EE2092: Laboratory Practice III

Transmission Line 2
Laboratory practice V

Instructed by: - Mr. T.Selvamoorthi Name: - Bandara A.G.N

Index NO: - 090041G

Group :- G2

Department :- Electrical Engineering

Date of per.:- 12/11/2010

Date of Sub.:- 26/11/2010

 Calculations
From the Line Data
Transmission line data

Frequency = 50 Hz Length (L) = 75 Km

r = 0.316 l = 2 mH

c = 0.26 μFKm-1 g = 0.0

Load = 50 MW Line voltage = 132 KV

Propagation constant
ω=2 πf =2 π ×50=314.159

γ = √ ( r + jωl ) ( g+ jωc )= √( 0.316+ 0.6283 j ) ( 8.168 × 10−5 j )= √ 5.744 × 10−5 ∠153.3 0=7.57 ×10−3 ∠76.65

Characteristic impedance

r + jωl 0.316+0.6283 j
Z 0=
√ g+ jωc √
= −5
8.168 ×10 j
=√ 8610.3 ∠−26.690=92.79∠−13.3450

Finding A, B, C, D

E s=Er cosh ( γL )+ I r Z0 sinh ( γL )= A Er + B I r

1
I s=I r cosh ( γL ) + Er sinh ( γL )=C Er + D I r
Z0

cosh ( γL ) =¿ 0.861∠ 0.459 ¿

sinh ( γL )=¿ 0.541 ∠78.06¿

A=0.861∠0.459

B=50.119 ∠64.715Ω

C=5.830 ×10−3 ∠ 91.405 S

D=0.861∠ 0.459

From Observations
In open circuit test

P=VI cos θ

29
θ=cos−1 =79.210
62× 2.5

Vs
Z oc=
Is |
I r =0
 62× 1000∠ 79.21
¿ =124 ∠−79.21
2.5× 200

In short circuit test

P=VI cos θ

4
θ=cos−1 =70.520
15× 0.8

Vs
Z sc=
Is |
V r =0

15× 1000∠ 70.52

¿ =93.75 ∠70.52
0.8 ×200
A B
Z oc−Z sc = −
C D

AD−BC 1 Z
¿ = = oc
CD A AD
D
Z oc

Z oc Z oc
A . A=
Z oc −Z sc
∴ A=
√
Z oc−Z sc

124 ∠−79.21
A=
√ 124 ∠−79.21−93.75 ∠70.52
=√ 0.589∠ 12.98=0.7674 ∠6.49

By the Symmetry of the circuit

A=D

∴ D=0.7674 ∠ 6.49

Short circuit

Vs B
Z sc=
Is |
V r =0
=
D

B=Z sc × D=( 93.75 ∠ 70.52 )( 0.7674 ∠ 6.49 )=71.94 ∠77.01

Open circuit

Vs A
Z oc=
Is |
I r =0
=
C

A 0.7674 ∠6.49
C= = =6.188× 10−3 ∠ 85.7
Z oc 124 ∠−79.21

Theoretical Practical

A 0.861 ∠0.459 0.7674 ∠ 6.49

B 50.119 ∠64.715Ω 71.94 ∠77.01
C 5.830 ×10−3 ∠ 91.405 S 6.188 ×10−3 ∠ 85.7
 D 0.861 ∠0.459 0. 7674 ∠ 6.49

Receiving end circle diagram for the Resistive Load

A=0.7674∠6.49°
B=71.94 ∠77.01°
Vr=76∠0°
Vs=|Vs|∠θ
α =6.490 β=77.010

β−α= 77.01- 6.49= 70.23°

2
|Vr||Vs| | A||V r| |Pr|
|Vr| |Vs| |Ir| |B| |Vr||Ir| |B|
|Pr|
ϕ=Cos−1 [ ]
|Vr|⋅|Ir|

76V 64V 0.15A 67.61 11.4V 61.61V 12W #INVALID#

76V 65V 0.21A 68.66 15.96V 61.61V 16W #INVALID#

76V 66V 0.27A 69.72 20.52V 61.61V 21W #INVALID#

76V 67V 0.5A 70.78 38V 61.61V 39W #INVALID#

76V 68V 0.58A 71.83 44.08V 61.61V 44W 3.45

76V 69V 0.75A 72.89 57V 61.61V 58W #INVALID#

Receiving end circle diagram of the Inductive Load

|Vr||Vs| | A||V r|2 |Pr|

|Vr| |Vs| |Ir| |B| |Vr||Ir| |B|
|Pr|
ϕ=Cos−1 [ ]
|Vr|⋅|Ir|

0.79 26W 64.34

76V 72V A 76.06 60.04 61.61V

0.85 27W 65.29

76V 73V A 77.11 64.6 61.61V

76V 74V 0.9A 78.17 68.4 61.61V 28W 65.83

76V 75V 1.05 79.23 79.8 61.61V 29W 68.69

 A

1.15 30W 69.92

76V 76V A 80.28 87.4 61.61V

1.25 31W 70.95

76V 77V A 81.34 95 61.61V

Results from graphs

Nearly Resistive load

Pr Vs from practical Vs from graph

44W 68V 80V

Nearly Inductive load

Pr Vs from practical Vs from graph

26W 72V 115V
27W 73V 120V
28W 74V 123V
29W 75V 133V
30W 76V 141V
31W 77V 148V

Variations
 Resistive load
70

69

68

67

66

65

64

63

62

61
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Vs Practical
160
Inductive load

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

Vs from practical Vs from graph

Discussion
 Reason for the change of theoretical and practical values
i. Human errors can be occurred when taking the readings.

ii. Random errors cause approximations to the readings and it is a error.

iii. The supply is not stable during the practical voltage, current, and the frequency can be
changed.

iv. Errors of apparatus cause problems meters might not be accurate .There can be a
faulty components.

v. Internal resistance of the inductors, Capacitors and the resistance of the wires have
not taken to account.

vi. When the temperature rises the resistance increases that cause problems

vii. External electromagnetic interferences will change the values of the meters.

viii. There is a possibility to change the values of the components from mentioned values.

Reasons for the difference between theoretical and Observed Values

i. The model does not represent the exact transmission line it has some assumptions
and limitations
ii. When the plotting a small change can cause a big error, It is also scaled so the error
is high.
iii. Components may not have marked value exactly
iv. The system can be vary due to internal and external interferences
v. Heat changes the values of A, B, C, D parameters because of the change of the
resistance.

Usage of power circle diagrams

Maximum power of the sending end and receiving end can be found

The power loss can be represented and calculated

Power factor at the sending-end and at the receiving-end at given operating conditions can
be obtained

Important in voltage regulation because the power can be represented as diagrams.

References:-

http://books.google.lk/books?
id=xgSXRWvVwaEC&pg=PA52&dq=usage+of+power+circle+diagrams&hl=en&ei=0W
jyTJreHNmN4gbYl8XgAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6
AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.lk/books?id=f5MpfjEeUqkC&pg=SA4-
PA57&dq=power+circle+diagrams&hl=en&ei=EW_yTJ2tBoP-