IMO Longlists 1985

1 Each of the numbers in the set N = {1, 2, 3, · · · , n − 1}, where n ≥ 3, is colored with one of
two colors, say red or black, so that:
(i) i and n − i always receive the same color, and
(ii) for some j ∈ N , relatively prime to n, i and |j−i| receive the same color for all i ∈ N, i 6= j.
Prove that all numbers in N must receive the same color.

2 We are given a triangle ABC and three rectangles R1 , R2 , R3 with sides parallel to two fixed
perpendicular directions and such that their union covers the sides AB, BC, and CA; i.e.,
each point on the perimeter of ABC is contained in or on at least one of the rectangles. Prove
that all points inside the triangle are also covered by the union of R1 , R2 , R3 .

3 A function f hasthe following property: If k > 1, j > 1, and gcd(k, j) = m, then f (kj) =
k

j
f (m)(f m +f m ). What values can f (1984) and f (1985) take?

4 Let x, y, and z be real numbers satisfying x + y + z = xyz. Prove that

x(1 − y 2 )(1 − z 2 ) + y(1 − z 2 )(1 − x2 ) + z(1 − x2 )(1 − y 2 ) = 4xyz.

5 If possible, construct an equilateral triangle whose three vertices are on three given circles.

6 On a one-way street, an unending sequence of cars of width a, length b passes with velocity
v. The cars are separated by the distance c. A pedestrian crosses the street perpendicularly
with velocity w, without paying attention to the cars.
(a) What is the probability that the pedestrian crosses the street uninjured?
(b) Can he improve this probability by crossing the road in a direction other than perpen-
dicular?

7 A convex quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle of radius 1. Prove that the difference between
its perimeter and the sum of the lengths of its diagonals is greater than zero and less than 2.

8 Let K be a convex set in the xy-plane, symmetric with respect to the origin and having area
greater than 4. Prove that there exists a point (m, n) 6= (0, 0) in K such that m and n are
integers.

9 A polyhedron has 12 faces and is such that:

(i) all faces are isosceles triangles, (ii) all edges have length either x or y, (iii) at each vertex
either 3 or 6 edges meet, and (iv) all dihedral angles are equal.
Find the ratio x/y.

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 IMO Longlists 1985

10 Let m boxes be given, with some balls in each box. Let n < m be a given integer. The
following operation is performed: choose n of the boxes and put 1 ball in each of them.
Prove:
(a) If m and n are relatively prime, then it is possible, by performing the operation a finite
number of times, to arrive at the situation that all the boxes contain an equal number of
balls.
(b) If m and n are not relatively prime, there exist initial distributions of balls in the boxes
such that an equal distribution is not possible to achieve.
11 Let a and b be integers and n a positive integer. Prove that
bn−1 a(a + b)(a + 2b) · · · (a + (n − 1)b)
n!
is an integer.
12 Find the maximum value of
sin2 θ1 + sin2 θ2 + · · · + sin2 θn
subject to the restrictions 0 ≤ θi , θ1 + θ2 + · · · + θn = π.
13 Find the average of the quantity
(a1 − a2 )2 + (a2 − a3 )2 + · · · + (an−1 − an )2
taken over all permutations (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) of (1, 2, . . . , n).
14 Let k be a positive integer. Define u0 = 0, u1 = 1, and un = kun−1 − un−2 , n ≥ 2. Show that
for each integer n, the number u31 + u32 + · · · + u3n is a multiple of u1 + u2 + · · · + un .
15 Superchess is played on on a 12 × 12 board, and it uses superknights, which move between
opposite corner cells of any 3 × 4 subboard. Is it possible for a superknight to visit every other
cell of a superchessboard exactly once and return to its starting cell ?
16 Let x1 , x2 , · · · , xn be positive numbers. Prove that

x21 x22 x2n−1 x2n

+ + · · · + + ≤n−1
x21 + x2 x3 x22 + x3 x4 x2n−1 + xn x1 x2n + x1 x2

17 Set
n
X k6
An = .
2k
k=1
Find limn→∞ An .

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18 The circles (R, r) and (P, ρ), where r > ρ, touch externally at A. Their direct common
tangent touches (R, r) at B and (P, ρ) at C. The line RP meets the circle (P, ρ) again at
D and the line BC at E. If |BC| = 6|DE|, prove that: (a) the lengths of the sides of the
triangle RBE are in an arithmetic progression, and
(b) |AB| = 2|AC|.

19 Solve the system of simultaneous equations

√ 1
x− − 2w + 3z = 1,
y
1
x+ − 4w2 − 9z 2 = 3,
y2
√ 1
x x − 3 − 8w3 + 27z 3 = −5,
y
1
x2 + 4 − 16w4 − 81z 4 = 15.
y

20 Let T be the set of all lattice points (i.e., all points with integer coordinates) in three-
dimensional space. Two such points (x, y, z) and (u, v, w) are called neighbors if |x − u| + |y −
v| + |z − w| = 1. Show that there exists a subset S of T such that for each p ∈ T , there is
exactly one point of S among p and its neighbors.

21 Let A be a set of positive integers such that for any two elements x, y of A, |x − y| ≥ xy
25 .
Prove that A contains at most nine elements. Give an example of such a set of nine elements.

22 The positive integers x1 , · · · , xn , n ≥ 3, satisfy x1 < x2 < · · · < xn < 2x1 . Set P =
x1 x2 · · · xn . Prove that if p is a prime number, k a positive integer, and P is divisible by pk,
then pPk ≥ n!.

23 Let N = 1, 2, 3, .... For real x, y, set S(x, y) = {s|s = [nx + y], n ∈ N}. Prove that if r > 1 is
a rational number, there exist real numbers u and v such that

S(r, 0) ∩ S(u, v) = ∅, S(r, 0) ∪ S(u, v) = N.

24 Let d ≥ 1 be an integer that is not the square of an integer. Prove that for every integer
n ≥ 1, √ √
(n d + 1) · | sin(nπ d)| ≥ 1

25 Find eight positive integers n1 , n2 , . . . , n8 with the following property:

For every integer k, −1985 ≤ k ≤ 1985,
P there are eight integers a1 , a2 , . . . , a8 , each belonging
to the set {−1, 0, 1}, such that k = 8i=1 ai ni .

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26 Let K and K 0 be two squares in the same plane, their sides of equal length. Is it possible to
decompose K into a finite number of triangles T1 , T2 , · · · , Tp with mutually disjoint interiors
and find translations t1 , t2 , · · · , tp such that
p
[
K0 = ti (Ti ) ?
i=1

27 Let O be a point on the oriented Euclidean plane and (i, j) a directly oriented orthonormal
basis. Let C be the circle of radius 1, centered at O. For every real number t and non-negative
−−−→ −−−→
integern let Mn be the point on C for which hi, OMn i = cos 2n t. (or OMn = cos 2n ti+sin 2n tj).
Let k ≥ 2 be an integer. Find all real numbers t ∈ [0, 2π) that satisfy
(i) M0 = Mk , and
(ii) if one starts from M 0 and goes once around C in the positive direction, one meets
successively the points M0 , M1 , . . . , Mk−2 , Mk−1 , in this order.

28 a) Let M be the set of the lengths of an octahedron whose sides are congruent quadrangles.
Prove that M has at most three elements.
b) Let an octahedron whose sides are congruent quadrangles be given. Prove that each of
these quadrangles has two equal sides meeting at a common vertex.

29 a) Call a four-digit number (xyzt)B in the number system with base B stable if (xyzt)B =
(dcba)B − (abcd)B , where a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d are the digits of (xyzt)B in ascending order.
Determine all stable numbers in the number system with base B.
b) With assumptions as in a , determine the number of bases B ≤ 1985 such that there is a
stable number with base B.

30 A plane rectangular grid is given and a rational point is defined as a point (x, y) where x
and y are both rational numbers. Let A, B, A0 , B 0 be four distinct rational points. Let P be
0B0 0 0
a point such that AAB = BBPP = PPAA . In other words, the triangles ABP, A0 B 0 P are directly
or oppositely similar. Prove that P is in general a rational point and find the exceptional
positions of A0 and B 0 relative to A and B such that there exists a P that is not a rational
point.

31 Let E1 , E2 , and E3 be three mutually intersecting ellipses, all in the same plane. Their foci
are respectively F2 , F3 ; F3 , F1 ; and F1 , F2 . The three foci are not on a straight line. Prove
that the common chords of each pair of ellipses are concurrent.

32 A collection of 2n letters contains 2 each of n different letters. The collection is partitioned

into n pairs, each pair containing 2 letters, which may be the same or different. Denote the
number of distinct partitions by un . (Partitions differing in the order of the pairs in the

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 IMO Longlists 1985

partition or in the order of the two letters in the pairs are not considered distinct.) Prove
that un+1 = (n + 1)un − n(n−1)
2 un−2 .
Similar Problem :
A pack of n cards contains n pairs of 2 identical cards. It is shuffled and 2 cards are dealt to
each of n different players. Let pn be the probability that every one of the n players is dealt
1 n(n−1)
two identical cards. Prove that pn+1 = n+1
pn + 2pn−2 .

33 A sequence of polynomials Pm (x, y, z), m = 0, 1, 2, · · · , in x, y, and z is defined by P0 (x, y, z) =

1 and by
Pm (x, y, z) = (x + z)(y + z)Pm−1 (x, y, z + 1) − z 2 Pm−1 (x, y, z)
for m > 0. Prove that each Pm (x, y, z) is symmetric, in other words, is unaltered by any
permutation of x, y, z.

34 A circle whose center is on the side ED of the cyclic quadrilateral BCDE touches the other
three sides. Prove that EB + CD = ED.

35 We call a coloring f of the elements in the set M = {(x, y)|x = 0, 1, . . . , kn − 1; y =

0, 1, . . . , ln − 1} with n colors allowable if every color appears exactly k and l times in each
row and column and there are no rectangles with sides parallel to the coordinate axes such
that all the vertices in M have the same color. Prove that every allowable coloring f satisfies
kl ≤ n(n + 1).

36 Determine whether there exist 100 distinct lines in the plane having exactly 1985 distinct
points of intersection

37 Prove that a triangle with angles α, β, γ, circumradius R, and area A satisfies

α β γ 9R2
tan + tan + tan ≤ .
2 2 2 4A

[hide=”Remark.”]Remark. Can we determine all of equality cases ?

38 The tangents at B and C to the circumcircle of the acute-angled triangle ABC meet at X.
Let M be the midpoint of BC. Prove that
(a) ∠BAM = ∠CAX, and
AM
(b) AX = cos ∠BAC.

39 Given a triangle ABC and external points X, Y , and Z such that ∠BAZ = ∠CAY, ∠CBX =
∠ABZ, and ∠ACY = ∠BCX, prove that AX, BY , and CZ are concurrent.

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 IMO Longlists 1985

40 Each of the numbers x1 , x2 , . . . , xn equals 1 or −1 and

n
X
xi xi+1 xi+2 xi+3 = 0
i=1

where xn+i = xi . Prove that 4|n.

41 A set of 1985 points is distributed around the circumference of a circle and each of the points
is marked with 1 or −1. A point is called good if the partial sums that can be formed by
starting at that point and proceeding around the circle for any distance in either direction
are all strictly positive. Show that if the number of points marked with −1 is less than 662,
there must be at least one good point.

42 Prove that the product of two sides of a triangle is always greater than the product of the
diameters of the inscribed circle and the circumscribed circle.

43 Suppose that 1985 points are given inside a unit cube. Show that one can always choose 32
of them in such a way that every (possibly√ degenerate) closed polygon with these points as
vertices has a total length of less than 8 3.

44 For which integers n ≥ 3 does there exist a regular n-gon in the plane such that all its vertices
have integer coordinates in a rectangular coordinate system?

45 Two persons, X and Y , play with a die. X wins a game if the outcome is 1 or 2; Y wins
in the other cases. A player wins a match if he wins two consecutive games. For each player
determine the probability of winning a match within 5 games. Determine the probabilities of
winning in an unlimited number of games. If X bets 1, how much must Y bet for the game
to be fair ?

46 Let C be the curve determined by the equation y = x3 in the rectangular coordinate system.
Let t be the tangent to C at a point P of C; t intersects C at another point Q. Find the
equation of the set L of the midpoints M of P Q as P describes C. Is the correspondence
associating P and M a bijection of C on L ? Find a similarity that transforms C into L.

47 Let F be the correspondence associating with every point P = (x, y) the point P 0 = (x0 , y 0 )
such that
x0 = ax + b, y 0 = ay + 2b. (1)
Show that if a 6= 1, all lines P P 0 are concurrent. Find the equation of the set of points
corresponding to P = (1, 1) for b = a2 . Show that the composition of two mappings of type
(1) is of the same type.

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 IMO Longlists 1985

48 In a given country, all inhabitants are knights or knaves. A knight never lies; a knave always
lies. We meet three persons, A, B, and C. Person A says, If C is a knight, B is a knave.
Person C says, A and I are different; one is a knight and the other is a knave. Who are the
knights, and who are the knaves ?
49 Given a set M of 1985 positive integers, none of which has a prime divisor larger than 26,
prove that the set has four distinct elements whose geometric mean is an integer.
50 From each of the vertices of a regular n-gon a car starts to move with constant speed along
the perimeter of the n-gon in the same direction. Prove that if all the cars end up at a vertex
A at the same time, then they never again meet at any other vertex of the n-gon. Can they
meet again at A ?
51 Let f1 = (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ), n > 2, be a sequence of integers. From f1 one constructs a sequence
fk of sequences as follows: if fk = (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn), then fk+1 = (ci1 , ci2 , ci3 +1, ci4 +1, ..., cin +1),
where (ci1 , ci2 , . . . , cin ) is a permutation of (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ). Give a necessary and sufficient
condition for f1 under which it is possible for fk to be a constant sequence (b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ), b1 =
b2 = · · · = bn , for some k.
52 In the triangle ABC, let B1 be on AC, E on AB, G on BC, and let EG be parallel to AC.
Furthermore, let EG be tangent to the inscribed circle of the triangle ABB1 and intersect BB1
at F . Let r, r1 , and r2 be the inradii of the triangles ABC, ABB1 , and BF G, respectively.
Prove that r = r1 + r2 .
53 For each P inside the triangle ABC, let A(P ), B(P ), and C(P ) be the points of intersection
of the lines AP, BP , and CP with the sides opposite to A, B, and C, respectively. Determine
P in such a way that the area of the triangle A(P )B(P )C(P ) is as large as possible.
54 Set Sn = np=1 (p5 + p7 ). Determine the greatest common divisor of Sn and S3n .
P

55 The points A, B, C are in this order on line D, and AB = 4BC. Let M be a variable point on
the perpendicular to D through C. Let M T1 and M T2 be tangents to the circle with center
A and radius AB. Determine the locus of the orthocenter of the triangle M T1 T2 .
56 Let ABCD be a rhombus with angle ∠A = 60◦ . Let E be a point, different from D, on
the line AD. The lines CE and AB intersect at F . The lines DF and BE intersect at M .
Determine the angle ∠BM D as a function of the position of E on AD.
57 a) The solid S is defined as the intersection of the six spheres with the six edges of a regular
tetrahedron T , with edge length 1, as diameters. Prove that S contains two points at a
distance √16 .
b) Using the same assumptions in a), prove that no pair of points in S has a distance larger
than √16 .

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 IMO Longlists 1985

58 Prove that there are infinitely many pairs (k, N ) of positive integers such that 1+2+· · ·+k =
(k + 1) + (k + 2) + · · · + N.

59 For any polynomial P (x) = a0 + a1 x + . . . + ak xk with integer coefficients, the number of

odd coefficients is denoted by o(P ). For i − 0, 1, 2, . . . let Qi (x) = (1 + x)i . Prove that if
i1 , i2 , . . . , in are integers satisfying 0 ≤ i1 < i2 < . . . < in , then:

o(Qi1 + Qi2 + . . . + Qin ) ≥ o(Qi1 ).

Pn
60 The sequence (sn ), where sn = k=1 sin k for n = 1, 2, . . . is bounded. Find an upper and
lower bound.

61 Consider the set A = {0, 1, 2, . . . , 9} and let (B1 , B2 , . . . , Bk ) be a collection of nonempty

subsets of A such that Bi ∩ Bj has at most two elements for i 6= j. What is the maximal
value of k ?

62 A large circular disk is attached to a vertical wall. It rotates clockwise with one revolution
per minute. An insect lands on the disk and immediately starts to climb vertically upward
with constant speed π3 cm per second (relative to the disk). Describe the path of the insect
(a) relative to the disk;
(b) relative to the wall.
√
q p
63 Let xn = 2 2 + 3 3 + · · · + n n. Prove that

1
xn+1 − xn < n = 2, 3, · · ·
n!

64 Let p be a prime. For which k can the set {1, 2, . . . , k} be partitioned into p subsets with
equal sums of elements ?

65 Define the functions f, F : N → N, by

" √ #
3− 5
f (n) = n , F (k) = min{n ∈ N|f k (n) > 0},
2

where f k = f ◦ · · · ◦ f is f iterated n times. Prove that F (k + 2) = 3F (k + 1) − F (k) for all

k ∈ N.

66 Let D be the interior of the circle C and let A ∈ C. Show that the function f : D → R, f (M ) =
|M A| 0 f (M1 )+f (M2 )
|M M 0 | where M = AM ∩ C, is strictly convex; i.e., f (P ) < 2 , ∀M1 , M2 ∈ D, M1 6=
M2 where P is the midpoint of the segment M1 M2 .

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67 Let k ≥ 2 and n1 , n2 , ..., nk ≥ 1 natural numbers having the property n2 |2n1 − 1, n3 |2n2 −
1, · · · , nk |2nk −1 − 1, and n1 |2nk − 1. Show that n1 = n2 = · · · = nk = 1.
√
68 Show that the sequence {an }n≥1 defined by an = [n 2] contains an infinite number of integer
powers of 2. ([x] is the integer part of x.)
69 Let A and B be two finite disjoint sets of points in the plane such that no three distinct points
in A ∪ B are collinear. Assume that at least one of the sets A, B contains at least five points.
Show that there exists a triangle all of whose vertices are contained in A or in B that does
not contain in its interior any point from the other set.
70 Let C be a class of functions f : N → N that contains the functions S(x) = x + 1 and
√
E(x) = x − [ x]2 for every x ∈ N. ([x] is the integer part of x.) If C has the property that
for every f, g ∈ C, f + g, f g, f ◦ g ∈ C, show that the function max(f (x) − g(x), 0) is in C,
for all f ; g ∈ C.
71 For every integer r > 1 find the smallest integer h(r) > 1 having the following property: For
any partition of the set {1, 2, ..., h(r)} into r classes, there exist integers a ≥ 0, 1 ≤ x ≤ y
such that the numbers a + x, a + y, a + x + y are contained in the same class of the partition.
72 Construct a triangle ABC given the side AB and the distance OH from the circumcenter O
to the orthocenter H, assuming that OH and AB are parallel.
73 Let A1 A2 , B1 B2 , C1 C2 be three equal segments on the three sides of an equilateral tri-
angle. Prove that in the triangle formed by the lines B2 C1 , C2 A1 , A2 B1 , the segments
B2 C1 , C2 A1 , A2 B1 are proportional to the sides in which they are contained.
74 Find all triples of positive integers x, y, z satisfying
1 1 1 4
+ + = .
x y z 5

75 Let ABCD be a rectangle, AB = a, BC = b. Consider the family of parallel and equidistant

straight lines (the distance between two consecutive lines being d) that are at an the angle
φ, 0 ≤ φ ≤ 90◦ , with respect to AB. Let L be the sum of the lengths of all the segments
intersecting the rectangle. Find:
(a) how L varies,
(b) a necessary and sufficient condition for L to be a constant, and
(c) the value of this constant.
76 Are there integers m and n such that

5m2 − 6mn + 7n2 = 1985 ?

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77 Two equilateral triangles are inscribed in a circle with radius r. Let A√ be the area of the set
2
consisting of all points interior to both triangles. Prove that 2A ≥ r 3.
78 The sequence f1, f2 , · · · , fn , · · · of functions is defined for x > 0 recursively by
 
1
f1 (x) = x, fn+1 (x) = fn (x) fn (x) +
n
Prove that there exists one and only one positive number a such that 0 < fn (a) < fn+1 (a) < 1
for all integers n ≥ 1.
79 Let a, b, and c be real numbers such that
1 1 1
2
+ 2
+ = 0.
bc − a ca − b ab − c2
Prove that
a b c
2 2
+ 2 2
+ = 0.
(bc − a ) (ca − b ) (ab − c2 )2

80 Let E = {1, 2, . . . , 16} and let M be the collection of all 4 × 4 matrices whose entries are
distinct members of E. If a matrix A = (aij )4×4 is chosen randomly from M , compute the
probability p(k) of maxi minj aij = k for k ∈ E. Furthermore, determine l ∈ E such that
p(l) = max{p(k)|k ∈ E}.
81 Given the side a and the corresponding altitude ha of a triangle ABC, find a relation between
a and ha such that it is possible to construct, with straightedge and compass, triangle ABC
such that the altitudes of ABC form a right triangle admitting ha as hypotenuse.
82 Find all cubic polynomials x3 + ax2 + bx + c admitting the rational numbers a, b and c as
roots.
83 Let Γi , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , be a circle of radius ri inscribed in an angle of measure 2α such that
each Γi is externally tangent to Γi+1 and ri+1 < ri . Show√that the sum of the areas of the
√
circles Γi is equal to the area of a circle of radius r = 12 r0 ( sin α + cscα).

84 Let A be a set of n points in space. From the family of all segments with endpoints in A,
q segments have been selected and colored yellow. Suppose that all yellow segments are of
different length. Prove that there exists a polygonal line composed of m yellow segments,
where m ≥ 2q n , arranged in order of increasing length.

85 Let CD be a diameter of circle K. Let AB be a chord that is parallel to CD. The line
segment AE, with E on K, is parallel to CB; F is the point of intersection of line segments
AB and DE. The line segment F G, with G on DC, extended is parallel to CB. Is GA
tangent to K at point A

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86 Let l denote the length of the smallest diagonal of all rectangles inscribed in a triangle T
. (By inscribed, we mean that all four vertices of the rectangle lie on the boundary of T
l2
.) Determine the maximum value of S(T ) taken over all triangles (S(T ) denotes the area of
triangle T ).

87 Determine the radius of a sphere S that passes through the centroids of each face of a given
tetrahedron T inscribed in a unit sphere with center O. Also, determine the distance from O
to the center of S as a function of the edges of T.

88 Determine the range of w(w + x)(w + y)(w + z), where x, y, z, and w are real numbers such
that
x + y + z + w = x7 + y 7 + z 7 + w7 = 0.

89 Given that n elements a1 , a2 , . . . , an are organized into n pairs P1 , P2 , . . . , Pn in such a way

that two pairs Pi , Pj share exactly one element when (ai , aj ) is one of the pairs, prove that
every element is in exactly two of the pairs.

90 Factorise 51985 − 1 as a product of three integers, each greater than 5100 .

91 Thirty-four countries participated in a jury session of the IMO, each represented by the
leader and the deputy leader of the team. Before the meeting, some participants exchanged
handshakes, but no team leader shook hands with his deputy. After the meeting, the leader of
the Illyrian team asked every other participant the number of people they had shaken hands
with, and all the answers she got were different. How many people did the deputy leader of
the Illyrian team greet ?

92 Find a method by which one can compute the coefficients of P (x) = x6 + a1 x5 + · · · + a6 from
the roots of P (x) = 0 by performing not more than 15 additions and 15 multiplications.

93 The sphere inscribed in tetrahedron ABCD touches the sides ABD and DBC at points K
and M , respectively. Prove that ∠AKB = ∠DM C.

94 A circle with center O passes through the vertices A and C of the triangle ABC and intersects
the segments AB and BC again at distinct points K and N respectively. Let M be the point
of intersection of the circumcircles of triangles ABC and KBN (apart from B). Prove that
∠OM B = 90◦ .

95 Prove that for every point M on the surface of a regular tetrahedron there exists a point M 0
such that there are at least three different curves on the surface joining M to M 0 with the
smallest possible length among all curves on the surface joining M to M 0 .

96 Determine all functions f : R → R satisfying the following two conditions:

(a) f (x + y) + f (x − y) = 2f (x)f (y) for all x, y ∈ R,

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 IMO Longlists 1985

(b) limx→∞ f (x) = 0.

97 In a plane a circle with radius R and center w and a line Λ are given. The distance between
w and Λ is d, d > R. The points M and N are chosen on Λ in such a way that the circle with
diameter M N is externally tangent to the given circle. Show that there exists a point A in
the plane such that all the segments M N are seen in a constant angle from A.

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