Project Report
Project Report
AJMER
PROJECT REPORT
ON
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the efforts of our team, the success of any project depends largely on
the encouragement and guidelines of many others. We take this opportunity to
express our gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this project. The guidance and support received from all the
members who contributed and who are contributing to this project, was vital for
the success of the project.
We would like to show our greatest appreciation to Mr. Srinivas Yelisetti. We
can’t say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. We feel
motivated and encouraged every time we attend his meeting. Without his
encouragement and guidance this project would not have materialized. We are
grateful for his constant support and help.
I would also like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our HOD (Mr.
Pushpendra Singh)who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic (Write the topic name), which also helped me in doing a lot
of Research and we came to know about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly we would also like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a
lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
Garima Sharma(16EE14)
Neha(16EE29)
Deepika Sharma(16EE08)
Jyoti Chauhan(16EE18)
Anudeep Mahawar(16EE03)
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CONTENTS
Chapter 2 8
2.1 Construction of CRO 8
Chapter 3 11
3.1 Working of CRO 11
Chapter 4 13
4.1 Problem with CRO 13
4.2 Solution 13
Chapter 5 15
5.1 Smart CRO Probe Circuit 15
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FIGURE INDEX
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ABSTRACT
Generally, in a repair station, a CRO is used for a very short time. But in most
cases, the user fails to switch off the CRO immediately after use. The service
engineer mostly concentrates on faults rather than noticing whether the CRO is
on or off. This results in wastage of power, reduction in CRO lifetime and leads
to phosphorus burn in the cathode ray tube (CRT) due to electrons hitting the
screen on the same spot for a very long time, which again leads to reduction of
CRT lifetime.
Here is a simple, low-cost, energy-saving and device-saving circuit for an
electronics lab, service centre, electronics workshop, or wherever a CRO is in
use. A vibration sensor attached to a smart CRO probe senses motion when you
pick up the probe and turns on the CRO. It turns the CRO off when the probe is
idle for a specified amount of time.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is CRO?
Definition: The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a type of electrical
instrument which is used for showing the measurement and analysis of
waveforms and other electronic and electrical phenomenon. It is a very fast X-Y
plotter shows the input signal versus another signal or versus time. The CROs
are used to analyse the waveforms, transient, phenomena, and other
time-varying quantities from a very low-frequency range to the radio
frequencies.
The CRO is mainly operated on voltages. Thus, the other physical quantity like
current, strain, acceleration, pressure, are converted into the voltage with the
help of the transducer and thus represent on a CRO. It is also used for knowing
the waveforms, transient phenomenon, and other time-varying quantity from a
very low-frequency range to the radio frequencies.
The horizontal voltage moves the luminous spot periodically in a horizontal
direction from left to right over the display area or screen. The vertical voltage
is the voltage under investigation. The vertical voltage moves the luminous spot
up and down on the screen. When the input voltage moves very fast on the
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screen, the display on the screen appears stationary. Thus, CRO provides a
means of visualising time-varying voltage.
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CHAPTER 2
The cathode ray tube is the vacuum tube which converts the electrical signal
into the visual signal. The cathode ray tube mainly consists of the electron gun
and the electrostatic deflection plates (vertical and horizontal).The electron gun
produces a focused beam of the electron which is accelerated to high frequency.
The vertical deflection plate moves the beams up and down and the horizontal
beam moved the electrons beams left to right. These movements are
independent to each other and hence the beam may be positioned anywhere on
the screen.
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2. Electronic Gun Assembly
The electron gun emits the electrons and forms them into a beam. The electron
gun mainly consists of a heater, cathode, a grid, a pre-accelerating anode, a
focusing anode and an accelerating anode. For gaining the high emission of
electrons at the moderate temperature, the layers of barium and strontium is
deposited on the end of the cathode.
After the emission of an electron from the cathode grid, it passes through the
control grid. The control grid is usually a nickel cylinder with a centrally
located coaxial with the CRT axis. It controls the intensity of the emitted
electron from the cathode.
The electron while passing through the control grid is accelerated by a high
positive potential which is applied to the pre-accelerating or accelerating nodes.
The electron beam is focused on focusing electrodes and then passes through
the vertical and horizontal deflection plates and then goes on to the fluorescent
lamp. The pre-accelerating and accelerating anode are connected to 1500v, and
the focusing electrode is connected to 500 v. There are two methods of focusing
on the electron beam. These methods are
● Electrostatic focusing
● Electromagnetic focusing.
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3. Deflecting Plate
The front of the CRT is called the face plate. It is flat for screen sized up to
about 100mm×100mm. The screen of the CRT is slightly curved for larger
displays. The face plate is formed by pressing molten glass into a mould and
then annealing it.
The inside surface of the faceplate is coated with phosphor crystal. The
phosphor converts electrical energy into light energy. When an electronics beam
strike phosphor crystal, it raises their energy level and hence light is emitted
during phosphorous crystallisation. This phenomenon is called fluorescence.
5. Glass Envelope
It is a highly evacuated conical shape structure. The inner surface of the CRT
between the neck and the screen is coated with the aquadag. The aquadag is a
conducting material and act as a high-voltage electrode. The coating surface is
electrically connected to the accelerating anode and hence help the electron to
be the focus.
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CHAPTER 3
When the electron is injected through the electron gun, it passes through the
control grid. The control grid controls the intensity of electron in the vacuum
tube. If the control grid has high negative potential, then it allows only a few
electrons to pass through it. Thus, the dim spot is produced on the lightning
screen. If the negative potential on the control grid is low, then the bright spot is
produced. Hence the intensity of light depends on the negative potential of the
control grid.
Fig. 1
After moving the control grid the electron beam passing through the focusing
and accelerating anodes. The accelerating anodes are at a high positive potential
and hence they converge the beam at a point on the screen.
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After moving from the accelerating anode, the beam comes under the effect of
the deflecting plates. When the deflecting plate is at zero potential, the beam
produces a spot at the centre.If the voltage is applied to the vertical deflecting
plate, the electron beam focuses at the upward and when the voltage is applied
horizontally the spot of light will be deflected horizontally.
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CHAPTER 4
Generally, in a repair station, a CRO is used for a very short time. But in most
cases, the user fails to switch off the CRO immediately after use. The service
engineer mostly concentrates on faults rather than noticing whether the CRO is
on or off. This results in wastage of power, reduction in CRO lifetime and leads
to phosphorus burn in the cathode ray tube (CRT) due to electrons hitting the
screen on the same spot for a very long time, which again leads to reduction of
CRT lifetime.
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The block diagram of the vibration activated smart CRO probe is shown in Fig.
3. A vibration sensor xed on the CRO probe senses the vibrations picked up by
the probe. This vibration signal is sensed, stored in a capacitor, compared with a
reference voltage and fed to the relay driver to switch on the CRO. An
additional circuitry is provided to switch off the CRO and give an audio
acknowledgement in the form of a beeping sound.
The circuit diagram of the vibration activated smart CRO probe is shown in Fig.
4. It is built around bridge rectifier DB107 (BR1), vibration sensor HDX-2NC
connected across connector CON2, quad comparator LM324 (IC1), 1N4148 and
1N4007 diodes (D1 and D2), relay driver transistor BC547 (T1), 12V
single-changeover relay (RL1) and a few other components.
Fig. 3
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CHAPTER 5
5.1 Smart CRO probe circuit
As shown in Fig. 5, the circuit is built around IC LM324, which is a low-cost,
quad operational amplifier (with four op-amps). Op-amps in this circuit are
configured in comparator and inverted-buer modes.
Here, HDX-2NC, a normally-closed vibration sensor is used. A vibration sensor
is a small two terminal component connected across connector CON2 in series
with resistor R1. Point A in the circuit is connected to pin 3 of IC1, which is its
non-inverting terminal. Under normal conditions, point A is connected to
ground via sensor HDX-2NC. During vibration, its contact opens for a very
small amount of time.
Op-amp A1 acts as an input comparator. Resistors R2 and R3 act as potential
dividers and produce around 1.2V at point B in the circuit. When there is
vibration, 12V is produced at the non-inverting terminal of op-amp A1, which is
greater than 1.2V at its inverting terminal. As a result, around 12V is produced
at the output of A1. This is indicated by the glowing of vibration-sense indicator
LED1.
The 12V produced at output of A1 charges capacitor C2 via diode D1. D1
allows the flow of current in only one direction, that is, from op-amp A1 to
capacitor C2. Whenever there is a vibration, C2 charges to the maximum
voltage and slowly discharges through resistor R9.
Maximum discharge time of C2 is around 30 minutes. Potmeter VR1 is used to
set delay. Opamp A2 is configured as a comparator, which compares the
capacitor voltage against the set potmeter voltage. When C2 discharges, voltage
decreases at the non-inverting terminal of A2. When voltage at C2 (pin 5 of A2)
decreases beyond the set voltage (at pin 6 of A2), output of A2 at its pin 7 goes
low. Output of A2 is connected to relay driver transistor T1.
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When A2 output is high, relay RL1 energises and the CRO gets AC mains
power supply via relay contacts to operate it. At the same time, the CRO-on
indicator LED2 glows.
The ‘On’ time of the CRO can be set as per requirement using VR1. With a
small voltage set via VR1 at inverting terminal pin 6 of A2, greater will be the
delay. Similarly, with more voltage set, smaller will be the delay.
An extra op-amp (A3) is used to provide acknowledgment to the user that the
CRO has switched off after some idle time. For this, A3 is used in
inverting-buffer mode. When output of A2 is high, output of A3 will be low,
and vice versa.
Fig.4
When the CRO is off, output of A3 will be high. Due to this, the buzzer gets
activated and produces a beep sound whose loudness gradually decreases within
a short time. This happens because C3 initially acts as a short circuit and
charges to +12V and blocks further current passing through the buzzer.
Increasing C3 value makes the buzzer beep longer. This acknowledgement is
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like a communication between the user and the circuit. LED3 also ashes when
the beeping sound is produced.
Auto and manual modes are provided by mode switch S1. When S1 is open, the
circuit is in auto mode. With S1 closed, the circuit is in manual mode and
bypasses the relay.
Fig.5
Construction and testing
After assembling the circuit on the PCB, enclose it in a suitable box. Connect
230V AC input across CON1 and CON3. Connect the CRO across CON4.
Fix the vibration sensor on top of the CRO probe as shown in Fig. 2(c). Use a
highly-flexible and lightweight wire (like an earphone wire) to connect the
sensor. Connect AC mains supply’s live wire L and neutral N across CON3.
Potmeter VR1 is calibrated in terms of time. 10.45V is the maximum C2
charging voltage when sensor is subjected to vibration. During calibration mark
the minimum (one minute) and maximum (25 minutes) delays. Proposed
front-panel dial is shown in Fig.7. Provide proper insulation between AC and
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DC voltages. Ensure all test points have voltages as per the table before using
the circuit. Main DC voltage at TP1 is unregulated.
Fig.6
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Reference
1.https://www.elprocus.com/cro-cathode-ray-oscilloscope-
working-and-application/
2.https://www.elprocus.com/cro-cathode-ray-oscilloscope-
working-and-application/
3.https://electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/hardwar
e-diy/vibration-activated-smart-cro-probe
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