Magnetism Lecture Notes
Magnetism Lecture Notes
Contents of Magnetism
1) Magnetism
2) Magnetic Fields
3) Charged Particles moving in a Magnetic Field
4) Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields
5) Solenoids and Electromagnets
Contents of Magnetism
9) Sign Conventions for Representing Current
Vectors
10) Magnetic Field on a CurrentCarrying Wire
11) Magnetic Force on a CurrentCarrying Wire
12) Solenoids and Electromagnets
13) Magnetic Field of a Current Loop
14) Magnetic Field of a Coil
15) Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
Magnetism
Magnetism
• Is found everywhere in our universe, from the
stars to bacteria.
• A magnet is any
substance
having magnetic
properties.
Magnetism
Metals that have magnetic properties
> Fe, Co, Ni {the Iron Triad}
Metals that DO NOT have magnetic properties
> Al, Cu, Pb
Magnetic Fields
> every magnet creates an energy field. It's the
energy field (not the magnet) that exerts a
force.
> field lines DO NOT cross!
Magnetism and Gilberts Theory
William Gilbert (1600) proposed that our planet was
a magnet and the region around the planet is known
as the Magnetosphere.
The magnetosphere protects
us from the sun's solar
radiation.
Earth's fossil records show
the earth's magnetic poles
have reversed several times
in its history.
Compass needles do not point to
geographic poles, only to magnetic poles
Magnetic Declination
Magnetic Declination: the magnetic variation
between true north and magnetic compass north.
Stop 'n Think
Does the compass needle rotate?
A) Yes, clockwise
B) Yes, counterclockwise
C) No, not at all
Stop 'n Think
Does the compass needle rotate?
A) Yes, clockwise
B) Yes, counterclockwise
C) No, not at all
The needle will not rotate since there is no force between the stationary
charges on the rod and the magnetic poles of the compass needle.
Activity
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Fields
The simplest magnetic field
is one that is uniform it
doesn't change in magnitude
or direction from one point
to another.
Magnetism FRQ's often require threedimensional
problems to solve. We will need to indicate field
vectors (v, B, and F) that are perpendicular to a two
dimensional piece of paper. Therefore, sign
conventions for representing field vectors will use
the following representations.
Sign Conventions for Representing
Magnetic Field Vectors
E, right of page
in, down
up, out
B is measured in Tesla (T) B
1C at 1m/s at 1N = 1T +q
Stop 'n Think
A compass needle is placed next to a bar magnet as
shown above. Which figure shows the correct
alignment of the compass?
Stop 'n Think
A compass needle is placed next to a bar magnet as
shown above. Which figure shows the correct
alignment of the compass?
A
Charged Particle moving
in a Magnetic Field
Charged Particles moving in a Magnetic Field
Experiments have shown that a stationary charged
particle placed within a magnetic field will NOT
interact with that magnetic field.
Charged Particles moving in a Magnetic Field
Only when charged
particles are moving
through magnetic
fields will it
experience a
deflection due to
the Force Magnetic.
the RightHand Rule (RHR) was developed to help
determine the direction of magnetic field vectors for
moving charged particles in a magnetic field.
Charged Particles moving in a Magnetic Field
RightHand Rule
Charged Particles moving in a Magnetic Field
RightHand Rule
v
Charged Particles moving in a Magnetic Field
RightHand Rule
and if
then
which is
Charged Particles moving in a Magnetic Field
RightHand Rule
Velocity can also be
determined through
Conservation of
Energy
if
and
then
Charged Particles moving in a Magnetic Field
RightHand Rule
The path of a charged
particle in a uniform
magnetic field if its
velocity is NOT
perpendicular to the field.
Helical
Stop 'n Think
These charged particles are traveling in circular
orbits with velocities and field directions as noted.
Which particles have a negative charge?
Stop 'n Think
These charged particles are traveling in circular
orbits with velocities and field directions as noted.
Which particles have a negative charge?
Electric Currents
Produce Magnetic Fields
Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields
Hans Christian Oerstead (1820) discovers that when a
compass is placed near a wire carrying a current, the
compass needle deflects if (and only if) the wire
carries an electric current.
Oerstead's has found a
connection between
electricity and magnetism.
> electromagnetism,
electromagnets
Sign Conventions for Representing
Electric Current Vectors
E, right of page
current into the page
current out of the page
directly proportional to B
I
inversely proportional to B
B is the permability of free
space. μ0 = 4π x107 T m/A
r
Magnetic Field of a Straight, CurrentCarrying Wire
RightHand Grip Rule (RHGR)
B
F
F
I
B F
B
Magnetic Force of a Straight, CurrentCarrying Wire
B is tangent to the circle
drawn around a long
straight wire.
Using RHGR
l
B
Magnetic Force of a Straight, CurrentCarrying Wire
Force of Force of
Attraction Repulsion
ACTIVITY
Magnetic Field and Force
on a LongStraight Wire
Coil, Solenoids, Electromagnets
Coils, Solenoids, Electromagnets
showed us the relationship between the
magnetic field and a straight, current
carrying wire.
But what about wires with loops?
Shortly after Oerstead's discovery,
Andre Ampere (17751836) showed us
that a circular looped wire
produces a uniform magnetic field
similar to a magnets domain
through the center of the loop.
Coils, Solenoids, Electromagnets
The magnetic field due to a current loop is more
complex than that of a straight, currentcarrying
wire.
N S
B field due to a single
circular loop of wire
Coils, Solenoids, Electromagnets
A multiple looped wire with loop length small
compared to the radius of the loops is called a coil.
For current in a coil, field lines emerge from the
center of the loop and wrap around it in a direction
given by the righthand grip rule.
N = 1,
number of
turns for a
loop.
Coils, Solenoids, Electromagnets
A solenoid is a stack of
loops with the length
much greater than the
radius.
Coils, Solenoids, Electromagnets
Stretched
S N
Ampere's Law
where B depends upon I and N
Coils, Solenoids, Electromagnets
Compressed
S N
l
l
Ampere's Law
where B depends upon I and N
Coils, Solenoids, Electromagnets
B fields;
– point in the same direction
– are nearly parallel with each other
– are nearly uniformly spaced
– are spaced closely together
ACTIVITY
Magnetic Field of a Slinky®
Summary of Magnetism
• Magnets have north and south poles
• Like poles repel, unlike attract
• Unit of magnetic field: tesla