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R Ɪ SK/ CPU Design

RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer, is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions rather than more complex instructions. Some key characteristics of RISC include executing each instruction in one clock cycle, using pipelining to allow simultaneous instruction execution, incorporating a large number of registers to reduce memory interactions, uniform instruction formats, and performing complex addressing via sequences of simpler instructions. RISC designs aim to balance pipeline stages for higher efficiency and clock frequencies compared to more complex instruction set computers.

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64 views

R Ɪ SK/ CPU Design

RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer, is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions rather than more complex instructions. Some key characteristics of RISC include executing each instruction in one clock cycle, using pipelining to allow simultaneous instruction execution, incorporating a large number of registers to reduce memory interactions, uniform instruction formats, and performing complex addressing via sequences of simpler instructions. RISC designs aim to balance pipeline stages for higher efficiency and clock frequencies compared to more complex instruction set computers.

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Mohammed Imran
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RISC?

RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer. is a type of


microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized
set of instructions, rather than a more specialized set of
instructions often found in other types of architectures.

History
The first RISC projects came from IBM, Stanford, and UC-
Berkeley in the late 70s and early 80s. The IBM 801, Stanford
MIPS, and Berkeley RISC 1 and 2 were all designed with a similar
philosophy which has become known as RISC. Certain design
features have been characteristic of most RISC processors:

 one cycle execution time: RISC processors have a CPI (clock


per instruction) of one cycle. This is due to the optimization
of each instruction on the CPU and a technique called
 pipelining: a techique that allows for simultaneous execution
of parts, or stages, of instructions to more efficiently
process instructions;
 large number of registers: the RISC design philosophy
generally incorporates a larger number of registers to
prevent in large amounts of interactions with memory

 Reduced instruction set computing, or RISC (pronounced /ˈrɪsk/), is a


CPU design strategy based on the insight that simplified (as opposed to
complex) instructions can provide higher performance if this simplicity
enables much faster execution of each instruction. A computer based on this
strategy is a reduced instruction set computer (also RISC). There are
many proposals for precise definitions[1], but the term is slowly being
replaced by the more descriptive load-store architecture. Well known
RISC families include DEC Alpha, AMD 29k, ARC, ARM, Atmel AVR,
MIPS, PA-RISC, Power (including PowerPC), SuperH, and SPARC.

 Some aspects attributed to the first RISC-labeled designs around 1975


include the observations that the memory-restricted compilers of the time
were often unable to take advantage of features intended to facilitate manual
assembly coding, and that complex addressing modes take many cycles to
perform due to the required additional memory accesses. It was argued that
such functions would be better performed by sequences of simpler
instructions if this could yield implementations small enough to leave room
for many registers,[2] reducing the number of slow memory accesses. In these
simple designs, most instructions are of uniform length and similar
structure, arithmetic operations are restricted to CPU registers and only
separate load and store instructions access memory. These properties enable
a better balancing of pipeline stages than before, making RISC pipelines
significantly more efficient and allowing higher clock frequencies.

Typical characteristics of RISC

For any given level of general performance, a RISC chip will typically have far
fewer transistors dedicated to the core logic which originally allowed designers to
increase the size of the register set and increase internal parallelism.Other features,
which are typically found in RISC architectures are:

 Uniform instruction format, using a single word with the opcode in the same
bit positions in every instruction, demanding less decoding;
 Identical general purpose registers, allowing any register to be used in any
context, simplifying compiler design (although normally there are separate
floating point registers);
 Simple addressing modes. Complex addressing performed via sequences of
arithmetic and/or load-store operations;
 Few data types in hardware, some CISCs have byte string instructions, or
support complex numbers; this is so far unlikely to be found on a RISC.

Exceptions abound, of course, within both CISC and RISC.

RISC designs are also more likely to feature a Harvard memory model, where the
instruction stream and the data stream are conceptually separated; this means that
modifying the memory where code is held might not have any effect on the
instructions executed by the processor (because the CPU has a separate instruction
and data cache), at least until a special synchronization instruction is issued. On the
upside, this allows both caches to be accessed simultaneously, which can often
improve performance.Many early RISC designs also shared the characteristic of
having a branch delay slot. A branch delay slot is an instruction space immediately
following a jump or branch. The instruction in this space is executed, whether or
not the branch is taken (in other words the effect of the branch is delayed). This
instruction keeps the ALU of the CPU busy for the extra time normally needed to
perform a branch. Nowadays the branch delay slot is considered an unfortunate
side effect of a particular strategy for implementing some RISC designs, and
modern RISC designs generally do away with it (such as PowerPC, more recent
versions of SPARC, and MIPS).

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