EXERCISE 21 | Textbook pages 44 and 45 and the type of the following 1 -3 | ~3 9 Lz @ (7 3] L23 @(ooe] fois 003 Solution = (a) There are 2 rows and 3 columns v. order=2 x3 It is a rectangular matrix. (b) There are 4 rows and 1 column -. order=4 x1 It is a column matrix. (©) There are 2 rows and 2 columns . order =2 x2 It is a square matrix. Since diagonal elements are 1 and non-diagonal elements are 0. Hence, it is also an identity (unit) matrix. (d) There are 2 rows and 2 columns order =2.«2 It is a square matrix. () There are 2 rows and 3 columns . order=2x3 Since all the elements are zero, it is a zero matrix. () There are 3 rows and 3 columns +, order =3 x3 It is a square matrix. Since all the elements below the diagonal are zero, it is also an upper triangular matrix.ii) Write the elements 441,431, dy, @24and a2, (which ever exists) for the following matrices : (033) = [2829 o59 =—E3s25 100 a & @]090 @ [32] oos pars a ob bed A | * ye rgh| | « a mnatk e & Solution : 123 (@) Let A= a The elements are as follows : 44, = 1,423 =9, 033, 433 and a3, do not exist. (b) Let A= The elements are as follows : yy =1, 434 =5, 23 =2, yy, yg do not exist. 100 ( Let A=|0 90 005 The elements are as follows : 132 =0, @33 =5, @, =0, dz, does not exist, is (a) LetA=| =| ‘The elements are as follows : 4, =1, 454, 53, 24 and a5 do not exist. pars Ora | See The elements are as follows + 211 =P, Aa = er sy = 8 2g = and a5 a ob -a -b (pieta=| oo) e 8 The elements are as follows : y=, ay Cr yyy a4 ANA 25 do not exist.2. If a matrix contains 9 elements, then write all the possible orders it can have. Solution : If a matrix has 9 elements, we will find all possible ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 9. These ordered pairs are (1,9), (9, 1), (3, 3). *. the possible orders are 1 x 9,9 x land 3 x3. 3. Find a matrix A =[a,],,, such that ay —=1(— 2) for all i and j. Solution : iy M2 A=[ajhc2= | 921 422 43, Azz Say = 70-2) 1 *, ayy =3(1-2x1)=-5 4, =3(1-2x2)= 5 a, =}(2-2x1)=0 a,,=42-2x2=-1 1 a, =38-2«1)=5 ay =48—-2x2Q= a a 13 “2 2 A=| 0 -1 1 1 2°234, Write the transpose of the following matrices : x 3 a2 @ [2059] Gi) (i J Gii) 09 -15 100 tae (iv) | 200 (v) 125 395 234 Solution : The transpose of the given matrices are : 2 3 0 wg 1 4 wis Lf =2 o[?] w(t 4) ao (22 3] 5. State the type of the matrix 39 5 A= : 4 | . Find A’. What is your observation? 50 -2 What can you conclude? Solution : There are 3 rows and 3 columns . A is a square matrix. 39 5 A=19 4 0 50 -2 We observe that A= A’ Hence, A is a symmetric matrix.6. Give examples of two matrices of order 2 x 2 which are symmetric. Solution : . 25 0-1 Consiser A= |? s]mas-[_° il. 5_| 25 __| 0-1 vise a= [FF] aera [_! | © A=A’ and B=B’ Hence, A and B are symmetric matrices. *. the required matrices are [ss]~«(1 J): 7. Give examples of two matrices of order 2 x 2 which are skew-symmetric. Solution : The diagonal elements of skew-symmetric matrix are zero and non-diagonal elements are symmetric (in mag- nitude) about the diagonal but are opposite in signs, ie., 4, = —4a, for all j and j. «", the two skew-symmetric matrices of order 2 x 2 are 02 0-7 [25] = [3]Determine whether the following, matrices are singui e(fE3) (223) ow (22) mo (E88) (222) | w tera [ hoe coc eno Hex oo Han ee Haw 406-14 —410—4 -a-sivo A js a non-singular matrix, a ap Leesa | 4 z b wan cou —2@6— 42) 4 3(52 35) = —34122-9-0 Bis a singular matric. [Note : Answer in the textbook ix incorrect. aw te=(2 2] ae rene (Cis a singular matrix, Gy retp-|o0 2 0 oo38 100 Ipi-|o 20 oos -16—0)—0+0-6%0 Dis a non-singular matric. 134 @ vetE=|0 5 6 002 r34 1BI-]0 5 6 002 =140—0) 30-0 + 40-0) 10-0 +0-10%0 Fis 2 non-singular matrix: ovrme-(3 23] -0-04+1@—o-=0 F is a singular matrix9. A manufacturer produces three products x, y, z and he sells them in three markets I, II and III. The information about the annual sales in the year 2008-2009 is as follows. The sale of x, y, z in market I are 6000, 5000 and 7500 units respectively. The sale of x, y, z in market II are 7000, 1500 and 2000 units respectively and in market III the sales are 10000, 9900 and 8000 units respectively. Represent these informations in terms of two differ- ent matrices of appropriate orders. What do you observe about these matrices? Solution The information can be tabulated as : x y z | i 600 5000 7500 “| 7000 | 1500 2000 Tn 10000 | 9900 | 8000 OR I r | W Te | eooo 7000 10000 | , y “5000 | 1500 9900 lg "7500 | 2000 8000 ‘Thus the required matrices are 6000 5000 7500 6000 7000 10000 7000 1500 2000 | and | 5000 1500 9900 10000 9900 8000 7500 2000 8000 These matrices are transpose to each other.10. A, B and C are three students of XI commerce. They appeared for three examinations viz. the unit test, the terminal and the annual examinations. In mathematics, A gets 49, 50 and 35 marks respectively in the three examinations. B gets 50, 20, 42 marks, C gets 35, 42, 60 marks respectively. Express these informations in terms of a matrix of appropriate order. (a) State the order of the matrix. (b) State the type of the matrix. (c) What does the number in the second row and third column represent? (a) What does the number in the third row and first column represent? Solution The given information can be tabulated as : A B é Unit test a9 | 50 Terminal 50 20 | Annual, 35 | a2 | 60 | Thus the required matrix is 49 50 35 A=| 50 20 42 35 42 60 (a) There are 3 rows and 3 columns . order of the matrix =3 x3 (b) It is a square matrix. 49 50 35 We observe that A’= | 50 20 42 35 42 60 A is also a symmetric matrix. (© The number in the second row and third column is 42. ‘This represents either marks of student B in annual examination or marks of student C in terminal examination. (a) The number in the third row and first column is 35. This represent either marks of student A in annual exal ation or marks of student C in unit test. [ Note : Answer to Q. 10 (d) in the textbook is incorrect. |[EXERCISE 22 | Testbook pages 54 and 55 | 1. For the following matrices, find the given scalar 24 1 2ifA= /B= RS a] (3 find) A+B Gi) BHA Gv) (C—B)—A. Solution waree(33}+[ 22 Bass i-Es) a v-a-(_3 3)-[3 4] (2233-4 aw avove-(3 2) +[_23]+[73 4) (ese AR w e-w-anf[-2 3]-[_! a(S El -Ea] -(-2 3)-[2 4) =3-2 2-4 -5 -2 5-3 -1-2 2-3 2)3-(3 2) i2 2 2 as 3 uw a-[2 -1 3], B-|30 5] ana 1 0 4 ao <2 (2A B+ Gb A+C—3B GD 2C—B HSA. 2 @ 20-2] 2 1 DA—B+e 4-a+5 -2-0-1 —s—s40 2-647 0-948 841-1 sos os [s 3 «| ae wyamns[ae 3 -[2 2 | oo <4 an oy 8 a) a zs atrcusp=]2 1 3 1 0 4 44 4 99 9 +/5 -1 of-| 9 0 15 2 8 i 1 27 3 244-9 244-9 244-9 =| 245-9 -1-1-0 -a+0-15 147-18 O+8—27 4143 “3 -3 -35 -| -2 —2 -1. -10 19 6 4 4 sos 8 qi ace2/5 -1 0 10-2 0 7 aii 1 a 2 we gAn3]2 -1 1 0 a 5 8 ac-p+sa—|10 -2 0 -2 sa 8) fe & & -}30 s/+/o ~3 -9 69-1 3 0 42 8-346 8-346 8346 -|10-3+6 -2-0-3 0-s-9 14-643 16-940 241412 uon ou =|13 —5 —14 Fa Note | Ansivers to (11) and (tt) the lextinok are incorrect.5. Find the values of x and y, if oe f 2 -1})_ {10 o-(3}o(3)-(5] vax {28 y0)_(56 ow 2(32)+(43]-(55 Solution ; o «(5)+e(-2)-(] (=) +(-3)-(3) -(2)-0s) By equality of matrices, we get, 2x—y=10 ax ty=5 Adding (1) and (2), we get, 5x =15 =3 From (2), y=5—3x=5—-9—= —4 + x=3andy=—4. 13 y 0 5 6 a 2[} 3]+(2 *|-(8 i 2 4 6 +[% o)_[56 0 2x 12 18 2+y 6+0|_[56 *Lo+1 2x+2J) (18 _[2+y 6 |]_[56 = 1 2x42} 18 By equality of matrices, we get, 24+y=5 and 2x+2=8 So ysSand2x-6 5. x=3 |.6. Find the values of x, y, z and w, 1 2(z ¥)-( x s)+( 4 eH zw —1 we z+w 3 Solution : xy)_[{ x 6 4 x+y 2(2 ¥-(3 £)+L te 3 2x 2y)_ xt4 O+E+Y 2 wi)” | -it+z+w wt+3 By equality of matrices, we get, Qxax+4 w @ Qy=64+x+y sa 2) Qe= —l+ztw .@) 2w=w+3 wea NAD From (1),x=4 From (2), 2y=6+4+y * y=10 From (4), w=3 From (3), 22= —1+z43 _x=4,y=10,2=2and w=3. 202 12 8 nan[_ } ana s-(_1 I | find a matrix C such that A + B + C is a zero matrix. Solution : A+B+C=0 2“. C=-A-B --[ 202 i¢ s -3 40) [-1 2 -1 -(°? 0 -2 12 3 3-4 oj} [-12 -1 -( 2-1 eo 23 341 —4-2 O41 c= [ -3 -2 -5 4 -6 1j° [Note ; Answer in the textbook is incorrect.|Find the following products + ab)f(a —b = o(22)(2 2) @[2]e a a eo aoa wor 2a [2] af 32) [ ] = 82 3 a 2-3 2 aa »[ I(E 2] wo [Sa] [a2 ° : : a8) ee) [weer Catia @ (2 Lae ete) wae 0 ~ 0 at +? w [2]o 2 n-[2 26] aa ow aa) 22 21042 241 -[ 202032 3t2 123 023 203 -| ea 236 a 1 _ [4-343 ~s-o+1 a =e “lors+s o+o+is~le 1 [Note : Answer in the textbook is mcorrect. | 2 aif za oo (7 2) (237) ees eet) (-3 13 9 —41 347)/1 -3 5 as|lo 24 sells os 2 4 it 64640 10412420 wid =| 340415 94840 15416425 440418 —12410+0 20+20+30 -1 a8) x2 7vvee() SJae[2 a}aeee(2 find AB and AC. What is your observation? Solution : as=[? 2] 12 22J)l34 -(322 2+4 4 6 2+6 448) [8 12 11 34 AC= e [; at | _ [341 442 -(é 6 “le+2 844) [8 12 Here, AB=AC but B #C. 10. Simplify the following + cos sin@ . sind —cos@ cos @ +sin@) —sin? cos? cosd sin? Solution : cosa £89 579), ng [sin —cos0 —sin@ cos} [cos@ sin 8 _ cos*@ sin cos “| =sin@cos@ cos? [ sin? | sindeosd —sin*@ i cos?#+sin?0 sin cos @—sin Ocos 9 “| =sin@cosi+sindcos? ——cos*0-+sin?0 [ai]: [Note ; Answer in the textbook is incorrect. |2 41 12 e 1 B I. IfA Bly Lea 3 | ana Solution : ‘im | [22 = -10 1-1 2-1 440 14 =/1-2 24+0]=| -12 1+1 2-0 22 14 1-3 = ane | a] [: > -1 22 148 —3+4 =| -14+4 342 2+4 —64+2 9 1 =|3 :| + @) 6 -4 iz 1-3 <-(3 20 4) io) 1+4 -3+2/_ mR “[L-1+0 34+0J°l-1 3 2 1 2 age=[1 “| ( a 1 =1 ~ 7 10-1 —2+3 =| 5-2 -14+6 541 —1-3 9 1 -[: :| + (2) 6-4 From (1) and (2), we get, (AB)C = A(BC).12. Simplify the following : 1 20 a 5 -2} Slo -1sjJ~|-s -« «4 Solution fs 23)-[2 2a] a3 1 2|. 1 ene 133 maraa[ et >| ons at Baines 331 matrix. Solution : 1337) /133 AA=(3 13] ]/313 a3ijlasi [230s 34349 33323] 3+349 94149 94343 34943 94343 94941 19 15 15 =| 15 19 15 15 15 19 15 15 19 140 0 =| 014 0 o o14 which is a scalar matrix.2 0 1 WwifA=|2 1 —3], find A7—5A+61 1-1 0 Solution ; 4 0 1 2 0 1 =AA=-|2 1 -3 1 3 1-1 0 i =Sf & 4+0+1 0+0-1 24+0+0 4+2-3 0+14+3 2-3-0 2-2+0 0-1-0 1+340 5 =1 2 =/3 4-1 0-1 4 1 2 —5A+61= | 3 4-1 o-1 4 2 o 1 100 -5/2 1 -3/+6/010 | 0 ek ‘10 0 5 600 4 -}10 5 -15/+/060 5 +8 0 006 : 10+6 -1-0+0 “a8s0] 3-10+0 4-546 —141540 0-540 -—14+5+0 4-046 ty) [Note + Answer in the textbook is incorrect, |tate 2] amasinaancetst sudniince Ate ‘The order of matrix A fe 2% 2, order of matrix It and AX= 15. nf X must be a 2 x 2 matrix. «] AX =, becomes G Pat 30 a) (23J- (fastens Satin 10° oa [arg ] By the equality of matrices, we get, Sa+2e—1 7a+3e=0 a=3,b=—2Z6 oxo terea—| ee 50 24 80 pea 2a 42 = AA 8 5 2 416 OF0+0 24+0+10 O+A+O +0426 O+040 1640439 23] 0 3a 23 2 J arcanan[ om 3 23 0 55 4841440 oo |-» aie! 5 102 o21 203 1+044 OFO+0 24046 ©+0+2 04440 04243 24046 OF040 44049 5 2 8 ( a) Sb+2a—0 2 — wH4+3a=1 Solving these equations simultaneously, we get, 74-5 J 102 o21 203 21 J 30 0 48 as 0 78 7 “[s “ J skis so 8 1 -6|24 s|+7J]o 80.13 2 1040424 ay4aya5s one mari 004040 344841440" 124040 82441442 o-o+040 23204740 = 7a+2142 a ° ° 2 | -prowesmar a* —eattrnes a3 ° wo o2 1 wua-| > ? =| *| and 2 -4 y 0 (A + B)(A — B) = A? — B?, then find x and y. Solution : (A+B)(A —B)=A?—AB+BA-B? “, (A+ B)A—B) =A? —B? gives A?—AB+ BA —B*= A?—B? 2. —AB+BA=0 .. AB=BA of tales —3+2y —3r+0 2-4y 2x—-0 _{ls« -3 2 ly 0 2. —4 —342x 2—4r —3y+0 2y-0 By the equality of matrices, we get, —3x=2-—42 2—4y= —3y —3+2y=—-3+4+ 2x 2x = 2y From equations (1) and (2), we get, x=2andy=2 Rp oe . O) eS8 These values of x and y satisfy equations (3) and (4) also. Hence, x =2, y=2.0 tan (2/2) 10 = and I eee [ tan (0/2) ° ] [ o1 ] cosz — sina | then show that I+ A=(1— A) [ i sinx cosa Solution facie] SE) 0 steer ra" lo4 tan(z/2) 0 -[ 1 este] =i tan(2/2) 1 10 0 ~tan(a/2) a-(f 1) [entra 0 ] 1 tan (2/2) —tan(x/2) 1 a-ay [S88 =| sina cosa _ 1 tance] eve ie) ~ (= tan («/2) 1 sinz cosx cos 2+ tan (%/2) sin nae eae aes * | tan(a/2)eosz+sin — tan(x/2)sinx+cosa Now, cos a+ tan (#/2)sinx sin (/2) ‘ = 0084+ Gay *28in (2/2) 08 (2/2) =cosx+2sin%x/2) =cosa+1—cosa=1 and —sina +tan (4/2) cos =tanta/)| sax ca7e) sina + cose | cos (2/2) tan (/2)[ ~S224273) sin (a2) cos a/2) +0081 | = tan (#/2)[ —2cos?(a/2) + cos] =tan(2/2)[—1—cosa+ cosa] = — tan (a/2) s, a—a) [7 “ae sina cos 1 —tan (2/2) (heen 1 ] »@ From (1) and (2), we get, 1eana—w [0s ~82] sin cosa.19. A fruit-stall has 10 dozen mangoes, 8 dozen apples and 10 dozen bananas. Their selling prices are Z 200, F160 and € 30 per dozen respectively. Find the total amount which will be received by selling all the fruits. (Use matrix algebra) Solution “The given data can be written in matrix form as Fruits In dozen A=0 0 8 10] Selling price/dozen in & 200] Mangoes Be App! Bananas For finding the total amount, we require the multiplica- tion of the ewo matrices A and B. 200 ler AB—[10 8 10] | 160 Con 12000 + 1280 + 300 [35801 total amount — ¥ 3580. [Note + Answer fit the textbook is incorrect. 20. A person has © 30,000 which he wants to invest in fixed deposits and savings account. The interest rates for the fixed deposits and the savings account are 7% and 5% per annum. Determine how to divide Z 30,000 in two accounts 0 that he gets the annual interest as (a) € 1800 (b) € 2000. ‘Lot the person invest € x in fixed deposits. investment in savings account =z (30,000 — x) ‘The rate of interest for fixed deposits is 7% and the savings account is 5%. (@ According to the given data ; Lx 30000 — x} ‘Too | = [1800] 2 ‘100 2+ 0000 985 | =t28001 By ina of mate weet = rae 2+ 20000-9551 e+ 150000 50.80.00 2x = 30,000 x= 15,000 30,000 — x = 30,000 — 15,000 = 15,000 Hence, the person should invest © 15,000 in fixed deposits and © 15,000 in savings account (&) According to given data B [x 30000—x1 | 100 | - 12000) A 100 Es A 25, « a0000~ 8] (2000) By equality of matrices, we get, a s Jas + (20000 — x) 55, = 2000 7x +1,50,000 — 5x = 2,00,000 2x=50,000 x= 25,000 30,000 — x = 30,000 — 25,000 = 5,000 Hence, the person should invest £25,000 in fixed deposits and © 5,000 in savings account.EXERCISE 2.3 | Textbook pages 60 and 61 100 LIfA=}210 $5 4 , then reduce it to I, by using column transformations. Solution : |Al= 1 2 3 wro ros =1(1-0)—0+0=140 .. Ais a non-singular matrix. Hence, the required transformation is possible. 100 Now, A=|2 1 0 331 100 ByC,-2c, A~] 01 q] 28 44 By C, +3C, and C,—3C,, 100 Aw | 0 40 [aie 001 oro& wa-| sen hon 3 1 | , then reduce it to I, by using row 1 transformations. Solution : 213 1ad lia IAl = =2(0—1)—101—-1) +3 -0) = -2-0+3=140 -. Ais a non-singular matrix. Hence, the required transformation is possible. 13 Now, A= o1 11 PeN By R, —R, and R;~R,, 1 4 @ Aw |0 -1 -1 o oOo -1 By (—1)R, and (—1)R,, Lt & A~]o11 aol By R, —R,, 101 A~/Q11 ool By R, —R, and R; —R,, 100 010] =1. o 1 Of3. Find which of the following matrices are invertible : >» {10 a [2 2 ott) w(t;] 12 sari 2 aun [3 dj wo [3 a] cos sind secO tand ay [ —sin 0 er | ad (ese a 343 1 23 wid | 1100 wii) | 2-1 3 145 123 125 wos 45]. 468 Solution : 5 10 wrta-[3 ¢] Then, [Al=|4 9) =1-0=1 20, A is a non-singular matrix. Hence, A~! exists. = x 4 GD Let A ( ae | at Then, |A| It 7 ©. Aisa singular matrix. Hence, A~? does not exist. = i % id ve a= [5 4 12 ‘Then, |A| ls | —3 #0. A is a non-singular matrix. Hence, A~' exists. ; - ovraam[ 2 2] 2 3 Then, |A| he Al =30-30=0. . A is a singular matrix. Hence, A~! does not exist.saad ai wo ean [ 309 20] cos 0 sind Tron IAl=|_ Sino ooo cos*0 +sin20 140. A is a non-singular matrix. Hence, AW! exists, ce owl oo te a= [220 te] sec tand| tan@ sec] = sec*@ —tan*0 = 140. Then, |A|= Ais. a non-singular matrix. Hence, A~! exists. 110 148 343 Then, |A|—|1 1 0 145 3(8—0)—4(5—0) +3(4—1) 15—2049=4%0 . Ais a non-singular matrix. Hence, A! exists. 1 23 Wii) Let A=] 2-1 3 £3) 5% 2 -1 2 1 Then, |A|—| 2 1 3 3 3 =1(-3—6)—-26-3)+34+1 —9-6+15=0 . Ais a singular matrix. Hence, A? does not exist. wo oo [ aoe aan eau ‘Then, |A| 1 3 4 ON aae = 1(32 —30) —2 (24 — 20) +3(18 — 16) =2-8+6-0 . A isa singular matrix. Hence, A~* does not exist. [Note + Answer to 3 (ix) in the textbook is incorrect. |a -4 aFindaBica=|> 3 3]anap=|1 2 Le os: 2 Hence, determine if AB has the inverse. sks 1 2 2 a Bare (: 2 -2)-(} 3] -( 1a)-420) +30) 1 psaen a2] A(1) + (— 201) + (— 390) 1 (— 1) + ( — 242) + (— 3K — 2) 14243 —1+4-6 1-2-3 1-446 ~[-$ 73] ~1ani=|_$ ~{]=e—12=-x0 itienincectiasincnstehe Hence, (AB)~! exists, fx oo siti |'B op 6 | ieammndingsitermatitey Pied iam oes by using elementary row transformations. Hence 20 0 find the inverse of {0 1 0 |. oo -1 Solutic Since A is a non-singular matrix. A~* exists. We write AA! = 1 x00 100 oy o/a*=|010 ooz oor m (2) ()) meant (Ems too o 2 : o o 2 2 oo > 2 6 Z o o ! : oo hoo 20 o x Comparing | 0 1 0 | with | o oo -1 ° we get,x—2,y—1.e— —1Li2 6 a-[? ‘I and X is a 2x2 matrix such that AX =I then find X. Solution : We will reduce the matrix A to the identity matrix by using row transformations. During this process, I will be converted to the matrix X. We have AX =I “(stbefad] By R,—3R,, Sep7. Find the inverse of each of the following matrices (if they exist) using elementary transformations : «» {2 —2 o (3 3] Solution: Let A B | 2 8 1-1 oA = = IAI : 3 34+2—5%0 . AW! exists. We write AA~' =I (ae By R,—2R,, E At] ons 10 (0 “sJev-[-2 5] 1 By (5)R (2 “a}<"-[_2 3] By R, +R,, Be a 2 (otjat=] 3 5 5 5 if a4 1 Atte S i 3( 2 eI The answer can be checked by finding the product AAT. ain ale are oe _f1Q)+en() 1(§)+- 08) aGya(s) 2G)*G) a 7-leul- Hence, A7! is the required answer.Gi) i Z| Solution : Let A By (—1)R,, Li)y_f OF [a tJer-[-2 a] By R, -R, ie( wo [} 3] Solution : Refer to the solution of Q. 7 (i). 7 -3 ton [2-2]Gv) fF: | Solution; Let A= ee 2 | i 23 ig iai=[é 7 [=14-15= —140 *. AW! exists. We write AA! =1 2 BF) as pai By 3R,12 Ww) |o 1 03 3 2 2. 1268 Solution: LetA=|0 1 2 032 123 .|Al=[0 1 2 032 =1(2-6)—2(—0)+3(—0) =—480 -. AT? exists, We write AA~'=1 1283 100 . |0 1 2/A7*=s/0 10 032 ool By R, —2R, and R, ~3R,, 10 -1 1-20 01 2/At*=/0 10 00 -4 0-31 By R, +R; and R, —2Ry, 100 1-5/4 -1/4 O10/A't=]0 -1/2 1/2 oo1 0 3/4 —1/4 4-5 -1 o-2 2 o 3-1 (Note : Answer in the textbook is incorrect.! ATs Ble212 ow ]123 102 222 Solution: LetA=|1 2 3 a 0 42, 21 1Al=]1 23 102 =2(4—0)—1(2—3) + 200 —2) =8+1-4=540 AW? exists. WS 2/5 —4/5 —2/5 1/5 3/5 if 47-2 7-1 Ates{ 1 2 -a4]. -2 1 3 Note » Answer in the textbook is incorrect, [ 4/5 —2/5 “432 38 teraa]2 23 a 23 aa “1Al-]2 023 a a2 ae =24 46) 434-9) + 3¢ 4-6) =20-15~30 = 2540 AW exists, We write AA~! = 2-3 8 100 2 23/a'=/010 3 2 2 oon By RyerRy 3-22 oor z 23|at=la10 2 = 5 100 BYR, Ry 1-4-1 ag 2 2 3[a+ 10 23 8 00 By R,—2R, and R, ~21,, 1s 3 ° o w slat-lo oo 5 5 1 1 By (75) Ren ae ao 3 0 1 dfatalo &.-3 os 3 wy a 2 +2 By R,+4R, and R,—5R,, 1 4 104 oz 2 2 | na 3 i oa ee APS |) ae 1 ook ria 2 by (SR 11 to. ot 3 1 a. 4 ord oS 24 8 pe 55 5 By R,-R, and R—4R,,& 1fA [t § }- then show that A?—4A+1=0. Hence find A~', Solution : 12z)[12 Fishel wene-[T a) [3] _f1+#2 2+6]_[3 8 (lita 249) "lan , A?—4A41 _[? 8)_4/12 10 “la aj~*lisaj*lor -[? ®]_[4 8),f2° Le ae 412 o1 3-4+1 8-8+0]_ [00 4-4+0 11-1241] A? —4A41=0 we ) _ iai-[t Z| 1 & =3-2=140 1 ATT exists. Premultiply (1) by AW, we get, ATMA?-4A4D=A740 J ATMAA)—4A72 A+ A720 - (ATA)A—414A-1=0 “ A=a1+A7=0 ATt=4I-A “lo s)-[i 3] -[oaJ-[13]EXERCISE 24 ‘| ‘Textbook page 64 | 1. Find the cofactors of the elements of the following matrices : 1-1 2 we | LRT as wi) ag i] (ii) E 3 -2 0 -1 Solution Ff aa..( ot 2 @ita=| 7} | Here, a,,= —1,M,,=4 “An=(-I@=4 4,=2,M,,= -3 *, Ay=(-1!**(-3)=3 4p, = —3,M),=2 oy A= (— DEQ) = =2 4g, =4, M,,= -1 2. Aggy =(-1)*{-1)= =1 1-1 2 di) LetA=| -2 3 5 -2 0-1 The cofactor of a, is given by Ay =(—1)'*/ My 3 Now My =[5 r =-3-0=-3Mia= —2 5 =—2 —1 + Ay. =(=1)'77012) = -12 +23 20 =2+10=12 |-0+6-6 Ags =(-1)'6)=6 -1 2 et =1-0=1 * Ay =(-1?*40)= -1 M23 = M3: = My = 1 2 =-14+4=3 et *. Agg=(—17°"7@)=3 tL —2 #0 *. Agy=(-17*%—2) =2 =0-2=-2 -12 =-5-6=-11 35 Ay =(-1*(-11)= -11 12 9 5 [78 +4=9 ©. Ag. =(—1377(9)= —-9 Ma3= 1-1 _9 3\=37-2=1 1, Sag = IPO =2. Find the matrix of cofactors for the following matrices : 5 1-1 2 (i) f ‘| Gi) |-2 3 5). -2 0-1 Solution : ; fi 3 (i) ta=|t 4 Here, a,;=1,M,;= —1 Ay=(-1)*"(-1)=-1 94, =3,My,=4 “ Ap=(-)'4)=-4 4, =4,M,,=3 =(-17@)=—3 4,,=-1,M,)=1 22 =(-1)*(1)= *, the cofactor matrix = Ee | An Ay [343. Find the adjoints of the following matrices : 1 =8 2 in) a-([? = a) -2 3 ‘| —2 o -1 Solution : m 2 =3 @) A= (3 i Here, a,,;=2,M,,=5 o An=(-1' 6) =5 a.2= —3,Mi2=3 2 Ay =(-T a 8 43, =3, My = —3 Any =(-1)?*"(- 3) =3 yp =5, Mya =2 jvdg= (iy s2 .. the cofactor matrix = [= | = (; 7 Ay, Ag 3 2 . 8 a 3 - aj a=[_3 z (ii) Refer to the solution of Q. 2 (ii). -3 -122 6 Cofactor wae | -1 3 | -ll1 -91 =3 +1 =—11 ; wia=| 2 3 “| 6 2 11-1 2 4.1fA=|3 0 —2 |, verify that 1 0 3 Afadj A) = @dj AA =1Al-1 1-1 2 Solution: A=|3° 0 —2 1 0 3 1-1 2 “1Al=[3 0 —2 L o 2 = 1 + 0) + 1+ 2) + 2(0 —0) =0411+0=n First we have to find the cofactor matrix =[Aj],.> where Ay =(—1)*/M, o -2 Now, Ay =(— 1 **My, | 3| 0+0=0 Aa=(—p'M,, = —|9 7 —@4+2=—-01 a i, ass 0 i Aus =(-D' My [z 9 |7=°-9=0 SRG anna | ot An =(—1)?**M,, = — al (-3-0) =3 =a ie s Aa. =(—1)?*2Ma, It 3|-3-2 1 aa t— Ags =(—1?49M,,—= —|1 ~}]=-o+n—-1 ore (AX) = AB (ATA)X = A7'B ‘, IX=A"'B : x= [ 4/11 eal (el i —3/11 2/11 3. 16 3 19 (:] _|| Par |. Wn v. pee ah 11 11 By equality of matrices, 19 &, 5 a’ ¥ = —77 is the required solution. (Note : Answer in the textbook is incorrect. ] (iv) 2x —y+2=1,x+2y+32=8 and 3x 4+ y—42=1. (Oct. '14) Solution : The given equations can be written in the matrix form as : 1 ( 1 2-2 1) /% r 2 sly 3 1-43 le This is of the form AX = B, where 2-1 1 x 1 A=/|1 2 3],x=/y!] ana o-[F a a oe z 1 Let us find A~*. 2 tt IAlI=]1 02003 3 1-4(—8 —3) +1(— 4-9) +1016) = —22-13-5= —40#0 “AW! exists. We write AA~!=1 2 A a) @ Sa 3 4 -4 By R,+*Rz, 1 2 »@ o10 2-1 1/a7? 100 3B 1 4 oo1 By R, —2R, and R,—3R,, 1 2 a o 10 0-5 —5/Aq* 1-20 o -s -13 o -3 1 by (-}) Re 1 2 2 o 10 o 1 aarti] 2 By o -5 -13 & 5 0 -3 By R, —2R, and R, +5R2, a! 10 2 S 5 o Ov await} a 2 Gg oo -8 55 —1 -1 1 By (—3) Re ai Lo 4 ss 2 o1ija 2 og oo1 55 22 38 8 By R, —R, and R, —Ry, Bf 40 8 ak 8 a0 68 2 a 8Now, premultiply AX = B by A7!, we get, ATMAXN)= AUB - (ATAXK=A'B IX=A7'B sf Hog =646y ft X=g5/-18 5 :| 5 5 -sJl1i 1142445 ae ao | —134+88+5 | =35 =| 20 5440-5 40 atlae By equality of matrices, x=1,y=2,2=1 is the required solution. () Sx—y +42 =5, 2x +3y + 5z=2and Sx—2y+6z—=—1. Solution : The given equations can be written in the matrix form as : Pea ‘This is of the form AX = B, where 5-14 si 5 A=|2 3 5|,x=|y|andB=| 2 5 -26 z -1 Let us find Ao + 5 -14 |Al=]2003 5 5 -26 =5(18 +10) + 112 —25) + 4¢—4— 15) =140~-13—76=51 40 +. AW exists. We write AA! =I 5 -14 vo f2 3 5]a7 5 -26 By R, —2Ry, 1-7 -6 2 3 S)AT = 5 -2 6 cou ono hoo 1 ° ° oN HooBy R,—2R, and R i = i —% ® 0 i 17) Aq7* —2 50 0 33 36 —B 10 1 4 By (a) Re 1-7 ~6 o 1 41fa 0 33 36 —5R,, 1 -20 —2/17 5/17 0 -5 lol By R, +7R, and Ry —~33R,, io 3/17 1/17 0 €4 3 jah 2/17 5/17 0 003 19/17 5/17 1 1 By (3) Rs 104 o11]fa- 0014 By R, —R, and R; —R,, 1 O10) 28/51 —2/51 —1/3 01 O|A- oo. 13/51 10/51 —1/3 —19/51 5/51 1/3. 4 28 -2 -17 si 13° 10 -17 -19 5 17 3/17 1/17, 0 =| -2/17 5/17. 0 —19/51 5/51 1/3 Now, premultiply AX =B by A~!, we get, A MAX)=A-'B (A“'A)X=A-'B “. IX=A7's 4 28-2 -17 5 Mae 13° «10 —17 2 * -19 5 az <1 7 140-4417 153 =a 6 +20+17 | == 102 —95 410-17 —102 x 3 (aps) 2 a =a By equality of matrices, | y= 2, z= —2 is the required solution. Note : Answer in the textbook is incorrect.2. Solve the following equations by the method of reduction : @ 2x +y—5, 3x45y— —3. Solution : The given equations can be written in the “Ea CI-(3) wae. [2 3) (2J-{ 2] EJ E-(a) 2e+y 5 eee -[ i By equality of matrices, 2x+y=5 once Q4EY 7y= —21 sew (2) From (2), y= — Substituting y= —3 in (1), we get, 2e—3=5 -. 2x8 * Hence, x= |) y= —Bis the required solution. Gi x+3y=2, 3x4 5y=4, Solution > The given. equations can be written in the matrix form as : (3 3] (2)-(2] “T JE)-C 2 x (ee) [2] By equality of matrices, x+y =p AY Agen ws Q) From (2), y= in (1), we get, Nis Substituting y — 3 Saas x45Hence, x is the required solution. ee [Note : Answer in the textbook is incorrect. | Gil) 3x-y=14v ty =6. Solution : The given equations can be written in the matrix form as : (: a) G)-(2) By 4R, and 3R, (3 ~3) (2)-Ls] he EC) = [vaJ=La] By equality of matrices, a wx BD From (2), y Substituting y ~2 in (1), we get, 12x—8=4 “Warez to e=1 Hence, x= 1, y=2 is the required solution. (iv) 5x + 2y =4, 7x4 3y=5. Solution : Refer to the solution of Q. 2 (ii). Ans, x=2,y=— (vy) x—y4+2=1, 2x—y— and 3x + 3y—4z =2. Solution : The given equations can be written in the matrix form as : ES J E-8 By R,—2R, and R,—3R,, E 2 ele wx—y tz 1 O+y—22] =| -1 04+0+5z 5. By equality of matrices, xoyteel @ y-2=-1 @ sen ~~ @ From (3), 2=1 Substituting z= 1 in (2), we get, yoze-1 yn Substituting y=1, z=1 in (1), we get, AeA x-141 Hence, x= 1, y=1, 2 =1 1s the required solution. S2t+x= 3” “a Solution : The given equations can be written in the i) xt y=Lytz matrix form as : Fae wom GH xty+0 O+y+2| = 0+0 +22, By equality of matrices, sped a yrend vo dea? ~ @ From (3), 2=1 Substituting z= 1 in (2), we get, 5 1) 2 3 ae | Substituting y= 3 in (), we get, y+i= is the required solution.Wil) x+y +2=6, 3x—y432—10 and 5x + 5y—4z = 3. Solution : Refer to the solution of Q. 2(). Ans. ¢=1, y=2,2=3. Note + Third equation is modified as per the answer given ir the textbook. | (wil) 2x —y +z =1, x +2y4+32—=8 and Bx+y—42=1. Solution : The given equations can be written in the matrix form as : Eo: Je By Ry Ry, Gt EE By R, —2R, and R, 3 1 2 2 0 -5 -5 Oe By R,—R,, $a bl-(y x+2y +32 8 ~ |O—5y—Sz] = | —15 0+0—8: By equality of matrices, x+2y+32=8 'A-!. Note : Answer to B~* in the textbook is incorrect.|10. 1f A (s 2] - then show that A~ sotution: 1a1=[$ 5] 10= —6#0 . AW! exists. Consider AA. [2 g]~ (2m [3 [3 ¢] rag a 4 to@ By R,—2R,, 3 Sia 5 ~ 3 2 a By (- Rs 3 o1 sg~uif-t 5 ae ae =} 2 | -- (1) -{(2 J-[5 3} “(i 3) ~@ From (1) and (2), AT" = hia — 5h). 11. Find the matrix X such that AX=B, where a-[23)mae-(2 2) Solution : AX =Bao 5 2 5 1 -2 -1 dy 2 3 2 1 5 Note » Answer in the textbook is incorrect. 12. Find X, if AX=B, a 2s 1 where A=| —1 1 2| and B=| 2 124 3 Solution : AX=B 123 1 a [a Lo] | 124 3 By R, +R, and R,—R,, T2238 1 03 5|x=/3 oo 2 By (5) Re -snaea-[2 9].0- [2 2] ee= [2 7 om find the matrix X such that AXB = C. Solution : AXB=C e [: 2) om- (3 Z| 12 319 First we perform the row transformations. 1: 247 Ry (fi tow=[ 2 sl By Ry Now, we perform the column transformations, 14 5 17 ryemeyx(? §]-[5 7] . 1 oO 5 -3 meters! _]-[F 2 123 14. Find the inverse of [ 11 ‘| by the adjoint zm 7. method. L2s Solution: LetA=[1 1 5 247.4.28 tAl=[1 105 247 = 1(7 —20) ~ 2(7 — 10) + 3(4—2) —13+6+6=—1¥0 *. AW? exists. st we have to find the cofactor matrix = [Ajo war where Ay = (—1)/M, a+ —piem= —|5 E| =-(7-10=3 2 —ortemis=[2 2] =4-2-2 23 ~u™,,=—|7 5 = —(14—12)——-2 2 + 2] 13 Aaa (-v?tMys=|5 3 ood a A= (—0?)M,3=—[3 3 | = (eae 7 2 3 Ay =(—1)7* My, ie a =10-3=7 13 —arMys= =| f 4 =-—©6-3)=-2 +3) 2 Ass = 2M = [7 7 | =1-2=-1 .. the cofactor matrix = Au Ai Ais —13 s 2 Aa Azz Ais[-| -2 1° 0 As: Aa2 Ags Fe 4 —-13 -2 | *. adj A [ 3 1-2 2 0-1eee -4| 3 i -a| ape 104d 15, Find the inverse of [: 2 ‘| by the adjoint 121 method. Solution : Refer to the solution of Q. 14. af 472 2 Ans. z|-3 0 3 2 2 -2 16. Find A~! by adjoint method and by elementary 123 transformations, if A= | —1 1 2]- 124 Las Solution : |Al=|—1 1 2 124 =1(4—4) —2(-4—2)+3(—2-1) 0+12-9=340 A”? exists. A ' by adjoint method We have to find the cofactor matrix = [Agha xa: where Ay =(— DMG w+ay _|! 2 Now, Au =(=D'Mi =| > 4 =4-4=0 1+ 2y =. 2 Ana(-p Mus -| 7a 4 =-(-4-2)=6 -—1 4 _ayia oeMis=| 7 > +8 23 Anan =—|5 | = -(-6)=-213 Ag=(-D7Ma=|1 9 iar toil 243] ine. 12 An (Ma =—|1 3 | =—_—@—2)=0 344) 23 Annona =|7 3] 4 13 —-12 343) hee -pmss=| 7 Z| =1+2=3 w. the cofactor matrix = fs) A | by elementary transformations : Consider AA“! =I a. 2r is! 100 » |-14 2/a-=]]0 1 0 124 oo1 By R,+R, and R,—Ry, tas 10390 v [0 3 5/A 110 oo1 -101 zn By (5) R= 2 1 00 1/3 1/3 0 za, 10", 1 3 * [2 1 5/3|A oo 12 »By R, —2R,, 10 -1/3 = [94 5y3|aq* 00 1 1/3 —2/3 0 1/3 1/3 0 = o4 5 By R, +3R, and R, — 100 0-2/3 1/3 ~f{O 1 0/At=] 2 1/73 ~5/3 oo : am es Al sa 3]. —# oO 3 17. Find the inverse of A=|0 2 3| by using elemen- tary column transformations. Solution : |A| tou 023 12a =1(2—6) -0+10~2) se AMA Consider A~'A toa 100 ac¥)o 2 3/=/0 2 o 124 ool By C3—Ci, 100 i) A-tlo 23/=|01 0 120 oo 11 L 1 oa = wale a a-|h eg _ 1 oO = = By C,—C, and C,+2C,, 2 we 3 3 a a Oo 1 x A‘/o 1 of = 73 oO 2 oo1 1 of 4 asa 3 x 2 A oO 3 2-2 (Note : Answer in the textbook is incorrect. | a es 18. Find the inverse of A = [: 1 :] by using elemen- 2am, tary row transformations. Solution : |A|= 123 14% 247 =1(7 —20) —2(7 — 10) +. 3(4 2) = —13+64+6=-10 AW! exists, Consider AA <1 123 100 vf 15/A=/010 2 oe, oo1 By R,—R, and R,—2R,, 3 1 23 100 o -12/a -110 0 01 -201By (—1)Rz, 12 38 £ 0 6 o1 —2/a-*=]| 1 -10 oo 1 —2 o1 By R, —2R3, 10 7 -1 20 o 1 —2/A-*= 1-10 oo 1 —-2 o1 By R, —7R and Rz+2R;, 100 is 2 -—7 oi o}a- -3 -1 2 oo —2 o 4 3 2-7 =|-3 -1 2 =2 @. 4 | Note : Answer in the textbook is incorrect. | 19. Show with the usual notation that for any matrix A=L[aylses @ aA, + @i2A22 + 413423 ~ GD ayAu + adit asAis Solution : @11 G12 Ais Antaton [fs Azz =| - a4 a2 Ass @ Aj, =(—-1? My 412 M13 452 Mas = = @ 12833 — 413432) = Ay 2Ay3 +O 32 cx Wan Asso (oP Maa | a a1 33 4 1833 — A 13831 Ags=(—1)7*8May= —| 282 2? 43, 432 = —@ir@s2 — 12431) Ay 1As2 +4283 *. @yyAay + 4r2Az2 + AisAcs 4g (293 44 92) $4128 1433— 413431) +, 3 443432 + 412431) = 44184239 +s r3@a2 FFF aitss 442813931 — 411A 1s@a2 + 412413431 0Ana 421 Mer Ag =(-Dt Mi =| 3s, ayo we Ars + yzAre +4 Ais 422 25 az, Aas Bz 22 =a —m2 +415 Azz M33 as. ass Bs, 32 My, M2 Ms 43) G2 @23|—lAl- Aa, M32 Asa : on as 20.1f A=|o 2 ‘| and B [: 1 3]. then find ‘2-4. ma @ matrix X such that XA = B. Solution + Consider XA =B 101 1, 29 xfo2s3})=]115 i St i, 247 By C3 — Cur 100 1 BS x}o23/=|11 4 120 245 1 ny (3) ce 100 1: a2! xfo 1 3}/=]1 172 4 110 2 26. By Cy —3Cx, 10 0 104-1 x]o1 of=|1 172 5/2 11-3 2 2-1 i By (-3)c» 100 144s x]o 1 o0}/=|1 1/2 -5/6 rai 2.2 WWBy C, —C, and C, -C;, 100 2/3 2/3 1/3 xX/0 10 11/6 4/3 —5/6 01 5/3 5/3 1/3 =e ‘ 10 i 2 (Note ; Answer in the textbook is incorrect. |(Textbook pages 72 to 74) 1, Find a matrix A=[a,,1,,.such that a, }(i + 2)), for all i and j. Solution Refer to the solution of Q. 3. of Exercise 2.1. (3/2 5/2 Ans. A=| 2 3 5/2 7/2 2. Find x, y, 5,1, if f x+y x-y)_f2 -1 ytetw Ww le os sty x-y)_f2 -1] y+etw aw-z} > l9 5) By equality of matrices, we get, xtya2 ove bt + @) x-y=-1 an w Adding (1) and @), we get, Dent , te 1/2 from (1), 1/2-y=2 Adding (3) and (4), we get, [Note : Answer ix. the textbook is incorrect. 3. State the type of each of the following matrices : wm (22 . 03 an (P28 ww {? 2 ae -12% me o1 fi 2.3]12 wi iE All 23 wild | o 9 oo «| (wii) [ Solu @ There are 2 rows and 2 columns it is a square matrix. ene con AuRN ONO aay noo 4 als, 2 Since non-diagonal elements are zero. Hence, is a diagonal matrix. There is only one row. Hence, it is a row matrix. (iii) There are 2 rows and 3 columns. Hence, it is a rectangular matrix. (iv) It is a square matrix whose diagonal elements are 1 and non-diagonal elements are zero. Hence, it is an identity matrix. (v) It is a square matrix whose diagonal elements are equal and non-diagonal elements are zero. Hence, it is a scalar matrix. wi te a=([} | 24 It is a square matrix. . i 2 = SIAL [23| 4-4=0 is a singular matrix. 127) 24)7 it is a symmetric matrix. AL 255) (vii) Let A=] 25 4 346 It is a square matrix. dias 254/=Aa 346 . A is symmetric matrix. Also, A’ aa (viii) It is a square matrix. Since all the elements below the diagonal are zero. Hence, it is an upper triangular matri4. For the following matrices, find all possible addi tions and subtractions of the matrices : 12 -12 “(22 | 120 -134 }. 94 -12 -3 c-[_? t}-e-[ 10 A Solution i 12 91 warc=| | EI ee a _f 149 241 10 3 ~U-1-1 245 27 f Braco -12 -3 ii) B+D gp+p-[ }3%]+[-12 -2 _f{ 1-1 2+2 0-3 “| -141 340 445 04-3 “lo3 9 ae 94 ao es @iy A-c=| | i] (2 2] _f 1-9 2-1 “(141 2-5 _[/-# 1 Tl 9 3 91 dy -15j"(-12 9-11-2])_[8 -1 ~ L-14+1 s-2)"lo 3 120 “12-3 B-D= - i eal ae =| _f 141 2-2 043 ~[-1-1 3-0 4-5 a{ 20 2 —l-23 -1 wy p-B=| ~} 2 -3 -[ 120 o 5 -134 _f-1-1 2-2 -3-0 “(1410-3 5-4 _[-2 0 -3 —b 2-8pe) a 123 For = fin sor a~[12 ~2] ana w-[~) 3 3], sna @ 2A—3B Gi) A+4B Gil) 3B—A (iv) 4B +34. Solution z wal Peat -123 @ 2a-sp-2[3 3 1]-s[ . | _{24 -2)_[-3 69 “les 10 0273 _[2+3 4-6 -2-9 “6-0 8-27 10-3 fs =2—n “le cae “2 21 =1 23 4 1) +4[ ae 2 4 ~1),[-4 82 5 036 4 [ ( iE 4 248 =| ( os. 4% 34 5 -(~ s 3] (22>) owaj—ls4 s —3-1 6-2. oer o-3 27-4 3-5 _[-4 4 10 “(-3 23 -2 E 12 vy an 43a ~a[ ve 3] +3[ z| aay 38—A=3[ ae als ri -| 091 34 5 _[-4 812) [3 6 -3 “L036 4 912 15 _[ -4+3 8+6 12-3 i O+9 36412 441 _f-1™4 9 “| 9 48 19)" [Note : Answer to Q. 5 ii) in the textbook is incorrect. | 6. Given the following pairs of matrices, find the product AB and/or BA whichever are defined. opal? = wa-(*]-8 1 21ax 2 aH Gy A=|2 3],B le =| a -1 2 1 04 on a-[2]-2=[2 22] 3 x00 1a vy A=|0 y o|,B=|2 2]. o oz a3 Solution : @ AB= | 21 1 2 iy Sate 24 Gi aB=| 2 =| (24] Tt i 24+4 142 63 =|4+6 24+3|]=|105 2-21-1 oo BA is not defined because number of columns of B 4 number of rows of A. Gii) AB is not defined because number of columns of A # number of rows of B. : ea-[3 22) [2] 3 “(2-2+6)° l6 xoo)f11 Gv) AB=| 0 y 0| | 2 2 oozjlss x+0+0 x+0+0 ee =| 0+2y+0 0-2y+0 2y 2y O+0+4+3z OF043z 3z 32 BA is not defined because number of columns of B ¥ number of rows of A. 21 71A=|2 27] anaB—|1 5 |, find the products 213 os AB and BA. Hence, state the types of AB and BA.Solution 21 we-(223) [73] 10 _ [24241 14640 57 ~l44143 24340) ~|8 5 os 121 ea-[t3 (2 3] 10 24+2 4+1 243 45 5 =|1+6 2+3 14+9/=/75 10 AB and BA both are square mates but AB YEA. 123 8. IfA= [ 2a :| is a singular matrix, find the value 573 of ‘a’. (Oct. '14) Solution : Since A is a singular matrix, |A|=0 128 2a2 57S =0 <. 1@a— 14) —2(6 — 10) +3(14 — 5a) =0 +, 3a—1448442—150=0 “. —12a+36=0 —120= —36 a=3, cos@ sind sin@ cosd State the type of the matrix AA’. Solution + cos0 —sind sin@ cos@ 9. If a-[ |. find A’. Hence find AA’. Aara[ [088 sina) [cosa —sine =sin@ cos} [sind cos _ cos*0+sin?@ —sin@cos6+sin0cos 0 ~ | =sin@cos0+sin 0cosé sin?0 +cos?0 _(io “lo. AA’ is an identity matrix.1 2 wu a-(? 2] |AB|=|A| |B}. (Oct. 14) Solution ae-(3 i] (2 5] -[ats S28]-(5 72] w-[Z 3]. sey ae 21-2 3-5 9 -—2 a. otaie[ 8 = — 22-209 = — 231 ws - 1A||BI=(—7)@3) = —231 - @ From (1) and (2), | AB} 1-1 1 1 nita=(2 i]s (i 3] hence show that (A +B)? = A? +B?. Solution : ape | 2 | : 2 -1Jl4 -1 _f[1-4 141 -3 “(2-4 241 at 2 a) fe 1 weal, a) lao _f[1+2 -1-1]_[3 -2 “(4-2 -a+1J~l2 -3 wef 352) wise -23 (A +B)(A +B) =A?+AB+BA+B? A? + AB—AB+B? =A?4B. aaitan| 2 2) we, 2 36 = (A+B)? =A?+BA +B Solution ; We have to show that, (A + B)? = A? + BA +B? ie., to show that (A + BA +B) =A? + BA +B* find AB, BA and en We observe that, BA = , then show thatite., to show that A? +AB+BA +B? =A? + BA +B? i.e. to show that AB =0 12 2-2 uns-as=(} 2] [_? a _ [2-2 -2+2 “lo-6 —6+6 -(° Al oo =RHS. 2 6 1a wira-(3 _].-2-[ e =| and (A+ BA —B)—A?—B?, find the values of ‘a and ‘b’, Refer to the solution of Q. 17 of Exercise 2.2. Ans. a= —3,b= —3/2. 14. Find the values of x and y from the following equations : 50-1 @ {2(5 > =3]-s by equality of matrices, x= 7, y=12.55 3 4 ciccomitll Sabatier te 1-1 9 12 parva a 12 ra) [» ‘| 3-3 22 safes 3 |-ts vl 1 7 . [-19+244+4 —2241544]=[e yl] (9 —3]=[x y] by equality of matrices, x= 9, y wo {(23)-(2 S]}L)-(5) “(22 a) 0)-0) o 4 3 15. If A 1 —3 —3 |, show that A? -1 4 4 Solution o 4 3 o 4 3 A?=AA=| 1 -3 -3 1. 8 8 -1 4 4jJl-1 4 4 0-343 449-12 34+9-12 [7333 O-12+12 ae 12+16 0+4-4 —4-124+16 — 100 010 oo1 w.ra-|? 3 - 12)° Verify that (AB)~ Solution : Refer to the solution of Q. 9 of Miscellaneous Exercise 2(A). 3) na AB and (AB)"'. 34 BOAT.W7.If A= ie ale show that A?—3A +1=0. Hence find At. Solution: a-aa=(7 3] (23) fee alee) ~arcanere (3 3]-9(7 1]-(0 3] ~(32)-[6 3) +[6 9] Sia 28 3-340 2-341 00 “loo A?—3A4+1=0 a a OS 2 A = =2-1=1 IAl=|) ,[=2-1=1#0 *, AW! exists. Premultiply (1) by A~', we get, A“(A?—3A 41D =A-"0 ACMAA)—3A7'A+A~1=0 (A“'A)A— 31+ A> *TA-31+A7! 2 AW3ItA7} AT =3I-A “(6 2)-[7 2] ~os}-G a) [i 2): A (A — 5D.1 5 :]- se er ao 3 3 1, 48 1 ais) |—2 2 Now, a-[zia—sp |-[$ | 6s 3 Ta 4,5 20 =| 3's © 2,1 10 “673 6 10 “loa Hence, A~'=2(A—5). 19. Find the matrix X such that AX=B, where 12 o1 A (3 3] nae-[2 2]. Solution Refer to the solution of Q. 11 of Miscellaneous Exercise 2(A). 4 -3 -1 Ans. X= wins ais 20. Find X, if AX=B, where 123 A=| -11 2| andB 124 Solution Refer to the solution of Q. 12 of Miscellaneous Exercise 2(A). Ans. X=| — eX oH 2 [Note : Answer in the textbook is incorrect. 114 41 24 7 21, If a-[} al: s-[$ z] and c-(# | then find the matrix X such that AXB = C. Solution : Refer to the solution of Q. 13 of Miscellaneous Exercise 2(A).29 Lx ans. x=(7 3]. [Note : Question in the textbook is incorrect.) a 22. Find the inverse of A = cE 3 3) by elementary trans- formations. Solution : |A| AW exists. We write AA“! =1 2a 8) 3 fe “ 24 -[3 l pyrer, [) 2] a-2=[° 7 23 10 By R:—2R,, iF jan (° | wy (ors [3 2} an [23] nyr—ae, (} Jar=(_t 3] (24) ae 23, Find the inverse of A= [° 2 | by using elemen- hee tary column transformations. Solution : Refer to the solution of Q. 17 of Miscellaneous Exercise 2(A). 4 hs 2 ae i Za :| 2 = 2 [Note : Answer in the textbook is incorrect. 120 24. Find the inverse of A = [ 14 :| by using adjoint wae method. i Solution : Refer to the solution of Q. 14 of Miscellaneous Exercise 2¢A). 230042~«~-7 Ans. | -3 -1 2 —2 o £25. Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by the method of inversion : () 2x +3y= —5,3x-+4= Gi) xy +2=9, x +5y4+72=52 and ax y— Solution : wo form as = (C)-03) This is of the form AX = B, where an [5 teen Let us find A~'. he given equations can be written in the matrix 2 5 —9=-7#0 by r,—2K,, [ 1 By (5) Re, tT 2). wt oy, ee a F, By R, + 2R2, 1 +2 sa} = ( v4 =| @ 7 es 7 2 7 o Now, premultiply AX =B by A~', we get, A MAX)=A7B (ATA)X=A7'B IX=A'B—5 ai 9 ~ {FJe a7 2 wi | 888 3 7% By equality of matrices, *=2, y= —3 is the required solution. Gi) The given equations can be written in the ma form as : E? JG-E This is of the form AX =B, where 2-104 x 9 A=|2 5 7|,x=/y]| ana B=|52 2 a =1, z o Let us find A~'. 2-1 #12 \Al=|]2.05 7 2 ba =1(—5—7)+1(—2—14)+1@—10) = —12-16-8= 3640 o. AW! exists. We write AA“! =1 1-1 1 100 “12 8 7F)AM=[ oO 1.0 2 4 -© oo1 By R,—2R, and R,—2R,, 1-1 1 100 o 7 5]/A*=| -210 o 3-3 —201 By R, —2R,, 1 =4 1 10 oO oO x ee 24 -—2 o 3 -3 20 1 By R, +R; and R,~—3R,, 10 12 3 1-2 O11 a}Aa-t= 2 1-2 00 ~36 -8 -3 71 By (35 )R» 1 23 3 1 -2 [: ane 24 G2 001 a3 7 36 36 ~ 36 By R, —12R, and R, —11R,, 1 1 100 3° 3 [: 1 oa te 16 3 5 001 “36 3636 a 3 7 36 36 ~ 36 20 12 -16 3 | a3 -7 Now, premultiply AX =B by A-#, we get, A“MAX) =A-'B (ATA)X = A7'B - IX=A-'B | 20 4 (= -163 5] |52 36 a3 -7J lo ‘i 108 +0+0 144+ 156+0 724 156—0 3 (| =(2] ly) age =|3 3 3 2) * Laz 19 e *. by equality of the matrices, is the required solution. 26. Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by the method of reduction : G@) 2x—y +251, x+2y4+3z=8 and 3x+y—42=1 Gi) x4 2y+2=8, 2x43y—2=11 and Bx—y—22=5 Gi) x+3y +22 =6, 3x—2y+52=5 and 2x—3y+6z=7. Solution : (Refer to the solution of Q. 2 (viii) of Exercise 2.5. Ans, x=1,y=2,2=1.(ii) The given equations can be written in the mati form as: Beane By R, —2R, and R,—3R,, eos aE a By R,—7R, paaleelal x+2y+z 8 o-y-%| =] —5 040+ 162 16 By equal ‘of matrices, x+2y+ we TY —y-3z oro Ta) 16z ~ (8) From (3), = Substituting z= 1 in (2), we get, -y-3=-5y Substituting y—2, x+441 Hence, x ) Refer to the solution of Q. 264i). Ans. x= —1y= 27. The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add it to the second number we get 11. By adding first and third numbers we get a number, which is double the second number. Use these informations, find a system of linear equa- tions. Find these three numbers using matrices. Solution : Let the three numbers be x, y and z. xty+z=6. According to the given conditions, 3e+y=lLie,y+32=01 and x+2=2y, ie. x—2y+z=0 Hence, the system of the linear equations is xty+z=6 y+3e=11 x—Qy +z‘These equations can be written in the matrix form as : : 4 3} fe}-[8) 2) 1 ole 0 13] [*|- 0-3 alls at v-|-[ | ons 0) Ls By equality of matrices, xty+z=6 eli y+3z=11 ». Q) —3y= —6 -- @) From (3), Substituting y 2432-11 2=3 Put y =2, 2=3 in (1), we get, R4243-6 x01 /y=2,2=3 Hence, the required numbers are 1, 2 and 3. in (2), we get, 28. Two farmers Ram and Rahim cultivate three var- ieties of rice namely Basmati, Parimal and Colam. ‘The sale (in Rupees) of these varieties of rice by them in the months of August and October are as given below: August Basmati Parimal | Colam | Ram 10000 | 20000 15000 Rahim | 12000 | 19000 14000 | October Rahim 13000 19000 Use matrix algebra and find the following : () Find tolal sale by each of them for each of the variety. (ii) Find the increase in sales for each variety from August to October.Gii) If both Ram and Rahim get 2.5% profit on gross sales, find the profit for each of them and for each of the variety. Solution : The given information can be written in the matrix form as : August October Basmati Parimal Colam Basmati Parimal Colam. Ram: ie 20000 aso [zoe 21000 16000 Rahim: 12000 19000-14000) | 13000. 19000-15000 @ The total sale of the rice by Ram and Rahim for each of the variety requires the addition of these two matrices, i 10000 20000 15000 11000 21000 eal 12000 19000 14000 13000 19000 15000. 10000 + 11000 20000 + 21000 15000 + 16000 12000 + 13000 19000 + 19000 14000 + 15000 21000 41000 31000 25000 38000 29000 total sale of rice of each type by cach of them is given by Basmati Parimal Colam Ram: { 21000 4100031000 rant: 23000 36000 29000] Hence the total sales for Ram are 21000 (Basmati), % 41000 (Parimal), 31000 (Colam) and for Rahim are '& 25000 (Basmati), € 38000 (Parimal), % 29000 (Colam). Gi) The increase in sales for each variety from August to October requires the subtraction of the two matrices, 11000 21000 16000] _ {10000 20000 15000 13000 19000 15000 } 12000 19000 14000 __ [11000 — 10000 21000 — 20000 16000 — 15000 ~ 13000-12000 19000 — 19000 15000 — 14000 1000 1000 1000 (aes sooo) .. increase in sales for each variety is given by Basmati Parimal Colam Ram: 1000 1000 1000 Rahim : [ 1000 ° 1000 ] Hence the increase in sales for Basmati is = (1000 + 1000) = 2000, for Parimal & (1000 + 0) = 1000, for Colam ¥ (1000 + 1000) — & 2000.Gii) Profit percentage for each of them and for each of the variety is 25% and the total sale is given in matrix form as Basmati Parimal Colam Ram: { 21000 © 41000 31000 } Rahim : [ 25000 38000-29000 *. profit for each of them and each of variety is given by 5 (Zio 41000 ee | 25009 38000 29000. 25 25 41000 x 000 159 21000 x 100 2.5 as: 100 25000 x 38000 T55 29000 x > 525 1025 75 ~ (625 950 725. Hence, the profit for Ram are & 525 (Basmati), € 1025 (Parimal), € 775 (Colam) and for Rahim are € 625 (Basmati), € 950 (Parimal), & 725 (Colam) 29. Ina city there are two factories A and B. Each factory produces sports clothes for boys and girls. There are three types of clothes produced in both the factories, type I, Il and III. For boys, the number of units of types I, II and III are 80, 70 and 65 respectively in factory A and 85, 65 and 72 respectively in factory B. For girls, the number of units of types 1, It and 111 are 80, 75, 90 respectively in factory A and 50, 55, 80 respectively in factory B. Express the information in terms of matrices and using matrix algebra, answer the following questions : (How many total units of type I are produced for boys? Gi) What is the total production of each type for boys and for girls? Solution ; The given information can be written in the matrix form as : Factory : A B Types: ron om lum Boys : 80 70 65 85 65 72 cine: [07550] [Ss 0) The total production of sports clothes of each type requires the addition of these two matrices, ie.,80 70 65 85 65 72 (a molt les ol 80+85 70465 65+72 = [fete 75455 meal 165 135 137 -(i% im 1] the total production of sports clothes of each type for boys and girls is given by: 1 on om Boys: [165 135 137 Ginn: [130 130. 370] Hence, (i) total units of type T produced for boys = 165 Gi) total production for boys Type I is 165 units, type TI is 135 units and type IIT is 137 units, and total production for girls : ‘Type Lis 130 units, type M1 is 130 units and type Ill is 170 units. 30. A manufacturer produces three products A, B, C which he sells in two markets I and 11. The annual sales are as shown below : Products Market | Al B a Cc _| im 1 5 5000 3000 4000 au 6000 10000-8000 (@ If the unit sale prices of A, B, C are 3, @ Zand 4 respectively in market I and they are % 4,73 and © 6 in market II. Find the total revenue in each market, using matrix algebra. (ii) If the unit cost prices of A, B, C are © 2.50, 7 1.50 and @ 3 respectively then find the gross profit, using matrix algebra. Solution : 4) For market Sales matrix 5000 3000 4000] 3 Sale price matrix = (| 4 3 . total revenue =[5000 3000 4000] | 499 70 65) (a5 65 72 fea allele wl 80485 70465 472 “(Ee nee wel (2 135137 ed the total production of sports clothes of each type for boys and girls is given by Ion Ww Boys: (165 135 137 Girls: [130 130 170 Hence, (i) total units of type I produced for boys = 165 Gi) total production for boys : ‘Type I is 165 units, type Il is 195 units and type His 137 units, and total production for girls ‘Type Tis 130 units, type Il is 130 units and type Il is 170 units. 30, A manufacturer produces three products A, B, C which he sells in two markets I and II, The annual sales are as shown below : Prodecs [maser | a ob |e ae 6x 1000 —_s00 Ai) AF the unit sale prices of A, B, C are & 3, @2and € 4 respectively in market Iand they are € 4,23 and € 6 in mazket Il Find the total revenue in each market, using matrix algebra. (ii) If the unit cost prices of A, B, Care € 2.50, 1.50 and & 3 respectively then find the gross profit, using matrix algebra. Solution (@ For market I: Sales matrix = [5020 3000 4000) i 3 - wat ememe= to 0 0 [2] ‘ Sale price matr= [5000 « 3 + 3000 x 2 +4000 « 41 = [15000 + 6000 + 16000 | = [ 37000 } Hence, the total revenue in market | = 37000. For market II: Sales matrix =[6000 10000 8000] () 4 rat ever =15000 e000 5001 [3] : Sale price matrix [6000 x 4 + 10000 x 3 +8000 x 6] = [24000 + 30000 +.48000 } = [102000] Hence, the total revenue in market IT 2.50 Cost matrix = | 1.50 3.00 = 102000. 3 ste price matic n mrtt [3] 4 4 Sale price matrix in market I= | 3 3 profit matrix in market I= | 2 4 3—250 0.50) =|2-150] =] 0.50 4—3.00 1.00 and profit matrix in market I -E-3| 42.50 1.50 =|3—1.50] =| 150 6—3.00 3.00 For market I : Sales matrix =[5000 3000 4000] 0.50 Profit matrix = | 0.50 131. 0.50 -'. gross profit=[5000 3000 4000] [e= al = [5000 x 0.50 + 3000 x 0.50 + 4000 x 1] = [2500 + 1500 + 4000] = [8000] Hence, the gross profit in market I = = 8000. For market II : Sales matrix =[6000 10000 8000] 1.50 Profit matrix = | 1.50 3 1.50 -. gross profit=[6000 10000 8000] | 1.50 3 = [6000 x 1.50 + 10000 x 1.50 + 8000 x 3] = [9000 + 15000 + 24000] = [48000] The televisions manufactured in a factory are stored in two warehouses. They are then transported to the two shops. In the month of January the first ware- house has 45 televisions and the second warehouse has 55 televisions. The first shop requires 47 televi- sions and second shop requires 53 televisions. The televisions are transported from each warehouse to each of the two shops. If the requirement of each shop is fulfilled, then represent the above informa- tion in terms of one matrix equation.Further, the transportation charges per unit are 100 and 2 150 for the first and the second shop respectively and the total transportation charges for the two warehouses are Z 10000 and 15000 respect- ively. Represent this information in terms of one matrix equation. Solution (i) Let x; and x, be the number of TV sets sent by warehouse 1 to shops 1 and 2 respectively, and x, and x, be the number of TV sets sent by warehouse 2 to shops 1 and 2 respectively. Then, according to the given data : x, +x,=45 X3+X,=55 x, +x;=47 X,+x,=53 Expressing the above equations in matrix form as : 2 0 x 45 00 1 1| | |_| 55 10 1 O/ | x] 7| 47 0 4 0 2) (ox, 53 (ii) The transportation charges per unit are = 100 and % 150 for the shop 1 and shop 2 respectively, and the total transportation for the two warehouses are % 10000 and % 15000 respectively. . 100x, + 150x, = 10000 and 100x, + 150x, — 15000 The above information can be represented in matrix form as : x; ¥2] (100) _ {10000 x; x4} (150) [15000