Exponential and Logarithmic 1 5 Functions In this chapter, we study functions such as 3" where xis an index or exponent. Hence 3° is called an exponential function and 3 isthe base of the fonction. First, here is a sevision check on the rules for working with indices. RULES FOR INDICES. ‘The three basic roles are: Toxesae ‘When multipiying exponential functions with the same base, ADD the indices. Woextaye ‘When dividing exponential fmctions with the same base, SUBTRACT the indices, Mm Gy {fan exponential function is raised to ices. anche power, MULTIPLY th Using these res we cn deceit»? = 1 (#0 and hat = jr 20) A negative index gives the reiprocal of the function. Fractional indices We can also find a meaning fr factional indices. For example soot =V9=3, In general, x! = Va 7h? = AI = GB) =9. Further, 278 In general 2 = (Uap 350Example 1 Find the values of (a) 100% ¢b) 32° (a) 100! = (100) = (Hoy = 1000 ©) 32 (201 x80! = estan f= F (0) BKB =D x OHH Dex D8 wat (tw ge Exercise 15.1 (Answers on page 638.) 1 Find the value @e oe oe ws @ st © 2 (® 16 @ wy o Cay 2 Shove that, @ © 16 © Pr =8Ka @r oe 5x 2578 5 3 Simplify (a) 22x44, (0) 275 +98, (@) 8% x4 EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS ‘An equation such as 3° = 81 is an exponential equation, The unknown (x) is the exponent. We can solve such equations by expressing both sides in terms of the same base. Sometimes this can be done directly. If not, a more general method using loga- rithms can be used. This will be showa later. 381Example 3 Solve the equations (a) 3" = 81, (b) 8° = 0.25. (@) We have to sce that 81 is a power of 3 (the base ofthe eft hand side). 81 = 3° so the equation is 3° = 3. Both sides are now expressed to the same base, so the exponents must be oqual. Hence x = 4, (B) Here we must see that 8* and 0.25 can both be expressed to base 2. a Qn ae Example 4 Solve the equation 240+} = 9.2, PORB XD = OP x8 Now if we put p= 2, then 25 = gp" and 9x 2*= 9p. ‘The equation then becomes 8p*— 9p + 1 = 0 i:e. (8p ~ 1Mp - 1 aiving p or" ‘The solutions of the equation are x = ~3 or x However, note that not all such equations will have two solutions or even any solutions. Example 5 Solve the equation 22° 15 x 2-8 = 0. Bers Px VYx2 As before, put p= 2. “The equation becomes 2p? + 15p— Some} = Die. @p— 1)(p + 8) =0 giving p and x=-1 (or 2'= 8, As 2" is never negative, this part has no solution. ‘The equation has therefore only one solution, x = -1. 352Example 6 Solve the equation 2" + 2! 3 “The equation is 2°42! x2*=3 ie. 2+ 2 Take p= ‘The equation becomes p+ 2 ‘Then (p — 2p — 1. ‘Then 2° 2=2! and x= 1 or? “The solutions are x= 1 oF 0 ie. @—3p+2=0. orl. and 2 and x =0. Example 7 Solve te simultaneous equations Fx9e1 ® wd Pexaet w Im equation (), we see that each term can be expressed as a power of 3. Then 3¢x GY = 3 soxt2y=0 a Similarly, each term of equation (i) can be expressed as a power of 2 Then 2* x Qty = 29 s0 2c 2y=-3 ww) Solving equations (i) and Gv), we obtain x Exercise 15.2 (Answers on page 638.) 1 Solve thie following equations: (@) 2 =64 © * © 16-0125 @ = a (iy 29029 +8=0 @ 3-12) +27=0 @ 3 4+1=266") tk) =~ 1290) 64=0 ) 354269) -9=0 (rm 2" 1502) = 8 ( 2e2=5 @ mar 415 ) P= 286" +120 2 Show thatthe equation 2% + 3(2%*) + 8 = O has no solutions. 3533 Solve the simultaneous equations Sx 25% = 5, 3x 9" th ‘The Graph of the Exponential Function ‘Complete the following table for values of 2" and 3 using a caleulator where necessary. » [2 [4[o]os [1 [as] 2[es[s 2 | 025 1 8 x [on 52. - out of scale.) (The value 3 is omited as it Now taking seales of 2cm for | unit on the x-axis and 1 cm for T uniton the yaxis, plot the points given by these values and draw the two curves (Fig. 15.1). 9.8.1 ‘These are typical graphs ofthe exponential function a* (a > 1). They all have the same shape and pass through the point (0,1) as a* = 1 for al values of a # 0. 354Fig, 15.2 shows the graphs of y= a" and y =a (a> 1). These are reflections of each other in the y-axis. Note that ais never negative but af 0 a8 x > — ©. yo rgt52 Exercise 15.3 (Answers on page 638.) 1 From ig. 15.1,eaimate the value of) 2, (0) 3 ad find approximate values of THE = 5.097 2. Copy the cue y= 3 fom Fg 151 and ate curve y = 3~ forth same domain, Now daw he pap ofthe curve y = (3+ 3) by tking the vals of y halfway Teaween he two cuvesy=3 and) =3° (This cure called a eatenary ais the ure made by alex chin when suspended from wo poison he sme lve) 5 Using acaleultor make a abe of values forthe function y=e" where = 2.72, Take Value of om 21 fo 25 m intervals of 0. With scales of 2 cm fo 1 uni onthe ‘axis and Im for | uiton the ant po he points an draw te cave BY daving angels (oh curve athe pons where = 0, and 2, ema he raat th curve at these pins Compare your resus wih he val of ya hese pais te signif of he exponent ection © wil berg arin Cape 18. Your ess suggest the urigue property of this function wat f=] THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION ‘The inverse of the exponential function is called the logarithmic function. If y define x as the logarithm of y to the base a (a > 0). This is writen as log, y- exponential form Iogarithmic form year <—— log, y= (inex somes ogaritin For example, B=? log, 8=3 ——— 1og,, 100 log, r=3 355Conversely if lop, 10 = 4, then 10 = 4 if log, x= 5, then x = ¥. Example 8 Write in logarithmic form: (a) 3 = 9, (b) = 10. (c) 23 = 4. (a) 163?=9, then lop, 9 (©) IE = 16, then 1g, 10 then log, (4 = 2. (Logarithms can be negative) Example 9 Write in exponential form: (a)4 = lg, x, (b) = logs 7, (0) 2 = (@) 4 = tog, x becomes 3¢= x (©) x= log, 7 becomes 5*=7 (©) 2= log, 5 becomes x= 5 Example 10 Find the value of xi (a) x = log, 64, (b) log, 25 ~2,(c)x= log, (4). (d) log, x= 4 (a) If.x= log, 64, then 2 = 64 and x= 6 (as 64 = 29. (0) If iog, 25 2 then x? = 25 and x = 5 (+ as base must be positive). (© Ix=log, (4), then nd =I (@) Iflog, x= 4) then 3° Exercise 15.4 (Answers on page 638.) 1 Write in logarithmic form: @ #=16 © 10° = 1000 @ 10*=0001 @® Fa @ ® 2 Wirt te folowing in exponential form and hence find the vale of x @ x= log, 16 (@) x= log, 27 (©) *= log, 64 += 10,0001 @ *=108,(4) Gh) tog, 625 = « () ==10,(3) © =o, 169 (9 £=loGy 13 3563 Find the value of (@) "log, 5 (b) log, 64 (©) log, ©) log, 1 (©) log, 16 log, ce @) 10843 ) tog, o* © toe, @ tog,8 k) tog, 8 WD log, 16 (2) log, x () log, (F 4 Find the value of x if: (a) log, ©) log, x © og, 12: © Ios, 52 ©) log, =2 © 10g,/36=2 @) log, 81 @) tog, t= 1 @) toe, 3 © tog, -2) ‘The Graph of the Logarithmic Function ‘As the logarithmic function isthe inverse ofthe exponential function y= a", we ean obtain its graph by reflecting y = a" inthe line y = x (Fig 15.3). Fig16.9 Note the following: (1) log, 1 = 0. This follows because a = 1 (2) log, x isnot defined if x < 0. The logarithm of a negative number does not exist. @) 10 << log, <0. The logarithm ofa postive number < Lis always negative @) log, 0s undefined ©) As'r increases, log, x increases 337Rules for Logarithms ‘These are similar to the rules for indices. 1 PQ= ‘Then log, PO +n=log, P + log, 2. = Hn, 2 os, Po, For example, log, 12 = log, (4 x 3) = log, 4 + log, 3 Note: Do NOT write log, (P + Q) = log, P+ log, Q. This is not true. log, P — log, Q. tog 2 Se For example, log, 3 = log, 12 log, 4. ote: This ae dos NOT apy 0 2% whichis the vsn of vo legs MM P= (asp ea “Then log, P* = mn =n log, P logs? oh For example, log, 2 = 3 lg, 2 and log, V3 = og, 3! = blog, 3 Two Special Logarithms 1 For any base, = 1, Hence | fogs ‘The logarithm of 1 is always 0. 2 a! =a, Hence fone “The logarithm of the base is always | 358Cr Example 11 Simplify (a) log, 49.2) log, (5). {@) log, 49 = log, 77 =2 log, 7=2.as log, 7 @) 1og,(}) = log, 1 —10g, Example 12 Simplify log, 9 + og, 21 ~ log, 7. log, 9 + log, 21 — log, 7 = log, (9 x 21 +7) = log, 27 = log, 3 =3 log, 3 Example 13 Given that log, 2 = 0.431 and lg, 3 = 0.683, find the value of {4} 10g,6, (0) 10815, (c) lox, 8, (4) log, 12, (@) log, “We must express each in terms of powers of 2 and 3. (@) log, 6= log, (3 x2) = log, 3 + log, 2 @) log, 15 =1og, (3) = log, 3 log, 2=0.252 (© log, 8 = log, 2 = 3 tog, (@) logy 12 = log, (4 x 3) = log, 4 + log, 3 = log, 28+ log, 3 = 2 log, 2 +1og,3 = 1. = log, 1 — log, 18 = O— log, (9 x 2) = Hog, 9 log, 2 “log, 3° 1og,2 2 log, 3 — log, 2=-1.797 (With practice, some of these steps could be omitted. Example 14 Given that log, x= p and log, aexpress (a) lop,20%. (0) lop, (C) log, VE in terms ofp and g @) log, 97 = log, x + log, = log, # +2 log, y =p + 2a (©) tog, 3 = log, x= log, ?= log, x~3 log, y=P—34 359(© lo, V2 (og, 2% — tog, ») (log, a + og, °~ log, ») (1+ 208,x-@) (429-9) L 2 2 a 2 1 2 Examplo 15 ¥f2 log, 2 +log, 10-3 log, 3 = 3 + log, 5, find the value ofa Collecting al the logarithms on the left hand side, 2 og, 2+ log, 10-3 log, 3—log, 5=3 log, 2 + log, 10 — log, ? —log, 5 =3 toe, S753 =3 8 tos, 2 <8 mda= and soa°= & anda= Example 16 Find the values) of x if (a) 2 log, x = lop, (x +6), (6) log, (2 ~ 3x 4 2) = 2+ log, (8-1 (@) 2 log, x= log, (+6) O giving x= 3 or -2. tis essential to check if any ofthese solutions is invalid. We sce that x=-2 is not possible as log (-2) is undefined. Hence the only solution is x= 3. () log, (8 ~ 3x + 2) —Iog, (1) =2 Then log, 223542 ‘Changing to exponential form, = 25 ‘Thon a — 3 +2 = 28x ~ 25 oF x= 28427 = 0 ie. @— 27-1) =0 giving x=27 o¢ 1. Now check these results, Ifx= 1, log, (= 1) = log, 0 which is undefined. So the only solution is x = 27. 360Example 17 (ah temp = x ada, =, erase py and 5 at power of (0) Watso p'q = 16 and E = $y, find the values of x and y (a) Ftst, we express p and q as powers of 2. Iflog, p =, then p =2 If log, ¢= y, then () If p'g@= 2 = 16-25, then 2x4 2y = 4 @ wy Example 18 Find the value ofxif log, x, log, (x +3) and log, (x +12) are three consecutive terms of an AP. [As the tems are consecutive, log, x+ log, (x + 12) 2 og, (+ 3). ‘Then log, x(x + 12) = log, + 37 ie. a+ 12) = (437 Which gives? + I2x=a? + 6x49 or 6r=9, Hence x= 1} Exercise 15.5 (Answers on page 639.) 1 Taking Scales of 2 em for 1 unit on each ais, dew the graph of y = 2 for “25.152. Add the line y=. By reflecting y => inthis ine, draw the graph of y=log,sfor Sse From your grap, find approximate values fr (a log, 1, (10g, 3. 2 Simply @ We, 2 ©) f0n,36 © tog, 27 (@) log, 25 © top 5 © ‘og, 10000 @ log, 121 ® tops 361(Tog, 12.5 + log, 10 @ 210g, 9— og, 81 ) log, 24+ 0g, 15—log, 10) log, 98— log, 30 + log, 15, vag? im) log, 6 + log, 9 o (m) og, Bs oS (©) log, 8 (p) log, 81 @ b08, 3 (© log, 4 (9) tog, ¥10 (© og, 10 3 Given that log, 4 = 1.262 and hat log, $= 1.465, find the values of (a) log, 20 (b) log, 0.8 (© log, 1.25 (@) tog, 100 © lo, 64 © og, 80 (g) log, 6.25 @) log, 15 () log, 0.25 4 Given that log, 2 = 0.386 and log, 3 = 0.565, find the values of (@) toe, 6 ©) bog, 9 ©) log, 18 (@ tog, 24 (©) log, 45 © og, ? (g) log, V3 (h) log, 14 (tog, 42 © 0a, § 8) log, 43 fin the ve of express (03) 3 in tems ofa and b 5 If log, 2° + log, x= 6 If log, x = a and log, 7 flog, x= pand log, y= express) log, 2s (log, V5. () lg, £5 (tog, in ens ofp 20d q 8 Find yi, » 9 ito, ~ og, 4 10 Given that op, 8+ 1g, 4= 5, finde vale of 1. Given that og, x=p and lo, y= g express) xy, () Fe as powers of 3, 12 Given that log, 4 = p and log, 5= 9, find the value of x if (8) log, x = p + 24, (©) og, x= 2p—9 +2. 13 log, x = a and log, y = b, Express x"y and © as powers of 2. Given sso that xy = 32 and that = find the vals ofa and 14 Given that logy, 2 = h and log,, 7 = &, find the value of x if (a) log, x = 2h + ky @)log,,x=3h—-k + 1 15 I logy, x =a and log, y= log, 7. find the value ofp. expres logy VE in terms of a and. 16 Given that og, xy =p and that og, (5) = find log ad og, yin tems ofp and 4 and ence express og, x ints fp and 17 If log, x = p, show that log, x = 2p. Hence find (a) the value of kif log, k= 2+ log, k and (b) the value of n if log, n+ log, n = 9. 362fe 48 Solve the equations @ 2l02, #= log, (2x +3) (6) 3 log, x= log, (x—2) (© log, G2 +2)= 1 + log, (#2) (@) log, 2+ Br 1) = 2+ log, (e- D (© log, 2x + 3x+5)=3 + log, +1) (log, + 17)= 2 log, (3) @) log, (2x42) = 142 log, x () log, ¥= 1 log, (r— 4) 19 (@) Ilog, b= x, deduce that x og, a= 1 and hence show that log, B= agg @) Find fog, 8 and hence state the value of log, 2, 20 If og, & log, y and log, : are three consecutive terms of an AP, show that x, y and z are consecutive terms of a GP. Common Logarithms For practical calevlation, base 10 i used and I logarithms, These are writen as Ig x, which is an abbreviation for logy. x. 10is chosen as it isthe base of the decimal system of numbers ‘To see the advantage of base 10, suppose we know that Ig 5.6 = 0.748. Then Ig 560 = Jg5.6 x 10° = lg 5.6 + 2 Ig 10 = 0.748 + 2 = 2.748 (as Ig 10= 1). The decimal part 748 is unchanged, Similarly lg 5600 would be 3.748. On any other base the logarithms of these numbers would be quite different. ‘Tables of common logarithms are available but they can be found directly using the LOG (or LG) key on a calculator. ‘There is another system of logarithms, called natural logarithms, written as In x, ‘which is used in Calculus, The base of natural logarithms isa certain number ¢ (~ 2.718). We shall sce the reason for this in Chapter 18. Logarithmic Equations Example 19 Find toe, 7. log, 7=x then?" = 7. ‘We cannot express 7 as a power of 2 directly so we convert this equation 10 a logarithmic equation using logarithms of base 10. ‘Take the Ig of each side. ‘Then Ig 2° = Ig 7. Hence x Ig.2.= lg 7 and so x 81 (by calculator correct to 3 sig. figs.)81 (Verify the result by using the 2” function on the ealeulater). Hence log, 7 = Example 20 Find cif 1 = 20, ‘Convert os logirithmic extn, Take the Ig ofeach sie, Then ig $= g2"" ie. = Ig e+ Dig? Now solve for x We do not find Ig 2, lg 3 ye. sg3~Ig3 =x 1g2+ 2 which gives xig 3 —1g2)= 183 +152 ie.rig } =1g6ors= ify =442 by caeuato, (Nore: The right hand sie is NOT Ig). Example 21 Finds ft0g,6= 15 tog, 6 = 13, ten. = 6, Taking he I of ac sid, 1S ige=lg 6uad gx ‘EE = 05188 (by clean, Hence 2 = 10 23,30 by eel, xing the» funtion, ne Example 22 {tn Example 19, Chapter 13 we found the least value of n where 0.9~! < 0.4. This can ‘also be done using logarithms. 1e09" 18% - 8.606 by caleulator and henee n > 9.696 and we take the integral value n 0. ‘Note:To solve an inequality, if an integral result is required, the calculator method (osing 2) 8 in Chapter 13, is very suitable and quick. However to solve an equation such as 0.9*= 0.4, the logarithmic method must be used. Here x= 8.70 (to 3 significant figures). 364Example 23 ‘Asm of money $P is invested at a compound interest of % per year (a) Show tha it wil amount to $P(1 + 755) after years. (0) Ifthe rate of interest is 8%, after haw many years will the sum of money be doubled? (@) Ate 1 year, the amount willbe P,= P+ £5 = (I+ sha). (1+ i) =P ence stern years he amount wil be P, = (1+ fa) ‘After 2 years the amount will be P, i (b) P,=2P. Hence 2P = P(1+ 7B) = PC.08y. Then 1.08" =2. ‘Taking the Ig of each side, n Ig 1. tas BR" 901i after 9 years. =1g2 Example 24 Given that y = ax* +3 where a > 0 and that y = 8 when x = 2 and y = 48 when x= 8, find the values of a and b. Substituting x= 2,8 =a x2 +3 or ax2=5 @ When x= 8, 48 = ax 843 soa x (2) = 45 ie, ax 2 = 45 or ax (2 =45 «i From (), 2°= § so @y' = 8 Hence ip becomes ax 138 = 45 so and a= 1 = 3 giving a= § (as a> 0) ten fom (i), § 2 and 2823, Taking the Ip of each sid, b Ig 2= Ig 3 and b = TB} which gives b = 1.58.Example 25 Show that log, b= 2. Hence find the vale of og, 5X log, 4X log, II ea Let log, b= x. Then af = b. Now take the Ig of each side and xiga Using his resut log, 5 xg, 4x og, 11 = JES x 8 Exercise 15.6 (Answers on page 632, Give answers correct to 3 significant figures if ot exact 1 Find the value of xi @ 355 &) 2 @ © Be a) @) 1325 () O6'= 04 2 Calculate log, 5 and log, 7. 3 If log, 3 = 17, find the value of x 4 What isthe est numberof ems ofthe GP 3,4 1, that an beaded for heir sum tobe greater than 90? 5 If the sum of m terms ofthe GP 8, 12, 1 value of 1? (6 Find the least integral value of x if (a) 18°! > 47, (6) 0.75" < 015, 7 In how many years will $3000 invested at 5% per year compound interest amount 10 50007 8 After how many years wll $9000 amount to $20 000 if tis invested at 4.5% per year ‘compound interest? 9 Given that P = 50(0.75) find (a) the value of P when n P=10. {snot to exceed 500, what is the largest (©) the value of when 10 The population of a city in 1980 was 3 200 000 and this was an increase of 1.7% over the population in 1979. If this rate of increase is continued, in what year will the population frst exceed $ 000 000? 11 The decay of a radioactive substance is given by the formula Mf =, ¢°™ where My is the inital mass, Mf the mass after ¢ years and e = 2.718, Calculate the halflife of the substance, ie, the number of years taken for the mass to be halved. 36612 Find the value of log, 49 x log, 9 * log, 5. 13 Find the value of log, 9x log, 7 ¥ log, 2 x log, 25. 14 flog, 8 log, x =3, find the value of x. 15 Given that Ig y= 1-3 Ig, show that y can be expressed in the form y= pa? and find the values of p and q. 16 Show shat ig = —L Hence find the values of x which easy te equation Ign) + 10 fr P< 180% 17 (@) Solve the equation log, 25 = 8. () Find the value of x if = 10. 18 Find x if log, 12=5. 1x° ~2, Given that y= 6 when x= 2 and y = 22 when x=4, find the values of SUMMARY © Rules for indices: x. were oye (© Negative index: =" Zero index: 2° = 1 Feactional index: x © Exponential form log,» logarithmic form (@>o dis the base of the logarithm yaar igt54 367‘© Rules for logarithms: log, PO'= log, P +iog, tog, & log, Plog, | log, r= nog, P log, 120 log, a= © Common logarithms have base 10 and are writen as Ig 2. REVISION EXERCISE 15 (Answers on page 632) 91? Af not exact, give answers. ct to 3 significant figures. Lietbnrns Torri, (4)! A Sowvetieomtions 2, * Sore Be ise ois Be is sprsr-0 Bs Zimcravinaical eee bh Test x Csr Po 0g, x= 2,feF fog, 8=2. 448 org, 81 . 4, | 75%ive 6 simatneosequtons s+) =3, logge =2 Zip, we a Pied eal © 6 9)-Given that og, 7 + I wore $A eien tatty, 3 Sig, 2, Given ht og, 2 = 0.631 a that og, $= 1465, evaluate og Without ng tables ora calculator C : © nd if Gren (2 + Se-2) Ion 68 #24 9)+06,9, oe Reigns 2 3. 7 { / po venta sy =2 ad 2 1) =I find the vals of xy 2 Fer save eauin 5° SEN vy, "BY Solve the equation log, z + log, (x + 1) = 1 ae oe Yo oromanteeamten heme TRE epee > « . a . © oF or og © Find the value of log, 9 x log, 7 x1og, 25. WZ Me ge eer ene 7 y= px +2 and y = 14 when x=2 and y= 194 when x = 8, find the values of and of ¢ Given that log, (5) = w and log, (22) = v, express log, 4p) in ferms of w and. Salve th equtons 1 5'= 10, 055" 01, (9) 3$¢= 7. sayfa t psig? ) G