Subject: ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

S.NO CONTENT

(1) - Objectives and Relevance

(2) - Scope

(3) - Prerequisites

(4) - Syllabus

1. JNTU

2. GATE

3. IES

(5) - Suggested Books

(6) - Websites

(7) - Expert Details

(8) - Journals

(9) - Subject (lesson) Plan

(10) - Question Bank

1. JNTU

2. GATE

(11) - Tutorial Question sets on each unit

(12) - List of topics for student’s seminars

(1) OBJECTIVES AND RELEVANCE

This course introduces the basic concepts of communications which are the foundation for
communication system designs. This subject is concerned with the theory of systems for the
conveyance of information.

(2) SCOPE

The scope of this subject is to provide an insight into the working and application of different
communication design techniques and also provides clear and concise exposure to the principles of
electronic mail, wired cities, overnight stock market quotes fed into our home computers,tele
conferencing, and a host of space and military applications of electronic communication.

(3) PREREQUISITES

This subject recommends prior knowledge of Engineering Mathematics, Basic Electronics, and
Signals & Systems.

(4.1) SYLLABUS - JNTU

UNIT-I

OBJECTIVE

 Introduction to communication system

 Need for modulation
 Frequency Division Multiplexing.
 Amplitude Modulation, Definition
 Time domain and Frequency domain description
 Single tone modulation, power relations in AM waves
 Generation of AM waves, Square law modulator, Switching modulator
 Detection of AM wave: Square law detector ,Envelope detector
 Double side band suppressed carrier modulators
 Time domain and frequency domain description
 Generation of DSB waves, Balanced modulators, Ring modulator
 Coherent detection of DSB-SC Modulated waves-COSTAS Loop.

SYLLABUS

Amplitude Modulation: Introduction to communication system, Need for modulation,

Frequency Division Multiplexing, Amplitude Modulation, Definition, Time domain and
Frequency domain description, Single tone modulation, power relations in AM waves, Generation of
AM waves, Square law modulator, Switching modulator, Detection of AM wave: Square law
detector ,Envelope detector, Double side band suppressed carrier modulators, Time domain and
frequency domain description, Generation of DSB waves, Balanced modulators, Ring
modulator, Coherent detection of DSB-SC Modulated waves-COSTAS Loop.
UNIT-II

OBJECTIVE

 SSB- Spectral characteristics

 SSB Generation –filter method, Phase shift method
 VSB: generation, spectra, demodulation
 Demodulation of SSB wave

SYLLABUS

SSB Modulation: Frequency domain description, Frequency discrimination

method for generation of AM- SSB Modulated wave, Time domain description,
Phase discrimination method for generating of AM SSB Modulated waves,
Demodulation of SSB Waves, Vestigial side band modulation, Generation of VSB
modulated wave, Time domain description, Envelop detection of VSB wave pulse
carrier, Comparison of AM techniques, Applications of different AM waves.

UNIT – III
OBJECTIVE

 Basic concepts
 Frequency Modulation: Single tone frequency modulation
 Spectrum Analysis of sinusoidal FM Wave
 Narrow band and Wide band FM
 Constant average power
 Transmision bandwidth of FM Wave
 Generation of FM Signals
 Direct FM
 Detection of FM Waves: Balanced Frequency discriminator, Zero crossing detector
 Phase locked loop
 Comparison of FM and AM.

SYLLABUS

Angle Modulation: Basic concepts, Frequency Modulation: Single tone frequency

modulation, Spectrum Analysis of sinusoidal FM Wave, Narrow band and Wide band FM,
Constant average power
Transmission bandwidth of FM Wave, Generation of FM Signals, Direct FM, Detection of FM
Waves: Balanced Frequency discriminator, Zero crossing detector, Phase locked loop, Comparison of
FM and AM
UNIT – IV

OBJECTIVE

 Types of Noise: Resistive (Thermal) Noise Source, Short Noise

 Extraterrestrial Noise, Arbitrary Noise Sources, White Noise
 Narrowband Noise-In phase and quadrature phase components and its Properties
 Modeling of Noise Sources, Average Noise bandwidth
 Effective Noise Temperature, Average Noise Figures, Average Noise Figure of
cascaded networks.
 Noise in DSB and SSB system noise in AM system
 Noise in Angle Modulation System
 Noise Triangle in Angle Modulation System
 Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis

SYLLABUS
Noise in Analog communication System: Types of Noise: Resistive (Thermal) Noise Source,
Short Noise, Extraterrestrial Noise, Arbitrary Noise Sources, White Noise, Narrowband
Noise-In phase and quadrature phase components and its Properties, Modeling of Noise
Sources, Average Noise bandwidth, Effective Noise Temperature, Average Noise Figures,
Average Noise Figure of cascaded networks.
Noise in DSB and SSB system noise in AM system, Noise in Angle Modulation System
Noise Triangle in Angle Modulation System, Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis

UNIT – V

OBJECTIVE

 Receiver types
 Tuned Radio Frequency receivers
 Super heterodyne receiver
 RF section and characteristics
 Frequency changing and Tracking
 Intermediate frequency
 AGC
 FM receiver
 Comparison with AM receiver
 Amplitude limiting.
 Types of pulse modulation PAM, PWM
 Generation and Demodulation of PWM, PPM
 Generation and Demodulation of PPM
 Time Division Multiplexing.
SYLLABUS

Receivers: Receiver types, Tuned Radio Frequency receivers, Super heterodyne

receiver, RF section and characteristics, Frequency changing and Tracking,
Intermediate frequency, AGC, FM receiver, Comparison with AM receiver,
amplitude limiting.

Pulse Modulation: Types of pulse modulation PAM (Single polarity, double

polarity), PWM, Generation and Demodulation of PWM, PPM, Generation and
Demodulation of PPM, Time Division Multiplexing.

(4.2) SYLLABUS – GATE

UNIT I
Analog communication systems, Amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems,
spectral analysis of these operations

UNIT II
Not applicable

UNIT III
Not applicable

UNIT IV
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation
(FM) for low noise conditions

UNIT V
Super heterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems

(4.3)SYLLABUS –IES

UNIT I
Modulation and detection in analogue and digital systems, Sampling and data reconstructions

UNIT II
Not applicable

UNIT III
Not applicable

UNIT IV
Not applicable

UNIT V
Not applicable

(5) SUGGESTED BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:
 1. Principles of Communication Systems–Taub & Schilling, Gautam Sahe, TMH, 3rd Ed.
2. Principles of Communication Systems - Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2nd Ed.

REFERENCES:

1. Electronics & Communication System – George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, TMH
2. Analog communications-K.N.Hari Bhat & Ganesh Rao, Pearson Publication, 2ndEd-
3. Communication Systems Second Edition – R.P. Singh, SP Sapre,

(6) WEBSITES

1. www.iitk.ac.in
2. www.iitd.ernet.in
3. www.iitb.ac.in
4. www.iitm.ac.in
5. www.iitr.ac.in
6. www.iitg.ernet.in
7. www.bits-pilani.ac.in
8. www.bitmesra.ac.in
9. www.ieee.org
10. www.psgtech.edu
11. www.iisc.ernet.in
12. www.ieee.org
13. www.mit.edu
14. www.soe.stanford.edu
15. www.gsas.hardward.edu
16. www.grad.gatech.edu

(7) EXPERT DETAILS

INTERNATIONAL
1. Sam Shanmugam University Of Kansas
Email: [email protected]

NATIONAL
1. Rajasri Roy Dept OF E&ECE , IIT KHARAGPUR
Email:rasjashriroy.iitkgp.ernet.in

REGIONAL
1. DR.D. Srinivas Hod Dept OF ECE JNTUH
Email:[email protected]

(8) JOURNALS
1. International Journal of Digital & Analog Communication Systems
 2. International Journal of Communication Systems

(8) SUBJECT (LESSON) PLAN

Subject Name of the Year/Branch Name of the Faculty

code subject

A50408 Analog III B.Tech I Sem ECE B.PAPACHARY

Communication

Name of Subtopics No. Text

the Topic of books
Methodolog Remarks
class
y
es

UNIT I: Introduction to L1 T2, R1 M1

Amplitud communication
Need system
for Modulation L2 T2, R1 M1
e
Amplitude modulation, L3 T2, R1 M1
Modulati
Definition
on
Time domain and Frequency L4, L5 T2, R1 M1
domain description

Power relations in AM waves L6 T2,R1 M1

Generation of AM waves Square L7 T2, R1 M1&M5
law Modulator,
Generation of AM waves: L8 T2,R1
Switching Modulator
Detection of AM Waves: L9 T2, R1 M1&M5
Square law detector,
envelope detector

Double side band L10 T2,R1, M1

suppressed carrier R2
modulators

Time domain and frequency L11,L T2,R1, M1

domain description 12 R2
Generation of DSBSC waves: L13,L T2,R1, M1&M5
Balanced Modulator, Ring 14 R2
Modulator
Coherent detection of DSB-SC L15,L T2,R1, M1
Modulated waves, COSTAS 16 R2
Loop
Radio Transmitters- L17 T2,R1, M1
Classification of R3
Transmitters

AM transmitter block diagram L18 T2,R1, M1&M7

and explanation of each block R3
 TOTAL
NO OF CLASSES 18

Frequency domain L19 T2,R1 M1

description

Frequency discrimination L20 T2,R1 M1

method for generation of
AM SSB Modulated Wave

Time domain description L21 T2,R1 M1

UNIT Phase discrimination L22 T2,R1 M1&M5

II:SSB method for generation of
MODULA AM SSB Modulated Wave
TION Demodulation of SSB Waves L23 T2,R1 M1&M5
Vestigial side band L24 T2,R1 M1
modulation: Frequency
description

Generation of VSB L25 T2,R1 M1

Modulated wave

Time domain description L26 T2,R1 M1

Envelope detection of a VSB L27 T2,R1 M1
wave

Comparison of AM L28 T2,R1, M1

Techniques R3

Applications of different AM L29, T2,R1, M1

systems L30 R3

TOTAL NO OF CLASSES 12

Basic concepts L31 T2, R1 M1, M2

Frequency Modulation: L32 T2, R1 M1, M2
Spectrum Analysis of L33 T2, R1 M1, M2
sinusoidal FM Wave

Narrow band FM, Wide band L34 T2, R1 M1, M2

Constant Average Power, L35,L T2, R1 M1, M2
Transmission bandwidth of 36
FM Wave

Comparison of FM and AM L37 T2,R1, M1, M2

UNIT R3
III:ANGL
E Generation of FM Waves: L38 T2,R1,R M1
MODULA Types Method:
Direct 3
T2,R1,R M1&M5
TION i)Parametric Variation L39,L 3
Method 40

ii)Varactor Diode, Reactance L41 T2,R1,R M1

Modulator 3
 Indirect Method: i) L42 T2,R1,R M1
Armstrong Method 3

Detection of FM Waves: L43 T2,R1,R M1&M5

i)Balanced Frequency 3
discriminator

ii)Zero crossing detector L44 T1,R1,R M1

2

iii)Phase locked loop L45 T2,R2,R M1&M5

3

iv)Foster Seeley L46 T2,R2,R M1

Discriminator 3

v)Ratio detector

TOTAL NO OF CLASSES 16

Noise in Analog L47 T1, R1, M1

communication
Noise in DSB&SSBSystem
System T1,R2
R1, M1
L48,L4 R2
UNIT 9
IV:NOISE
IN Noise in AM System L50 T1, R1, M1
ANALOG R2
COMMU
NICATIO Noise in Angle Modulation L51 T1, R1, M1&M7
N System R2
SYSTEM Threshold effect in Angle L52 T1, R1, M1
S Modulation System R2

Pre-emphasis & de- L53 T1, R1, M1&M5

emphasis R2

Radio Receiver-Receiver L54 T2, M1

Types
Tuned radio frequency L55 R1,R3
T2, M1
receiver R1,R3

Superhetrodyne receiver L56 T2, M1

R1,R3

RF section and L57 T2, M1

UNIT
V:RECE Characteristics R1,R3
IVERS Frequency changing and T2, M1
&
tracking L58,L5 R1,R3
PULSE
MODUL 9
ATION
Intermediate frequency, T2, M1&M5
AGC L60,L6 R1,R3
1

FM Receiver, Comparison T2,R1,R M1

L62,L6
 with AM Receiver 3 3

Amplitude limiting L64 T2,R1,R M1

3
Types of Pulse Modulation L65 T1, R1 M1

PAM(single polarity, double L66,L6 T1, R1 M1&M5

polarity) 7
PWM: Generation & L68 T1, R1 M1&M5
demodulation of PWM
PPM: Generation & L69 T1, R1 M1&M5
demodulation of PPM
TOTAL NO OF
CLASSES 16

TOTAL NO OF CLASSES 69

(9).QUESTION BANK
UNIT I
Descriptive questions

1. Define modulation. Why is modulation required? What are the various types of modulations?
2. Explain Amplitude modulation with spectrum? Show that a nonlinear device can be used for
generating AM signal. What are its limitations?
3. What is modulation index? What is envelope distortion?
4. Explain the generation of AM wave using a) square law modulator b)switching modulator
5. Explain the detection of AM wave using a) square law detector b)envelope detector
7. What is frequency translation?
8. Derive Pt=Pc (1+ma2/2)?
9. Compare Square law detector with envelope detector?
10. Distinguish between envelope detection and synchronous detection?

Problems

1. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8A when only the carrier is sent, but it increases to
8.93A when the carrier is modulated by a sine wave .Find the percentage modulation. Determine the
antenna current when the depth of modulation changes to 0.8?

2. A 360W carrier is simultaneously Amplitude modulated by two audio waves with modulation
percentages of 55 and 65 respectively. What is the total sideband power radiated?

3. A transmitter supplies 8kw to the antenna when un modulated. Determine the total power radiated
when modulated to 30%?

4. The rms value of the antenna current before modulation is 10A and after modulation is 12A.
Calculate the percentage modulation employed assuming no distortion.

5. A Radio transmitter using AM has unmodulated carrier output power of 10kw and can be
modulated to a maximum depth of 90% by a sinusoidal modulating voltage without causing
overloading. find the value to which unmodulated carrier power may be increased without resulting
in overloading if the maximum permitted modulation index is restricted to 40%?

6. A Certain AM transmitter is coupled to an antenna. The input power to the antenna is measured
although monitoring of the input current , when there is no modulation ,the current is 10.8A.With
modulation ,the current rises to 12.5A.Determine the depth of modulation?

7. A 1MHz carrier is amplitude modulated by a 400Hz modulating signal to a depth of 50%.The

unmodulated carrier power is 1kw.Calculate the power of the modulated signal?

8. An AM signal is represented by v (t) =0.1(1+0.1cos(2512t)+0.5cos(6280t))sin(107+45o)

volts.What information can you get from this? Plot the amplitude spectrum of the signal?

9. Find the various frequency components and their amplitude in the voltage given below
E=50(1+0.7cos5000t-0.3cos1000t) sin 5x106t.Draw the single sided spectrum. Also evaluate the
modulated and sideband powers.

10. A sinusoidal carrier eo=100 cos(2Л155t) is amplitude modulated by a sinusoidal voltage

em=50cos(2Л103t) up to a modulation depth of 50%. Calculate the frequency and amplitude of
each sideband and rms voltage of the modulated carrier.
UNIT II

1. Explain SSB Modulation with its Spectral characteristics?

2. What are the Advantages of SSB systems?
3. How to Generate SSB using a) filter method & b) Phase shift method?
4. Explain Demodulation of SSB wave using Coherent detection?
5. Explain the Effects of frequency and phase errors in synchronous detection-DSB-SC, SSB-SC
cases?
6. Compare different AM systems?
7. Explain VSB: generation, spectra and demodulation?
8. List Application of different AM systems?
9. What is Multiplexing? Explain FDM?

UNIT III
1. What is Angle modulation? What are different types of Angle modulation?
2. Define PM & FM? What is frequency deviation & phase deviation?
3. Generate PM wave from FM ?
4. Generate PM wave from FM ?
5. Derive the equations for FM & PM waves?
6. Explain the spectrum of FM wave?
7. What is Carson’s Rule?
8. What is wideband FM & Narrowband FM?
9. What is deviation ratio?
10. Plot FM wave taking modulating wave m(t) as
a. Sine wave
b. Square wave
11. Explain the Spectrum of Sinusoidal FM wave?
12. Explain the Phasor diagram of FM signals?
13. What are Advantages & Applications of FM?
14. Compare AM and FM?
15. What are the various methods of generating an FM wave?
16. Explain generation of FM wave using a) parameter variation method b) Armstrong method?
17. What is Frequency multiplication?
18. What is FM demodulation?
19. Explain the operation of the following a) Balanced slope detector b) Foster seeley discriminator?
20. Explain the operation of the following a) slope detector b) Ratio detector?
21. Compare Ratio detector and foster seeley discriminator?
22. Compare different types of FM demodulators?
23. Why limiting is necessary in FM demodulators?

UNIT IV
1. Explain how noise affects performance of analog modulation systems?
2. Derive SNR for DSB-SC, SSB-SC and conventional AM?
3. Derive SNR for FM and PM?
4. Explain the following
a) threshold effect b) threshold extension c) pre-emphasis d) de-emphasis
5. What is figure of merit?
6. Compare all analog modulation systems with respect to SNR, Bandwidth efficiency, power
efficiency, ease of implementation, and figure of merit?

UNIT V

1. Explain Tuned Radio Frequency receivers

2. Write short notes on Super heterodyne receiver
3. Explain Frequency changing and Tracking
4. Short notes on a) Intermediate frequency b) AGC c)FM receiver d)Amplitude limiting.
5. Types of pulse modulation PAM, PWM
6. Generation and Demodulation of PWM, PPM
7. Generation and Demodulation of PPM

(10)TUTORIAL QUESTION SET

UNIT-1
SET: 1
1. The message signal m (t) = 2 cos400t+4sin (500t+π/3) modulates the carrier signal
c(t)=Acos(8000πt),using DSB amplitude modulation.Find the time domain and frequency
domain representation of the modulated signal and plot the spectrum (Fourier transform) of
the modulated signal. What is the power content of the modulated signal?

2. The modulating signal m(t)= 2 cos 4000πt +5 cos 6000πt is multiplied by the carrier c(t)=
100 cos 2πfct where fc = 50kHz.Determine and sketch the power spectral density of the DSB
signal?

3. An AM signal has the form u (t) = [20 + 2 cos 3000πt +10cos 6000πt] cos 2πfct
Where fc = 105Hz. a. Sketch the spectrum of u (t)?
b. Determine the power in each of the frequency components?
c. Determine the modulation index?
d. Determine the power in the sidebands, the total power, and the ratio of the sidebands
power to the total power?
4. A message signal m(t)= cos 2000πt +2cos 4000πt modulates the carrier c(t)= 100 cos 2πf ct
where fc=1MHz to produce the DSB signal m(t)c(t).
a) Determine the expression for the upper sideband signal?
b) Determine and sketch the spectrum of the USB signal?

SET: 2
1. An AM signal is generated by modulating the carrier fc=800kHz by the signal m (t) =sin
2000πt +5cos 4000πt. The AM signal u(t)=100[1+m(t)]cos2πfct is fed to a 50Ω load.
a) Determine and sketch the spectrum of the AM signal.
b) Determine the average power in the carrier and in the sidebands.
c) What is the modulation index?
d) What is the peak power delivered to the load?

2. The output signal from an AM modulator is u(t)= 5 cos 1800πt +20cos 2000πt+5 cos
2200πt
a) Determine the modulating signal m(t) and the carrier c(t) ?
b) Determine the modulation index?
c) Determine the ratio of the power in the sidebands to the power in the carrier?

3. A multiple-tone modulating signal f(t), consisting of three frequency

Components, is given by f(t)=E1cosω1t + E2cosω2t + E3cosω3t Where ω3 > ω2 > ω1 and E1 >
E2 > E3 .This signal f(t) modulates a carrier ec=Eccosωct.
a) Derive an expression for an AM wave ?
b) Draw a single-sided spectrum, and find the bandwidth of the
AM wave?

1. Sketch the ordinary AM signal for a single-tone modulation with modulation indices of
μ=0.5 and μ=1?
SET: 3

1. The efficiency η of ordinary AM is defined as the percentage of the Total power carried by
the sidebands, that is η=Ps/Pt x100% Where Ps is the power carried by the sidebands and Pt is
the total power of the AM signal.
a) Find η for μ=0.5.
b) Show that for a single-tone AM, ηmax is 33.33% at μ=1.

2. The rms value of the antenna current before modulation is 10A and after modulation is 12A.
Calculate the percentage modulation employed assuming no distortion.

3. A Radio transmitter using AM has unmodulated carrier output power of 10kw and can be
modulated to a maximum depth of 90% by a sinusoidal modulating voltage without causing
overloading. find the value to which unmodulated carrier power may be increased without resulting
in overloading if the maximum permitted modulation index is restricted to 40%?

4. A Certain AM transmitter is coupled to an antenna. The input power to the antenna is measured
although monitoring of the input current , when there is no modulation ,the current is 10.8A.With
modulation ,the current rises to 12.5A.Determine the depth of modulation?
SET: 4

1. Derive Pt=Pc (1+ma2/2)?

2. Compare Square law detector with envelope detector?
3. Distinguish between envelope detection and synchronous detection?
4. What are the various types of distortions in diode detectors and explain them. How to reduce these
distortions?

UNIT-II
SET: 1

1. Explain SSB Modulation with its Spectral characteristics?

2. What are the Advantages of SSB systems?
3. How to Generate SSB using a) filter method & b) Phase shift method?
4. Explain Demodulation of SSB wave using Coherent detection?

SET: 2

1. Explain the Effects of frequency and phase errors in synchronous detection-DSB-SC, SSB-SC
cases?
2. Compare different AM systems?
3. Explain VSB: generation, spectra and demodulation?
4. List Application of different AM systems?

SET: 3

1. What is Multiplexing? Explain FDM

2. What are different methods of generating single sideband (SSB) signal? Explain Weaver’s method.
3. Compare SSB and Vestigial Sideband (VSB) signal.
4. Draw the schematic diagram of demodulator for a VSB signal and explain.

SET: 4

1. What are the advantages of Vestigial Sideband (VSB) transmission?

2. Explain the generation of USB signal.
3. Discuss the applications of different AM systems
4. Discuss the generation of SSB using phase discrimination method

UNIT-III

SET: 1

1. A single-tone modulating signal cos(15π103t) frequency modulates acarrier of 10MHz and

produces a frequency deviation of 75kHz.find
i) The modulation index
ii) Phase deviation produced in the FM wave
iii) If another modulating signal produces a modulation index of 100 while maintaining the
same deviation, find the frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal, assuming
Kf=15kHz per volt.

2. Consider an FM broadcast signal which has been modulated by a single-tone modulating

signal of frequency fm=15kHz. The frequency deviation is the same as allowed by the
international regulation. Find the significant sidebands and the bandwidth of the FM signal as
a result of these sidebands.

3. The maximum frequency deviation allowed in an FM broadcast system is 75 kHz. If the

modulating signal is a single-tone sinusoid of 10 kHz, find the bandwidth of the FM signal.
What will be the change in the bandwidth, if modulating frequency is doubled? Determine
the bandwidth when modulating signals amplitude is doubled?

4. Carrier Acosωct is modulated by a signal f(t)=2cos104.2πt +5cos103.2πt +3cos104.4πt. Find

the bandwidth of the FM signal by using Carson’s rule. Assume Kf=15x103Hz/volt. Also find
modulationindex?

SET: 2

1. A modulating signal 5cos 2π15x103t, angle modulates a carrier Acosωct.

i) Find the modulation index and the bandwidth for a) FM b)PM
ii) Determine the change in the bandwidth and the modulation index for both FM and PM, if
fm is reduced to 5 kHz.

2. A carrier wave 20cos 8π.106t is frequency-modulated by a modulating signal 2cos (2π.103t)

+ cos (3π.103t)+5cos(8π.103t).Calculate the bandwidth. Assume Kf = 40 kHz/volt.

3. A single-tone FM signal is given by EFM=10sin (16πx106t + 20sin 2πx103t) volts.

Find the modulation index, modulating frequency deviation, carrier frequency, and the power
of the FM signal.

4. The normalized signal mn(t) has a bandwidth of 10000Hz and its power content is 0.5W.
The carrier Acos2πfot has a power content of 200W.
a) if mn(t) modulates the carrier using SSB-AM, what will be the bandwidth and the power
content of the modulated signal?
b) if the modulation scheme is DSB-SC, what will the answer to part (a)?
c)if the modulation scheme is AM with modulation index of 0.6, what will be the answer to
part (a)?
d)if the modulation is FM with kf=50000, what will be the answer to part (a)?

SET: 3
1. An angle modulated signal has the form u(t)=100cos[2πfct+4sin2000πt] Where fc=10MHz.
a) Determine the average transmitted power.
b) Determine the peak-phase deviation.
c) Determine the peak-frequency deviation.
d) Is this an FM or a PM signal? Explain.

2. An angle-modulated signal has the form u(t)=100cos[2πfct+4sin2πfmt] Where fc=10MHz

and fm=1000Hz.
a) Assuming that this is an FM signal, determine the modulation index and the transmitted
signal bandwidth.
b) Repeat part (a) if fm is doubled.
c) Assuming that this is an PM signal, determine the modulation index
and the transmitted signal bandwidth.
d) Repeat part (c) if fm is doubled.
. Explain the spectrum of FM wave?
3. What is Carson’s Rule?
4. What is wideband FM & Narrowband FM?

SET: 4
1. What is deviation ratio?
2. Plot FM wave taking modulating wave m(t) as
a. Sine wave
b. Square wave
3. Explain the Spectrum of Sinusoidal FM wave?
4. Explain the Phasor diagram of FM signals?
5. What are Advantages & Applications of FM?

UNIT-IV

SET: 1
1. The message signal m(t) has a bandwidth of 10KHz, a power of 16W and a maximum
amplitude of 6.It is desirable to transmit this message to a destination via a channel with
80dB attenuation and additive white noise with power-spectral density Sn(f)= N0/2 =10-
12W/Hz, and achieve a SNR at the modulator output of at least 50dB.What is the required
Transmitter power and channel bandwidth if the following modulation schemes are
employed?
a) DSB AM b)SSB AM c)Conventional AM with modulation index=0.8

2. Design an FM system that achieves an SNR at the receiver equal to 40dB and requires the
minimum amount of transmitter power. The bandwidth of the channel is 120KHz,the
message bandwidth is 10KHz,the average-to-peak-power ratio for the message, PMn=PM/
(max|m(t)|)2 is ½, and the (one sided )noise power spectral density is N0=10-8W/Hz. What is
the required transmitter power if the signal is attenuated by 40dB in transmission through the
channel?

3. A certain communication channel is characterized by 90dB attenuation and additive white

noise with power-spectral density of N0/2 =0.5x10- 14W/Hz.The bandwidth of the message
signal is 1.5MHz and its amplitude is uniformly distributed in the interval [-1,1].If we require
that the SNR after demodulation be 30dB,in each of the following cases find the necessary
transmitter power. a)SSB b)DSBSC c)Conventional AM with modulation index=0.5

4. In a broadcasting communication system the transmitter power is 40KW, the channel

attenuation is 80dB, and the noise power-spectral density is 10-10W/Hz.The message signal
has a bandwidth of 104Hz.
a) find the redetection SNR(SNR in r(t)=ku(t)+n(t))
b) find the output SNR if the modulation is DSB
c) find the output SNR if the modulation is SSB
d)find the output SNR if the modulation is conventional AM with a Modulation index of 0.85
and normalized message power of 0.2.

SET: 2
1. A communication channel has a bandwidth of 100KHz.This channel is to be used for
transmission of an analog source m(t),where |m(t)|<1, whose bandwidth is W=4KHz. The
power content of the message signal is 0.1W.
a)find the ratio of the output SNR of an FM system that utilizes the whole bandwidth, to the
output SNR of a conventional AM system with a modulation index of a=0.85? what is this
ratio in dB?
b)Show that if an FM system and a PM system are employed and these systems have the
same output signal to noise ratio, we have 1 3 1 ffFMPMBB
 2. The normalized message signal mn(t) has a bandwidth of 5000Hz and power of 0.1W,and
the channel has a band width of 100KHz and attenuation of 80dB. The noise is white with
power spectral density 0.5x10-12W/Hz and the transmitter power is 10KW.
a)If AM with a=0.8 is employed what is SNRo?
b) If FM is employed what is the highest possible SNRo?

3. The normalized message signal has a bandwidth of W=8 KHz and power of PMn=0.5. It is
required to transmit this signal via a channel with an available band width of 60 KHz and
attenuation of 40dB. The channel noise is additive and white with power spectral density of
No/2=10-12W/Hz. A frequency modulation scheme, with no pre emphasis/ de-emphasis
filtering, has been proposed for this purpose.
a. If it is desirable to have an SNR of at least 40dB at the receiver output, what is the
minimum required transmitter power and the corresponding modulation index?
b. If the minimum required SNR is increased to 60dB, how would your answer change?
c. If in part b, we are allowed to employ pre-emphasis/de-emphasis filters with a time
constant of τ =75 μsec?
4. Explain how noise affects performance of analog modulation systems?

SET: 3
1. Derive SNR for DSB-SC, SSB-SC and conventional AM?
2. Derive SNR for FM and PM?
3. Explain the following
a) Threshold effect b) threshold extension c) pre-emphasis d) de-emphasis
4. What is figure of merit?
SET: 4

1. Compare all analog modulation systems with respect to SNR, Bandwidth efficiency, power
efficiency, ease of implementation, and figure of merit?
2. Explain the role of threshold effect in angle modulation system
3. Derive an expression for SNR for an DSB using coherent demodulation.
4. Explain the importance of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis

UNIT-V
SET: 1

1. Explain Tuned Radio Frequency receivers

2. Write short notes on Super heterodyne receiver
3. Explain Frequency changing and Tracking
4. Write short notes on a) Intermediate frequency b) AGC c) FM receiver d) Amplitude limiting.
5. Types of pulse modulation PAM, PWM
6. Generation and Demodulation of PWM, PPM
7. Generation and Demodulation of PPM
8. What is natural sampling? What do you mean by aperture effect?

SET: 2

1. List and discuss the factors influencing the choice of the IF for a radio frequency.
2. Compare tuned radio frequency receiver and superheterodyne receiver
` 3.What is a simple automatic gain control? What are its functions
4. List and discuss the factors influencing the choice of the IF for a radio frequency
5. Explain the important of Automatic Gain Control (AGC) and discuss simple AGC.
6. What exactly does a noise limiter do in AM receiver? How does it do this?
 3. What do you understand by the following,
(i) Selectivity
(ii) Sensitivity
(iii) Fidelity
7. Tracking error as referred to superheterodyne AM radio receiver
8. Explain the generation of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
9. Distinguish between PAM, PPM, PWM and compare their characteristics
10. Explain the generation of PAM signal.
11. With a neat block diagram discuss the demodulation of pulse position modulation signal.
SET: 3
1. A superheterodyne receiver having an RF amplifier is tuned to 15 MHz. The intermediate
frequency is 455 kHz.The RF amplifier and preselector are equal and are such that the image
rejection is 41.58 dB. Calculate Q.
2. Compare tuned radio frequency receiver and superheterodyne receiver
3. List and discuss the factors influencing the choice of the IF for a radio frequency.
4. What is a simple automatic gain control? What are its functions.
5. Explain the generation of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) signal.
6. Explain the generation of PAM signal
7. Explain the generation of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal
8. Explain the generation of single polarity PAM and double polarity PAM.

SET: 4
1. List and discuss the factors influencing the choice of the IF for a radio frequency
2. What is automatic gain control? What are its functions.
3. Find the tuning range necessary for the oscillator capacitor in a MF superhetrodyne receiver
which tunes over the range of signals form 500 KHz to 1600KHz and uses an IF of 465 KHz if
the oscillator is
i) Higher than the signal frequency
ii) Lower than the signal frequency
4. What exactly, does a noise limiter do in AM receiver? How does it do this?
5. Generation and Demodulation of PWM, PPM
6. Distinguish between PAM, PPM, PWM and compare their characteristics
7. Explain the generation of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal
8. Explain the generation of single polarity PAM and double polarity PAM

PREVIOUS GATE & IES QUESTIONS

1. a) Give the complete analysis of a diode detector and explain its operation.Obtain an
expression for its efficiency. Account for distortion and discuss the methods to reduce them.
b) What is Amplitude modulation? Show that a nonlinear device can be used for generating
AM signal. What are its limitations?

2. Draw the block diagram of a phase cancellation SSB generation and explain how the
carrier and unwanted side bands are suppressed. What changes are necessary to suppress the
other sideband?

3. Calculate the percentage of power saving when the carrier and one of the sidebands are
suppressed in an AM wave modulated to a depth of (i) 100% (ii) 50%.

4. Explain the operation of a square law detector and compare it with envelope detector.The
signal vt t t t c 1 0.1cos0.1cos 2cos1 1 is detected by a square law detector
Vo=2v2. Draw the amplitude -frequency characteristic of vo(t).
5. Explain with the help of a block diagram SSB signal generation using phase discrimination
method. State the advantage of SSB modulation over DSB. Consider a composite wave
obtained by adding a non coherent carrier A f t c c cos 2 to DSB-SC wave X t f t
 cos 2where X t is the message waveform. This composite waveform is applied to ideal
c

envelope detector. Find the resulting detector out put. c) Evaluate this for (1) 0 and (2)
c 0 and X t A
6. Show that for an AM wave Pt = Pc 1 + m2 2 Pt = Total Power Pc = Carrier Power
m = modulation index.

7. Differentiate between SSB and VSB systems

8. Draw the circuit of practical diode detector for AM signals and explain its operation.

9. a) Explain third method of SSB generators with a neat block diagram.

b) Define and describe VSB Transmission. What is its application? What are its merits?

10. The antenna current of an AM Transmitter is 8A when only the carrier is sent, but it
increases to 8.93A when the carrier is modulated by a single sine wave. Find the percentage
modulation. Determine the antenna current when the Depth of modulation changes to 0.8?

11. a) What are the types of distortions in diode detectors and explain them.
How to reduce theses distortions. b) Explain envelope detection of AM signals.

12. a)Explain third method of SSB generators with a neat block diagram.
b) Define and describe VSB Transmission. What is its application? What are its merits?

13. a) Derive the formula for instantaneous value of AM voltage. b) Explain the filter method
and phase shift method to generate SSB signals.
14. a) Draw the practical diode detector circuit and explain the function of each component in
it. b) A 360 w carrier is simultaneously Amplitude modulated by two audio waves with
modulation percentages of 55 and 65 respectively. What is the total sideband power radiated.

15. a)What is the need for modulation b) Explain phase shift method of SSB signal
generation with neat block diagram.

16. a) Explain the concept of frequency translation using the spectrum of DSBSC wave.
b) Explain with block diagram the phase-shift method of sideband suppression.

17. a) Explain the operation of square law modulator.

b) Explain the phase discrimination method for generating an SSB modulated wave.

18. a) Give & explain radio frequency spectrum used for various communications.
b) Draw the block diagram of a filter type SSB-SC transmitter with 20 KHZ oscillator and
emission frequency in the range of 6 MHZ. Explain the function of each stage.

19. a) An AM transmitter of 1KW power is fully modulated. Calculate the power transmitted
if it is transmitted as SSB.
b) Calculate the filter requirement to convert DSB signal to SSB Signal, given that the two
side bands are separated by 200HZ. The suppressed carrier is 29 MHZ.

20. a)What are the disadvantages of SSB-SC over normal AM. And compare AM And FM.
b) Explain the frequency discrimination method for generating an SSB modulated wave.

21. Write the expressions for AM, DSB-SC and SSB signals. Draw their time and frequency
plots.
a) An AM wave 1010.6cos2000tcos 200000t is to be detected by a linear diode
detector. Find the time constant and the resistance for C= 100PF.
b) Describe the generation of VSB signal.
c) Consider a square law detector using a non linear device whose transfer
characteristics is defined by v ta v ta v t2
2 1 1 2 1 where 1 a and 2 a are constants. 1 v is the input and 2 v is the output. The input consists

of an AM wave v t A K mt f t c a c 1cos 21 . Evaluate v t 2 and find the
condition
to extract the signal v t 2 .

22. a) Derive the Expression for AM and DSB-SC signals.

b) Sketch the spectrum of s(t)=50(1+0.7 cos 500t–0.3 cos 1000t)x sin 100000 t.
c) Evaluate the modulated and sideband powers.
d) With the help of neat block diagram, explain the generation and detection of SSB signal.

23. a) Describe the relationship between FM and PM. Derive the FM equation
for Narrow Band and Wide Band FM signals and explain their spectral features.
b) What is zero crossing detectors? Explain how it works and can be used as an FM
demodulator?

24. a) Explain the Foster – Seely discriminator.

b) Explain the demodulation of FM signals.

25. Draw the phasor diagram for an angle modulated signal corrupted by additive noise and
explain.

26. a. An angle modulated signal has the form vt f t t c 100 cos 24 sin 2000when c f
= 10 MHz. (a)Determine the average transmitted power.(b) Determine the peak phase
deviation.(c) Determine the peak frequency deviation.(d) Is this an FM or a PM signal?
Explain. b. Bring out the comparison between FM and AM.

27. a. Explain the method of FM demodulator.

b. Distinguish between envelop detection and synchronous detection methods.

28. Draw the schematic diagram of the modulator demodulator for FM and prove the signal
to noise power ratio at the demodulator output (SNR)0, fm=3Ac2 k f 2 p /2NoW3.

29. a)Explain how the frequency modulation is generated using Armstrong system with neat
block diagram. In which circumstances can we dispense with the mixer?
b)When the modulation frequency in FM system is 400 Hz and modulating voltage is 2.4v
the modulating index is 60. Calculate the maximum deviation. What is the modulation index
when the modulating frequency is reduced to 250Hz and the modulating voltage is
simultaneously raised to 3.2V?

30. a) Explain the Foster – Seely discriminator.

b) Explain the demodulation of FM signals.

31. a) Draw the receiver model and explain its various functional blocks.
Define (i) input SNR (ii) Output SNR (iii) Channel SNR(iv) Figure of merit

32. a) Distinguish between phase and frequency modulation. Show that FMcan be derived
using PM and vice versa with the help of differentiator or integrator networks.
b) Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal
having a frequency deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10 KHz.

33. a) Explain the method of FM demodulator.

b) Distinguish between envelop detection and synchronous detection methods.

34. Derive for SNR and Figure of merit in AM receivers.

35. When the modulating frequencies in an FM system is 400Hz and the modulating voltage
is 2.4v the modulation index is 60. Calculate the maximum deviation. What is the modulation
index when the modulating frequency is reduced to 250 Hz and the modulating voltage is
simultaneously raised to 3.2v.

36. Explain pre-emphasis and De emphasis with necessary circuits

37. What is the necessity of limiter in FM receivers?

38. Describe Foster seeley Discriminator with a neat circuit diagram and explain its principle
with necessary Equations. What are its merits and Demerits?

39. Differentiate between Foster seely discriminator and ratio detector

40. Write short notes on a) Communication receivers (b) NBFM, WBFM

41. a) Explain one method to generate FM signal with circuit diagram.

b) Explain the principle of ratio detector with the help of neat circuit diagram and necessary
sketches and Equations. Compare foster seeley and ratio detectors.

42. Explain the necessity of De-emphasis and pre-emphasis in FM.

43. List different FM signal demodulation methods. Describe one method of Fm signal
demodulation with neat block diagram.

44. a) What are the different types of distortions in diode detectors. How to reduce them.
b) Distinguish between AM, FM and PM.

45. Write short notes on the following.

i) NBFM, WBFM
ii)Significance of signal to Noise ratio in communication systems.
iii)De-emphasis and pre-emphasis.

46. Derive the formula for instantaneous value of FM voltage.

47. Explain one method to generate FM wave.

48. a) Distinguish between phase and frequency modulation. Show that FM can be derived
using PM and vice versa with the help of differentiator or integrator networks.
b)Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having a frequency
deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz. c) In a FM system the frequency
deviation constant is 1KHz/v. A sinusoidal modulating signal of amplitude 15 V and
frequency 3 MHz is applied. Calculate (i)Peak frequency deviation(ii)Modulating index.

49. a) Explain the envelope detector with a circuit diagram and waveforms.
b) Draw the Foster-Seely discriminator and explain.

50. Obtain the expression for SNR &Figure of merit of coherent reception of
SSB modulated wave.

51. a)The sinusoidal modulating wave mt A f t m m cos 2is applied to a phase
modulation with phase sensitivity p K . The unmodulated carrier wave has frequency c f and
amplitude c A . Determine the spectrum of the resulting phase modulated wave, assuming that
the maximum phase deviation p p m K A does not exceed 0.5 radians.
b)A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz is frequency modulated by sine wave of amplitude
20 volts and frequency 100 KHz. The frequency sensitivity of the modulation is 25 KHz per
volt. Determine the approximate bandwidth of FM wave using Carson’s rule.

52. a) An FM signal X t A t t c m cossin0 0 is applied as input to an RC

high pass network. Assume that 1RC in the frequency band occupied by Xct . Show
that the output voltage of RC network is an AM signal.
Find the modulation index of AM signal.

53. a) What is zero crossing detectors? Explain how it works and can be used as an FM
demodulator?
b) Give and explain 3 areas of applications where standard FM transmission is needed?

54. Obtain the expression for SNR &Figure of merit of coherent reception of DSB modulated
wave.

55. In an Armstrong Modulator the crystal oscillator frequency is 200 KHz. It is desired in
order to avoid distortion to limit the maximum angular deviation to m = 0.2. The system is to
accommodate modulation frequencies down to 40Hz. At the output of the modulator the
carrier frequency is to be 108 MHz and the frequency deviation be 80KHz. Select
multiplier and mixer oscillator frequencies to accomplish this.

56. a) Compare and contrast the performance and applications of the various types of
frequency demodulation techniques.
b) Explain the operation of the balanced slope detector using a circuit diagram and draw its
response characteristics. Discuss in particular the method of combining the outputs of the
individual diodes. In what way is this circuit an improvement on the slope detector and in
turn what are the advantages?

57. a) Show that for AM, when the noise is small compared to the signal the performance of
the envelope detector is identical to that of synchronous detector.
b) What is the use of calculating noise figure?

58. a) Explain clearly the difference between AM, FM, and PM, beginning with the definition
of each type and the meaning of the modulation index in each case.
b) Compare the various methods of DSB.

59. a) In a FM system if modulation index is doubled by halving modulating

frequency, what will be the effect on the maximum deviation.
b)FM is called a ‘Constant Band Width’ system – Justify with suitable
illustrations.
c)An FM wave with modulation index 1 is transmitted through an ideal
band pass filter with mid band frequency c f and bandwidth is m 5 f , where
c f is the carrier frequency and m f is the frequency of the sinusoidal

modulating wave. Determine the amplitude spectrum of the filter output.

60. Explain demodulation of FM signal with the help of PLL.

61. Show that for tone modulation for a fixed peak power transmitted the output SNR of AM
is 5db below that DSB-SC.

62. a) Derive the expression for wideband FM signal.

b) How is FM generated indirectly?
c) A modulating signal 5 cos 30000 t angle modulates a carrier A cos2fct. Assume K=Kp
= 15 KHz/volt. Determine the modulation index and bandwidth for FM and PM signals.

63. Evaluate the modulated and sideband powers.

64. With the help of neat block diagram, explain the generation and detection
of SSB signal.
65. a) Illustrate the relation between frequency and phase and hence show the
Interconversion between FM and PM utilizing this concept. How is Narrow Band FM gene
rated?
b) An FM signal is given by s(t) = 2 cos 20000t+cos 2000t + 3 cos40000t. Determine
the bandwidth and assuming K f =104 Hz/volt.

66. a) A 10V, 1MHz sinusoid is modulated by a sinusoid modulation signal with A1=1V, f1=1
KHz and A2 = 1V, f2=10 KHz. Sketch the spectra of corresponding AM, DSB-SC and SSB
signals.
b) Discuss the generation of DSB signal using balanced modulator.
c) Explain envelope detection process with neat waveform. What is the constraint on the time
constant of the circuit?

67. a) Describe the generation of FM signal using reactance modulation.

b) Give the expressions for NBFM and WBFM signals for single tone and two tone
modulations.
c) Draw the preemphasis and de-emphasis circuits and their frequency responses.
68. Write short notes on the following. a) Ring modulator (b) Ratio detector

69. a) Bring out the need and benefits with modulation. Classify modulation techniques.
b) With neat schematic, explain the generations of VSB signal.
c) What is the effect of phase shift in the local carrier on demodulation of DSB-SC signal?

70. a) With the help of neat block diagram, explain Armstrong FM generation.
b) Draw the circuit and explain FM demodulation by ration detector.
c) An FM signal is 10 sin (16x106t + 20 sin 2x103 t). Find the modulation index and
power of FM signal.

71. a) Draw schematic diagram for generation of DSB-SC wave and explain its operation.

72. Discuss about VSB.

73. Draw a diode detection circuit and explain the limitations.

74. a) Draw the block diagram of Armstrong method transmitting FM signal and explain the
working of each stage.
b)Explain in detail how it is possible to improve the performance of FM system by
employing pre emphasis and de-emphasis.

75. Write Short note on the following a) Compare AM and FM b) Amplitude limiting in FM
c)TDM and FDM.

76. a) Draw the freq domain representation of AM, DSB-SC, SSB and VSB signals.
b) How is FM superior to AM with reference to noise?

77. Show the block diagram of a Transmitter generating VSB signals. Explain its working.
How do we recover the modulating signal from the received VSB explain.

78. a) With the aid of schematic diagrams, explain ‘AM-DSBSC’ generation and detection.
b)Illustrate FM demodulation using balanced slope detector. Use Phasor diagrams also.
79. a) Explain the generation of SSB signals using filtering and phase shifting method.
Which is the popular technique? Why?
b) Draw the circuit diagram of a diode AM detector and explain its working. Show that if the
demodulator O/P is to follow the envelope, it is required that,1 WM RC 1-m2

80. Draw the circuit diagram of varactor diode FM modulator and explain its working clearly
deriving the necessary equations.

81. a)Write down an expression for A.M wave and sketch its frequency spectrum. Show that
the maximum power in A.M wave is equal to 1.5 times the power in the carrier wave.
b)Draw the circuit diagram of an envelope detector for the detection of AM signals and
explain its operation.

82. Explain peak clipping and diagonal clipping in AM detection.

83. a)Explain any one method of F.M generation. Define modulation index for F.M. State
Carson’s rule for the bandwidth of the F.M wave.
b)In an F.M system, the frequency deviation is 6kHZ. When a modulating signal with
amplitude 4 volts and frequency 600HZ, modulates the carrier. Determine the modulation
index, “mf” and frequency deviation “f” if It’s amplitude is increased to 8 volts at the same
frequency 600HZ and It’s amplitude is increased to 12 volts while modulating signal
frequency is decreased to 400HZ.

84. a)Compare F.M and A.M systems from the view point of noise performance, bandwidth
requirements, power distribution and areas of application.
b)What is zero crossing detector? Explain how it works and how it can be used as an F.M
demodulator.

85. a)Explain the principle of square law modulator. Illustrate with suitable figures input and
output spectral relations.
b)With a block diagram explain any one method of generating SSB wave.What are the
advantages and disadvantages of SSB communication system?

86. a)With a neat block diagram explain the generation of WBFM wave.Derive an expression
for FM wave.

87. Draw a neat circuit of a ratio detector and explain its operation.

88. Write short notes on the following: a) VSB b)Thermal noise

89. a) How we can demodulate AM wave using square-law detector?

b) Explain the working of costas loop. c) What is Carson’s rule?

90. a) Explain the indirect method of generating narrow band FM wave.

b) Compare the three side band suppression methods.

91. a) Draw a block diagram of a basic filter system SSB transmitter, describe its operation.
b) The output voltage of a transmitter is given by 300(1 + 0.3 sin 5210t) sin 2.14 x 107t. This
voltage is fed to a load of 500resistance – Determine carrier power, modulating frequency,
total power output and peak power output.
92. a) Derive the relation between the output power of an AM transmitter and the depth of
modulation.
b) A 360 W carrier is simultaneously modulated by two audio waves with modulation
percentages of 50 and 60 respectively. What is the total side band power radiated?

93. Write a note on zero crossing detector.

94. The positive RF peaks of an AM voltage wave rise to a maximum value of 12V and drop
to a minimum value of 3V. Determine the modulation index and the un-modulated carrier
amplitude, assuming sinusoidal modulation.

95. a) Define amplitude modulation and derive equation for AM wave.

b) Draw the circuit of a ring modulator and explain its working. Show that it generates
DSBSC waves.
c) List the advantages of SSB over standard AM.

96. a) 1A, 1200 KHz carrier is simultaneously modulated with 350Hz, 850Hz
and 1.2KHz audio sine waves. What will be the frequencies present in the output?
 b) What are the prime characteristics of the foster seeley detector and compare with ratio
detector.

97. a) Write a note on commanded single side band.

b) Compare pilot carrier system with independent sideband system.

98. a)Derive the expression of AM wave for modulation by several sine waves.
b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of standard AM?
c) Why is a narrow-band system is superior to wideband for voice transmission?

99. a)Prove that the balanced modulator produces an output consisting of sidebands only
with the carrier removed.
b) Explain various direct methods of AM demodulation.

100. Compare various modified SSB systems

(11) TOPICS FOR STUDENT’S SEMINARS

1. Advanced Topics On AC & DC Bridges

2. Trends in Communication system

3. IP protocals for internet security

4. 4G for cellular mobile

5. MAC Protocal in wirelees communication

6. Various Layers In Communication Networks

7. Multicasting Routing In Communication Networking

8. Sensor Networks