1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

Quails (Coturnix coturnix Linn.) are small birds that have been around in

the country for quite some time now. This small (17 cm on average) plump breed

usually comes in hues of brown, black, and grey with white streaks. They are

agile animals - so much so that smaller cages are more appropriate for them to

avoid injuries. Previously known only as hunting or game birds, quails (also

known as pugo in the Philippines) have now come to the forefront of the poultry

industry due to the high demand not only for its meat, but also for its high nutrient

eggs. Quail farming has been increasing in popularity as this breed is also

considered a possible solution for the growing demand in poultry products

(Reynoso, 2011). It belongs to the Phasianides family under the order of

Galliformes. Quail requires minimal space, time, and investments. Moreover,

they are fast growers, fast multipliers and very efficient in converting feeds to egg

and meat. Quails, unlike other fowl, are not delicate birds. These birds do not

easily contact fowl diseases common to poultry, especially chickens (Pinoy

Farmer, 2007).

An adult quail weighs between 150 to 200 grams and an egg weights

around 7 to 15 grams. Female quails start laying eggs within their 6 to 7 weeks of

age and continuously lay one egg daily. They lay about 300 eggs in their first

year of life. Afterwards they produce about 150 to 175 eggs in second year. Egg
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production gradually decreases after their first year of laying period. Quail egg is

very suitable for human health. It contains 2.47 % less fat than chicken egg.

Many people believed that quail egg can prevent high blood pressure and

diabetes. Quail generally survive for 3 to 4 years (Roy’s Farm, 2018).

According to Pizzolante, et al. (2006), it was observed lower feed intake in

the period of 9 pm to 7 am, and a higher incidence of lay from 3 pm to 7 pm, as

opposite to hens, which peak of egg laying occurs during the morning. Lay

percentage per hour presented lowest values between 9 pm and 1 pm, and

highest values between 5 pm and 7 pm in all experiments.

The cost of poultry feeds has significantly gone up following the

introduction of 16% VAT on all animal feeds. The increase which has come when

there is a decline in the price of poultry products such as eggs that has forced

many farmers to abandon poultry keeping (The organic farmer, 2013).

This situation encourages the researcher to do an organic and cheaper

feed for poultry layers to be an alternative approach of the poultry farmers. This

study was conducted to assess the egg production of quail fed with formulated

yellow corn-based protein rations.

Literature Background

The following related readings served as the legal bases of this study:

Section of Executive order No. 481, also known as the Promotion and

development of Organic Agriculture in the Philippines (research, development

and extension) states that the Department of Agriculture, Department of Science

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and Technology, State Universities and Colleges and other appropriate agencies

but not limited to scientific professional organizations and the research institution

shall develop, enhance, support and consolidated activities and related

technologies to protect the environment and improve organic matter, depleted

agriculture soils, reduce cost of production, improve quality and increase value

added for global competitiveness of organic procedure (Organic Agriculture Act,

2010).

Section 1 embodies that the state shall protect and promote the Welfare of

all animals in the Philippines by supervising and regulatory the establishment and

operation of all facilities utilized for breeding, maintaining, keeping, treating or

training of all animals either as objects of trade.

Section 4 states that it shall be the duty of any owner or operator of any

land, air or water public utility transporting pet, wildlife and all other animals to

provide in all cases adequate, clean and sanitary facilities for the safe

conveyance and delivery thereof to their consignee at the place of consignment

(Animal Welfare Act, 1998).

The following related literatures provided the background information of

this study:

Corn is the easiest grain for chickens to digest and is low in fiber. Yellow

dent corn is the variety typically used in feed. Nutrient content of ground corn

varies from variety to variety, location to location, and year to year, but recent

averages suggest that corn has about 1520 kcal/lb (3350 kcal/kg) of energy for
 4

poultry. It also has, on average, 7.5% crude protein. Corn protein is low in

methionine, so in the United States, corn is typically combined with soybean

meal that is higher in methionine. Over 90 percent of the maize produce in the

country is used directly as food at the sight of production. Maize is also used as

an important ingredient in animal feed. It is a base ingredient of swine and poultry

rations (Jacob, 2015).

Soybean meal is the most important protein source used to feed farm

animals. It represents two-thirds of the total world output of protein feedstuffs,

including all other major oil meals and fish meal. Its feeding value is

unsurpassed by any other plant protein source and it is the standard to which

other protein sources are compared. While it has been an accepted part of

livestock and poultry diets in the USA since the mid-1930s, soybean feed

production took off in the mid-1970s and then accelerated in the early 1990s

due to a growing demand from developing countries. The expansion of

aquaculture and prohibitions on the feed use of slaughterhouse by-products

have also fueled the demand for this high-quality source of protein (Heuzé,

2017).

Soybean is the major vegetable protein source in the animal feed industry.

Its universal acceptability in animal feed is a result of important attributes such as

relatively high protein content and suitable amino acid profile except methionine,

minimal variation in nutrient content, ready availability year-round, and relative

freedom from intractable antinutritive factors if properly processed, limited

allowable uses of animal proteins in feed and its relatively low cost.
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Commonly used soybean products as protein source in animal feed are

soybean meal, fullfat soybean and soybean protein concentrates, which are

obtained through various heat processing methods that reduce anti-nutritive

factors present such as trypsin inhibitors and lectins. Of these products, soybean

meal is most preferred due to its relatively low cost. It is used extensively in feeds

for poultry, pigs and cattle (Dei, 2011).

Soybean meal has 90% dry matter content; 38% crude protein; 19.5%

digestible energy (MJ/kg); 5.5% crude fibre; 2.11% available lysine; 1.30%

available Threonine; 0.52% available Methionine; 1.58% available Isoleucine;

0.43 available Tryptophan; 19% fat; 0.19% available phosphorus; and 0.23%

calcium.

Nacedero (Trichantera gigantea) is a multipurpose, versatile tree native of

South America that is wide range of tropical ecosystems. Nacedero is reported to

have several ethno medicinal uses (a tonic for blood condition, a treatment of

nephritis and a lactogenic drink for nursing mothers). In Latin America, it is used

to protect water resources (hence its name “madre de agua”), and has been

abundantly planted around springs, river banks and well to prevent water

erosion.

Nacedero foliage is relatively high in protein (13 to 22% DM). Most of the

crude protein is true protein and the balance of amino acid appears to be good.

The ash content has been found to be particularly high compared to other fodder

trees. This can be explain by the presence of cystoliths in the leaves, which may
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explain why, on farms in Columbia, nacedero is used as lactogenic drink which

may have potential for feeding lactating animals. The fibre content is extremely

variable, with reported NDF values ranging from 33 to 66% of DM, (Heuze,

2016).

The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is a freshwater snail

indigenous to South America. It was introduced into South-East Asia as an

aquarium species in 1980. In Taiwan, it was introduced as a new human food

resource. It was later farmed as a high-protein food for both humans and farm

animals, particularly for ducks and fish.

It escaped into waterways and soon became a major pest of rice in many

countries, notably into the Philippines and Vietnam, damaging young rice

seedlings and causing poor crop stands, yield losses and additional expenses.

Six years after its introduction in the Philippines, the golden apple snail had

invaded about 3.6% of the total area planted with rice. It has also invaded the

southern parts of the USA as well as Hawaii, where it is a major pest

of cultivation. In addition to being a crop pest, it poses a serious threat to many

wetlands through potential habitat modification and competition with native

species. Total eradication of established populations is nearly impossible. In rice

and taro fields, one of the most successful methods is hand picking done as a

community effort on a regular basis. After collection the snails can be used for

human consumption or as animal feed for fish, prawns, pigs and other livestock

species (Heuzé, 2016).

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Pomacea canaliculata includes 62.0% (DM basis) crude protein in the

flesh of the snail (excluding shell), and 14.9% dry matter (UAF laboratory, 2004)

and it also has high contents of minerals and vitamins. That golden apple snail is

a good source of minerals is indicated by the contents of calcium (35% in the

shell) and phosphorus (1.2%) and it is also good source of energy (13.94 MJ kg-

1), (Catalma et al., 1991).

The following related studies gave proof and evidence to the existence of

this type of research:

According to Willis, soybean meal is a major source of protein used for

pigs and poultry industries in Australia. Soybean meal is an important source of

protein due to its excellent amino acid composition and high level of digestibility.

Because soybean meal is the principal source of protein for the feed industry

worldwide, it has become an ingredient that is strategically traded around the

globe every day of the year.

According to Heuzé (2016) that the high protein content of nacedero

leaves could be valuable for poultry feeding, despite a high fibre content that

limits their energy value. They can be an element of extensive poultry production

systems based on alternative feed ingredients. Some trials investigated the

potential of nacedero in moderately intensive poultry production. In chickens, up

to 15% of the soybean protein (corresponding to 5.5% of the soybean meal in the

diet) was substituted with nacedero leaf meal without negative effects on growth

or feed consumption. In layers, 2 to 6% nacedero leaf meal fed with rice replaced

maize grain without decreasing egg production, and feed cost was reduced.
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However, feed consumption decreased significantly at the 6% level of nacedero.

A similar experiment in laying quails also showed that it was possible to replace

maize by cassava and 6% nacedero leaf meal. Growing ducks performed well

when they were given fresh nacedero leaves (about 60-70 g/day) in partial

replacement of soybean meal or fish meal. An increase in skin pigmentation was

observed.

Rosales (1997) stated that the analysis of its carbohydrate fraction

revealed that this plant had a high content of water soluble carbohydrates, total

and reducing sugars when compared with other fodder trees and shrubs. It also

showed a surprisingly high amount of starch and its neutral detergent fibre was

found to be relatively low. The large amounts of non-structural and storage

carbohydrates, combined with the low levels of structural carbohydrates, may

explain the good biological results found with monogastrics.

According to Heuzé (2016) that snail meal is a suitable substitute for more

traditional protein sources in poultry diets. It can usually be added at 10-15%

(diet DM). In chicks, feeding 10% of uncooked snail meal resulted in a 31%

increase in total weight gain and 35% improvement in feed efficiency, compared

to the control diet.

Similarly, up to 15% golden snail meal was fed to layers without

depressing performance. Layers performed best when snail meal was fed at the

10% level.
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In the Philippines, studies with laying hens have produced contradictory

results. Crushed snails given to White Leghorn layers as a supplement (20

g/bird/day) to a commercial mash resulted in 88% mean hen-day egg production

rate compared to 84% without the supplement. Also in the Philippines, ground

snail meal included at 11% or 25% in layer diets resulted in lower hen-day egg

production than for the control diet rate (72% and 84% respectively). However,

feed intake, feed conversion, shell thickness and albumen weight were not

affected, and feeding snail meal to layers resulted in a higher value of eggs.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

The study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of the formulated

yellow corn-based protein rations to quail egg production

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. Is the formulated yellow corn-based protein rations be effective to quail

production in terms of:

1.1. Weight increment of quails

1.2. Number of eggs

1.3. Weight of eggs

1.4. Weight of the shell

1.5. Weight of egg yolk with egg white

1.6. Yolk color

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2. Which of the following formulated yellow corn-based protein rations gives

the highest return of investment?

3. Is there any significant difference on quail egg production using the

formulated yellow corn-based protein rations?

Null Hypothesis

There is no significant difference on quail egg production using the

formulated yellow corn-based protein rations.

Significance of the study

The result of the study would be beneficial to the following people:

Students. The result of the study would be beneficial since the new

information would help them to know more about the steps in engaging in quail

egg production. The result would be the basis for upcoming student researchers

who wants quail as their experimental animal.

Environment. The utilization of this feedstuff would help make the

environment clean and at the same time minimizes the wastage of this feedstuff

to be used for quail egg production. Aids in the advocacy of sustainable

agriculture with the use of locally found ingredients as a good source for feed

formulation.

Economy. Quail egg production in the Philippines is another source of

income among farmers. To be able to have a desirable harvest of good quality

quail eggs, quail raisers used synthetic commercial feeds which are abundant
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and readily available in the market. Farm owners would prefer to use the

synthetic commercial feeds because it is easy to apply in times of feeding but

using commercial feed at all times cost a large amount of money because it is

very expensive. Therefore, the used of naturally formulated feedstuff would be of

big impact in cutting down the expenses, especially in the subject of feeds.

Socials. The output of this research would be useful to the farmers,

student- researchers and poultry raisers, this would serve as their guide on how

to produce quail eggs.

The data from this study might spark interest in other areas of research to

increase the level and depth of information about quail production.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of the yellow corn-

based protein rations to quail production. It was conducted November 2017 to

January 2018 and quail egg production of 2 months duration.

Design

Completely randomized design (CRD) was used in the study with four

replications. There were four formula and replicated four times making 16

experimental pens. Each compartment measured 23 cm length x 23 cm width

and 30 cm in height. There were three birds in each pen making 12 birds in every

formula. The total number of birds was 48 heads.

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F1R2 F2R3 F4R2 F3R2

F2R1 F1R3 F3R3 F4R1

30 cm

23 cm
100 cm

F4R4 F1R4 F2R2 F3R4

F4R3 F3R1 F2R4 F1R1 60 cm

92 cm
F = Formula
R = Replication
Legend:
F1 = 80% yellow corn meal + 20 % soybean meal
F2 = 80% yellow corn meal + 20% golden apple snail meal
F3 = 80% yellow corn meal + 20% madre de agua meal
F4 = 100% commercial feed/layer mash (control) composed of Wheat, Soya
Bean Meal, Limestone Flour, Maize, Fish meal, Salt
Figure 1. Experimental Layout showing the Completely Randomized Design

Environment

The study was conducted on November 2017 to January 2018 at the old

poultry house of Bohol Island State University – Bilar Campus, Zamora, Bilar,

Bohol. It was a well-ventilated site, which was ideal for quail egg production.
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Figure 2. The research area at the old poultry building

Materials and Equipment

The materials used in the study were 48 ready to lay quail birds, soybean

meal, golden apple snail, madre de agua leaves and yellow corn while mortar,

pestle, knife/bolo and weighing scale were the equipment used in the

preparation of the yellow corn-based protein rations. The materials and

equipment used in the cage preparation were lumber, mesh wire, bamboo slats,

hammer and nails. Watering troughs, feeding troughs, bulb, extension wire, old

newspapers, old tarpaulins, weighing scale, and references record notebook, ball

pen and camera.

Procedure

Cage Preparation. The four experimental cages were disinfected using

organically formulated disinfectant made out of (ginger, garlic, onion, beer,

muscovado sugar, gin mixture) for disease prevention. After the preparation,
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every cage was divided into four replication with four formulation with a

dimension of 23 cm length x 23 cm width and 30 cm in height every cages.

Procurement of Chicks. The 48 quails was purchased from Romel’s

Pugohan owned by Mr. Romel Bolatete, located at Canjulao, Jagna, Bohol. The

quails were 3 weeks old and were all female.

Hardening stage. From the day of quail birds’ procurement until birds

reach 35 days old were given 60 grams starter mash per replication per day.

They were given the different formulated yellow corn-based protein rations as

follows: F1 – 80% yellow corn meal and 20% soybean meal, F – 2 80% yellow

corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal, F3 – 80% yellow corn meal and

20% madre de agua meal and F4 – 100% commercial feeds/layer mash at the

age of 36 to 50 days old quail birds with the amount of 60 grams per replication

per day. As the quail birds reached 51 days until the end of the study they were

given 120 grams per replication per day of the formulated yellow corn-based

protein rations.

Preparation of Ingredients for the Formulated Yellow Corn-based Protein

Rations

Yellow corn meal. It was bought from a corn farmer in Dagohoy, Bohol

and the corn was milled in a corn miller of the same town due to its cheap price

and good quality.

Soybean meal. It was bought in the agrivet supply in the town of Carmen

and was ready for consumption for quail birds.

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Golden apple snail meal. Golden apple snails were collected in the rice

field of Bohol Island State University – Bilar Campus near the girls’ dormitory,

these were cooked for 25 minutes and then finely chopped.

Madre de agua meal. The fresh leaves of madre de agua were collected

in the poultry farm of Bohol Island State University – Bilar Campus. The fresh

leaves were dried and milled by a manual miller.

Formulation of the Rations

After preparing the ingredients, they were manually mixed according to the

following rations: F1 – 800 grams (80%) yellow corn meal and 200 grams (20%)

soybean meal, F2 – 800 grams (80%) yellow corn meal and 200 grams (20%)

golden apple snail meal, F3 – 800 grams (80%) yellow corn meal and 200 grams

(20%) madre de agua meal and F4 – control 1000 grams (100%), commercial

feed which was the layer mash.

Feeding. Starter mash was given until the quail birds reached 35 days

old. After starter mash, the quail birds were given the formulated yellow corn-

based protein rations together with the layer mash for the quail birds to adopt the

formulated yellow corn-based protein rations in their ration. As the quail birds

reached 51 days old, they were given a restricted type of feeding with the

formulated yellow corn-based protein rations until the end of the study. Each

formula was mixed at 32 grams of yellow corn meal and 8 grams of soybean

meal/fish meal/trichantera (8:2ratio) per cage in a total of 40 grams per bird per

day or 480 grams per formula. Commercial laying mash alone served as the
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control. The quail birds were fed 60 grams in the morning and 60 grams in the

afternoon per replication and they were also given enough water as often as

needed by the birds. There were individual feeding troughs and watering troughs

per cage. The formulated corn-based protein rations were weighed and properly

recorded.

Care and management. The experimental area was kept dry and clean

until the end of the study. The birds were given a clean drinking water as

frequently as needed by the quail birds. The feeding troughs and the watering

troughs were cleaned daily. Removal of dung was done daily and as often as

needed to avoid odor in the area. The birds were provided with light during night

time. Frequent observation of the birds was observed throughout the study for

health status.

Collection of data. Data were gathered at the first laying of the bird until

the end of the study or a total of 62 days. Weight and number of eggs per cage

were collected every day, observed and compared according to the formulation

given.

Number of Eggs. This was determined by counting the number of eggs

layed per replication per day.

Weight (g) of Eggs. This was determined by the weighing the eggs layed

per replication per day using a kitchen weighing scale.

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Weight (g) of Shell. This was determined by breaking four eggs per

formulation and weighing the egg shell in a digital weighing scale. This was done

during termination of the study.

Weight (g) of Egg Yolk with Egg White. This was determined by

breaking four eggs per formulation and weighed the egg yolk with egg white in a

digital weighing scale. This was done during termination of the study.

Yolk Color. This was determined by breaking four quail eggs per

formulation and compared the color of the egg yolks per formulation using a

Riverina yolk color fan tool with three evaluators. This was done during the

termination of the study.

Weight (g) Increment of Quails. This was determined by getting the

initial and final weight of the quail birds per replication and getting their

difference. Getting the weights was done in the start of the study and in the

termination of the study.

In addition, feed consumption expenses and other miscellaneous

expenses which was incurred in the study per formula and was computed to

determine the return of investment. The data collection were collected from the

first laying of the quail eggs until the end of the study.

Cost and Return Analysis. Production cost was determined by recording

all the expenses throughout the conduct of the study from cage preparation up to

the end of the study. These includes the cost of formulated yellow corn-based

protein rations, materials and labor used in the cage preparation. The cost of all
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the materials used in the study was recorded. In addition, labor cost was

determined by recording the time and number of man-days hired throughout the

activity from cage preparation up to the end of the study.

The return of investment (ROI) was determined using the formula:

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡)

𝑅𝑂𝐼 = × 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡)

Statistical Treatment. Data collected was tabulated, analyzed and was

interpreted using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Computation was verified

by the Thesis Statistician.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Commercial feed. It refers to the commercially produced feeds and sold

in the market and used for quail feeds.

Control. It is a standard entity for comparative purposes. It is called

check.

Corn. A cereal grain of choice for poultry feeds. Use as the base feed for

quail in the study.

Egg production. Number of layed eggs per formulation in the study.

Feed. It refers to any material used as food, especially for animals.

Feeding trough. A device which can be made of either bamboo joints or

any metal and open vessels where feed is placed.

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Formula. It refers to the different protein sources added to the yellow corn

meal feed during the conduct of the study.

Hardening Stage. It is the stage were quail birds were given different

quantity of feeds at different ages.

Madre de agua. Refers to a multipurpose, versatile tree native and is

used as one of the ingredients in the feed formula used in the study.

Nutrient. Any constituent or group of constituent of the same general

chemical composition that is liberating energy of serving for production of tissue

in the animal body.

Quail. It is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds

generally considered in order Galliformes.

Rations. Any plant or animal source containing nutrient that can be used

as feed to poultry or livestock.

Replication. It is a formula that appears more than once in an experiment

to provide means of estimating experimental error.

Restricted feeding. It is feeding with limitation.

Soybean meal. Refers to a principal source of protein and is used as one

of the ingredients in the feed formula used in the study.

Weight. A measurement that indicates how heavy the quail, egg shell,

egg yolk with egg white and quail eggs is.

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Yellow corn-based rations. Refers to a feed based with yellow corn meal

and mixed with different protein sources feed used in the study in this protein

sources are soybean meal, golden apple snail meal and madre de agua meal.
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Chapter 2

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the

gathered data on effectiveness of formulated yellow corn-based protein rations to

quail egg production.

Figure 3 shows the average number of quail eggs per formula per

replication. Data indicated that F4 - 100% commercial feed/layer mash gave the

highest number of eggs with the average of 98 while F3 - 80% yellow corn meal

and 20% madre de agua meal gave the lowest number of eggs with the average

of 29.25. Statistical analysis shows that there was a significant difference on the

egg production of quail applied with the formulated yellow corn-based protein

rations. This finding illustrates that the formulated yellow corn-based protein

given to quail influenced the number of quail eggs. Appendix M on page 51

presents the Tukey’s HSD test on the egg production of quail fed with the

formulated yellow corn-based protein rations. Data indicated that F1 - 80% yellow

corn meal and 20% soybean meal, F2 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden

apple snail meal and F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% madre de agua meal

showed no significant difference with each other. Thus, F4 - 100% commercial

feed/layer mash has significant difference with F1 - 80% yellow corn meal and

20% soybean meal, F2 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal

and F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% madre de agua meal.
 22

120
98.5b**
100

80
Number of Eggs
60 53.75a**

40 32.75a** 29.25a**
20

0
F1 - 80% milled yellow F2 - 80% milled yellow F3 - 80% milled yellow F4 - 100% commercial
corn and 20% soybean corn and 20% golden corn and 20% madre de feeds: layer mash
meal apple snail meal agua

Formula
c.v. = 13.74%;**Means followed by letters are not significantly different at 1% level, Tukey’s HSD Test

Figure 3. Mean differences on number of quail eggs fed with formulated yellow
corn-based protein rations

Figure 4 shows the average weight of eggs per formula per replication.

Data indicates that F4 - 100% commercial feed/layer mash gave the highest

weight of eggs with the average of 14.32 grams while F3 - 80% yellow corn meal

and 20% madre de agua meal gave the lowest weight of egg with the average of

3.66 grams. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant difference

on the average weight of quail eggs applied with the formulated yellow corn-

based protein rations. This finding illustrates that the formulated yellow corn-

based protein rations given to quail influenced the weight of quail eggs. Appendix

O on page 52 presents the Tukey’s HSD test on the egg weight of quail fed with

formulated yellow corn-based protein rations. Data indicated that F4 - 100%

commercial feed/layer mash has significant difference with F1 - 80% yellow corn

meal and 20% soybean meal, F2 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple

snail meal and F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% madre de agua meal.
 23

16 14.32b**

Weight of Eggs (g)

14
12
10
8 6.97a**
6 4.26a** 3.66a**
4
2
0
F1 - 80% milled yellow F2 - 80% milled yellow F3 - 80% milled yellow F4 - 100% commercial
corn and 20% corn and 20% golden corn and 20% madre feeds: layer mash
soybean meal apple snail meal de agua

Formula
c.v. = 22.61%;** Means followed by letters are not significantly different at 1% level, Tukey’s HSD Test

Figure 4. Mean differences on weight of quail eggs fed with formulated yellow
corn-based protein rations

Figure 5 shows the average weight increment of quail birds per formula

per replication. Data indicated that F4 - 100% commercial feed/layer mash gave

the highest weight increment of quail birds with the average of 32.92 grams while

F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% madre de agua meal gave the lowest weight

increment of quail birds with the average of 4.58 grams. Statistical analysis

shows that there was a significant difference on the average gain weight of quails

fed with the formulated yellow corn-based protein rations. This finding illustrates

that the formulated yellow corn-based protein rations given to quail influenced the

weight increment of quails. Appendix Q on page 53 presents the Tukey’s HSD

test on the average weight increment of quail fed with formulated yellow corn-

based protein rations. Data indicated that F1 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20%

soybean meal has a tendency that there is no significant difference with F4 -

100% commercial feed/layer mash. F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% madre

de agua meal and F2 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal

have significant difference with F4 - 100% commercial feed/layer mash. F2 80%

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yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal has a tendency that there is

no significant difference with F1 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% soybean meal.

35 32.92b**
Weight Increment (g)

30
25 19.42a**
20
15 10.75a**
10 4.58a**
5
0
F1 - 80% milled yellow F2 - 80% milled yellow F3 - 80% milled yellow F4 - 100% commercial
corn and 20% corn and 20% golden corn and 20% madre feeds: layer mash
soybean meal apple snail meal de agua

Formula
c.v. = 47.61%;** Means followed by letters are not significantly different at 1% level, Tukey’s HSD Test

Figure 5. Mean differences on weight increment of quails fed with formulated

yellow corn-based protein rations

Figure 6 shows the weight of yolk per formula per replication. Data

indicates that F4 - 100% commercial feed/layer mash gave the highest weight of

egg yolk with the average of 9.46 grams while F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and

20% madre de agua meal gave the lowest weight of egg yolk with the average of

6.69 grams. Statistical analysis shows that there was significant difference on the

average yolk weight of quail eggs fed with formulated yellow corn-based protein

rations. This finding illustrates that formulated yellow corn-based protein rations

given to quail influenced the average weight of egg yolk. Appendix S on page 54

presents the Tukey’s HSD test on the average yolk weight of quail eggs

influenced with the formulated yellow corn-based protein rations. Data indicated

that F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% madre de agua meal has a tendency

that there is no significant difference with F2 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20%

golden apple snail meal. F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% madre de agua
 25

meal has a significant difference with F1 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20%

soybean meal and F4 - 100% commercial feed/layer mash. F1 - 80% yellow corn

meal and 20% soybean meal has a significant difference with F4 - 100%

commercial feed/layer mash. Thus, F4 - 100% commercial feed/layer mash has a

significant difference with F1 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% soybean meal, F2

- 80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal and F3 - 80% yellow

corn meal and 20% madre de agua meal.

10 7.86b** 4.5c**
7.51ab**
Weright of Egg Yolk

8 6.69a**
6
4
2
(g)

0
F1 - 80% milled F2 - 80% milled F3 - 80% milled F4 - 100% commercial
yellow corn and 20% yellow corn and 20% yellow corn and 20% feeds: layer mash
soybean meal golden apple snail madre de agua
meal

Formula
c.v. = 7.08%;**Means followed by letters are not significantly different at 1% level, Tukey’s HSD Test

Figure 6. Mean diffrerence on weight of egg yolk fed with formulated yellow corn-
based protein rations

Figure 7 shows the weight of egg shell per formula per replication. Data

indicates that F4 - 100% commercial feed/layer mash gave the highest weight of

egg shell with the average of 1.62 grams and F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and

20% golden apple snail meal gave the lowest weight of egg shell with the

average of 1.22 grams. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant

difference on the average weight of quail egg shell fed with formulated yellow

corn-based protein rations. This finding illustrates that the formulated yellow

corn-based protein rations given to quail influenced the weight of quail egg shell.

Appendix U on page 55 presents the Tukey’s HSD test on the average weight of
 26

quail egg shell fed with formulated yellow corn-based protein rations. Data

indicated that F4 - 100% commercial feed/layer mash has significant difference

with F1 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% soybean meal, F2 - 80% yellow corn

meal and 20% golden apple snail meal and F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20%

madre de agua meal. Thus, F1 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% soybean meal,

F2 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal and F3 - 80%

yellow corn meal and 20% madre de agua meal have no significant difference

with each other.

2 1.67b**
Weight of Egg Shell

1.5 1.23a** 1.25a** 1.22a**

1
0.5
(g)

0
F1 - 80% milled F2 - 80% milled F3 - 80% milled F4 - 100% commercial
yellow corn and 20% yellow corn and 20% yellow corn and 20% feeds: layer mash
soybean meal golden apple snail madre de agua
meal

Formula
c.v. = 11.52%;**Means followed by letters are not significantly different at 1% level, Tukey’s HSD Test

Figure 7. Mean differences on weight egg shell fed with formulated yellow corn-
based protein rations

Figure 8 shows the Riverina yolk color fan that has been the basis in

comparing the yolk color samples per formulation that is presented in figure 9.

Three panelist had been the evaluator in comparing the yolk. All the three

panelist evaluated that F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail

meal and F3 - 80% yellow corn meal and 20% madre de agua meal has the

brightest yolk color of yellow number 9, followed by F1 - 80% yellow corn meal
 27

and 20 % soybean meal with the yolk color of yellow number 7 and F4 - 100%

commercial feed/layer mash has the palest yolk of yellow number 4.

Figure 8. Riverina Yolk color Fan

Figure 9. Yolk samples per formula

 28

Figure 10 presents the economic analysis in the quail egg production as

influenced by the different naturally formulated feedstuff. Data revealed that 80%

yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal gave the highest return on

investment of 25.05% while 80% yellow corn meal and 20% soybean meal gave

the lowest return on investment of 8.62%. The finding demonstrated that using

80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal as feed to quail for egg

production was more profitable than using commercial feeds.

30
25.05
25 22.98
Return on Investment %

20
15.75
15

10 8.62

0
F1 - 80% milled yellow F2 - 80% milled yellow F3 - 80% milled yellow F4 - 100% commercial
corn and 20% corn and 20% golden corn and 20% madre feeds: layer mash
soybean meal apple snail meal de agua

Formula

Figure 10. Economic Analysis

 29

Chapter 3

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter deals with the summary of findings, the analysis of the data

gathered, the conclusions drawn and the relevant recommendations.

Summary of findings

The result showed that 100% commercial feeds/layer mash gave the

highest number of eggs, heaviest eggs as well as weight increment, yolk and egg

shell. In yolk color, 80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal and

80% yellow corn meal and 20% madre de agua meal has the brightest yolk color.

The analysis of variance showed significant difference between the

formulated yellow corn-based protein rations and commercial feeds. The return

of investment showed that 80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail

meal gave the highest percentage.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn

that 80% yellow corn meal and 20% soybean meal is not significantly different to

100% commercial feeds/layer mash in the weight increment of quail birds. Out of

the four formulation, commercial feed/layer mash showed the highest number of

eggs as well as the heaviest egg weight, yolk weight and shell weight. Eighty

percent yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal and 80% yellow corn

meal and 20% madre de agua meal has the brightest yolk color. Eighty percent
 30

yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal gave the highest return on

investment. Eighty percent yellow corn meal and 20% soybean meal is as

effective as 100% commercial feeds/layer mash. Thus, the null hypothesis is

partially rejected.

Recommendations

Anchored by the conclusions of the study, the researcher arrived at the

following suggestions:

1. Formula 1 (80% yellow corn meal and 20% soybean meal) that is as

effective as Formula 4 (100% commercial feed/layer mash) in terms of

meat production is recommended.

2. Formula 2 (80% yellow corn meal and 20% golden apple snail meal)

which give the highest return on investment is highly recommended.

3. Related study is recommended to observe the effects on the egg

production of quail fed with formulated corn-based protein rations with all

female quail in a single cage than that of quail fed formulated corn-based

protein rations with male and female quail in a single cage.

4. It is recommended for future student-researcher to use the formulated

corn-based protein rations for a duration of 8 months or more.

5. Furthermore, future student-researchers are encouraged to conduct

related study to validate the results and develop the formulated corn-

based protein rations.

 31

REFERENCES

Animal Welfare Act (1998). Retrieved August 13, 2017 from http://www.paws.org.

ph/uploads/2/1/2/7/21275318/__ra8485_animal_welfare_act.pdf.

Catalma, M.T., Antalan, R.A., Barroga, A.J., Capili, D.T., Orden, E. and Serra,

A.B. (1991). Golden Apple snail (Pomacea spp.) use in animal feeds.

International Rice Research Newsletter. 16(6), 26-27.

Dei, H.K. (2011). Soybean as a Feed Ingredient for Livestock and Poultry.

Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean

Products. InTech. Retrieved January 27, 2018 from http://www.intech

open.com/books/recent-trends-for-enhancing-thediversity-andquality-ofsoy

bbean-products/soybean-as-a-feed-ingredientfor-livestock-andpoultry.

Heuze, V., Bastianelli, D., Boudon, A. and Tran, G. (2016). Nacedero (Trichan-

tera gigantea). Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO.

Retrieved September 27, 2017 from http://www.fedipedia.org/node/7270.

Heuzé V., Kaushik S., and Tran G. (2017). Soybean meal. Feedipedia, a

programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Retrieved January 18, 2018

from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/674.

Heuzé V., Tran G. (2016). Snail meal. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA,

CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Retrieved January 18, 2018 from https://www.

feedipedia.org/node/200.

Jacob, J. (2015). Retrieved August 01, 2017 from Articles.extension.org

/pages/68429/feeding-corn-to-poultry.
 32

Kaensombath, L. Evaluation of the nutritive value of ensiled and fresh golden

apple snails (Pomacea spp.) for growing pigs. Faculty of Agriculture,

National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Retrieved August 23,

2017.

Mondry, R. (2016). Quail farming in tropical regions. Cameroon (ISF Cameroun)

and the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural. Cooperation.

Retrieved January 27, 2018 from https://publications.cta.int/media/pub

lications/downloads /1934_PDF.pdf

Organic Agriculture Act (2010). Retrieved August 15, 2017 from http://www.

bsu.edu.ph/files/RA10068%20SUC%20FINAL.pdf.

Pinoy Farmer (2007). Retrieved august 10, 2017 http://pinoyagribusiness.com

/forum/poultry /quail-raising.

Pizzolante, C.C., Deodato, A.P., Faltarone, A.B.G., Garcia, E.A., Mendes, A.A.,

Mori, C., Pelicia K., et al. (2006). Production perfor-mance and egg quality

of quails (Coturnix japonica) during several periods of the day. Revista

Brasileira de Ciência Avícola. 8(3). Retrieved August 29, 2017 from

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516635X20060

0300002.

Reynoso, Z. (2011). Producing quality quail eggs using organic ingredients. Bar

Chronicle. 12(7) Retrieved September 18, 2017 from http://businessdiary

.com.ph/6647/producing-quality-quail-eggs-usingorganic-ingredients/.

Riverina (2017). Why does yolk color vary? Retrieved February 20, 2018 from

http://www.riverina.com.au/yolk-colour-vary/.
 33

Rosales, M. (1997). Trichanthera gigantea (Humboldt & Bonpland.) Nees: A

review. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 9(4) Retrieved

January 25, 2018 from http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/agap/FRG/lrrd/lrrd

9/4/mauro942.htm.

Roy’s Farm (2017). Modern Farming Methods. Retrieved August 30, 2017 from

http:// www.roysfarm.com/quailfarming/.

Tutor, J. (2015). Quail egg production using madre de agua (Trichanthera

gigantea) as feed supplement. Undergraduate Thesis. Bohol Island State

University. Zamora, Bilar, Bohol.

Willies, S (2003). The use of soybean meal and full fat soybean meal by the

animal feed industry. Department of Primary Industries, Queensland.

Retrieved September 10, 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/pub

lication/267242105_The_use_of_Soybean_Meal_and_Full_Fat_Soybea

Meal_by_the_Animal_Feed_Industry.
 34

APPENDIX A

Facts about Quail

Kingdom :Animalia

Phylum :Chordata

Class :Aves

Order :Galliformes

Family : Phasianidae

Genus :Coturnix Photo by: L.S. Bautista

Scientific Name :Coturnix coturnix Linn.

The quail is a small bird that inhabits woodland and forest areas around

the world. There are thought to be more than 15 different species of quail, with

each species of quail being found in different parts of the world and all have

slightly different appearances depending on how they have adapted to their

environment. When quails reach 2 months old, they are then able to mate. Quails

tend to breed in more open areas such as farmland and lay their eggs in nests.

Although quails are omnivorous animals, they tend to have a primarily

vegetarian diet eating seeds, wheat, barley, flowers and fruits but they will also

eat insects such as worms and grasshoppers. Around 95% of the quail's diet is

thought to consist of plant matter (A-Z Animals).

 35

APPENDIX B

Facts about Quail eggs

Photo by: L.S. Bautista

The Coturnix quail egg is often considered a delicacy because of its

nutritive properties and countless uses in recipes around the world. Restaurants

crave these pigmented quail eggs in their gourmet dishes; artists enjoy using the

egg in their masterpieces and egg art. Most importantly, pharmaceutical

companies gather Coturnix quail eggs to create new vaccines.

The Coturnix quail egg not only has amazing protein, it contains good

cholesterol and a high concentration of minerals and vitamins. When comparing

quail eggs to chicken eggs, one quail egg contains six times more vitamin B1 and

15 times more vitamin B2. Quail eggs contain iron, folate, pantothenic acid,

phosphorus, riboflavin, and selenium, as well. Quail eggs are the only dietetic

eggs in the world, after all.

Coturnix quail eggs have been proven very beneficial in fighting more than

30 diseases. These benefits have been recorded in scientific magazines and

journals and through universities and laboratories. Quail are used as “lab rats” in
 36

many facilities because of their fast maturation. They have superior protein

quality such that the protein in the egg white contains ovomucoid. This

ovomucoid is an an enzyme and is known as a proteinase inhibitor, or better

suited as a protein component, that is responsible for egg allergies.

This protein component is so important that pharmaceutical companies

are extracting it to make vaccines. Quail eggs alone, however, are very beneficial

on their own. If you are looking for more holistic ways to fight infection or disease,

the quail egg is a good choice (Countryside daily, 2018).

Quail eggs can be preserved in the refrigerator for 1 month. They are five

times smaller than chicken eggs, but much richer in nutritional elements:

potassium and proteins, phosphorus, iron (five times more than hens’ eggs),

calcium, zinc and vitamins A, B1, B6 and B2. They contain no, or very little,

cholesterol, which is the main risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. As a

remedy, quail eggs are known for being effective in the treatment of vitamin and

mineral deficiencies, asthma, diabetes, low sex drive and allergies. They also

speed up the regeneration of the liver. In this context, it is often recommended to

eat raw eggs (Mondry, 2016).

 37

APPENDIX C

Facts about corn

Kingdom : Plantae

Order : Poales

Family : Poaceae

Genus : Zea

Species : Z. mays
Photo by: L.S. Bautista

Corn, also known as maize, is typically the cereal grain of choice for

poultry feeds in the United States. Corn is the easiest grain for chickens to digest

and is low in fiber. Yellow dent corn is the variety typically used in feed. Nutrient

content of ground corn varies from variety to variety, location to location, and

year to year, but recent averages suggest that corn has about 1520 kcal/lb (3350

kcal/kg) of energy for poultry. It also has, on average, 7.5% crude protein. Corn

protein is low in methionine, so in the United States, corn is typically combined

with soybean meal that is higher in methionine (Jacob, 2015).

 38

APPENDIX D

Facts about Soybean meal

Kingdom :Plantae

Phylum :Magnoliophyta

Class :Magnoliopsida

Order :Fabales

Family :Fabaceae

Genus :Glycine

Species :Glycine max

Photo by: L.S. Bautista

Soybean meal is the most important protein source used to feed farm

animals. It represents two-thirds of the total world output of protein feedstuffs,

including all other major oil meals and fish meal. Its feeding value is

unsurpassed by any other plant protein source and it is the standard to which

other protein sources are compared. While it has been an accepted part of

livestock and poultry diets in the USA since the mid-1930’s, soybean feed

production took off in the mid-1970s and then accelerated in the early 1990s

due to a growing demand from developing countries. The expansion of

aquaculture and prohibitions on the feed use of slaughterhouse by-products

have also fueled the demand for this high-quality source of protein. Soybean

meal is the by-product of the extraction of soybean oil. Several processes exist,

resulting in different products. Soybean meal is usually classified for marketing

 39

by its crude protein content. There are two main categories of soybean meal,

the “high-protein” soybean meal with 47-49% protein and 3% crude fiber,

obtained from dehulled seeds, and the “conventional" soybean meal, with 43-

44% protein, that contain the hulls (Heuzé , 2017).

 40

APPENDIX E

Facts about Golden Apple Snail Meal

Kingdom : Metazoa

Phylum : Mollusca

Class : Gastropoda

Order : Architaenioglossa

Family : Ampullariidae

Genus : Pomacea Photo by: L.S. Bautista

Species : Pomacea canaliculata

The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is a freshwater snail

indigenous to South America. It was introduced into South-East Asia as an

aquarium species in 1980. In Taiwan, it was introduced as a new human food

resource. It was later farmed as a high-protein food for both humans and farm

animals, particularly for ducks and fish.

It escaped into waterways and soon became a major pest of rice in many

countries, notably into the Philippines and Vietnam, damaging young rice

seedlings and causing poor crop stands, yield losses and additional expenses.

Six years after its introduction in the Philippines, the golden apple snail had

invaded about 3.6% of the total area planted with rice. It has also invaded the

southern parts of the USA as well as Hawaii, where it is a major pest

of cultivation. In addition to being a crop pest, it poses a serious threat to many

 41

wetlands through potential habitat modification and competition with native

species. Total eradication of established populations is nearly impossible. In

rice and taro fields, one of the most successful methods is hand picking done

as a community effort on a regular basis. After collection the snails can be used

for human consumption or as animal feed for fish, prawns, pigs and other

livestock species.

Snails are plentiful in some regions. They can also be introduced and

raised on agricultural waste provided that they cannot escape and become a

threat for the environment. They can be collected and processed into a viable

supplementary source of protein that can be used to replace other animal

protein sources in feed rations.

A notable snail species that can be used to feed livestock is the golden

apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata and other Ampullariidae species) (Heuzé,

2016).
 42

APPENDIX F

Facts about Madre de Agua Meal

Family :Acanthaceae

Tribe :Trichanthereae

Genera :Trichanthera

Species :Trichanthera gigantea

Photo by: L.S. Bautista

A shrub or small tree to 5 m, occasionally up to 15 m, with a rounded

crown. Branches are quadrate with rounded angles, the tips covered with minute

brown hairs. Leaves ovate to oblong, narrowing at both ends and concave

approaching the apex, 26 x 14 cm; hairless or pubescent along the

venation; petioles 1-5 cm long. Inflorescence is a compact terminal panicle 5-15

cm long, Flowers have small triangular bracts to 3 mm; the calyx is 10-12 mm

long with segments 10 x 5 mm and rounded at the apex. Corolla is red and

hairless near the axis, and yellowish with short silky hairs furthest from the axis,

3-4 cm long. Wood is light, with pith large and septate. In common with other

acanthaceous plants, Trichanthera gigantea has small mineral concretions called

cystoliths, appearing as minute short lines on the upper surface of the leaf

blades, the upper portions of the stems, on the branches of the inflorescence and

on the calyx.
 43

The crude protein content of the leaves varies from 15 to 22% and

apparently most of this is true protein. The calcium content has been found to be

particularly high compared to other fodder trees. This can be explained by the

presence of cystoliths in the leaves, characteristic of the Acanthaceae family

(Rosales, 1997).
 44

APPENDIX G
Feeding Requirement
For 50 Quails = 2kg. per day
Convert to grams = 2000 grams/50 quails= 40 grams per day per head
For 48 quail birds used in the experiment
48 x 40 grams = 1920 grams per day
1920 grams / 4 formula= 480 grams
480 grams / 4 formula = 120 grams
For 3 birds per compartment = 60 grams morning and 60 grams afternoon
Mixing
AMOUNT
FORMULA FEED
(g)
1 milled yellow corn 800
soybean meal 200
2 milled yellow corn 800
golden apple snail meal 200
3 milled yellow corn 800
madre de agua 200
4 commercial(layer mash) 1000

Feeding Guide

AGE OF AMOUNT/
FORMULA FEED
QUAIL(days) REPLICATION (g)
A.M P.M
21 to 35 1, 2, 3, 4 Starter mash 30 30
Milled yellow corn with
36 to 50 1 30 30
soybean meal
Milled yellow corn with
2 30 30
golden apple snail meal
Milled yellow corn with
3 30 30
madre de agua
4 layer mash 30 30
Milled yellow corn with
51 up 1 60 60
soybean meal
Milled yellow corn with
2 60 60
golden apple snail meal
Milled yellow corn with
3 60 60
madre de agua
4 layer mash 60 60
 45

APPENDIX H

Sample of quail eggs per formula

 46

APPENDIX I

The researcher mixing the formulation

 47

APPENDIX J

The researcher collecting data

 48

APPENDIX K

Detailed Expenses per Formula Used in the Study

Formula 1 Formula 2
>Yellow corn meal : P 360.00 >Yellow corn meal : P 360.00
>Soybean meal : P 325.00 >Starter mash : P 75.00
>Starter mash : P 75.00 >Layer mash : P 41.50
>Layer mash : P 41.25 >Plastic screen : P 112.50
>Plastic screen : P 112.50 >Steel screen : P 57.50
>Steel screen : P 57.50 >Feeder : P 36.00
>Feeder : P 36.00 >Waterer : P 36.00
>Waterer : P 36.00 >Labor : P 62.50
>Labor : P 62.50 __________________________
P 1 105.75 P 781.00

Formula 3 Formula 4
> Yellow corn meal : P 360.00 >Layer mash : P 941.50
>Starter mash : P 75.00 > Starter mash : P 75.00
>Layer mash : P 41.50 > Plastic screen : P 112.50
>Plastic screen : P 112.50 >Steel screen : P 57.50
>Steel screen : P 57.50 >Feeder : P 36.00
>Feeder : P 36.00 >Waterer : P 36.00
>Waterer : P 36.00 >Labor : P 62.50
>Labor : P 62.50 __________________________
P 781.00 P 1 321.00
 49

APPENDIX L
Average number of eggs per formula per replication
FORMULA REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
F1 (80% milled yellow corn and
62 60 51 42 215 53.75 a**
20% soybean meal)
F2 (80% milled yellow corn and
34 35 29 33 131 32.75 a**
20% golden apple snail meal)
F3 (80% milled yellow corn and
20 24 37 36 117 29.25 a**
20% madre de agua)
F4 (100% commercial feeds:
89 95 133 77 394 98.5 b**
layer mash)
**significant difference at 1% level

APPENDIX M
Analysis of Variance on the average number of eggs
Source Sum of Df Mean F Tab F value
Squares Square 5% 1%
FORMULA 3519.10 3 1173.034 21.67** 3.49 5.95
Error 649.57 12 54.131
Corrected 4168.6 15
Total
** = significant difference at 1% level cv = 13.74%

APPENDIX N
Mean differences on the number of quail eggs fed with formulated yellow
corn-based protein rations

FORMULA N Means Groupings

a b
F3 80% milled yellow corn and 20% madre de 4 15.73
agua meal
F2 80% milled yellow corn and 20% GAS meal 4 17.61
F1 80% milled yellow corn and 20% soybean meal 4 28.90
F4 100% commercial feeds / layer mash 4 52.96

Sig. 0.10 1.00

Means of the same columns are not significantly different from each other at 0.05, Tukey’s HSD Test.
 50

APPENDIX O
Average weight (g) of eggs per formula per replication

FORMULA REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN

I II III IV
F1 (80% milled yellow corn
8.03 7.24 6.48 6.15 27.9 6.97a**
and 20% soybean meal)
F2 (80% milled yellow corn
4.23 4.87 3.82 4.11 17.03 4.26 a**
and 20% GAS meal)
F3 (80% milled yellow corn
and 20% madre de 2.55 2.93 4.58 4.58 14.64 3.66 a**
agua)
F4 (100% commercial
13.16 13.82 18.58 11.71 57.27 14.32 b**
feeds / layer mash)
**significant difference at 1% level

APPENDIX P
Analysis of Variance on the average weight of eggs

Source Sum of Df Mean F Tab F value

Squares Square 5% 1%
FORMULA 287.435 3 95.812 35.140** 3.49 5.95
Error 32.719 12 2.727
Corrected 320.154 15
Total
** = significant difference at 1% level CV = 22.61%

APPENDIX Q
Mean differences on the average weight of eggs fed with formulated
yellow corn-based protein rations

FORMULA N Means Groupings

a b
F3 80% milled yellow corn and 20% madre de 4 3.66
agua meal
F2 80% milled yellow corn and 20% GAS meal 4 4.26
F1 80% milled yellow corn and 20% soybean meal 4 6.98
F4 100% commercial feeds / layer mash 4 14.32

Means of the same columns are not significantly different from each other at 0.05, Tukey’s HSD Test.
 51

APPENDIX R

Average weight (g) increment of quail birds per formula per replication

FORMULA REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN

I II III IV
F1 (80% milled yellow corn
and 20% soybean 16 24.33 27.67 9.67 77.67 19.42a,b**
meal)
F2 (80% milled yellow corn
and 20% golden apple 12.67 4 3.33 23 43 10.75a**
snail meal)
F3 (80% milled yellow corn
and 20% madre de 2 9 4.33 3 18.33 4.58a**
agua)
F4 (100% commercial
30.67 24.67 29 47.33 131.67 32.92b**
feeds / layer mash)
**significant difference at 1% level

APPENDIX S
Analysis of Variance on the average weight increment of quail
Source Sum of Df Mean F Tab F value
Squares Square 5% 1%
FORMULA 1809.56 3 603.18 9.30** 3.49 5.95
Error 778.33 12 64.86
Corrected Total 2587.89 15
** = significant difference at 1% level cv = 47.61%

APPENDIX T
Mean differences on the average weight increment of quail fed with
formulated yellow corn-based protein rations

FORMULA N Means Groupings

a b
F3 80% milled yellow corn and 20% madre de 4 4.58
agua meal
F2 80% milled yellow corn and 20% GAS meal 4 10.75
F1 80% milled yellow corn and 20% soybean meal 4 19.42 19.42
F4 100% commercial feeds / layer mash 4 32.92

Means of the same columns are not significantly different from each other at 0.05, Tukey’s HSD Test.
 52

APPENDIX U
Weight (g) of egg yolk per formula per replication

FORMULA REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN

I II III IV
F1 (80% milled yellow corn
7.6 8.55 8 7.3 31.45 7.86b**
and 20% soybean meal)
F2 (80% milled yellow corn
and 20% golden apple 7.85 7.5 7.26 7.44 30.05 7.51a,b**
snail meal)
F3 (80% milled yellow corn
7.74 5.7 6.95 6.35 26.74 6.69a**
and 20% madre de agua)
F4 (100% commercial feeds
9.46 9.72 9.71 8.94 37.83 9.46c**
/ layer mash)
**significant difference at 1% level

APPENDIX V
Analysis of Variance on the average yolk weight
Source Sum of Df Mean F Tab F value
Squares Square 5% 1%
FORMULA 16.208 3 5.403 17.399** 3.49 5.95
Error 3.726 12 0.31
Corrected 19.934 15
Total
** = significant difference at 1% level cv = 7.08%

APPENDIX W
Mean differences on the average yolk weight fed with formulated yellow
corn-based protein rations

FORMULA N Means Groupings

a b c
F3 80% milled yellow corn and 20% madre de 4 6.68
agua meal
F2 80% milled yellow corn and 20% GAS meal 4 7.51 7.51
F1 80% milled yellow corn and 20% soybean meal 4 7.86
F4 100% commercial feeds / layer mash 4 9.46

Means of the same columns are not significantly different from each other at 0.05, Tukey’s HSD Test.
 53

APPENDIX X
Weight (g) of egg shell per formula per replication

FORMULA REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN

I II III IV
F1 (80% milled yellow corn and
1.34 1.2 1.41 0.99 4.94 1.23 a**
20 % soybean meal)
F2 (80% milled yellow corn and
1.42 1.18 1.32 1.07 4.99 1.25 a**
20% golden apple snail meal
F3 (80% milled yellow corn and
1.16 1.25 1.2 1.26 4.87 1.22 a**
20% madre de agua)
F4 (100% commercial feeds /
1.81 1.87 1.47 1.56 6.71 1.67 b**
layer mash)
**significant difference at 1% level

APPENDIX Y
Analysis of Variance on the average shell weight
Source Sum of df Mean F Tab F value
Squares Square 5% 1%
FORMULA 594. 3 0.20 8.135** 3.49 5.95
Error .292 12 0.02
Corrected .886 15
Total
** = significant difference at 1% level cv = 11.52%

APPENDIX Z
Mean differences on the average shell weight fed with formulated yellow
corn-based protein rations

` N Means Groupings
FORMULA a b
F3 80% milled yellow corn and 20% madre de 4 1.22
agua meal
F2 80% milled yellow corn and 20% GAS meal 4 1.23
F1 80% milled yellow corn and 20% soybean meal 4 1.25
F4 100% commercial feeds / layer mash 4 1.68

Means of the same columns are not significantly different from each other at 0.05, Tukey’s HSD Test.
 54

APPENDIX AA

Economic Analysis

GROSS NET RETURN OF

EXPENSES
FORMULA INCOME INCOME INVESTMENT
(PESOS)
(PESOS) (PESOS) (%)

F1 (80% milled yellow

corn and 20% 1 210 1 105.75 104.25 8.62
soybean meal)
F2 (80% milled yellow
corn and 20% golden 1 042 781 261 25.05
apple snail meal)
F3 (80% milled yellow
corn and 20% madre 1 014 781 233 22.98
de agua)
F4 (100% commercial
1568 1321 247 15.75
feeds / layer mash)