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This document provides a review of concepts for a CHEM 26.1 final exam, including: 1) Different reactions that occur during acid-base titrations of mixtures containing NaOH, Na2CO3, and NaHCO3, and how to determine the species present based on the phenolphthalein and methyl orange endpoints. 2) A sample problem calculating the percentage composition of species in a soda ash sample based on its titration curve. 3) Definitions of common ion effect and buffers, and how to calculate the pH of a buffer solution based on the moles of acid and base components and any added acid or base.

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60 views

J

This document provides a review of concepts for a CHEM 26.1 final exam, including: 1) Different reactions that occur during acid-base titrations of mixtures containing NaOH, Na2CO3, and NaHCO3, and how to determine the species present based on the phenolphthalein and methyl orange endpoints. 2) A sample problem calculating the percentage composition of species in a soda ash sample based on its titration curve. 3) Definitions of common ion effect and buffers, and how to calculate the pH of a buffer solution based on the moles of acid and base components and any added acid or base.

Uploaded by

Loey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEM 26.

1 FINAL EXAM REVIEW


 Consider a mixture of NaOH and NaHCO3
Soda Ash Experiment NaOH + NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O this
reaction will take place that is why a mixture of
 Consider a mixture of NaOH and Na2CO3: NaOH and NaHCO3 is incompatible.
Na2CO3 reaction with HCl takes place in two steps
(1) HCl + Na2CO3  NaHCO3 Substance Relation for Millimoles of substance present
(2) HCl + NaHCO3  NaCl + CO2 + H2O qualitative
NaOH reaction with HCl takes place in a single identification
step NaOH VMO = 0 MHCl x VPhen
(3) HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O Na2CO3 Vphen = VMO MHCl x VPhen or MHCl x VMO
(titration curve will have a total of three breaks) NaHCO3 VPhen = 0 MHCl x VMO
Phenolphthalein endpoint is reached once reactions NaOH + VPhen > VMO NaOH: MHCl x (Vphen – VMO)
number 1 and number are completed. While the Na2CO3 Na2CO3: MHCl x VMO
end of reaction number is indicated by the methyl NaHCO3 + VPhen < VMO NaHCO3: MHCl x (VMO – Vphen)
orange. (Vphenolphthalein > VMO) Na2CO3 Na2CO3: MHCl x Vphen

 Consider a mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3


Na2CO3 reaction with HCl Sample Problem:
(4) HCl + Na2CO3  NaHCO3 A soda ash sample was analyzed by dissolving 10.00g of
(5) HCl + NaHCO3  NaCl + CO2 + H2O the sample in 250.0 ml of water. Two separate 25.00 ml
NaHCO3 reaction with HCl aliquot were titrated. With one portion, an endpoint with
(6) HCl + NaHCO3  NaCl + CO2 + H2O phenolphthalein is obtained in cold solution with 44.52 ml
(The titration curve here will have a total of two of 0.500 N HCl. The other 25 ml aliquot with methyl orange
breaks) as indicator required 46.53 ml of the acid to reach the
Phenolphthalein endpoint is reached once reaction endpoint. Calculate the percentage composition of the
number 4 is completed original sample.
while the methyl orange endpoint is reached when
reactions number 5 and 6 are completed (Vphenolphthalei Solution:
< VMO) 1st step determine the Vphen and VMO relationship.
Vphen = 44.52 ml
 Consider a soda ash sample containing NaOH only VMO is not actually equal to 46.53 ml. To solve for the
NaOH reaction with HCl takes place in a single actual VMO:
step VMO = V used to directly reach the methyl orange endpoint -
(7) HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O VPhen
(titration curve will only have one break) = 46.53 ml – 44.52 ml
Phenolphthalein endpoint is reached once reaction = 2.01 ml
number 7 is completed. There is no need for the
methyl orange. ( VMO = 0) Therefore the relationship of VMO and VPhen; VPhen > VMO

 Consider a soda ash sample containing Na2CO3 Based on the volume relationship the sample is therefore
only made up of NaOH and Na2CO3.
Na2CO3 reaction with HCl
(8) HCl + Na2CO3  NaHCO3 Moles Na2CO3 = MHCl x VMO
(9) HCl + NaHCO3  NaCl + CO2 + H2O = (0.500) x (2.01 ml/1000)
(titration curve will also have two breaks) = 0.001005mol
Phenolphthalein endpoint is reached once reaction
number 8 is completed while the methyl orange Moles NaOH = MHC x (Vphen – VMO)
endpoint is reached once reaction number 9 is = (0.500) x [(44.52 ml – 2.01 ml)/1000]
completed (VPhenolphthalein = VMO) = (0.500) x (0.04251)
= 0.021255
 Consider a soda ash sample containing NaHCO3
only % Na2CO3 = [(0.001005 mol x 106 g/mol) x (250 ml/25 ml)] /
NaHCO3 reaction with HCl (10 g)
(10) HCl + NaHCO3  NaCl + CO2 + H2O = [(1.0653 g) /(10 g)] x 100%
(titration curve or pH curve will only have one = 10.653 %
break)
There is no need for phenolphthalein. Methyl % NaOH = [(0.021255 mol x 40 g/mol) x (250 ml/25 ml)] / (10g)
Orange endpoint is reached once reaction number = [(8.502g) / (10g)] x 100%
10 is completed (VPhenolphthalein = 0) = 85.02 %
* To calculate the pH of a buffer solution:
pH = pKa + log([base component]/[acid component]) or
Common Ion Effect and Buffers pH = pKa + log(moles of base component/moles of acid
component)
* Common-ion effect is an application of the Le Chatelier’s
principle If an acid was added to the buffer solution:
* a salt is generally less soluble in s solution containing an pH = pKa + log [(moles of base– moles of acid added)/
ion which is the same as one of the constituent ions of the (moles of acid + moles of acid added)]
salt. This is known as the common-ion effect
* a buffer solution is one which resists drastic changes in pH If base was added to the buffer solution:
when small quantities of of acid or base is added pH = pKa + log [(moles of base+ moles of base added)/
* Effectivity of a buffer: pH = pKa (moles of acid - moles of base added)]
* The capacity of a buffer increases when the concentration
of the acid and base component of the buffer is increased * Maximum buffering capacity: pH = pKa +/- 1
* dilution does not affect the pH of the buffer

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