α , = 3β , = 3γ
2 −2 4 a b c

(a,b,g)
x y z
+ + =3
2x α β γ
−(2 − 2 + 8 + 5) −13
= = Sol 43: x − 2y + 3z + 4 + λ(x − y + z + 3) = 0
4 + 4 + 16 24
−4
13 1 13 25 Through origin 3λ + 4 =0 ; λ=
α =1− =− , β=1+ = 3
12 12 12 12
 4  4  4
13 −1 ⇒ x  1 −  + y  −2 +  + z  3 −  =0
γ =2– =  3   3   3 
6 6
2−2+ 8 +5 13  −x 2y 5z
Length = = ⇒ r − + 0
=
24 24 3 3 3
⇒ x + 2y – 5z = 0
Sol 40: ax + by + cz = 1
(1, 0, –1) ⇒ a – c = 1 Sol 44: 2x + 2y − z − 6 + λ(2x + 3y − z − 8) =0
(3, 2, 2) ⇒ 3a + 2b + 2c = 1 x(2 + 2λ ) + y(2 + 3λ ) + z( −1 − λ ) − 6 − 8λ =0 equation of
plane
It is parallel to 1, −2,3
xz plane 0,1,0 any point on the line is (α ,2,2α − 2)
⇒ a – 2b + 3c = 0
Direction ratios of line
⇒ 4a + 5c = 1
⇒ 4 + 4c + 5c = 1 i j k
2 2 −1 = i( −2 + 3) − j( −2 + 2) + k(6 − 4)
−1
⇒ c= 2 3 −1
3
2 = i + 2k = 1,0,2
⇒ a=
3
2 3 This is parallel to plane y = 0 as
⇒ − = +2b
3 3 (1, 0, 2) . (0, 1, 0) = 0
−1
b= α =0 i.e. (0, 2, –2)
6
y
Eq. of plane 2x − –z=3 Sol 45: The equation of Plane
2
4x – y – 2z = 6 ax + by + cz + d + λ ( a' x + b' y + c' z + d' ) = 0  … (i)

⇒ r ⋅ (4iˆ − ˆj − 2k)
ˆ =6 ⇒ ( a + λa' ) x + (b + λb ) y + ( c + λ c' ) z + d + λd' = 0
x y z
Which parallel to line = =
l m n
2 7 . 4 6 | 3D Geometr y

⇒ ( a + λ a' ) l + (b + λ b' ) m + ( c + λ c' ) n = 0 Sol 50: r = i − j + λ(i + j + k) + µ(4i − 2 j + 3k)

al + bm + cn i j k
⇒− =λ
a'l + b'm + c'n B = 1 1 1 = i(5) – j(–1) + k(– 2 – 4) = 5i + j – 6 k
Substituting in (i) 4 −2 3

Plane pass through (1, –1, 0)

( ax + by + cz + d) − a'lal++b'm
bm + cn
+ c'n
( a' x + b' y + c' z + d) =
0 
Equation of plane r • (5i + j – 6k) = z

Sol 46: ax + by + cz = 1 5(1) + 1(–1) – 6 (0) – z = 4


1 1 The equation of plane ⇒ r • (5i + j – 6k) = 4
= 5, = 7{given intercepts}
b c
<a, b, c> • <1, 0, 0> = 0 Exercise 2
a=0
Single Correct Choice Type
y z
+ =1 ; 7y + 5z = 35
5 7 Sol 1: (C) l 2 + m2 +=
n2 cos2 α + cos2 β + cos=
2
γ 1

Sol 47: ax + by + cz = 1 Sol 2: (A) ax + by + cz + d = 0 to intersect x and y axis

1 at equal angle
= P ……(i)
a + b2 + c2
2 | tan α=
| | tan β | ⇒ | a | = | b |

1   1   1
A  ,0,0  ; B  0, ,0  ; C  0,0,  Sol 3: (D) Parallel to x-axis i.e. <1, 0, 0>
a   b   c
x−a y −b z−c
1 1 1 = =
x= ,y= ,c= 1 0 0
a b z
1 1 1 1 1 1
= a2 + b2 + c2 = + + from (i) Sol 4: (C) cos α = cos
= γ cos60
= °
P2 x2 y2 z2 2 2
2 2 2
l +m +n =
1
Sol 48: i – j + 3k from 5x + 2y – 7z + 9 = 0
1 1 1
⇒ + + m2 =
1 ⇒ m2 =
5 − 2 − 21 + 9 9 2 4 4
⇒ =
49 + 4 + 25 78 1
⇒ m = = cosβ
2
⇒ (3i + λj + 3k) from 5x + 2y – 7z + 9 =0 ⇒ β= 60°
15 + 2λ − 21 + 9 3 + 2λ
⇒ = ⇒ 3 + 2λ =9 x +1 y +3 z + 2
49 + 4 + 25 78 Sol 5: (A) = = = λ
1 3 −2
⇒ λ =3 or –6
⇒ ( −1 + λ , − 3 + 3λ , − 2 − 2λ )

Sol 49: Normal to vector 3i + 5j – 6k ⇒ 3 ( −1 + λ ) + 4 ( 3λ − 3 ) + 5 ( −2 − 2λ ) =5

3x +5y – 6z = k ⇒ 5λ − 3 − 12 − 10 =5 ⇒ 5λ =30

at 7 units from origin ⇒ x=6

k (5, 15, –14)
= 7 ; k = ± 7 70
36 + 25 + 9
 Sol 6: (B)
r ⋅ (3iˆ − 5ˆj − 6k)
ˆ = ± 7 70
x−0 y −3 z−4 (0 − 6 + 4 − 10)
= = = −
2 −2 1 9
 M a them a ti cs | 27.47

⇒ x = y − 3 = z – 4 = 12 = 4 4 × 74 − 144 296 − 144 152 38

= = = =
2 −2 3×3 3 16 16 16 4
8 8 4
⇒x= ,y=3– ,z=4+ 38
3 3 3 ∆=
8 1 16 2
⇒ , ,
3 3 3
x+2 y −1 z+4
Sol 11: (D) = =
Sol 7: (B) 2x + y – z – 4 + λ (3x + 5z – 4) = 4 3 −1 1
−1 x −1 y z+3
2 + 3λ = 1 ⇒ λ = or = =
3 3 −1 1
5 4
⇒ 2x – x + y – z – z – 4 + =0 Sol 12: (B) Let P(x, y, z) be any point on the locus, then
3 3 the distances from the six faces are
⇒ 3x + 3y – 8z – 8 = 0
|x + 1|, |x− 1|, |y + 1|, |y− 1|, |z + 1|, |z− 1|

i j k According to the given condition

Sol 8: (D) 1 1 −1 = i(–2) – j(3) + k(–3 –2) |x + 1|2 + |x − 1| + |y + 1|2 + |y − 1|2 + |z + 1|2 + |z− 1|2
2 −3 1 = 10
⇒ 2(x2 + y2 + z2) = 10 − 6 = 4
= –2i – 3j – 5k
⇒ x2 + y2 + z2 = 2
It passes through (1, 0, 0)
y z
Equation of line is
x −1
= = Sol 13: (B) If ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , ( x2 , y 2 , z2 ) , ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) and
2 3 5
( x 4 , y 4 , z 4 ) are coplanar, then
x −1 y − 3 z − 4
Sol 9: (C) Line = = is parallel to plane x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
1 2 3
ax + by + cz = 1 x3 − x1 y 3 − y1 z3 − z1 =0
x 4 − x1 y 4 − y1 z 4 − z1
If a + 2b + 3c = 0
Only C satisfies the condition −4 − 0 4 + 1 4 + 1 −4 5 5
4 −0 5+1 = 1+1 ⇒ 4=6 2 0
Sol 10: (A) a = 49 + 1 + 1 = 51 ; 3−0 9 +1 4 +1 3 10 5

=−4 ( 30 − 20 ) − 5 ( 20 − 6 ) + 5 ( 40 − 18 ) =−40 − 70 + 110 =0

b= 1+ 0 +1 = 2 ;c = 36 + 1 + 0 = 37

2 + 51 + 37 Sol 14: (D) The plane y + z + 1 =0

s=
2
Since the plane does not have any intercepts on x-axis,
s(s – a) (s – b) (s – c) therefore it is parallel to x-axis.
51 + 37 + 2  2 + 37 − 51  Then normal to plane can not be parallel to x-axis.
⇒  
2  2 
Sol 15: (A) Using the fact that reflection of a' x + b' y +
 2 + 51 − 37   37 + 51 − 2  c'z + d' = 0 in the plane ax+ by + cz + d = 0 is given by
   
2 2 2 (aa' + bb' + cc') (ax+ by + cz + d)
   
= (a2 + b2 + c2) (a' x + b' y + c' z + d')
37 + 2 + 2 74 − 51 31 − (37 + 2 − 2 74 
=    We get the required equation as
16
2 (2 + 3 + 4) (x−y + z−3) = (1 + 1 + 1)(2x−3y + 4z−3)
2 74 − 12 12 + 2 74 
   6 (x− y + z − 3) = 2x− 3y + 4z −3
=
16 4x− 3y + 2z− 15 = 0
2 7 . 4 8 | 3D Geometr y

Previous Years’ Questions Sol 4: Area of ∆ABC =

1 → →
(AB × AC), where
2
Sol 1: (A) Given equation of straight line → →
AB =ˆi + 2ˆj − 3kˆ and AC = 2iˆ + 0ˆj + 0kˆ
x − 4 y −2 z −k
= = ˆi ˆj kˆ
1 1 2 → →
Since, the line lies in the plane 2x – 4y + z = 7 ∴ AB × AC = 1 2 −3 = 2( −3ˆj − 2k)
ˆ
2 0 0
∴ Point (4, 2, k) must satisfy the plane.
⇒8–8+k=7 ⇒ k=7 1 → →
⇒ Area of triangle
= (AB × AC)
2
Sol 2: (B) Since, the lines intersect they must have a 1
= .2. 9 +
= 4 sq.units
13 sq units
point in common 2
x −1 y +1 z −1
i.e., = = = λ Sol 5: A unit vector perpendicular to the plane
2 3 4
→ →
x −3 y −k z (PQ ×PR)
and = = = µ determined by P, Q, R = ±
1 2 1 → →
| PQ ×PR |
⇒ x = 2λ + 1, y = 3λ − 1, z = 4λ + 1 → →
where PQ = [iˆ + ˆj] − 3kˆ and PR =−ˆi + 3ˆj − kˆ
and x = µ + 3, y = 2µ + k, z = µ are same
ˆi ˆj kˆ
⇒ 2λ + 1 = µ + 3, 3λ − 1 = 2µ + k, 4λ + 1 = µ → →
∴ PQ ×=
PR 1 1 −3
On solving Ist and IIIrd terms, we get,
−1 3 −1
3
λ=− and µ = −5
2 = ˆi( −1 + 9) − ˆj( −1 − 3) + kˆ (3 + 1) = 8iˆ + 4ˆj + 4kˆ
 3 9
∴ k = 3λ − 2µ − 1 ⇒ k = 3  −  − 2( −5) − 1 = → →
 2 2 ⇒ | PQ × PR =
| 4 4 +1 +=
1 4 6
9
∴ k= → →
2 ∴ Unit vector = ± (PQ × PR) = 4(2iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ (2iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ
± =
±
→ → 4 6 6
Sol 3: (A) Since, x + y + z = | PQ × PR |
1
a b c y
cuts the coordinate axes at Sol 6: Let the equation of plane through
B (0, b, 0) (1, 1, 1) having a, b, c as DR’s of normal to plane,
A(a, 0, 0), B(0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c) a(x − 1) + b(y − 1) + c(z − 1) =
0 and plane is parallel to
A x straight line having DR’s.
and its distance from origin (a, 0, 0)
=1 C (1, 0, –1) and (–1, 1, 0)
1 z (0, 0, c)
∴ =1 ⇒ a – c = 0 and –a + b = 0
1 1 1 ⇒a=b=c
2
+ 2
+
a b c2
∴ Equation of plane is x – 1 + y – 1 + z – 1 = 0
1 1 1
or + = 1 + … (i) x y z
a b 2
c2 2 or + + =1. Its intercept on coordinate axes are
 3 3 3
where P is centroid of triangle
A(3, 0, 0), B(0, 3, 0), C(0, 0, 3)
a b c
=
∴ x = ,y = ,z … (ii) Hence, the volume of tetrahedron OABC
3 3 3
3 0 0
∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1  1 27 9
= [ab c]
= = 0 3 0 = cu units
1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 2
+ + 1 or
= + + =9 =K 0 0 3
2 2 2 2 2
9x 9y 9z x y z2

∴K =9
 M a them a ti cs | 27.49

Sol 7: Equation of plane containing the lines 3r + 2 − 4r + 1 + 12r + 2 − 16 =0

2x − y + z − 3 =0 and 3x + y + z =
5 is ⇒ 11r − 11 = 0
(2x − y + z − 3) + λ(3x + y + z − 5) =0 ⇒r = 1
The point in (5,3,14 )
⇒ (2 + 3λ ) x + (λ − 1) y + (λ + 1) z − 3 − 5λ =0

(5 − 1) + (3 − 0 ) + (14 − 2)
2 2 2
Since, distance of plane from (2, 1, –1) to above plane Distance =
is 1 / 6. = 16 + 9 + 144
6λ + 4 + λ − 1 − λ − 1 − 3 − 5λ 1 = 169 13
=
∴ =
2 2
(3λ + 2) + (λ − 1) + (λ + 1) 2 6
Sol 11: (B) Let the two lines in a same plane interest at
⇒ 6(λ − 1)2= 11λ2 + 12λ + 6
P ( x, y,0 ) , then 2x=
− 5y 3 and =x+y 5
24
⇒ λ= 0, −
5 On solving, we get P ≡ ( 4,1,0 )
∴ Equations of planes are 2x − y + z − 3 =0 Any plane || to x + 3y + 6z =
1 is
and 62x + 29y + 19z − 105 =
0 x + 3y + 6z =
λ
P ( 4,1,0 ) must
4 +satisfies
3 + 0 =it,
λ then
x −3 y +2 z + 4
Sol 8: (C) The line = = lies in the plane,
2 −1 3 4 + 3 + 0 =λ ⇒ λ =7
then point ( 3, −2, −4 ) lies on the plane ⇒ λ =7
The eq. to required plane
5 …(i)
⇒ 3 − 2m = ⇒ x + 3y + 6z = 7
−8 × 2 − 5
And line is ⊥ to normal of plane Sol 12: (B) The parallel planes 2x +16 4 +=
y ++2z 16
8
−8 × 2 − 521
⇒ 2 − m =
3 …(ii) =
and 4x + 2y + 4z = −5 16 + 4 + 1636
From (i) and (ii) −8 × 2 − 5 21 21 7
 = 1 and m = − 1 Distance = = = =
16 + 4 + 16 36 6 2
⇒ 2 + m2= 12 + ( −1)2 = 2 21 21 7
= = =
36 of point (1,3,
Sol 13: (A) Image 6 42) is
Sol 9: (A) The eq of line passes through (1, − 5, 9 ) 21 7
x − 1 y= −3 = z − 4 −2 ( 2 − 3 + 4 + 3 )
along x= y= z is = =6 2= = −2
2 −1 1 4 +1+1
x −1 y +5 z − 9 ⇒ ( −3, 5, 2 )
= = = r
1 1 1
Since line is parallel to plane direction, ratio will not
The point on line (r + 1, r − 5, r + 9 ) change
This point also lies on the given plane x + 3 y −5 z − 2
Eq. of imaged line = =
r +1−r +5+r + 9 = 5 3 1 1
r = −10 Sol 14: (A)  + m + n =0 ⇒ n =− (  + m)
The point in ( −9, − 15, − 1 ) 2
Substituting in = m2 + n2
Distance between (1, −5,9 ) and ( −9, −15, −1 )
2 = m2 + (  + m)
2

102 + ( −10 ) + (10=

) 10 3 unit
2 2
= ⇒ 2 = m2 + 2 + m2 + 2m
⇒ 2m2 + 2m =
0
x −2 y +1 z −2 ⇒ 2m (m + 1 ) =
0
Sol 10: (C) = = = r
3 4 12 ⇒m=
0,1
The point of interstation ( 3r + 2, 4r − 1, 12r + 2 ) −1 1
if =
m 0,= ,n
=
Lies on plane, then 2 2
if m= 1, = 0= n (not possible)
⇒ 2 = m2 + 2 + m2 + 2m
⇒ 2m2 + 2m =
0
2⇒
7 .2m
50 m(
| +3D )
1 Geometr
= 0 y

⇒m=
0,1
−1 1 Sol 18: (B) Statement-I: Since mid point of A(1, 0, 7)
if =
m 0,= ,n
= and B(1, 6, 3) is which lies on the line, therefore point B
2 2
is image of A about line
if m= 1, = 0= n (not possible)
Statement-II: Since it given that the line only bisects
Therefore direction cosine the line joining A and B, therefore not the correct
explanation.
 1 1   1 1 
− ,0,  or  − , ,0   1
2 2  2 2  1   1 1 
 − ,0,  or  − , ,0 
 1  1   1   1  1  2 2  2 2 
cos φ =  −  −  + (0)  +  (0) =
 2  2  2  2 2
 1   −1   1 
⇒φ=
π cos θ =  −   + (0)   + (0)
3  2  2   2
x −2 y −3 z − 4 1 π
Sol 15: (B) The lines = = and = ⇒9=
1 1 −k 2 3

x −1 y − 4 z −5
= = are coplanars, then
k 2 1
JEE Advanced/Boards
1 1 −k
k 2 1 =0
1 −1 1
Exercise 1
 
⇒ k (k + 3 ) =
0 Sol 1: Let point P be taken as origin and q, s are the
⇒ K = 0, −3 position vectors of Q and S points respectively.
  
⇒ PR =q + s
Two values exist.
1 Y 4
Sol 16: (A) Eq. of plane parallel to x − 2y + 2z − 5 =0 is R
  1
x − 2y + 2z =
λ s z
1 1 X
⊥ distance from origin is 1, 4
P  Q
0−0+0−λ λ 
(o)
then =1 ⇒ 1 ⇒ λ = ±3
=
1+4+4 3
    
Eq. of plane x − 2y + 2z =
±3 q + 4 ( q + s ) 5q + 4 s
P.V. of X =
=
5 5
    
1 + 4 + 3λ 4s + q + s q + 5 s
Sol 17: (D) sin θ = P.V. of Y =
=
1+4+9 1+4+λ 5 5
5 + 3λ  ... (i) PZ 1 YZ
= = and = µ
 14 5 + λ Let,
ZR λ ZX

5  4  q 
Given cos θ = µq+ s  +  + s 
14 q+ s  5  5 
P.V. of
= P =
λ +1 µ +1
5 3
⇒ sin =
θ 1 − cos2 θ= 1− =
14 14 1
µ+
1 5 … (i)
3 5 + 3λ ⇒ =
From (i) = λ +1 µ +1
14 14 5 + λ
1
µ+
2 2 2
(
⇒ 3 5 + λ = (5 + 3λ ) ⇒ 9 5 + λ = 25 + 9λ + 30λ ) ⇒
1
= 5 
λ +1 µ +1
… (ii)

2
⇒ 30λ =20 ⇒ λ =
3
 M a them a ti cs | 27.51

From (i) & (ii), we get

1 2 ⇒  1 , 2 
⇒λ= ,µ=  
4  3 3
µ= 4, λ= 3 3
21
    
PZ 21 PZ 21 Sol 5: P = x a + y c ⇒ p= y c
⇒ =⇒ =
ZR 4 PR 25 
0 ≤ p.a =x ≤ 1 x ∈ [0,1]
  
Sol 2: p (x ,y) 0 ≤ p.b = xa.b ≤ 1 x ∈ [ −2,0] ⇒ x =0
     
PA • PB + 3OA • OB = 0 p. c = y
 
 a 2b
(x − 1)(x + 1) + y 2 + 3( −1) =0 c
= +
3 3
x2 + y 2 =
4  
  p.a 2p.b
  p.=c +
PA ⋅ PB 3 3
 
   a + 2b 
p xa + y 
= 
(x − 1)2 + y 2 (x + 1)2 + y 2
 3 
(5 − 2x) (5 + 2x) = 25 − 4x2 y 2y
Sol 6: For max. x and y; x + =⇒ y = 3 x
3 3
Max is 25 = 5 = M
x = 1; y = 3
  
Min = 9 =3 ⇒ p = 2a + 2b
2 2
M +m =
34
Sol 7: The coordinates of the points, O and P, are (0, 0,
     0) and (1, 2, -3) respectively.
Sol 3: | a | = | b | = | c | = | a + b | = 1
Therefore, the direction ratios of OP are (1 - 0) = 1, (2 -
      −1 0) = 2 and (-3-0) = -3
⇒ | a |2 + | b |2 +2a ⋅ b =
1; a ⋅ b =
2 It is knows that the equation of the plane passing
θ 120°
=
through the point ( x1 y1 z1 ) is
  
(
∠ 2a + b & b ) a ( x − x1 ) + b ( y − y1 ) + c ( z − z1 ) =
0 , where a, b and c
⇒ (2a + b) (b) = |2a + b| |b| cos θ1 are the direction ratio of normal.
Here, the direction ratios of normal are 1, 2 and -3 and
⇒ 2a . b + | b |2 = 4a2 + b2 + 4a . b | b | cos θ1
the point P is (1, 2, -3).
⇒ −1 + 1 = cos θ1 × k Thus, the equation of the required plane is
⇒ cos θ1 =0 1 ( x − 1 ) + 2 ( y − 2 ) − 3 ( z + 3) =
0
π ⇒ x + 2y − 3z − 14 =0
⇒ θ1 =
2
  
 Sol 8: (i) A = [x1 y1 z1 ] ; B = [x2 y 2 z 2 ] ; C = [x3 y 3 z3 ]
Sol 4: c =λa + µb
    
| c |2 =λ2 + µ2 + 2λµa . b =1 (
A B×C = )0 all are coplanar
2
⇒ λ + µ − λµ =12      
A × B = 0 = B × C = C × A i.e. all are mutually ⊥ which
    simultaneously is not possible.
⇒ c . a = λ + µ (a . b) = 0
µ (ii) P = (x1 , y 2 , x3 ) Q = (y1 y 2 y 3 ) O (0,0,0)
⇒λ− =0
2 In ∆POQ; OP = x1i + x2 j + x3k
µ
⇒ λ = ⇒ u = 2λ OQ = y1i + y 2 j + y 3k
2
OP . OQ = x1 y1 + x2 y 2 + x3 y 3 x1 > 0 y1 > 0
⇒ λ2 + 4λ2 − 2λ2 =1
OP . OQ < 0 [i.e. it can never be zero]
2 7 . 5 2 | 3D Geometr y

Sol 9: A = ( −5,22,5) ; B = (1,2,3) ; C = (4,3,2) Substituting this value in equation (i), we obtain the

D=
( −1,2, −3) equation of the line as r = 2 ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ

This means that the position vector of the point of

and ∆AEF = S 
   intersection of the line and the plane is r = 2 ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ
DE
= DA + DB
This shows that the point of intersection of the given
OE – OD = OA – OD + OB – OD line and plane is given by the coordinates (2, -1, 2). The
 point is (-1, -5, -10).
OE = −5i + 22 j + 5k + i + 2 j + 3k − ( −i + 2 j − 3k)
 The distance d between the points, (2, -1, 2) and
OE = −3i + 22 j + 11k (-1, -5, -10), is
  
BF
= BA + BC
( −1 − 2) + ( −5 + 1) + ( −10 − 2)
2 2 2
d=
   
OF = OA + OC − OB = 9 + 16 + 144 = 169 = 13

OF =−5i + 22 j + 5k + 4i + 3 j + 2k − i − 2 j − 3k
x −1 y − 2 z −3
OF = −2i + 23 j + 4k Sol 12: = =
a b c
1     1
Area = AE × AF = (2i + 6k) × (3i + j − k) Parallel to the plane x + 5y + 4z =
0
2  2 
ˆi ˆj kˆ ⇒ a + 5b + 4c = 0
1
1
2 0 6 = ˆi( −6) − ˆj( −2 − 18) + k(2)
ˆ =−6iˆ + 20ˆj + 2kˆ ⇒ ( −1 + 2λ , 2 + λ , −4 + 2λ ) = ⇒ (1 + ka,2 + kb,3 + kc )
2 2
3 1 −1
ka + 2 2kb 7 + kc
⇒ = =
1 440 2 2 2
= 36 + 400 + 4 = = 110 ⇒ S =110
2 4 2 7 5
⇒ = =
2b − a 2b − c a−c
(
Sol 10: (a − 2)α2 + (b − 3)α + c x + ) ⇒ 10b =7a − 2c  ……..(i)
(
⇒ (a − 2)β2 + (b − 3)β + c y + ) ⇒
7a − 10b
=
−a − 5b
⇒ ( (a − 2)γ 2
+ (b − 3)γ + c ) ( x × y ) =0 2 4
−3a
⇒a–2=b–3=c=0 ⇒ a=b;c= a = 2b = 2c = –3
2
⇒a=2;b=3;c=0 x y z
Sol 13: = = = λ
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 =
13 a b c

λa = 3 + 2k ; λb = 3 + k ; λc =k
Sol 11: The equation of the given line is
 1 2a + b + c
r= 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ + λ(3iˆ + 4ˆj + 2k)
ˆ
 … (i) = 3 (a2 + b2 + c2 ) = 2(2a + b − c)2
2 2 2 2
The equation of the given plane is 6 a +b +c


( )
r. ˆi − ˆj + kˆ =5 … (ii)
3 + 2k 3 + k k
= =
a b c
Substituting the value of from equation (i) in equation 3a − 3b 3c 3c
(ii), we obtain. = =
2b − a b − c a − 2c
( )( )
2 ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ + λ 3 ˆi + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ  ˆi − ˆj + kˆ =5
  ⇒ a = 1, b = 2, c = –1 or a = –1 b = 1, c = –2
⇒ ( 3 λ + 2 ) ˆi + ( 4 λ − 1 ) ˆj ( 2 λ + 2 ) kˆ  . ( ˆi − ˆj + kˆ ) =5
 
⇒ ( 3 λ + 2 ) − ( 4λ − 1 ) + ( 2λ + 2 ) =5
⇒ λ =0
 M a them a ti cs | 27.53

Exercise 2 h − a −b −c
−a k − b −c = 0
Single Correct Choice Type −a −b l − c

Sol 1: (B) Direction cosines of PQ (2, 3, –6) (3, –4, 5)

(h − α ) (k − b)(l − c) − bc  + b  −al + ac − ac  – c [ab +
Ratios = 2 – 3, 3 + 4, –6 – 5 = –1, 7, –11 ak – ab] = 0
−1 7 −11 (h − α ) [kl − kc − bl ] −bal − cak =
0
Direction cosines = , ,
171 171 171
hk l − hkc − hbl − akl + akc + abl − bal − cak =
0
1 −7 11
or , , ayz + bzx + cxy =
xyz
171 171 171
2x − y + 2z + 3 (3x − 2y + 6z + 8)
m+3 4m + 1 −6m − 5 Sol 7: (A) = −
Sol 2: (A) α = , β= , γ= 3 7
m+1 m+1 m+1
p1p2 + q1q2 + r1r2 = 6 + 2 + 12 > 0
As α =0 ⇒ m = –3[A]
+ve → acute

Sol 3: (D) 3x + 2y + z + 5 = x + y – 2z – 3 23x – 13y + 32z + 45 = 0[C]

2x – y – λz = 7x + 10y – 8z are ⊥ to each other

x − 4 /3 y +6 /5 z −3/2
i j k Sol 8: (C) = = = λ
2 3 4
1. 3 2 1 = i(–5) – j (–6 –1) + k(3–2) = –5i + 7j + k
4 −6 3 
1 1 −2  + 2λ , + 3λ , + 4λ 
 3 5 2 
i j k 5 8 9 4 −6 3 
 , ,  =  + 5λ , + 8λ , + 9λ 
2. 2 −1 −λ = i (8 + 10λ ) –j (–16 + 7λ ) + k (+20 3 5 2 3 5 2 
7 +10 −8  +4 −6 3 
Both passes through  , , 
+ 7) –40 – 50 λ + 112 – 49 λ – 127 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1  3 5 2
Minimum distance is zero.

m 1 x y z
Sol 4: (A) Sol 9: (C) + =
(2,4,5) (a,b,g) (3,5,7) 2 β γ
3m + 2 −2 ⇒ α(b + c) + β(a + c) + γ(a + b) =
0
=α = 0 ⇒ m=
m+1 3
⇒ α(b − c) + β(c − a) + γ(a − b) = 0
1 ⇒ αb + βc + γa = 0 ; αc + βa + γb = 0
Sol 5: (B) cos α =
3 ⇒ α= a2 − bc
1 1 1 1 4
cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ = + + + = ⇒ β= b2 − ac
3 3 3 3 3
⇒ γ= c2 − ab
Sol 6: (A) α(x − a) + β(y − b) + γ(z − c) = 0 x γ z
⇒ = =
2 2 2
 βb + γc + αa  a − bc b − ac c − ab
A , 0, 0 
 α 
Assertion Reasoning Type
 αa + βb + γc αa + β b + γc αa + β b + γc 
(h,k, l ) =  , , 
 α β γ  Sol 10: (C) y + z + 1 = 0 [0, 1, 1]
(h – a) α = βb + γc x-axis [1, 0, 0]
(k – b) β = αa + γc sin θ =0
(l − c) γ = αa + βb R is wrong.
2 7 . 5 4 | 3D Geometr y

Previous Years’ Questions  Q lies on the plane 2x + y + z =9

⇒ 4r + 5 = 9 ⇒ r = 1
Sol 1: (D) Let the equation of plane be
2(x+ 2) + (r – 1) + (r + 2) = 9
a(x – 1) + b(y + 2) + c(z – 1) = 0 which is perpendicular
to 2x – 2y + z = 0 and ∴ Q(3,0,3)

x – y + 2z = 4. ∴ PQ = (3 − 2)2 + (0 + 1)2 + (3 − 2)2 = 3

⇒ 2a – 2b + c = 0 and a – b + 2c = 0
a b c a b c Sol 4: (D) Given planes are 3x – 6y – 2z = 15 and 2x +
⇒ = = ⇒ = = . y – 2z = 5 For z = 0, we get x = 3,
−3 −3 0 1 1 0
So, the equation of plane is y = –1

x −1 + y + 2 =0 or x + y + 1 =0 Direction ratios of planes are <3, –6, –2> and <2, 1, –2>
|1+ 2+1 | then the DR’s of line of intersection of planes is < 14, 2,
Its distance from the point (1, 2, 2) is = 2 2.
2 15> and line is
→ x −3 y +1 z −0
Sol 2: (A) Given OQ − (1 − 3µ ) ˆi + (µ − 1) ˆj + (5µ + 2)k,
ˆ = = = λ (say)
14 2 15
→
OP = 3 ˆi + 2 ˆj + 6kˆ (Where O is origin) ⇒ x = 14λ + 3, y = 2λ − 1, z = 15λ
Hence, statement I is false.
PQ
But statement II is true.
i-4j+3k
Sol 5: (D) Given three planes are
P1 : x − y + z =1 … (i)
x-4y+3z=1 
P2 : x + y − z =−1 … (ii)

→ 2
and P3 : x − 3y + 3z = … (iii)
Now, PQ= (1 − 3µ − 3)iˆ + (µ − 1 − 2) ˆj + (5µ + 2 − 6)kˆ
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have x = 0, z = 1 + y
= ( −2 − 3µ )iˆ + (µ + 3)ˆj + (5µ − 4)kˆ which does not satisfy Eq. (iii)
→
 PQ is parallel to the plane As, x − 3y + 3z =0 − 3y + 3(1 + y)= 3( ≠ 2)
x − 4y + 3z =
1 ∴ Statement-II is true.
∴ −2 − 3µ − 4µ + 12 + 15µ − 12 = 0 Next, since we know that direction ratio’s of line of
intersection of planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 =
0
1
⇒ 8µ = 2 ⇒ µ =
4 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 =
0 is
b1c2 − b2c1 ,c1a2 − a1c2 ,a1b2 − a2b1
1
Sol 3: (C) Since, = m= n=
2)

3 Using above result.

,
-1
2,

Direction ratio’s of lines L1, L2 and L3 are 0, 2, 2 ; 0;

P(

– 4, –4; 0, –2, –2
Q
2x+y+z=9 Respectively
⇒ All the three lines L1, L2, and L3 are parallel pairwise.
∴ Statement-I is false.
x−2 y +1 z−2
∴ Equation of line are = =
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 Sol 6: (B) The equation of given lines in vector form
may be written as
⇒ x −2 = y +1 = z −2 = r

∴ Any point on the line is Q ≡ (r + 2,r − 1,r + 2) L1 : r = ( −ˆi − 2ˆj − k)
ˆ + λ(3iˆ + ˆj + 2k)
ˆ
 M a them a ti cs | 27.55


r (2iˆ − 2ˆj + 3k)
and L2 : = ˆ + µ(iˆ + 2ˆj + 3k)
ˆ bx + cy = (b + c)z
Since, the vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2. ⇒ (b2 − ac)y = (b2 − ac)z ⇒ y = z
ˆi ˆj kˆ 0
⇒ ax + by + cy =
∴ 3 1 2 =−ˆi − 7ˆj + 5kˆ ⇒ ax = ay
1 2 3 ⇒ x = y = z.

∴ Required unit vector (C) a + b + c ≠ 0 and a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ ab + bc + ca

( −ˆi − 7ˆj + 5k)
ˆ 1 ⇒ ∆≠0
= = ( −ˆi − 7ˆj + 5k)
ˆ
2 2
( −1) + ( −7) + (5) 2 5 3 ⇒ The equation represent planes meeting at only one
point.
Sol 7: (D) The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is (D) a + b + c = 0 and a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca

((2 − ( −1)}iˆ + (2 − 2)ˆj + (3 − ( −1))k)

ˆ ⋅ ( −ˆi − 7ˆj + 5k)
ˆ ⇒ a= b= c= 0
5 3 ⇒ The equations represent whole of the three
dimensional space.
(3iˆ + 4k)
ˆ ⋅ ( −ˆi − 7ˆj + 5k)
ˆ 17
= unit.
5 3 5 3 Sol 10: (i) Equations of a plane passing through (2, 1, 0) is
a(x-2)+b(y-1)+c(z)=0
Sol 8: (C) The equation of the plane passing through
It also passes through (5, 0, 1) and (4, 1, 1)
the point (–1, –2, –1) and whose normal is perpendicular
to both the given lines L1 and L2 may be written as 3a – b + c = 0 and 2a + 0b + c = 0
(x + 1) + 7(y + 2) − 5(z + 1) =
0 a b c
On solving, we get = =
−1 −1 2
⇒ x + 7y − 5z + 10 =0
∴ Equation of plane is
1 + 7 − 5 + 10 13
= = units. −(x − 2) − (y − 1) + 2(z − 0) =0
1 + 49 + 25 75
⇒ −x + 2 − y + 1 + 2z =0

Match the Columns ⇒ x + y − 2z =3

(ii) Let the coordinate of Q (α , β, γ )
Sol 9: A → r; B → q; C → p; D → s
x − 2 y −1 z − 6
Equation of line=
PQ = =
1 1 −2
 α + 2 β +1 γ + 6
a b c Since, mid point of P and Q is  , , .
 2 2 2 
Let ∆ = b c a Which lies in a line P
c a b
α+2 β +1 γ+6
−2 −1 −6
1 ⇒ 2 = 2 = 2
=− (a + b + c)[(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 ]
2 1 1 −2

(A) If a + b + c ≠ 0 and a2 + b2 + c2 α+2  β +1  γ+6 

1 − 2 + 1 − 1 − 2 − 6
2  2  2
⇒ ∆ =0 and a= b= c ≠ 0 =    =2
1 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ 1 + ( −2)( −2)
The equations represent identical planes.
 α +2 β +1 γ +6 
(B) a + b + c =0 and a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ ab + bc + ca since,   + 1  − 2 =3
  2   2   2  
⇒ ∆ =0
⇒ α= 6, β= 5, γ = −2
⇒ the equations have infinitely many solutions.
⇒ Q(6, 5, –2)
ax + by =(a + b)z
 2 7 . 5 6 | 3D Geometr y

Sol 11: Let the equation of the plane ABCD be ax + by Sol 13: (C) Let P1 ( 3, 1, 7 )
+ cz + d = 0, the point A” be (α , β, γ ) and the height of
the parallelepiped ABCD be h. The imago of P’ given by

| aα + bβ + cγ + d | x −3 y −1 z − 7 2 (3 − 1 + 7 − 3)
⇒ = 90%h = = = −
1 −1 1 3 = −4
a2 + b2 + c2
⇒ P ( x, y, z ) ≡ ( −1, 5, 3)
⇒ aα + bβ + cγ + d = ± 0.9h a2 + b2 + c2
Any plane passing through P ( −1,5,3) and containing
2 2 2
∴ Locus is, ax + by + cz + d = ± 0.9h a + b + c x y z
line = =
1 2 1
∴ Locus of A” is a plane parallel to the plane ABCD.
x y z
Sol 12: (B, C, D) According to given data, we have −1 5 3 =
0
1 2 1
3 3 
P ( 3,0,0 ) ,Q ( 3,3,0 ) ,R ( 0,3,0 ) ,S  , ,3 
 2 2  x (5 − 6 ) − y ( −1 − 3) + z ( −2 − 5 ) =0
ˆ
OQ= 3i + 3 j ˆ
⇒ x − 4y + 72 =0
 3 3
OS = ˆi + ˆj + 3kˆ
2 2
Sol 14: (B, D) Any plane passes through point of
   
OQ .OS OQ OS cos φ
= intersection of plane P and P is x + z − 1 + λy = 0
1 2

Given:
9 9 3 3
+ = 9 2× ⇒ 9 9 3 cos φ
cos φ =
2 2 2 0 + 0 −1 + λ 1
= 1 ⇒ λ −1 = λ2 + 2 ⇒ λ = −
 1  2 2
1+1+ λ
⇒ φ =cos−1  
 3
⇒ P3 is 2x − y + 2z =2
The equation of plane containing ∆O QR is x − y =0
Now, distance of P3 from ( α , β, γ ) is 2.
The ⊥ distance of point (3, 0, 0) from the plane x − y =0
is given by 2α − β + 2γ − 2
⇒ 2
=
3−0 3 4 + 4 +1
= =
2 2 ⇒ 2α − β + 2γ = 8 and 2α − β + 2γ = −4
The equation of RS
−3 3 Sol 15: (A, B) Since all the points on L are at same
Direction ratios of RS < , , − 3 > or < 1, −1,2 >
2 2 distance from planes P1 and P2 implies that line L is
x y −3 z parallel to line of intersection of P1 and P2.
Equation of line RS = = = r
1 −1 2
Let direction ratio of line L be α , β, γ then
⇒ point on line (r,3 − r,2r ) α
= + 2β − γ 0 and 2=
α −β+ γ 0

r + ( 3 − r )( − 1 ) + 2 ( 2r ) =
0 ⇒ r − 3 + r + 4r =0 ⇒ α : β : γ ≡ 1 : −3 : −5
Eq .of line L passes through origin
1 1 5 
⇒ r = ⇒ point  , , 1  x−0 y −0 z−0
2 2 2  = = = r
1 −3 −5
Perpendicular distance Foot of perpendicular from origin to the plane
2 2 P1 ≡ x + 2y − z + 1 =0 can be obtained as
1 5 1 25 30 15
=   +   +1 = + = +1 =
2 2 4 4 4 2 x − 0 y − 0 z − 0 − ( 0 + 0 − 0 + 1 ) −1
= = = =
1 2 −1 1+ 4 +1 6
 M a them a ti cs | 27.57

 −1 −1 1  Direction ratio of line PQ joining feets of perpendicular

⇒ , ,   −7 5 
 6 3 6 are  1, , 
 2 2
Now equation of perpendicular from any point on L is
x y −1 z − 2
1 1 1 = =
Equation of PQ
x+ y+ z− 2 −7 5
6 = 3 = 6 = λ
1 −3 −5
Sol 18: (A, D) Given lines
 1 1 1
Any point on line  λ − , −3λ − , −5λ +  x −5 y − 0 z − 0
 6 3 6 L1 ≡ = =
0 3−α −2
 −5 −2   −1 −1 1  x−α y z
Point  0, ,  and  , ,  satisfy the line. L2 ≡ = =
 6 3   6 3 6 0 −1 2 − α

L1 and L2 will be co-planar, then

Sol 16: (C) Given: P ≡ ( λ , λ , λ )
x − 0 y − 0 z −1 0
0 3
3− −α α 2
2
L1 ≡ = = =m
1 1 0 0
0 − 1
−1 2 − α 2 − α = =0 0
x − 0 y − 0 z −1 5 −
5−α α 0
0 0
0
L2 ≡ = = =n
⇒ (5
(5 −− αα )) ((33 −− αα )()( 22 −− αα )) ++ 22 == 00
1 1 0
⇒
⇒ Q ≡ (m,m,1 )
⇒ (5
⇒ (5 −− αα )()( αα −− 11)()( αα −− 44 )) ==00
⇒ R ≡ (n, − n, −1 ) =1,
⇒α
⇒ α= 1, 4,5
4,5

PQ = ( λ − m) ˆi + ( λ − m) ˆj + ( λ − 1) kˆ
x −1 y z+3
 Sol 19: (A) L1 ≡ = = =r1
Since PQ is perpendicular to L1 2 −1 1
x−y y +3 z+3
⇒ λ − m + λ − m + 0 =0 ⇒ λ =m ⇒ Q ( λ , λ , 1 ) L2 ≡ = = = r2
1 1 2
Similarly,
= R ( 0,0, −1 ) For point of intersection of L1 and L2
Now, PQ ⊥ PR
PQ ⊥ PR 2r1 + 1 = r2 + 4 ⇒ 2r1 − r1 = 3  … (i)
⇒ ( λ − m) . ( λ − n) + ( λ − m) . ( λ + n) + ( λ − 1 ) . ( λ + 1 ) = 0 −r1 = r2 − 3  … (ii)
⇒ 0 + 0 + ( λ − 1 ) . ( λ + 1 ) =0 ⇒ λ = ±1 and r1 − 3 = 2r3 − 3  … (iii)

Negotiating λ =1 became points p and Q will coincide. =

Form (i), (ii), (iii), we get r1 2,=
r2 1
λ = −1
x+2 y −1 z The point of intersection (5, −2, −1 )
Sol 17: (D) Let any point P on the line = =
2 −1 3 Now, direction ratio of plane ⊥ to P1 and P2 given by
be ( 2γ − 2, − γ − 1, 3γ )
i j k
P lies on the plane x + y + 2 =3 3 5 −6
3 7 1 2
⇒ 2γ − 2 ( −γ − 1 ) + 3γ =3 ⇒ 4 γ =6 ⇒ γ =
2 = i(10 + 6 − j ( 6 + 42 ) + k ( 3 − 35 )
 −5 9 
P ≡  1, ,  = 16i − 48 j − 32k
 2 2
Any plane passes through (5, −2, −1) and having
Point ( −2, −1,0 ) lies on the line, the feet of perpendicular direction ratio of normal
Q is given by
16 ( x − 5 ) − 48 ( y + 2 ) − 32 ( z + 1 ) =
0
x + 2 y +1 z −0 ( −2 − 1 + 0 − 3)
1
=
1
=
1
= − ⇒ ( x − 5) − 3 ( y + 2) − 2 ( z + 1) =
0
12 + 12 + 12
⇒ Q ≡ ( 0,1,2 ) ⇒ x − 3y − 2z =
13
⇒a= 1,b =−3,c =−2 and d =13
 2 7 . 5 8 | 3D Geometr y

Sol 20: (A) Given: Q ( 2,3,5 ) R (1, −1, 4 ) x −1 y +1 z

Sol 22: (B, C) The lines = =
2 k 2
Direction ratio of line QR is (1, 4,1)
x +1 y +1 z
The eq. of QR and = =
5 2 k
x − 2 y −3 z −5 2 0 0
= = = r
1 4 1 are coplanar, then 2 k 2 = 0
Any point on it P (r + 2, 4r + 3, r + 5 ) 5 2 k
P lies on the plane 5x − 4y − z =
1

5 (r + 2 ) − 4 ( 4r + 3) − (r + 5 ) =
1
(
2 k2 − 4 = )
0 ⇒ k =±2

⇒ 5r + 10 − 16r − 12 − r − 5 =1 For k = 2 , the lines are

8 2 x −1 y +1 z x +1 y +1 z
⇒ r =− =− = = and = =
12 3 2 2 2 5 2 2
 4 1 13  Clearly plane y + 1 =contains
z both the lines
⇒P ≡ , , 
3 3 3 
For k = −2 , the lines are
2 2 2
4  1   13  x −1 y +1 z x +1 y +1 z
PT =  − 2  − 1 +  − 4  = = and = =
3  3   3  2 2 2 5 2 −2
Now, direction ration of PT is ( 2, 2, − 1 ) From options plane y + z + 1 =0 also contains both the
Angle between PT and QR lines.

1
1××22++4 4××2 +1
2+ 1× −1
×− 1 Sol 23: Let the direction ratio of plane containing both
cos
cos θ
θ==
1 the given lines are a, b, c then
1 + 16 + 1 4 + 4 + 1
+ 16 + 1 4 + 4 + 1
9
9 1
1 2a + 3b=
+ 4c 0 and 3a + 4b=
+ 5c 0
= =
= = T
3 2 × 3 2 a b c
3 2 ×3 2 ⇒ = =
⇒θ = 45
θ= 0 1 −1 2 −1
⇒ 450
1 Now, the equation of plane is
TS
= PS
= 1
TS PS
o
= = 45
2 a ( x − 2 ) + b ( y − 3) + c ( z − 4 ) =
P S
0
2  a ( x − 2 ) + b ( y − 3) + c ( z − 4 ) =
0
⇒ − ( x − 2 ) + 2 ( y − 3) − ( z − 4 ) =0
⇒ − ( x − 2 ) + 2 ( y − 3) − ( z − 4 ) =0
Sol 21: (A) Eq of plane ⇒ −x + 2 + 2y − 6 − z + 4 = 0
⇒ −x + 2 + 2y − 6 − z + 4 = 0
x + 2y + 3z − 2 + k ( x − y + z − 3 ) =0 ⇒ −x + 2y − z =0
⇒ −x + 2y − z =0
⇒ x (1 + k ) + y ( 2 − k ) + z ( 3 + k ) − 2 − 3k =
0 ⇒ x − 2y + z = 0
⇒ x − 2y + z = 0
2 Distance between planes
Distend from point ( 3,1, −1 ) is
3
d−0
3 (1 + k ) + 1 ( 2 − k ) − 1 ( 3 + k ) − ( 2 + 3k ) = 6 ⇒ |d| =6
1+ 4 +1
(1 + k ) + ( 2 − k ) + ( 3 + k )
2 2 2
⇒ d = 6
Sol 24: (A) Distance of point p (1, −2,1 )
−7 2
On solving, we get=k =
3 3 From plane x + 2y − 2z =
α is 5, then

Eq. of plane is 5x − 11y + z =

17 1 + 2x − 2 − 2 × 1 − α
=5
1+4+4
−5 − α =5
⇒ α =10
 M a them a ti cs | 27.59

For foot of perpendicular is M, then

x −1 y + 2 z −1
= = = λ
1 2 −2
M ≡ ( λ + 1, 2λ − 2, − 2λ + 1 ) lies on plane

⇒ λ + 1 + 2 ( 2λ − 2 ) − 2 ( 2λ + 1) − 10 =0
⇒ λ + 1 + 4λ − 4 + 4λ − 2 − 10 =0
⇒ 9λ =15
5  8 4 −7 
⇒=
λ ⇒ Q , , 
3 3 3 3 

 
Sol 25: (B) Angle between AB and AD
B C
M

A D

cos θ
( 2i + 10 j + 11k ) . ( −i + 2 j + 2k ) =
40 8
=
4 + 100 + 121 1 + 4 + 4 15 × 3 9

π 8 8  17 
⇒ α= − cos− 1  = sin−1  = cos−1  
2 9 9  9 
 
 17 
⇒ cos α = 
 9 
 