Split-ring resonator

A split-ring resonator (SRR) is an artificially produced

structure common to metamaterials. Their purpose is to produce
the desired magnetic susceptibility (magnetic response) in
various types of metamaterials up to 200 terahertz. These media
create the necessary strong magnetic coupling to an applied
electromagnetic field, not otherwise available in conventional
materials. For example, an effect such as negative permeability is
produced with a periodic array of split ring resonators.[3]

A single cell SRR has a pair of enclosed loops with splits in them
at opposite ends. The loops are made of nonmagnetic metal like
copper and have a small gap between them. The loops can be
Split-ring resonator consisting of an inner square
concentric, or square, and gapped as needed. A magnetic flux with a split on one side embedded in an outer
penetrating the metal rings will induce rotating currents in the square with a split on the other side. Split-ring
rings, which produce their own flux to enhance or oppose the resonators are on the front and right surfaces of
incident field (depending on the SRRs resonant properties). This the square grid, and single vertical wires are on the
field pattern is dipolar. The small gaps between the rings back and left surfaces.[1][2]

produces large capacitance values which lower the resonating

frequency. Hence the dimensions of the structure are small
compared to the resonant wavelength. This results in low
radiative losses, and very high quality factors.[3][4][5]

Contents
Background
Characteristics
SRR configuration
Various configurations
Demonstrations
Several types of SRR
Split ring resonator research
See also
References
Electric field (top) and magnetic field (bottom) of an
Further reading electric-SRR under resonant electrical excitation.
External links The magnetic response arises from the symmetry
of the current loops.

Background
Split ring resonators (SRRs) consist of a pair of concentric metallic rings, etched on a dielectric substrate, with slits etched on
opposite sides. SRRs can produce an effect of being electrically smaller when responding to an oscillating electromagnetic field.
These resonators have been used for the synthesis of left handed and negative refractive index media, where the necessary value
of the negative effective permeability is due to the presence of the SRRs. When
an array of electrically small SRRs is excited by means of a time varying
magnetic field, the structure behaves as an effective medium with negative
effective permeability in a narrow band above SRR resonance. SRRs have also
been coupled to planar transmission lines, for the synthesis of transmission line
metamaterials.[6] [7] [8] [9]

Characteristics
The split ring resonator and the metamaterial itself are composite materials. Each
SRR has an individual tailored response to the electromagnetic field. However,
the periodic construction of many SRR cells is such that the electromagnetic
wave interacts as if these were homogeneous materials. This is similar to how A split-ring resonator. Notice the
current, denoted by the small letter
light actually interacts with everyday materials; materials such as glass or lenses
"i", is in the clockwise direction.
are made of atoms, an averaging or macroscopic effect is produced.

The SRR is designed to mimic the magnetic response of atoms, only on a much
larger scale. Also, as part of periodic composite structure these are designed to have a stronger magnetic coupling than is found in
nature. The larger scale allows for more control over the magnetic response, while each unit is smaller than the radiated
electromagnetic wave.

SRRs are much more active than ferromagnetic materials found in nature. The pronounced magnetic response in such lightweight
materials demonstrates an advantage over heavier, naturally occurring materials. Each unit can be designed to have its own
magnetic response. The response can be enhanced or lessened as desired. In addition, the overall effect reduces power
requirements.[3][10]

SRR configuration
There are a variety of split-ring resonators and periodic structures: rod-split-rings, nested split-rings, single split rings, deformed
split-rings, spiral split-rings, and extended S-structures. The variations of split ring resonators have achieved different results,
including smaller and higher frequency structures. The research which involves some of these types are discussed throughout the
article.[11]

To date (December 2009) the capability for desired results in the visible spectrum has not been achieved. However, in 2005 it was
noted that, physically, a nested circular split-ring resonator must have an inner radii of 30 to 40 nanometers for success in the
mid-range of the visible spectrum.[11] Microfabrication and nanofabrication techniques may utilize direct laser beam writing or
electron beam lithography depending on the desired resolution.[11]

Various configurations
Split-ring resonators (SRR) are one of the most common elements used to fabricate metamaterials.[13] Split-ring resonators are
non-magnetic materials. The first of which were usually fabricated from circuit board material to create metamaterials.[14]

Looking at the image directly to the right, it can be seen that at first a single SRR looks like an object with a two square
perimeters, with each perimeter having a small section removed. This results in square "C" shapes on fiberglass printed circuit
board material.[13][14] In this type of configuration it is actually two concentric bands of non-magnetic conductor material.[13]
There is one gap in each band placed 180° relative to each other.[13] The gap in each band gives it the distinctive "C" shape,
rather than a totally circular or square shape.[13][14] Then multiple cells of this double band configuration are fabricated onto
circuit board material by an etching technique and lined with copper wire strip arrays are added.[14] After processing, the boards
are cut and assembled into an interlocking unit.[14] It is
constructed into a periodic array with a large number of
SRRs.[14]

There are now a number of different configurations that use the

SRR nomenclature.

Demonstrations
A periodic array of SRRs was used for the first demonstration of
a negative index of refraction.[14] For this demonstration, square
shaped SRRs, with the lined wire configurations, were fabricated
into a periodic, arrayed, cell structure.[14] This is the substance of A split-ring resonator array is configured as a
the metamaterial.[14] Then a metamaterial prism was cut from material that produces negative index of refraction.
It was constructed of copper split-ring resonators
this material.[14] The prism experiment demonstrated a negative
and wires mounted on interlocking sheets of
index of refraction for the first time in the year 2000; the paper fiberglass circuit board. The total array consists of
about the demonstration was submitted to the journal Science on 3 by 20×20 unit cells with overall dimensions of
January 8, 2001, accepted on February 22, 2001 and published on 10×100×100 mm.[1][12]
April 6, 2001.[14]

Just before this prism experiment, Pendry et al. was able to demonstrate that a three-dimensional array of intersecting thin wires
could be used to create negative values of ε. In a later demonstration, a periodic array of copper split-ring resonators could
produce an effective negative μ. In 2000 Smith et al. were the first to successfully combine the two arrays and produce a LHM
which had negative values of ε and μ for a band of frequencies in the GHz range.[14]

SRRs were first used to fabricate left-handed metamaterials for the microwave range,[14] and several years later for the terahertz
range.[15] By 2007, experimental demonstration of this structure at microwave frequencies has been achieved by many
groups.[16] In addition, SRRs have been used for research in acoustic metamaterials.[17] The arrayed SRRs and wires of the first
Left-handed metamaterial were melded into alternating layers.[18] This concept and methodology was then applied to (dielectric)
materials with optical resonances producing negative effective permittivity for certain frequency intervals resulting in "photonic
bandgap frequencies".[17] Another analysis showed Left Handed Material to be fabricated from inhomogeneous constituents,
which yet results in a macroscopically homogeneous material.[17] SRRs had been used to focus a signal from a point source,
increasing the transmission distance for near field waves.[17] Furthermore, another analysis showed SRRs with a negative index
of refraction capable of high-frequency magnetic response, which created an artificial magnetic device composed of non-
magnetic materials (dielectric circuit board).[14][17][18]

The resonance phenomena that occurs in this system is essential to achieving the desired effects.[16]

SRRs also exhibit resonant electric response in addition to their resonant magnetic response.[18] The response, when combined
with an array of identical wires is averaged over the whole composite structure which results in effective values, including the
refractive index.[19] The original logic behind SRRs specifically, and metamaterials generally was to create a structure, which
imitates an arrayed atomic structure only on a much larger scale.

Several types of SRR

In research based in metamaterials, and specifically negative refractive index, there are different types of split-ring resonators. Of
the examples mentioned below most all of them have a gap in each ring. In other words, with a double ring structure, each ring
has a gap.[20]
There is the 1-D Split-Ring Structure with two square rings, one inside the other. One set of cited "unit cell" dimensions would be
an outer square of 2.62 mm and an inner square of 0.25 mm. 1-D structures such as this are easier to fabricate compared with
constructing a rigid 2-D structure.[20]

The Symmetrical-Ring Structure is another classic example. Described by the nomenclature these are two rectangular square D
type configurations, exactly the same size, lying flat, side by side, in the unit cell. Also these are not concentric. One set of cited
dimensions are 2 mm on the shorter side, and 3.12 mm on the longer side. The gaps in each ring face each other, in the unit
cell.[20]

The Omega Structure, as the nomenclature describes, has an Ω-shaped ring structure. There are two of these, standing vertical,
side by side, instead of lying flat, in the unit cell. In 2005 these were considered to be a new type of metamaterial. One set of
cited dimensions are annular parameters of R=1.4 mm and r=1 mm, and the straight edge is 3.33 mm.[20]

Another new metamaterial in 2005 was a coupled “S” shaped structure. There are two vertical "S" shaped structures, side by side,
in a unit cell. There is no gap as in the ring structure, however there is a space between the top and middle parts of the S and
space between the middle part and bottom part of the S. Furthermore, it still has the properties of having an electric plasma
frequency and a magnetic resonant frequency.[20][21]

Other types of split-ring resonators are the spiral resonator with 8 loops. broadside coupled split-ring resonator (BC-SRR). Two-
layer multi spiral resonator (TL-MSR), the broad-side coupled spiral resonator with four turns, the complementary split ring
resonator,[22] the open split-ring resonator (OSRR),[23] and the open complementary split-ring resonator (OCSRR).[24]
Transmission line configurations include SRR-based CRLH (composite right-left-handed) transmission line and its equivalent
compliment.[25]

Split ring resonator research

On May 1, 2000 conducting wires were placed symmetrically within each cell of a periodic split-ring resonator array which
achieved negative propagation of electromagnetic waves in the microwave region. The concept was and still is used to build
interacting elements smaller than the applied electromagnetic radiation. In addition, the spacing between, referred to as the lattice
constant, is also smaller than the applied radiation.

Additionally, the splits in the ring allow the SRR unit to achieve resonance at wavelengths much larger than the diameter of the
ring. The unit is designed to generate a large capacitance, lower the resonant frequency, and concentrate the electric field.
Combining units creates a design as a periodic medium. Furthermore, the multiple unit structure has strong magnetic coupling
with low radiative losses.[26] Research has also covered variations in magnetic resonances for different SRR
configurations.[27][28][29] Research has continued into terahertz radiations with SRRs[30] Other related work fashioned
metamaterial configurations with non-SRR structures. These can be constructed with materials such as periodic metallic crosses,
or an ever-widening concentric ring structures known as Swiss rolls.[31][32][33][34] Permeability for only the red wavelength at
780 nm has been analyzed and along with other related work [35][36][37]

See also
History of metamaterials
Superlens
Quantum metamaterials
Metamaterial cloaking
Photonic metamaterials
Metamaterial antennas
Nonlinear metamaterials
Photonic crystal
 Seismic metamaterials
Acoustic metamaterials
Metamaterial absorber
Plasmonic metamaterials
Terahertz metamaterials
Tunable metamaterials
Transformation optics
Theories of cloaking
Academic journals

Metamaterials (journal)
Metamaterials books

Metamaterials Handbook
Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations

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Further reading
Ates, Damla; Cakmak, Atilla Ozgur; Colak, Evrim; Zhao, Rongkuo; Soukoulis, C. M.; Ozbay, Ekmel (2010).
"Transmission enhancement through deep subwavelength apertures using connected split ring resonators" (htt
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Express. 18 (4): 3952–66. Bibcode:2010OExpr..18.3952A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010OExpr..18.395
2A). doi:10.1364/OE.18.003952 (https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.18.003952). hdl:11693/13284 (https://hdl.handle.
net/11693%2F13284). PMID 20389408 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389408).
Shepard, K. W. et al. Split-ring resonator for the Argonne Superconducting Heavy Ion Booster (http://www.phy.an
l.gov/aebl/publications/SCCAV_PAC77.pdf). IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, VoL. NS-24, N0.3, JUN
1977.

External links
Video: John Pendry lecture: The science of invisibility (https://www.themonthly.com.au/out-sight-science-invisibilty
-john-pendry-1590) April 2009, SlowTV
Split Ring Resonator Calculator (http://srrcalculator.blogspot.com): Online tool to calculate the LC equivalent
circuit and resonant frequency of SRR and CSRR topologies.

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