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EAPP Lecture Visuals

The document compares four research instruments: questionnaires, interviews, observation, and experiments. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each: - Questionnaires are least expensive and time-consuming but do not allow for clarification. - Interviews have a high response rate and allow for probing but are time-consuming and expensive. - Observation provides direct access but has no control over situations. - Experiments provide control over variables but may result in artificial situations.

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Joshua Casem
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2K views

EAPP Lecture Visuals

The document compares four research instruments: questionnaires, interviews, observation, and experiments. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each: - Questionnaires are least expensive and time-consuming but do not allow for clarification. - Interviews have a high response rate and allow for probing but are time-consuming and expensive. - Observation provides direct access but has no control over situations. - Experiments provide control over variables but may result in artificial situations.

Uploaded by

Joshua Casem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instrument Advantages Disadvantages

Questionnaire  Least expensive  Does not generally provide


 Least time consuming opportunity for respondents
 Flexible in terms of to clarify questions/items
administration  Requires participants to read
 May generate more and write
consistent responses
 Easier to analyze data
 Involves more number of
participants
Interview  High response rate  Time consuming
 Allows probing  Expensive
 Can clarify items to be asked  Difficult to analyze
 Does not require participants  Requires transcription
read and write lengthily
 Can address complex
questions
Observation  Provides direct access to a  Provides no control for
phenomenon situation
 Applicable to a wide range of  May be biased
contexts  Does not provide data for a
 Complements other more stable conclusion
instruments  Time consuming
 May influence data because
of observer’s effects
Experiment  Provides control of situation  May result in an artificial
and variables situation
 Establishes cause and effect  Prone to experimenter’s
 Can be replicated effects
 Yields quantitative data that
can be statistically analyzed

PREPARING AND INTERPRETING TABLES, GRAPHS AND FIGURES

Visuals/Graphics are classified into 6 groups:


1. Graphs
2. Tables
3. Diagrams
4. Charts
5. Visual images
6. Maps

CHARTS

A chart is a graphical representation of data using symbols that are usually boxes, lines and arrows.
Its general purpose is to show ranks, levels, procedures and classifications.
Strategies in Reading a Chart

1. Study each step or grouping in the chart.


2. Pay attention to the arrows or lines that indicate the flow, relationship, steps and sequence.
3. To ensure you understood the chart, summarize each step or component in your own words
and make your own chart in your mind.
4. Compare your mental chart to the description in the text to check how accurate you are.

The two common charts are the organizational chart and the flow chart.

An organizational chart presents rankings, classifications, and levels of ideas.

Strategies in Preparing an Organizational Chart

1. Use varied shapes carefully. Rectangles are usually for all positions.
2. Connect the boxes with solid lines to chow direct reporting of relationships and dotted lines to
show indirect or staff relationship.
3. You may design the chart creatively but avoid making it too distracting or complicated.

A flow chart illustrates a process or direction of steps.

Strategies in Preparing a Flow Chart

1. Present only a capsule version of the whole process.


2. Limit the number of shapes to avoid confusion. Note that each shape has a corresponding
meaning. Some of the most basic shapes include:
 Rectangle-used to refer to an event which is part of the process; it is usually used for
steps or actions taken.
 Diamond-used to show a decision point in the process; generally, the text inside the
diamond requires a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response. From here, the flowchart will the branch to
different parts for a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response.
 Rounded Box-used to represent an event which occurs automatically; it is usually used
to denote the start and the end of the whole process.
3. Provide a legend when necessary.
4. Sequence the data from left to right or top to bottom.
5. You can be creative in designing the flowchart but do not make it too complicated and
distracting.

TABLES

A table is useful I displaying numbers in columns. It condenses and classifies information to make
comparisons between and among data and helps the readers grasp relationships that might be
invisible in prose.

It contains at least two columns with headings on the sides and at the top of the columns to indicate
what the table represents. The heading on the top is called a boxhead while the heading on the far
left column is called a stub.
Strategies in Reading a Table

1. Read the title of the table.


2. Check whether the information is updated or obsolete.
3. Check the source of the information.
4. Study the headings and their relationships.
5. Read the details with the headings in mind.
6. Compare and contrast the different columns.

Strategies in Preparing a Table

1. Informal or simple tables need not have table numbers and titles since they function as an
extension of the text. They should not be included also in the list of illustrations. However,
there require a column heading.
2. Formal tables, which contain complex data, should contain titles, table numbers and detailed
headings. They are separated from the text and are included in the list of illustrations.
3. Use plenty of white space within and around the text.
4. Use concise and clear headings doe all the columns and rows.
5. Use abbreviations and symbols when necessary. However, special symbol and abbreviations
must be clarified in a legend or footnote.
6. Write the source of the table when necessary.
7. Use uppercase and lowercase instead of full caps.

GRAPHS

A graph is a graphical representation of data using bars for bar graphs, line for line graphs, circles for
pie graphs, and pictures for pictographs. Each type of graph has a specific function and purpose.

Bar Graph

A bar graph uses vertical and horizontal bars that compare amounts or quantities.

Strategies in Reading a Bar Graph

1. Read the title, caption and source note


2. Determine the purpose of the graph.
3. Look at the dates mentioned, if there are any.
4. Identify what is being compared.
5. If the date changes over time, determine the time span and the amount of change.
6. If products, services, and other items are being compared look carefully at their names.
Strategies in Preparing a Bar graph

1. Limit the number of bars. Too many bars may create confusion and complicate the data.
2. Show comparisons clearly.
3. Keep the bar widths consistent
4. It is ideal to use spaces between bars. However, if comparisons are too close or too many,
spaces between bars may be deleted.
5. Arrange the bars based on sequence (by year to show trends) or by ascending/descending
order (to show direct comparison)
6. Use legends as much as possible.
Line graph

A line graph shows trends and changes in data. Usually, the bottom grid scale represents time.

Strategies in reading line Graphs

1. Read the title, caption and source note.


2. Determine the purpose of the graph.
3. Read the horizontal axis.
4. Determine the kind of time intervals
5. Read the vertical axis and identify what is being measured
6. Trace the jagged line that connects each point and determine the changes over time.

Strategies in Preparing a Line Graph

1. Plot the data very carefully.


2. Use different line colors for line graphs using multiple lines
3. Make the chart lines thicker than the axis lines.
4. Do not put the numbers on the line graph itself.

Circle Graph

A circle graph (pie graph), which uses pie-shaped sections, shows the relationship of the parts to
the whole in percentage and proportions.

Strategies in Reading a Circle Graph

1. Read the title and the captions carefully.


2. Note the number and labels of pie sections of the graph
3. Check if there is any ‘legends’ section and study it
4. Identify the shares, quantity, and percentage of each section. Identify which sections have the
smallest and largest percentages

Strategies in Preparing a Circle Graph

1. Use no more than seven divisions.


2. Move clockwise from 12:00. Star with the largest wedge going to the smallest. However,
“others” or miscellaneous items must be placed last no matter how large they cover.
3. Use the circle graph for percentages and money especially when the items they represent are
divisible by 100.
4. Make the circle graph as simple as possible.
5. Label each component.

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