INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING

Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) describes the process of design documentation or drafting using
Computer Technology. Beginning in the 1970s Computer-Aided Drafting programs reduced the need
of draftsmen significantly, especially in small to mid-sized companies. CAD is mainly used for
detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used
throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through strength
and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components. It can
also be used to design objects. CAD is extensively used in many applications including automotive,
shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, machine tool industries, industrial and architectural design,
prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special
effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals.
The following are some of the important capabilities that make CAD a powerful tool:

 Flexibility in editing
 Units & accuracy levels
 Storage and access for drawings
 Sharing CADD drawings
 Project reporting
 Engineering analysis
 Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
 Design
 Add-on programs

Originally software for Computer-Aided Design systems was developed with computer languages
such as FORTRAN, but with the advancement of object-oriented programming methods this has
radically changed. Typical modern parametric feature based modeler and freeform surface systems
are built around a number of key C modules with their own Application Programming Interface
(APIs). A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction of a graphical user interface
(GUI) with NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) geometry and/or Boundary representation (B-
rep) data via a geometric modeling kernel. A geometry constraint engine may also be employed to
manage the associative relationships between geometry, such as wireframe geometry in a sketch or
components in an assembly.

The computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems through
3D wireframe to Surface modeling and 3D parametric solid modeling. Modern CAD packages can
also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any
desired angle, even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic
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mathematic modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD computer-aided design and
drafting. There are many producers of the lower-end 2D systems. These provide an approach to the
drawing process without all the fuss over scale and placement on the drawing sheet that accompanied
hand drafting, since these can be adjusted as required during the creation of the final draft.
AutoCAD, Smart Draw, Auto sketch, etc., are the most commonly used 2D CAD softwares.

3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting and is not often used today. A wire frame
model is a visual presentation of a physical by specifying each edge of the physical object where two
mathematically continuous smooth surfaces meet, or by connecting an object's constituent vertices
using straight lines or curves. The dominant approach in Surface modeling is to generate control
mesh. Freeform surface, GWN-SURF, etc. are some of the commonly used surface modeling
softwares.

3D parametric solid modeling permits the relationship between elements within the model to be
seen. When a variable is changed, its effect is seen on related elements. Hence, by storing the
relationships between the various elements of the design and treating these relationships like
mathematical equations, it allows any element of the model to be changed and automatically
regenerates the model. As such, it becomes a 'living' model - one that is constantly responsive to
change - offering a degree of flexibility and coordination never previously available Unigraphics,
Pro/ENGINEER, Autodesk Inventor, Solid Edge, solid Works etc., are some of the commonly used
3D modeling softwares.

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 BASIC COMMANDS IN AUTOCAD

AIM: To study the basic AutoCAD commands.

1. Introduction:
The basic commands pertaining to drawing, modifying, dimensioning, editing, displaying, etc are
explained in the following sections.

2. Drawing Commands:
Drawing commands are used for drawing a figure. The commands include commands like line,
circle, arc, polygon, ellipse, point, hatch and text.

2.1. LINE
‘LINE’ is the command used to draw a straight line or series of line segments by using AUOCAD.
Line of any length at any angle can draw by using the commands. Polyline is a series of line or arc
segments that act as a single object. Assume that the command prompt area appears as shown below.
Command: line.
Specify first point: (Here Specify starting point of line).
Specify next point: (Here Specify next point of line).
There are four options for drawing a line, they are
1. Absolute co-ordinate option
2. Relative co-ordinate option.
3. Polar co-ordinate option
4. Direct distance entry option.

2.1.1. Absolute co-ordinate option

For drawing theFig.2.1 by using absolute co-ordinate option, the following sequences are used.
Command: LINE
Specify first point: 20, 20
Specify next point: 70, 20
Specify next point:

F 2.1: Absolute co-ordinate option

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2.1.2. Relative co-ordinate option

For drawing the Fig2.2 by using relative co-ordinate option, the following sequences are used.
Command: LINE
Specify first point: 10, 20
Specify next point;@40,0
Specify next point: @0, 30
Specify next point: @-40,0
Specify next point: @0,-30
Specify next point:

F 2.2: Relative co-ordinate option

2.1.3 Polar co-ordinate option

For drawing the Fig.2.3 by using polar co-ordinate option, the following sequences are used.
Command: LINE
Specify first point: 20, 40
Specify next point: @40<60
Specify next point:

F 2.3: Polar co-ordinate option

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2.1.4 Direct distance entry option.
For drawing the Fig.2.4 by using direct distance entry option, the following sequences are used.
Command: LINE
Specify first point: 30, 20
Specify first point: 40
Specify first point: 10
Specify first point: 20
Specify first point: 20
Specify first point: 20
Specify next point: 30
Specify next point:

F 2.4: Direct distance entry option.

2.2 CIRCLE
‘Circle’ is the command used to draw a circle. The command prompt area appears as shown below.
Command: _circle specify centre point of circle or [3p/2p Ttr (tan tan radius): (Here specify the
radius of circle or type D for entering diameter).
Based on available data, there are 6 options for drawing a circle. They are
1. Centre, Radius option.
2. Centre, Diameter option.
3. 2 point option abbreviated as 2p.
4. 3 point option abbreviated as 3p.
5. Tangent, Tangent radius option abbreviated as TTR and
6. Tangent, Tangent, Tangent option abbreviated as TTT.

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DRAWING A CIRCLE

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2.3 ARC
‘arc’ is the command used to draw an arc using AUTOCAD . Arc is a partial circle. Assume that
command prompt area appears as shown below.
Command: arc specify start point of arc or [centre]: Here specify type start point of arc or centre c to
specify centre point).
Specify second point of arc or [centre/end]. (Here specify second point of arc or any option).
Specify end point of arc ;(Here specify end point of arc). Based on available data, there are eleven
options for drawing an arc, they are:
1. 3 point option.
2. Start point, centre point, End point option abbreviated as st.C.End.
3. Start point, centre point, Angle option abbreviated as st.C.Ang.
4. Start point, centre point, Length of chord option abbreviated as st.C.End.
5. Start point, End point, Angle option abbreviated as st.E.Ang.
6. Start point, End point, Direction option abbreviated as st.E.Dir.
7. Start point, End point, Radius option abbreviated as st.E.Rad.
8. Centre point, Start point, End point, option abbreviated as Ce,S,End.
9. Centre point, Start point, Angle option abbreviated as Ce,S, Ang.
10. Centre point, Start point, length of chord option abbreviated as Ce,S,Cen,
11. Continue option abbreviated as contin. Or arc cont, or Line cont.

DRAWING AN ARC

3 point start, centre, end

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 Start ,Centre ,induced angle start, end, radius

Start, centre, length of the chord

2.4 POLYGONS
‘POLYGON’ is the command used to draw a polygon by using AUTOCAD. Polygon of
sides 3 to 1024 can be drawn by this command. Assume that the command prompt area appears as
shown below.
Command: polygon Enter the number of sides<4>: (Here specify the number of sides of polygon)
Specify the centre of polygon or (Edge) :( Here specify the centre of polygon or type E for edge
option).
Enter an option [inscribed in circle / circumscribed about circle]<1> (Here specify an option)
Specify radius of circle: (Here specify the centre of polygon or type E for the edge option)
Enter an option [inscribed in circle/ circumscribed about circle] <1>: (Here specify an option)

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Specify radius of circle :( Here specify the radius of circle)
Based on available data, there are 3 options for drawing a polygon, they are
a. Number of sides, centre of polygon, circumscribed about the circle and radius of circle and
b. Number of sides, centre of polygon, inscribed in the circle and radius of circle.
c. Number of sides, edge of polygon.

INSCRIBED PENTAGON INSCRIBED HEXAGON

INSCRIBED OCTAGON

2.5 ELLIPSE
‘Ellipse’ is the command used to draw an ellipse. The command prompt area appears as shown
below.
Command: _ellipse
specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Centre] (Here specify axis end point of ellipse or an option).
Specify centre of ellipse: (Here Specify centre of ellipse).

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Based on available data, there are 3 options for drawing an ellipse. They are: a. centre, b. Axis, End,
C. Arc.

DRAWING AN ELLIPSE

Centre option

Axis centre

2.6 POINT

‘Point’ is the command used to mark a reference point. The command prompt area appears as
shown below.
Command: point:
Specify a point: (Here specify the location for point)

For selecting the point style, pick format from menu bar and point style from pull down menu.
Now a dialog box namely point style appears on the screen some of point styles are shown in figure.

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MARKING A POINT

Single point

.D(20,60) .C(60,60)

.A(30,30) .B(70,30)
Multiple point
Fig: 2.9 MARKING A POINT

2.7 TEXT

TEXT command is used for entering the relation details on a drawing by using AUTOCAD.
Drawings usually indicate shape of object. To enhance the readability of the drawings, it is quite
necessary to add related matter along with the drawing. Text is used for entering details in the title
blocks, for labelling the parts of drawing for giving specifications and for making annotations etc.
Depending upon the requirements there are 2 types of text used in AUTOCAD.
1. Single line text or Dtext and

2. Multiline text or Mtext.

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 Dtext command is used to write several lines of text without restarting the command and each
time will act as a single object. Multiline text is used for entering the different lines in a drawing. For
this the boundary can be specified which determine width of line.
Symbols of degree, diameter etc. would not get directly from key board. So there are some
character codes for the symbols and are to be typed before the number.
Some of them are
1. %% C30 – For representing diameter (30).

2. %%D30 – For representing degree (30).

3. %%P30- For representing tolerance (+- 30)

For changing the text style, pick format from menu bar and text style from pull down menu. Now, a
dialogue box namely text style appears on screen.

2.8 HATCH

Hatching is filling of a specified and enclosed area of a drawing with predefined or user defined
pattern. ‘Hatch’ is the command used for hatching objects. Patterns are usually made of lines at
specified spacing and angles. Some of hatch patterns are shown in figure.
HATCH PATTERNS

ANSI 31 ANSI 32

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 ANSI 37 BRICK

Fig: 2.10HATCH PATTERNS

2.9. LAYERS AND LINE TYPES

LINETYPE command is used to specify the type of lines such as dotted, dashed etc. for loading
different line types put format from menu bar and line type from pull-down menu. Now a dialog box
namely line type manager appears on the screen. By using this we can load a line type if it is not
available in current list.
Layers are the overlays used to assign different names collars and line types to different parts of a
drawing for loading layers, pick format from menu bar and layers from pull- down menu. Now a
dialog box namely layer properties manager appears on the screen. By using this we can assign a
name, colour, line type, line weight to a layer.

2.10 SELECTING OBJECT

In AUTOCAD, any modification can make only on a selected object. Objects can be selected
individually or as a group.
Based on the available data, there are 11 options for selecting objects they are.
1. Pick box

2. Window (W)

3. Crossing(C)

4. WPolygon(WP)

5. CPolygon(CP)

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6. Fence(F)

7. All

8. Last(L)

9. Previous(P)

10. Cyclic

11. Multiple(M)

Assume that the word, select objects: Appears on the command prompt area, type the letter shown
in bracket and press the enter key. For example, for getting window option type W at the command
prompt area. Some of selection methods are shown in Fig 2.11.

SELECTION METHODS

Fig.2.11 Selection Methods

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2.11 MODIFYING COMMANDS

Modifying commands are used for modifying the existing drawings. Thus it helps to prepare
a final drawing incorporating necessary changes and a lot of time is saved. Modifying commands are
properties, ears, copy, mirror, offset, array, move, rotate, scale, trim, extend, explode etc.

2.12 PROPERTIES
The properties command is used to change the properties of objects like layer, colour, line type
etc. The properties of objects like layer, colour, line type etc. The properties of objects are changed
by pulling modify from menu bar and properties from pull-down menu. Now a dialogue box namely
property appears on the screen. In that dialogue box we can change properties.

2.13 ERASE
‘Erase’ command is used to remove the selected objects from drawing. For erasing objects follow
the sequences shown below.
Command: ERASE
Select objects: (Here, put objects which is to be erased)
Select objects:

2.14 COPY
Copy command is used to create one or more copies of selected objects, follow the sequences
shown below.
Command: COPY
Selected objects: (Here pick the objects which are to be copied and then press the enter key)
Specify base point or displacement, or [multiple] : (Here , specify the base point for copying
objects).
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement> (Here specify second
point of displacement).

2.15 MIRROR
Mirror command is used to create mirror image of an object or objects as shown in below:
Command: MIRRIOR
Select objects: (Here, pick the objects which are to be mirrored and press enter ley).

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Specify first point of mirror line (Here, pick first point of mirror line)
Specify second point of mirror line: (Here pick second point of mirror axis.)
Delete source objects? (Y/N)<N>: (Here, type Y for deleting selected object or press the enter key)

MIRRORING AN OBJECT

Before After

2.16 OFFSET
Offset command is used to create a new object, which has same shapes of object selected. This
new object can be copied to any place parallel to old one for offsetting objects, follow the sequences
shown below.
Command: OFFSET
Specify offset distance or [Through] <1.00> (Here, type distance to offset and then press enter key)
Select object to offset or <exit>: (Here pick the object to offset).
Specify point on side to offset: (Here pick a point on the side on which offset to appear using mouse)
Select object to offset or <exit>: (Here, pick the object to offset or press enter ley for exit the
command)

2.17 ARRAY
Array command is used to create multiple copies of an object in a rectangular or circular pattern
as shown in fig F2.13. Based on available data, there are 2 options for arraying objects, rectangular
array and polar array.
Command: ARRAY

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ARRAYING AN OBJECT

2.18 MOVE
Move command is used to move an object or objects from a position to any required position
without changing their size.
For moving objects
Command: MOVE
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement:
Specify second point of displacement or <use 1st point as displacement>:

2.19 SCALE
Scale command is used to change the size of an object according to a scale factor of the scale
factor is greater than one, the object is enlarged and if it is less than one, the object is reduced in size.
Command: SCALE
Select objects:
Specify base point:
Specify scale factor or [Reference]:

2.20 ROTATE
Rotate command is used to rotate an object through any specified angle about its base.
Command: ROTATE
Select object:
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Specify base point.
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]:

2.21 TRIM
Trim command is used to cut off any part of the object as shown in Fig.
Command: TRIM
Current settings: Projection = UCS Edge= None
Select cutting edges.
Select objects:
Select objects to trim or shift select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]:

TRIMMING AN OBJECT

BEFORE AFTER

2.22EXTEND
Extend command is used to extend an object up to the specified limit. Objects that can be
extended include arcs, elliptical arcs, lines etc. For extending objects,
Command: EXTEND
Current setting: Projection =UCS Edge= None
Select boundary edges.
Select objects:
Select object to extend or shift select to trim or [Project/Edge/undo]:

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EXTENDING AN OBJECT

BEFORE AFTER

2.23 BREAK
Break command is used to erase parts of an object between 2 points.
Command: BREAK
Select object:
Specify second break point or[First point]:

2.24 CHAMFER
Chamfer is used to join two non-parallel lines by drawing a bended line at a distance. For
chamfering objects,
Command: CHAMFER
(Trim Mode) current chamfer Dist 1 = 10.0000
Dist2= 10.0000
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]:
Select Second line:

2.25 FILLET
Fillet command is used to join the two non -parallel lines, a line , line and an arc, circle, polyline
with an arc of specified radius.
Command: FILLET
Current settings: MODE =TRIM, Radius =5.0000
Select 1st object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]:
Select second object:

2.26 STRETCH
Stretch command is used to lengthen or shorter the lines or objects.
Command: STRETCH

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 Select objects to stretch by crossing window or crossing polygon.
Select objects: (Select the required object by using a crossing window including the side or end
part of the object to be stretched).
Specify base point or displacement:
Specify second point or displacement or <use first point as displacement>:

STRETCHING AN OBJECT

BEFORE AFTER

2.27 EXPLODE
Explode command is used to split compound objects like polyline, block, multi lines, mtext etc.
Command: EXPLOD
Select objects:

2.28 DIMENSIONING COMMANDS

Every dimension has its own style associated with either default or assigned. In AUTOCAD this
style covers text style, font size, position, colours etc. Based on the available data, there are 11 types
of dimensioning commands.
1. Linear Dimensioning.

2. Aligned dimensioning.

3. Ordinate dimensioning.

4. Radius dimensioning.

5. Diameter dimensioning.

6. Angular dimensioning.

7. Baseline dimensioning.

8. Continue dimensioning.

9. Leader.

10. Tolerance.
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 11. Center mark.

In engineering drawing practice, different types of dimensioning styles are followed. The
style dal with position of dimensioning components, colour, size, orientation of text with extension
and dimension line, type and size of arrow head etc.
Pick icon of dimensioning style from dimension tool bar. Now a dialog box named dimensioning
style manager appear on the screen. This dialog box contains the information regarding dimension
styles, family, geometry, format and annotation etc.

DIMENSIONING METHODS

LINEAR ALIGNED

Radius Diameter

Angular Tolerance

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 2.29 EDIT AND DISPLAY COMMANDS
Editing commands provide facility for integrating with other windows based application. Edit
commands consists of the commands undo, redo, copy, paste etc. Display commands help to
visualise the object in a very dear way even by moving the drawing display in the current views past.
Display commands consist of zoom, pan etc.

RESULT
Basic commands in AUTOCAD were studied.

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 3D MODELLING IN AUTOCAD

AIM : To study the basics of 3D modelling in AUTOCAD.

CONSTRUCTING SOLID PRIMITIVES

AUTOCAD has 6 solid primitives
The 6 are box, sphere, cylinder, cone, wedge and Torus.
How to select a solid primitive.
TYPE= TYPE THE NAME
PULL DOWN = DRAW/SOLIDS
TOOLBAR = SOLIDS

3D Input Direction
When drawing in 3d prompted for length, width, height each input correspond to an axis direction as
follows.
Length = x-axis.
Width= y axis.
Height= z –axis
For example if we are prompted for the length the dimension that you enter will be drawn the x axis.
Consider starting the primitives on the origin. It is useful to know where the primitive is located so it
can be moved or rotated easily.

BOX
There are 4 methods to draw a solid box. Which one you will use will depend on the information we
know. If we know where the corners of the base are located and the height, then we would use
method 1 or 2.

METHOD-1 (Enter the location for: Base corner, diagonal corner and height)
1. Select SE isometric view.
2. Select box command.
3. Specify corner of box or [CENTER] <0, 0, 0>. Type co-ordinates
4. Pick location with cursor (PI)
5. Specify corner or [cube/ length]: type co-ordinates for the diagonal corner or pick location with the
cursor (P2).
6. Specify height: type the height.

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 METHOD 1

METHOD-2 (Enter the dimension for L, W and Ht.)

1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Select the box command.

3. Specify corner of box or [CENTER] <0,0,0>: type co-ordinates or pick location with cursor.(P1)

4. Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: Type “L” <Center>

5. Specify length: enter the length (x axis).

6. Specify width: enter the width (y axis).

7. Specify height: enter the height (z axis).

METHOD 2

METHOD -3 (Length, width& Height have the same dimension)

1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Select Box command.

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 3. Specify corner of box or [c Enter] <0,0,0> : type co-ordinates or pick location with
cursor(P1).

4. Specify corner or [Cube/Length] : type “c” <Enter>

5. Specify length: enter the dimension.

METHOD 3

METHOD- 4 (Enter the location for the center, a corner and the height)
1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Specify the Box command.

3. Specify corner of box or [C Enter] <0,0,0> : type “CE” <Enter>

4. Specify the center of box <0,0,0> : type co-ordinates.

5. Specify corner of [cube/length] : type co-ordinates of corner or pick location with cursor.

6. Specify height: type the height.

METHOD 4

SPHERE
Sphere creates a spherical solid. We define the center point and then define the size by
entering either radius or the diameter.
1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Select sphere command.

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3. Specify center of sphere <0,0,0,> : type co-ordinates or pick point using cursor.

4. Specify radius of sphere or [diameter]: enter radius or D

Select VIEW/HIDE or TYPE: hi<center>

Select VIEW/SHADE/GOURAUD SHADED.

CYLINDER
Cylinder creates a cylindrical solid. We will define the centre location for the base, define the
radius or diameter and then height.
There are 2 methods to specify height.
METHOD 1
The default orientation of the cylinder has the base on xy plane and height in z – direction.
When we enter the height, the cylinder grows in z – direction. You may enter a positive or
negative number. It depends on which direction we want the cylinder to grow.
1. Select SE isometric view.

2. Select the cylinder command.

3. Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0, 0, 0>.

4. Specify radius for base cylinder or [diameter] : enter radius or D.

5. Specify height of cylinder or [center of other end]. Enter height.

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METHOD 2
The orientation of the cylinder or base depends on the placement of c enter of other
end. Define center of base and radius then select the “Center of other end” option. Define the
“center of other end” using co-ordinates or snapping to an object.
1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Select the cylinder command.

3. Specify center point or base of cylinder or [elliptical ] <0,0,0>:

4. Specify radius for base of cylinder or [diameter] : enter rad or D.

5. Specify center of other end of cylinder: type co-ordinates or snap to an object (p2).

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DONUT
The 2 dimensions that are required are the radius or diameter of Torus and Tube.

DONUT SHAPED
Note: The Torus radius must be greater than the Tube radius.
1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Select the Torus command.

3. Specify the Torus command.

4. Specify center of torus <0,0,0> : type co-ordinates or pick point.

5. Specify radius of torus or [diameter] : This diamter must be greater than the tube radius.

6. Specify radius of tube or [Diameter] : This diameter must be less than the torus radius.

FOOT BALL SHAPED

Note : The torus radius must be negative and the tube radius positive and greater than torus
radius.

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SELF INTERSECTING
Note: The Torus radius must be less than tube radius.

CONE
Cone creates a conical solid. There are two methods to create a cone. We will define the
center location and radius or diameter for the base and then define the height or location for apex.

METHOD 1
The default orientation for the base is on the x and y plane and the height is perpendicular to z
direction.

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1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Select the cone command.

3. Specify center point for base of cone or [elliptical] <0,0,0>:

4. Specify radius for base of cone or [diameter] : entr radius or D.

5. Specify height of cone or [Apex] : enter height (+ve or –ve).

METHOD 2
The orientation of the cone depends on the placement of Apex. Define the center of the base
and radius then select the Apex. Define the center of the base and radius then select the ‘Apex
‘option. Define the ‘Apex’ location using co-ordinates or snapping to an object.
1. Select cone command.

2. Specify center point for base of cone or [elliptical] <0,0,0> type ……

3. Specify radius for the base of cone or [diameter] enter radius.

4. Specify height of cone or [Apex] : type ‘A’ <enter> .

5. Specify apex point: type co-ordinates.

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WEDGE
Wedge creates a wedge solid. There are 4 methods to create a wedge. The base is always
parallel with current UCS, XY plane and slope is always from Z axis along X-axis.

METHOD 1 (Define locations for 2 corners of base and then height)

1. Select SE isometric view.

2. Select wedge command.

3. Specify corner of box or [enter] <0,0,0> : type co-ordinates.

4. Specify corner or [cube/length] : type co-ordinates for the diagonal corner or , pick location
with cursor (p2).

5. Specify height: type height.

METHOD 2 (Define location for each : L,W and Ht)

1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Select wedge command.

3. Specify corner of box or [enter] <0,0,0> : type co-ordinates.

4. Specify corner or [cube/length] : type ‘c’<enter>.

5. Specify length : enter length(x -axis)

6. Specify width: enter width (y –axis).

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 7. Specify height: enter height (Z -axis).

METHOD 3 (Define the same dimension to length, width & Height)

1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Select wedge command.

3. Specify corner of box or [enter] <0, 0, 0> : type co-ordinates.

4. Specify corner or [cube/length]: type ‘c’<enter>.

5. Specify length: enter dimension.

METHOD 4 (Define location for center and the height)

1. Select the SE isometric view.

2. Select wedge command.

3. Specify corner of box or [enter] <0, 0, 0>: type “CE” <enter>.

4. Specify center of box or [enter] <0, 0, 0>: type co-ordinates.

5. Specify corner or [cube/length]: type co-ordinates for a corner.

6. Specify height: type the height.

MOVING THE UCS ICONS

There are many options available to manipulate the UCS icon. In this lesson some are discussed.
MOVING THE UCS ICON

METHOD 1- Move UCS.

We should be very familiar with this method. We select tools/ Move ucs and select a new
location.

METHOD 2- 3 Point.
This method allows to select in which direction you want the x axis and y axis to point .This is
primarily used to attach the UCS to an existing surface.
1. Select 3 point command using one of the following.

TYPE= UCS /New/3 point

PULL DOWN = Tools/ New UCS/ 3 point.

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 Toolbar = UCS.
2. Specify the new origin point <0,0,0> , locate where we want the new (0,0,0) type co-
ordinates.

3. Specify point on +ve portion of x axis <1.000,0.000,0.000> define which direction is +ve x
axis by typing co-ordinates or with cursor.

4. Specify point on +ve y portion of UCS xy plane <0.000,1.000, 0.000> define which direction
is +ve y axis by typing co-ordinates or with cursor.

BOOLEAN OPERATIONS
Solids can be combined using Boolean operations to create composite solids AUTOCAD Boolean
operations are Union, Subtract and Intersect.

UNION
The Union command creates on solid objects from 2 or more solid objects.
1. Select union command using one of the following

TYPE = UNi or UNION

PULL DOWN = MODIFY / SOLID EDITING / UNION.
TOOL BAR = SOLID EDITING.
2. Select objects: Select the solids to be combined <enter>.

BEFORE UNION – 5 Seperate objects

SE isometric SW isometric

33
 Top view

AFTER UNION- 1 OBJECT (hide has been used on isometric view)

SE isometric SW isometric

Top view

SUBSTRACT
The subtract command subtracts one solid from another solid.
1. Select subtract command using one of the following

TYPE = SU or SUBSTRACT
PULL DOWN = MODIFY / SOLID EDITING / UNION.

34
 TOOL BAR = SOLID EDITING.
2. Select solids and regions to subtract from.

Select objects : select solid object to subtract from .

Selected object : <enter>
3. Select solids and regions to be subtract

Select objects: Select the solid object to subtract

Select objects: <enter>

BEFORE SUBSTRACT – 5 Seperate objects

SE isometric SW isometric

Top view

35
AFTER SUBTRACT- 1 OBJECT (hide has been used on isometric view)

SE isometric SW isometric

TOP VIEW

INTERSECTION

If solid objects intersect, they share a space. This shared space is called intersection. The
intersection command allows you to create a solid from this shared space.
1. Select intersection command using one of the following

TYPE IN or INTERSECT
PULL DOWN = MODIFY / SOLID EDITING / UNION.
TOOL BAR = SOLID EDITING.
2. Select objects: Select the solid objects that form intersection.

Select objects: <enter>

36
 BEFORE INTERSECTION

AFTER INTERSECTION

EXTRUDE
AUTOCAD’s primitives are helpful in constructing 3D solids quickly. But if you want to create
a solid object that has a more armplex shape, such as one shown figure.
To create the solid shown we first need to draw a closed 2d shape and then extrude it. The
extrude command allows us to take a straight line or along curved path. The extrusion may also have
a taper.
Only closed 2D shapes such as circle, polygon, rectangle, ellipse, donuts, closed polylines, etc
can be extruded.
There are 4 methods for extruding 2d shape.
1. Perpendicular to 2D shape with straight sides.

2. Perpendicular to the 2D shape with tapered side.

37
 3. Along a path.

4. Extrudes a Region

How to select the extrude command.

TYPE = EXT OR EXTRUDE
PULL DOWN = DRAW/ SOLIDS/ EXTRUDE
TOOL BAR = SOLIDS

EXTRUDE – PERPEMDICULAR WITH STRAIGHT SIDES

1. Select the model tab and SE isometric view.

2. Draw a closed 2D shape, such as rectangle on XY plane.

3. Select Extrude command using one of the methods discussed later.

4. Select objects: select object to extrude <enter>

5. Select objects <enter>.

6. Specify height of extrusion or path : type height <enter>

7. Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0> : < enter>

EXTRUDE – PERPENDICULAR WITH TAPERED SIDES

1. Draw a closed 2D shape on the XY plane.

2. Select the Extrude Command.

3. Select the objects: Select the object to extrude.

4. Select the objects: <enter>

5. Specify height of extrusion or path : type height <enter>

6. Specify angle of taper for extrusion: enter taper angle flow to control taper direction.

If we enter a +ve angle the resulting extruded shape will taper inward.
If we enter a +ve angle the resulting extruded shape will taper outward.

EXTRUDE – ALONG A PATH

Extruding 2D shape along a path is not difficult but there are some definite rules.
1. Path should be perpendicular to 2D plane.

38
 2. We may use following object to draw a path, line, arc, 2d polyline.

3. The path must have a beginning and end so cannot use circle.

a. Draw a closed 2D shape on XY plane.

b. Draw the path perpendicular to shape.

c. Select extrude command.

d. Select objects: select objects to extrude <enter>

e. Select objects: <enter>

f. Specify height of extrusion or [path]: type P

g. Select extrusion path or [taper angle] :select the path (object)

EXTRUDE

REGION
A REGION is a solid with no thickness. Think of a piece of paper. Thin but it is a solid we can
use all the Boolean operations, Union, subtract and intersect on the region and we can extrude it.
Example
1. We have a 2D drawing of a flat plate with circles on it. We would like to extrude the plate we
want the circles to be actual holes.

2. Use the REGION command to transform these objects into solids.

a. Select REGION command to transform using one of the following.

TYPE =REG or Region

PULLDOWN = DRAW/REGION

39
 TOOLBAR = DRAW
b. Select objects : Select the object <enter>

Select objects: <enter>

4loops extruded.
4 regions created.
3. Now that it is a solid we can subtract the circles from rectangle as they are actually holes.

Extrude the region.

3D OPERATIONS
3D – operations allow to mirror, rotate, align and array a solid. The methods are almost identical
to the 2D command with the exception of defining plane.

MIRROR 3D
We must define mirror plane by specifying 3 points in the plane. The mirror 3D command can
be selected by using one of the following.
TYPE = MIRROR 3D
PULL DOWN = MODIFY/ 3D OPERATIONS / MIRROR 3D

ROTATE 3D
We must pick 2 points to define the axis of rotation and the rotation angle . To determine the
rotation angle, we must look down the axis from the 2nd point. Positive input is counter clockwise
and negative input is clockwise. We can select ROTATE 3D command by using one of the
following.
TYPE = ROTATE 3D
PULL DOWN = MODIFY/ 3D OPERATIONS/ ROTATE 3D

40
 AFTER

ALIGN
The align command allow to move and rotate an object from its existing location to a new
location. We can specify the source points (existing location) and the destination points (new
location for this source objects) . The align command can be selected by using one of the following.

TYPE = AL or ALLIGN
PULL DOWN = MODIFY / 3D OPERATIONS / ALLIGN.

41
3D ARRAY

RECTANGULAR ARAY
We define the:
ROWS = number of copies needed in Y – direction
COLUMNS = number of copies needed in X-direction
LEVELS = number of copies needed in Z – direction
Distance between ROWS, COLUMNS and LEVELS.

42
POLAR ARRAY
The object is arrayed around an entire axis rather than just a point
We define the:
NUMBER OF COPIES
ANGLE TO FILE
ROTATION DIRECTION
ROTATION AXIS END POINTS
The 3D array command can be selected by using one of the following
TYPE = 3A or 3D ARRAY
PULL DOWN = MODIFY/ 3D OPERATIONS/ 3D ARRAY

RESULT : Basics of 3D modelling in AUTOCAD were studied.

43
 Autocad Function keys & Command short cuts

AutoCAD provides a set of function keys for quick access to certain commands. Listed below are the
function keys defined for AutoCAD.

Function Key Function Defined in AutoCAD

F1 Online Help
F2 Toggles between command window On and Off
F3 Toggles between OSNAP On and Off
F4 Toggles between Tablet On and Off
F5 Switches among Isoplanes Top, Right and Left
F6 Toggles between Dynamic UCS On and Off
F7 Toggles between Grid On and Off
F8 Toggles between Ortho Mode On and Off
F9 Toggles between Snap Mode On and Off
F10 Toggles between Polar Tracking On and Off
F11 Toggles between Objects Snap Tracking On and Off
F12 Toggles between Dynamic input On and Off

Commands Abbreviation
Line L
Circle C
Undo U
Arc A
Ellipse EL
Polygon POL
Drafting settings DS
Move M
Array AR
Copy CO
Break BR

44
Mirror Mi
Offset O
Scale S
Rotate R
Trim T
Extend E
Join J
Stretch S
Zoom Z
Text
Table
Pan
Color CO
Line weight LW
Layer LA
Properties PR
Hatch BH
Polyline PL
Polyline Edit PE
Fillet F
Chamfer CHA
Lengthen LEN
Spline SPL
Dimension Linear DL
Dimension Aligned DA
Dimension Diameter DDI
Dimension Radius DRA
Dimension Center DCE
Dimension Angular DAN
Dimension Baseline DBA
Dimension Continue DOC
Dimension Ordinate DOR
Arc Length AL
Tolerance TOL

45
 AutoCAD Exercise - 01

SETTING UP THE DRAWING ENVIRONMENT

AIM:

Setting up the drawing environment by setting drawing limit, drawing unit, naming the drawing,
having layers in orthographic drawing.

DESCRIPTION:

Drawing limits:

This command is used to define the extant of drawing. This is also used for turning limits on when
orthographic limits are turned off by default. When limit is on, AutoCAD will not allow point to be
picked outside the set drawing limits.

Drawing units:

Selection of Scale:

As a general rule, everything that is drawn with AutoCAD should be in full size and when drawing
on full scale it must be declared depending upon the size of object being drawn.

Units:

Linear Units:

These are five different units type to choose from, one of which is decimal of default.

Save Drawing:

This allows saving file under new name. A dialogue box will appear to save the file.

Layers:

This command allows creating a drawing in multi layers. It allows you to control the colour, line
type, activity and visibility of individual layer. Layers are like transparent overlays on which
organize and group different kinds of drawing information. The objects created have common
properties including colors, line types, and line weights. An object can assume these properties from
the layer it is drawn. Or properties can be specifically assigned to help to distinguish similar elements
in drawings. Line types help to differentiate easily between different drafting elements, such as
centerlines or hidden lines. Line weights represent the size or type of an object through width,
enhancing your drawing and increasing legibility.

PROCEDURE:

Drawing Limits:

46
Command:

Pull down Format menu

Drawing limits

Reset Model space limits:

Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>:

Specify upper right corner <420.0000, 297.0000>: 420,297

Drawing Units:

Pull down Format menu

Units

Select – millimeters.

Creating and Naming Layers:

This helps to create and name a layer for each conceptual grouping and assign common properties to
those layers. By grouping objects into layers, it is possible to control their display and make changes
quickly and efficiently.

To begin a new drawing, Auto CAD creates a special layer named 0. By default, layer 0 is assigned
color number 7 (White or black depending upon your background color), the CONTINOUS line
type, a line weight of DEFAULT (the default setting for DEFAULT is 25 mm) and normal plot style.
Layer 0 cannot be deleted or renamed.

To create a new layer

1. From the Format menu, choose Layer.

2. In the Layer properties Manager, choose New.
A new layer is displayed in the list with the temporary name LAYER1.
3. Enter a new name.
4. To create more than one layer, choose New again, enter the new layer name, and press ENTER.
5. Choose OK.

To Delete Layer:

Open the layer properties manager dialogue box, click on the layer name and then press delete and
confirm the deletion by pressing ‘OK’.

To Create a New Line Type:

47
Open the layer properties manager dialogue box, Click on the ‘type name’ displayed in the row
that indicates the properties at a layer. The selected line type dialogue box will appear.

To Load a New Line Type:

Open the layer properties manager dialogue box. Click on the line type name displayed in the row
that indicates the properties at a layer. The selected line type dialogue box will appear.

To Change the Line Thickness:

Open the layer properties manager dialogue box. Select the line, under the heading line according
to the required line properties.

Line weights:

There are 28 line weights available to apply to plot styles tables. If the line weight needed doesn’t
exist in the list of line weights stored in the plot style table, it can be edited on an existing line
weight. It is not possible to add or delete line weights from the list in the plot style table.

To edit a line weight

Double click the plot style table to open and edit.

Choose Edit Line weights.

In the Edit Line weights dialog box, select the line weight to be edited in the list. A check mark in
the In Use column indicates which line weights have been assigned to plot styles in the plot style
table file.

Edit the line weight value using any of the following methods:

Press ENTER, edit the value, and then press ENTER again.

Press F2, edit the value, and then press ENTER.

Choose Edit Line weight, edit the value, and then press ENTER.

Right click and Choose Edit. Edit the value, and then press ENTER.

Click to insert a cursor, edit the value, and then press ENTER.

NOTE: If a change is made in the line weight value, other plot styles that use the same line weight
will also change.

To edit line weights, sort the list of line weights by value.

To edit a line weight value, it is rounded and displayed with a precision of four places past the
decimal point. The precision is the same for both millimeters and inches. Line weight values must
be zero or a positive number. To create a line weight with a zero width, the line is plotted as thin as
the plotter can create it. The maximum possible line weight value is 100 millimeters.

Color:
48
If you enter color at the Command prompt, COLOR displays prompts on the command line. Enter
default object color<current>: Now enter the color number (1 though 255) or the color name (the
names for the first seven colors).For example, specify the color red by entering the ACI number 1 or
the ACI name red.It can also enter by layer or by block. In this method, AutoCAD draws all new
objects in the default color (white or black, depending on your background color) until they are
grouped into a block. While inserting the block in a drawing, the objects in the block inherit the
current setting of COLOR. To enter by layer, new objects assume the color assigned to the layer on
which you create them. See the LAYER command for information about assigning a color to a layer.

Save As Drawing File:-

To save, select SAVE AS under the file menu.

RESULT:

The drawing environment is set by setting drawing limit, drawing unit, naming the drawing, having
layers in orthographic drawing.

49
 AutoCAD Exercise - 02

2D DRAFTING OF A HEXAGONAL BOLT

AIM:

Draw the given Hexagonal bolt using AutoCAD software.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open a new drawing. Click New

2. Make sure ortho mode is OFF, (it is ON when it glow in blue, OFF in grey)
click the icon to turn it ON or OFF. (Or press F8 to toggle)

3. Type z [Space bar], type e [Space bar]. This will ‘zoom extents’ your drawing area.

4. Make sure layer 0 is selected as current layer.

5. Click Draw>Polygon,

6. Enter number of sides, type 6 [Enter].

7. Specify center of the polygon, type 0, 0 [Enter].

8. Click on Circumscribed about circle.

9. Move cursor to the left and type @0.2 < 0 [Enter] as polygon radius.

10. Click Circle, specify center of the circle at center of the polygon. Type 0,0 [Enter].Specify
radius of the circle to 0.150. Type 0.150 [Enter].

11. Click Line, draw 3 lines similar like this;

50
12. Click Offset, offset it to 0.185, type 0.185 [Enter].
Select the vertical line and Click right side as offset side.
Press [Esc] to end offset command.

13. Click Trim, select right to left (green box) as shown.

Click [Enter] to confirm selection, click on outer edge of each lines to trim it off.
Press [Esc] to end trim command.

14. Click Offset, set offset distance to 1.

Click on right edge as object to be offset,
click on right side as offset side.
Press [Esc] to end offset command.

15. Click Line, draw line from right to left midpoint (make sure object snap is turn on and midpoint
snap is activated).

16. Click Offset, set offset distance to 0.125, and select the center line as object to be offset click on
top side as offset side. Repeat this step for offset the bottom line.
Press [Esc] to end offset command.

17. Click Trim, select right to left (green box) as shown.

Click [Enter] to confirm selection, click on outer edge of each line to trim it off.
Press [Esc] to end trim command.

18. Click on the center line, stretch both end of the line as shown;

19. Click Offset, set offset as through, type t [Enter].

Click bottom edge, type m [Enter], to offset multiple.
Click on hexagon corner as reference point of the offsets.
Press [Esc] to end offset command.

20. Click on circle edge and change the layer to HIDDEN layer.

21. Click on center line and change the layer to CENTER LINE layer.

22. Change current layer to DIM layer,

click Linear, click on drawing corners and pull out the dimension as shown;

23 Double click on 0.25 dimensions, dimension properties pop up. At text override enter %%C<>
[Enter] and close [x]. Your dimensions now have the diameter symbol.

RESULT: The given hexagonal bolt is drawn using AUTOCAD.

51
52
 AutoCAD Exercise - 03

2D DRAFTING OF PULLEY

AIM:

Draw the given pulley using AutoCAD software.

PROCEDURE

1. Open a new drawing. Click New

2. Make sure Ortho mode is OFF, (it ON when it glow in blue, OFF in grey)
click the icon to turn it ON or OFF. (Or press F8 to toggle)

3. Type z [Space bar], type e [Space bar]. This will zoom extents your drawing area.
4. The layer 0 is selected as current layer.

5. Click Circle, type 0,0 [Enter] to set center of the circle,

set circle radius to 0.75, type 0.75 [Enter].

6. Repeat step 6, to draw another circle. Set this circle radius to 0.25.

7. Click Offset, set offset distance to 0.125,

click on circle edge as object to be offset, click inside the circle as offset side.
Press [Esc] few times to end offset command.

53
8. Click at new offset circle, and change the layer to HIDDEN layer.
press [Esc] few times.

9. Click Line, draw 3 lines similar like this;

10. Click Offset, set offset distance to 0.7, click at vertical line as object to be offset.
Click on the right side as offset side. Press [Esc] few times to end offset command.

11. Click Offset, set offset this two vertical line 0.1 to inner side.

12. Click Trim, select from right bottom to left top (green box).
Press [Enter] to confirm trimming edge. Trim off by clicking each individual line until your
drawing look like this; Press [Esc] few times to end trim command.

13. Click Line, draw 3 lines similar like this; draw these lines using object snap help, snap on circle
quadrant.

14. Click trim, click on both outer vertical line as cutting edge as shown.
Press [Enter] to confirm the cutting edge. Click all 3 lines at outer side off the cutting edge. Press
[Esc] to end trim command.

16. Click Trim, click on both inner vertical line as cutting edge as shown.
Press [Enter] to confirm the cutting edge. Click both the lines at outer side off the cutting edge.
Press [Esc] to end trim command.

17. Click a new line and change the layer to HIDDEN layer.
Press [Esc] .

18. Click at center line, click on blue grip stretch a little at both side. Change the layer to CENTER
LINE layer. Press [Esc] .

19. Change current layer to DIM layer, click Linear, click on drawing corners and pull out the
dimension as shown; For dimensioning diameter of the pulley, click Diameter,
click on the circle edge and pull out all the dimension.

RESULT : The Pulley is drawn using AutoCAD software.

54
55
 AutoCAD Exercise - 04

ISOMETRIC DRAWING

AIM:

Draw the isometric view of the Block with a through hole using the given Orthographic views

DESCRIPTION:

Isometric command is one of the simplest ways to give a 3-D representation. This has been the usual
way of doing things before CAD allowed true 3-D work to be done. Many times an isometric
drawing is used to compliment a 3 view orthographic drawing. See the sample below

PROCEDURE:

1. Begin a new drawing using the acad.dwt template

2. Create a layer called OBJECT and give it a green color. Make this your current layer.

3. Type in DDRMODES to bring up the Drawing Aids dialog box. Make the settings same as that
shown below (just turn on Isometric Snap).

56
4. Press OK. Now the grid is set up for isometric drawing for the left isoplane in 1/2 increments. The
cross hairs are now angled to show which isoplane are currently on.

5. Begin by drawing the left side of the box (shown at the top of the lesson) using the line command.
Ignore the hole at this point.

6. Use the Direct Distance Entry System for this exercise and make sure that Ortho (F8) and
Osnaps (F3) turned on.

7. Switch to right isoplane (F5) and draw the right side.

8. Switch to top isoplane (F5) and draw the top view.

9. Create the angle lines to add the angled surface.

10. Switch back to the left isoplane and start the ELLISPE command. At the command prompt,
press I for isocircle. This will allow creating an ellipse at the correct angle based on the radius of
the circle in the orthographic drawing. Use the Osnap to pick the correct center point.

11. Save the drawing.

57
12. To dimension an isometric drawing; create a text style called Left, and give it a 30 o obliquing
angle, and then create another called right with a -30o obliquing angle. Then create a new
dimension style that has the text aligned with the dimension line. Now, use the DIMEDIT
command to change the obliquing angle of the dimension + or - 30 degrees. The properties to
change the text in the dimension to left or right depending upon the orientation of the dimension
may be used.

RESULT: The isometric view of the given block is drawn using AutoCAD.

58
 AutoCAD Exercise - 05

WIREFRAME DRAWING

AIM:

Draw a wireframe drawing of the given model.

DESCRIPTION:
Wire frame models are the simplest form of true 3D drawings. They can be used for conversion to
other programs or other simple uses. Still, this is not a common way of drawing in 3D these days.

PROCEDURE:

1. Start a new drawing using the acad.dwt template.

2. Create a layer called OBJECT and give it a green color. Choose this as the current layer.

3. Using the line command, draw the outline of the front view placing the bottom left corner

at 0,0,0 Then draw the circle.

4. Copy the outline and circle 2 units up in the Z-axis. When asked for the base point, select

anywhere on the screen, and copy it relative to the base-point: @0,0,2 (X,Y,Z)

5. Switch the view to the SW Isometric view.

6. Now the two sides (front and the back) of the object are drawn. Using endpoint

Osnap, connect the corners of the object

7. Pick any edge and snap to an endpoint grip and ensure the dimension of the edge using the
59
 Co-ordinate display on the left of the status bar. Repeat the same at other points.

8. Try the viewport configuration using tiled viewports.

9. Save the drawing.

RESULT: The wireframe drawing of the given model is drawn using Autocad.

60
 AutoCAD Exercise - 06

3D DRAWING

AIM:

Draw a 3D drawing of the given hexagonal screw.

PROCEDURE:

1. Start a new drawing using acad3d.dwt as the template. Set the visual style to 3D Wireframe and
the workspace to 3D Modeling.
2. Type plan to see the view from the top.
3. Create a new layer, OBJECT and make it blue.
4. Start the POLYLINE command, specify a start point anywhere in the middle of the screen, and
draw segments as follows:

 3<180
 3/16<90
 0.5<0
 1/4,-1/16 (this will be a diagonal line whose delta X = 1/4 and delta Y = 1/16)
 2<0
 Close

5. Start the REVOLVE command and select the polyline. Revolve it along the 3-unit line, for the
default 360 degrees.
61
6. To get a fuller look, set the ISOLINES system variable to 8 and use the REGEN command.

7. Just to see the result, switch to the SW isometric viewpoint.

8. Then, switch to the Left viewpoint. You should be viewing the bolt from the top.
9. Start the UCS command and use the View option to create a new UCS.
10. Return to the SW Isometric viewpoint again.
11. Start the CYLINDER command. The center should be the center of the revolved solid's top. Use
the Diameter option and set it to 9/16. The height is 0.25.
12. Create a polygon of 6 sides. The center is the bottom center of the cylinder, use the Circumscribe
About Circle option. The radius = 9/32.
13. Use the EXTRUDE command to extrude the hexagon to the top of the cylinder.
14. To create the beveled top, draw a circle at the top of the cylinder, with the same 9/32 radius.
15. Extrude it, using the Taper Angle option. The taper angle = -45 degrees, the distance is -0.5, to
extrude it downward.
16. Use the INTERSECT command and choose the extruded, tapered circle and the extruded
hexagon.

17. To create the threads, start the HELIX command. The center is the center of the circle at the top
of the thread area. The base radius is any quadrant of the same circle. Press Enter to set the top
radius to the same as the base radius. Use the Turns option and set the turns to 14. For the axis
endpoint, pick the center at the bottom of the rod, before it tapers to a point.

62
18. Switch to the World UCS and use the PLAN command. Turn the viewpoint so that the end of the
helix is at the top or bottom. Use the UCS command with the View option.
19. To create the triangular shape of the thread, start the POLYGON command and set it to 3 sides.
Set the center to the endpoint at the end of the rod. Use the Inscribed in Circle option. Set the
radius to 1/16. If the endpoint of the heliix is at the bottom, rotate the triangle 180 degrees. The
point of the triangle needs to be facing outward from the rod of the bolt.

20. To create the threads, start the HELIX command. The center is the center of the circle at the top
of the thread area. The base radius is any quadrant of the same circle. Press Enter to set the top
radius to the same as the base radius. Use the Turns option and set the turns to 14. For the axis
endpoint, pick the center at the bottom of the rod, before it tapers to a point.
21. Switch to the World UCS and use the PLAN command. Turn the viewpoint so that the end of the
helix is at the top or bottom. Use the UCS command with the View option.
22. To create the triangular shape of the thread, start the POLYGON command and set it to 3 sides.
Set the center to the endpoint at the end of the rod. Use the Inscribed in Circle option. Set the
radius to 1/16. If the endpoint of the heliix is at the bottom, rotate the triangle 180 degrees. The
point of the triangle needs to be facing outward from the rod of the bolt.
23. Start the SWEEP command and select the triangle. Use the Alignment option and set it to No.
Then select the helix as the sweep path.
24. Use the UNION command to combine all the objects.

RESULT:

63
The 3D drawing of the given hexagonal screw is drawn using AutoCAD.

64
65
 PTC CREO PARAMETRIC

Introduction
PTC Creo Parametric, developed by Parametric Technology Corporation, is a new technology
in the series of Pro/ENGINEER. It provides a broad range of powerful and flexible CAD capabilities
that can address even the most tedious design challenges. Being a parametric feature-based solid
modeling tool, it not only integrates the 3D parametric features with 2D tools, but also assists in
every design-through-manufacturing process. This software is remarkably user-friendly and it
contributes to the enhanced of the entire design process. This solid modeling software allows one to
easily import the standard format files with an amazing compatibility. The 2D drawing views of the
components are automatically generated in the Drawing mode. Using this software, we can generate
detailed, orthographic, isometric, auxiliary, and section views. Additionally, one can use any
predefined drawing standard files for generating the drawing views. We can display the model
dimensions in the drawing views or add reference dimensions whenever you want. The bidirectional
associative nature of this software ensures that any modification made in the model is automatically
reflected in the drawing views. Similarly, any modification made in the dimensions of the drawing
views is automatically updated in the model.

To make the designing process simple and quick, the designing processes have been divided
into different modules in this software package. This means each step of the designing is completed
in a different module. For example, generally a design process consists of the following steps:
• Sketching using the basic sketch entities
• Converting the sketch into features and parts
• Assembling different parts and analyzing them
• Documenting parts and the assembly in terms of drawing views
• Manufacturing the final part and assembly
All these steps are divided into different modes of PTC Creo Parametric namely, the Sketch mode,
Part mode, Assembly mode, Drawing mode, and Manufacturing mode. Despite making various
modifications in a design, the parametric nature of this software helps preserve the design intent of a
model with tremendous ease. PTC Creo Parametric allows us to work in a 3D environment and
calculates the mass properties directly from the created geometry. We can also switch to various
display modes like wireframe, shaded, hidden, and no hidden at any time with ease as it does not
affect the model but only changes its appearance.

66
GETTING STARTED WITH PTC CREO PARAMETRIC

Mouse Button controls

Left Button - Most commonly used for selecting objects on the screen or sketching.
Right Button – Used for activating pop-up menu items, typically used when editing. (Note: hold
down the button for 2 seconds)
Centre Button – (option) Used for model rotation, dimensioning, zoom when holding Ctrl key, and
pan when holding Shift key. It also cancels commands and line chains.
Centre Scroll Wheel – (option) same as Centre Button when depressed, only it activates Zoom
feature when scrolling wheel.

Important Terms and Definitions

Some important terms that will be used while working with PTC Creo Parametric are discussed as
follows.
Entity
An element of the section geometry is called an entity. The entity can be an arc, line, circle, point,
conic, coordinate system, and so on. When one entity is divided at a point, then the total number of
entities are said to be two.
Dimension
It is the measurement of one or more entities.
Constraint
Constraints are logical operations that are performed on the selected geometry to make it more
accurate in defining its position and size with respect to the other geometry.
Parameter
It is defined as a numeric value or a word that defines a feature. For example, all dimensions in a
sketch are parameters. The parameters can be modified at any time.
Relation
A relation is an equation that relates two entities.
Weak Dimensions and Weak Constraints
Weak dimensions and weak constraints are temporary dimensions or constraints that appear in light
blue color. These are automatically applied to the sketch. They are removed from the sketch without
any confirmation from the user.
Strong Dimensions and Strong Constraints
Strong dimensions and strong constraints appear in dark blue color. These dimensions and
constraints are not removed automatically. All dimensions added manually to a sketch are strong
dimensions.

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Creo parametric interfaces

Ribbon
Before you start working on PTC Creo Parametric, it is very important for you to understand the
default Ribbon and tools in the main window. Figure shows various default interface components in
PTC Creo Parametric. The Ribbon is composed of a series of groups, which are organized into tabs
depending on their functionality. The groups in the Ribbon that initially appear on the screen are
shown in Figure. You will notice that all the tools in the groups are not enabled. These tools will be
enabled only after you create a part or open an existing file. However, the tools that are required for
the current session are already enabled. As you proceed to enter one of the modes provided by PTC
Creo Parametric, you will notice that the tools required by that mode are enabled. Additionally, to
make the designing easy and user-friendly, this software package provides you with a number of
groups. Different modes of PTC Creo Parametric display different groups. Some of the frequently
used groups are shown in Figure.

Toolbars
In PTC Creo Parametric, there are two toolbars, Quick Access and Graphics. The toolbar on the top
of the window is called the Quick Access toolbar and the toolbar on the top of the drawing area is
called the Graphics toolbar

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Options & Properties menu
Options are the items that are available in shortcut menu, drop-down list, dialog boxes, and so on.
For example, choose the Front option from the View Manager dialog box,

Drop-Down
A drop-down is one in which a set of common tools are grouped together for creating an object. You
can identify a drop-down with a down arrow on it. These drop-downs are given a name based on the
tools grouped in them. For example, Arc drop-down.

Model Properties
If the predefined unit system need to be changed, choose File > Prepare > Model Properties from the
menu bar to display the Model Properties dialog box. In this dialog box, click on the change on the
right of the Units option in the Materials head; the Units Manager dialog box will be displayed with
the System of Units tab chosen. Next, select the desired unit system from the list box and then choose

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the Set button; the Changing Model Units message box will be displayed. Choose the OK button
from the message box; the new unit system will be set and displayed with the red arrow on the left.

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Graphics Toolbar
The Graphics toolbar shown in figure below has ten buttons by default. The first button is Refit,
which is used to fit a model on the screen. The other buttons are Zoom In and Zoom Out, which are
used to enlarge or diminish the model view, respectively. The Repaint button is used for repainting
the screen, which helps in removing any temporary information from the drawing area. You can
change the display style by using the Display Style drop-down. Using the Named Views drop-down,
you can change the view. The next drop-down is Datum Display Filters. Using the options in this
drop-down, you can toggle the display of datums to on/off. You can toggle the display of annotations
to on/off using the Annotation Display button. The last button in this toolbar is Spin Center, which is
used to toggle the visibility of the spin center to on/off.

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Sketching

NOTE: If you do not see all of these icons on your interface you can customize the toolbars to bring them up. Right
mouse button click on the top grey frame of the window and locate the “customize” option.

Starting a Sketch
Sketches can be created on any Datum Plane or Planar Face or Surface. Pro/E provides you with
three datum planes centralized at the Origin (your zero mark in space)

NOTE: Planes can also be created and will be discussed in more detail in the future. Also after completing a sketch
always select the Apply/Finish check mark on the sketch toolbar, this will activate the extrude or revolve feature tools.

To start a sketch Pre-select the desired plane or face to sketch on and then select the Sketch Icon

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Sketch Options
Choose the Placement tab from the dashboard to display the slide-down panel. Choose the Define
button from the slide-down panel to display the Sketch dialog box, as shown in figure below.
Alternatively, right-click in the drawing area to display the shortcut menu. Choose the Define
Internal Sketch option from the shortcut menu; the Sketch dialog box will be displayed. You will be
prompted to select a sketching plane. Select the datum plane named FRONT from the drawing area
as the sketching plane.

Sketch Constraints (Relations)

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74
SOLID MODELING BASICS

1) Layer Cake method

Extruded Boss/Base (Creates/Adds material)

Extruded Cut (Removes material)

Ingredients:
Profile

2)Revolve method

Revolve Boss/Base (Creates/Adds material)

Revolve Cut (Removes material)

Ingredients:
Profile
Center Line (Note: The profile cannot cross over the center line!)

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Sketcher Explored
Sketcher is the main creation tool of Creo Parametric. The sketcher toolbar ribbon is located at the
top of the window. This section explores the many options of sketcher. Its basic icons are shown in

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figure below. The LMB (Left Mouse Button) is used to select geometry or to select a location when
creating geometry.

Where multiple tools are present, the additional tools can be selected by moving the cursor on top of
the small arrow icon ( ), then pressing the LMB. The row of options will appear. Move the cursor to
the desired tool icon, then press the LMB again to select the tool. As you create geometry, sketcher
will place enough dimensions on the sketch to completely define it. These original dimensions are
referred to as weak dimensions. The value of a weak dimension can be changed, thus making it a
strong dimension, or a weak dimension can be replaced by a strong dimension added by the user
which matches design intent.

Reminder:

LMB = press the Left Mouse Button down, used to select points or features.
RMB = press the Right Mouse Button down, used to search through a series of features or used
to bring up a pop-up menu.
MMB = press the Middle Mouse Button down, used to cancel a command,place a dimension, or
accept the current value.

Entering Sketcher Directly from Creo Parametric

Select the NEW FILE icon from the ribbon at the top of the screen. Save as
>File>New. When the New file window opens, select Sketch as the type, then
enter a valid filename without the extension. Pick OK.

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 Entering Sketcher from Part Mode within Creo Parametric
This section assumes you are in part creation mode already.

and To enter sketcher mode from part mode, select the SKETCHER icon at the top of
the screen. Pick the plane that you wish to sketch on followed by orienting another plane toward the
right, top, left, or bottom of the screen. Pick the Sketch button. If necessary in the upper left corner
of the window, select the SKETCH VIEW icon to orient the sketching plane parallel to the display
screen. The sketcher ribbon is slightly different at the left and right ends. These differences will be
discussed later.

Sketcher Tools Explained

It is important to note that the LMB activates each of the sketcher tools.

Define the grid settings. Grid type can be either Cartesian or Polar. Grid Spacing can be either
Dynamic or Static. X Spacing and Y Spacing define the distance between grid points in the X and Y
directions. Grid Orientation defines the origin (0, 0) and the angular position of the X-axis relative to
the horizontal.
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 The File System icon allows you to import data into the active sketch.

Cut, Copy, and Paste icons perform the standard cut, copy, and paste functions. Cut is <Ctrl>x.
Copy is <Ctrl>c. Paste is <Ctrl>v.

Select Items tool allows you to select features already on the screen by moving the cursor over
the item, then pressing the LMB. Holding down <CTRL> and selecting a feature adds the feature to
the list of selected features. Selecting a feature already in the list of selected features removes the
feature from the list. Selecting a blank area of the screen removes all features from the list of
previously selected features.

Datums

Geometry Centerline—Draw an infinitely long geometric centerline by selecting two points

with the LMB. This series of center lines can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the
user presses the MMB once. These centerlines can reference existing geometry as well as be
available outside of sketcher.

Geometry Point—Create a geometry point using the LMB. This point can reference existing
geometry as well as be known and visible outside sketcher. This series of geometry points can be
continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Geometry Coordinate System—Create a geometric coordinate system at the specified point by

pressing the LMB. This coordinate system is known and is visible outside sketcher. This series of
coordinate systems can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the
MMB once.

Sketching Tools

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There are numerous sketching tools with limited space for them at the top of the screen, therefore
many of these tools are stacked. If the tool is stacked, then a small down arrow icon appears to the
right of the current icon tool. To see the stacked tools, pick the down arrow with the LMB. To select
a stacked tool, move the cursor onto the desired tool, then press the LMB again.

Construction Mode—Toggles the creation of new geometry between construction line

creation and solid geometry line creation. You can change the type of line segment created afterward
by picking the line segments with the LMB, then pressing and holding the RMB until a pop-up menu
appears. In the pop-up menu select Geometry to change construction lines to solid geometry lines, or
pick Construction to change geometry lines into construction lines.

Line Chain—Draw a solid line from first LMB pick location to second LMB location pick.
After the first line has been drawn, the cursor can be moved to a new location, then the LMB pick
will draw a solid line from the end of the previous line to the new location. To start a new series of
solid lines, press the MMB once, then begin anew. When the cursor gets near the end of an existing
line, a small circle will appear around its end. Pressing the LMB will cause the end point of the
newly created line to be exactly the same as the endpoint of the existing line. This series of solid
lines can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB twice. After
the series is complete, enough weak dimensions will appear on the sketch to completely define the
sketch. These dimensions can be changed or replaced according to design intent.

Line Tangent—Draw a solid line tangent between two arcs or circles, which are selected using
the LMB. This series of solid lines can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user
presses the MMB once

Corner Rectangle—Sketch a rectangle by selecting two opposite corners of the rectangle using
the LMB. This series of rectangles can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user
presses the MMB once.

Slanted Rectangle—Sketch a slanted rectangle by sketching one side of the slanted rectangle
using the LMB twice, then moving perpendicular to this side to create the slanted rectangle’s size.

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This series of 3-point slanted rectangles can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the
user presses the MMB once.

Center Rectangle—Sketch a rectangle by selecting the center point of the rectangle, then one
of its four corners using the LMB. This series of rectangles can be continued until a new sketcher
tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Parallelogram—Sketch a parallelogram by sketching one side of the parallelogram using the

LMB twice, then moving away from this side to create the parallelogram’s shape. This series of 3-
point parallelograms can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the
MMB once.

Center and Point Circle—Draw a circle by selecting the location of the circle’s center with the
LMB, then moving away from that point to create its radius. When the desired radius is shown, press
the LMB to set it. This series of circles can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the
user presses the MMB once. The symbol R will appear by the newly created circle and an existing
circle when their radii match.

Concentric Circle—Draw a new circle using the same center point as an existing circle. First
the existing circle must be selected with the LMB, then a new circle appears. The new circle’s radius
follows the cursor and uses the center of the selected circle. The LMB sets the new circle’s radius.
Immediately another new circle appears using the same center point. The LMB will set this circle’s
radius or the MMB will cancel the creation of this new circle. After the MMB is pressed, then the
user can repeat the entire sequence after picking a new reference circle. This series of concentric
circles can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once more.

3-Point Circle—Draw a circle through three points which are selected by pressing the LMB
three times. This series of 3-point circles can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the
user presses the MMB once.

3-Tangent Circle—Draw a circle tangent to three features which are selected by pressing the
LMB three times. This series of tangent circles can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected
or the user presses the MMB once.

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 3-Point/Tangent End Arc—Draw a circular (constant radius) arc by selecting its two endpoints
using the LMB, then moving the cursor to size the arc’s radius or make one end of the arc tangent to
an existing feature.Aplus sign (+) will appear at the center of the arc. This series of 3-point arcs can
be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Center and Ends Arc—Draw a circular (constant radius) arc by first selecting its center point
using the LMB, then moving the cursor to size the arc’s radius. Pressing the LMB sets the arc’s
radius. A plus sign (+) will appear at the center of the arc. Now the cursor will only move in a
circular fashion around the arc’s center point. Press the LMB to select the other end of the arc. This
series of 3-point arcs can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the
MMB once.

3-Tangent Arc—Draw an arc tangent to three other features. First, select a feature where the
arc begins and where the arc must be tangent to using LMB. Next, select a feature where the arc ends
and where the arc must be tangent to using LMB. Third, select a feature that the arc must be tangent
to using the LMB. If it is possible to create an arc tangent to all three features, one will be created. It
is not necessary to select the exact tangent point on the features. Sketcher will adjust the end points
of the arc to make the arc ends tangent to the features. This series of 3-point arcs can be continued
until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Concentric Arc—Draw a concentric arc using the same center point as an existing circle or arc.
First, the existing circle or arc must be selected using the LMB. Next, one end of the arc is selected
using the LMB. The cursor will only move in a circular fashion around the selected center point. As
the cursor moves, the new arc appears. Use the LMB to select the other end of this arc. Immediately
the beginning of another new arc appears using the same center point. The LMB will set this arc’s
endpoint and radius or the MMB will cancel the creation of a new arc. After the MMB is pressed
once, then the user can repeat the entire sequence after picking a new reference circle or arc. This
series of concentric arcs can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the
MMB once more.

Conic Arc—Draw a conic (variable radius) arc by selecting its two endpoints using the LMB,
then moving the cursor to size the conic arc. The conic arc’s shape can be changed by changing its
tangent angle on either end or the value of the conic arc. This series of 3-point conic arcs can be
continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

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 Axis Ends Ellipse—Draw an ellipse by selecting the end points of the major or minor axis, then
moving perpendicular to this axis to size the other axis. The ellipse is shown as the cursor is moved
perpendicular to the axis drawn first. The second axis’s size is set by pressing the LMB. This series
of 3-point ellipses can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB
once.

Center and Axis Ellipse—Draw an ellipse by selecting its center using LMB, one end of its
major or minor axis using LMB, then moving perpendicular to this axis to size the other axis. The
ellipse is shown as the cursor is moved perpendicular to the axis drawn first. The second axis’s size
is set by pressing the LMB. This series of 3-point ellipses can be continued until a new sketcher tool
is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Spline—Draw a free-hand spline curve by selecting spline points using the LMB. The spline
curve must go through these spline points. If the curve is closed, then the curve’s beginning slope
will match the curve’s ending slope. This series of spline curves can be continued until a new
sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Circular Fillet—Draw a circular fillet or round tangent to two features. The radius of this
tangent arc is displayed after its creation. If the two features are intersecting lines, then the line
segments at the intersection are trimmed back to the point where the arc is tangent to the lines. The
location of the intersecting lines is marked with a dot. If neither feature is not a line, the features are
not trimmed. This series of arcs tangent to selected features can be continued until a new sketcher
tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Circular Trim Fillet—Draw a circular fillet or round tangent to two features. The radius of this
tangent arc is displayed after its creation. If the two features are intersecting lines, then the line
segments at the intersection are trimmed back to the point where the arc is tangent to the lines. The
location of the intersecting lines is NOT marked with a dot. If neither feature is a line, the features
are not trimmed. This series of arcs tangent to selected features can be continued until a new sketcher
tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Elliptical Fillet—Draw an elliptical fillet or round tangent to two features at the two points
selected on the features using the LMB. If the two features are lines, then the line segments in the

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area of the elliptical arc are trimmed back to the selected point and the arc is tangent to the line at
that point. The location of the intersecting lines is marked with a dot. If neither feature is a line, the
features are not trimmed. This series of elliptical arcs tangent to selected points on existing features
can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Elliptical Trim Fillet—Draw an elliptical fillet or round tangent to two features at the two
points selected on the features using the LMB. If the two features are lines, then the line segments in
the area of the elliptical arc are trimmed back to the selected point and the arc is tangent to the line at
that point. The location of the intersecting lines is NOT marked with a dot. If neither feature is a line,
the features are not trimmed. This series of elliptical arcs tangent to selected points on existing
features can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Chamfer Fillet—Draw a chamfer between two intersecting lines starting at the points selected
using the LMB, then remove the line segments in the area of the intersection of the two lines. The
location of the intersecting lines is marked with a dot. Two weak dimensions are created that reflect
the length of the two legs of the chamfer. This series of chamfers can be continued until a new
sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Chamfer Trim Fillet—Draw a chamfer between two intersecting lines starting at the points
selected using the LMB, then remove the line segments in the area of the intersection of the two
lines. The location of the intersecting lines is NOT marked with a dot. Two weak dimensions are
created or modified that reflect the length of the two remaining line segments. This series of
chamfers can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Text—Create alpha characters and symbols on the sketch. Use the LMB to select a start point
on the sketching plane and a second point which will set the text height and orientation. The length
of the construction line determines the height of the text, while the angle of the line determines the
text orientation. The two weak dimensions can be changed or replaced using the dimensioning tool.
The Text dialog box opens. A red diamond appears at the start point of the text. Type a single line of
up to 79 characters of text. Selecting the Text Symbol button brings up a new window containing
many symbols which can be incorporated into the line of text. This tool continues to operate until a
new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once. The start point, by default, is the left
bottom point of the text. The Left reference can be changed to Center or Right. The Bottom reference
can be changed to Middle or Top. The aspect ratio affects the width to height ratio. Increasing this
value spreads the characters out. The Slant angle tilts the characters making them appear more like

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italicized characters. When you finish entering or modifying the text, pick the OK button.
Doubleclicking on the text using the LMB will bring this dialog box back so additional modifications
can be made.

Offset—Create duplicate geometry an offset distance from the selected geometry. After
selecting the Offset tool, the Type dialog box appears. In the type dialog box, select either single (one
item), chain (series of interconnected items), or loop (series of interconnected items that make a
closed loop). If you select single, then the feature selected with the LMB is offset a specified distance
in the direction of the yellow arrow. If you select chain, then all features between the first feature
picked with the LMB and the second feature picked are offset the specified distance. If it is not clear
which line segments are selected, then a query box appears asking if this is the desired chain. You
can accept selection, go to the next selection, back up to the previous selection, or quit. If you select
loop, then all features in a loop that contains the first feature picked with the LMB are offset the
specified distance. This tool continues to operate until a new sketcher tool is selected, the user closes
the dialog window, or the user presses the MMB twice. If you want to change the type, leave the
offset value blank and press the <Enter> key. Then select the desired type from the Type dialog box.

Thicken—Create entities by offsetting an edge or a sketched entity on two sides. The 2-line
offset may have open, flat, or rounded ends. The user is prompted for the thickness, which is the
distance between the two new lines, then the offset in the direction of the arrow for the further of the
two new lines. The thicken edge can be a single line, a chain of lines, or a closed loop.

Palette—Provides you with a customizable library of predefined shapes that you can readily
import onto the active sketch plane. These shapes are presented in a palette. You can resize, translate,
and rotate the shape after placing it on the screen.
The sketcher palette has tabs representing categories of sections. Each tab has a unique name and
contains at least one section of a certain category. The four tabs with predefined shapes are:

1) Polygon—contains regular polygons such as: Triangle (3), Square (4), Pentagon (5), Hexagon
(6), Heptagon (7), Octagon (8), Nonagon (9), Decagon (10), Dodecagon (12), Hexdecagon
(16), and Icosagon (20)
2) Profiles—contains common profiles such as C-shape, I-shape, L-shape, and T-shape.
3) Shapes—contains miscellaneous common shapes such as Arc racetrack, Cross, Oval,
Racetrack, Rounded rectangle,Wave 1, andWave 2.
4) Stars—contains regular star shapes such as 3-tip, 4-tip, 5-tip, 6-tip, 7-tip, 8-tip, 9-tip, 10-tip,
12-tip, 16-tip, and 20-tip.
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Using a shape from the palette is similar to importing the corresponding section from another sketch.
Each shape in the palette appears as a thumbnail with its name. These cross sections appear using the
default line style and color. After selecting the PALETTE tool, select the worded-tab corresponding
to the desired shape (Figure 1), then double-click using the LMB on the specific shape. Move the
cursor to the desired location in the sketcher window and press the LMB again. The shape can also
be drug onto the screen. To do this, select the desired shape with the LMB. While holding down the
LMB move the cursor onto the screen. The selected shape will follow. To position the shape, release
the LMB. In either case, the Move & Resize window will appear. At this point the shape can be
rotated or scaled in place by entering the corresponding value. On the screen the shape has two
handles, one for rotation and one for scaling. Use the cursor and the LMB to free-hand rotate or scale
the shape. Move onto the handle, hold down the LMB, move the cursor, then release the LMB

Fig 1: Polygon

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 FIG 2: Stars

FIG 3: Profiles

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 Fig 4: Shapes

Construction Centerline—Draw an infinitely long sketcher centreline by selecting two points

with the LMB. This series of centerlines can be continued until a new sketcher tool is selected or the
user presses the MMB once. These sketcher centerlines are not known or visible outside of sketcher.

Construction Centerline Tangent—Draw an infinitely long sketcher centerline tangent to two

circles or arcs using the LMB. This series of center lines can be continued until a new sketcher tool is
selected or the user presses the MMB once. These sketcher centerlines are not known or visible
outside of sketcher.

Construction Point—Create a construction point using the LMB. This point is known only
inside sketcher and is not visible outside sketcher. This series of construction points can be continued
until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Construction Coordinate System—Create a construction coordinate system at the specified

point by pressing the LMB. This coordinate system is known only inside sketcher and is not visible
outside sketcher. This series of coordinate systems can be continued until a new sketcher tool is
selected or the user presses the MMB once.

EDITING
Modify the selected dimension values in a separate window (Figure 3-6). This tool can be initiated in
two different ways. The common way is to highlight the dimensions to be modified using the LMB
for the first and <CNTL> and LMB for the others, then selecting the tool. A similar approach is to

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draw an imaginary box around the sketch and dimensions, then selecting this tool. The second way is
to select the tool first, then select a dimension to be modified using the LMB. If additional
dimensions are to be modified at the same time, hold down the <CTRL> key and select these
dimensions with the LMB. Each dimension will be added to the list in the Modify Dimensions box as
it is selected. The Regenerate check box will cause the sketch to change shape each time a single
dimension is changed. Uncheck this box if you want to change all dimensions without seeing their
effect until the green check mark is picked. The Lock Scale check box, when checked first, allows
the user to change just one dimension followed by picking the green check mark and seeing all
dimensions change by the same scale factor as the modified dimension. This will cause the original
shape of the sketch to remain the same. This is a great way to get all dimensions close to their desired
value at once if the original sketch is approximately the correct shape, but the wrong size. Selecting
the red X button cancels the request.

Mirror—Mirror a selection of features about a specified centerline, thus there must be a

centerline present in the sketch. First, select the features to be mirrored either by selecting them one
at a time using the LMB and <CTRL> LMB, or drawing an imaginary box around them, then pick
the Mirror tool using the LMB. Next, select the centerline the features are to be mirrored about. The
mirrored copy will appear on the opposite side of the centerline. Note that you cannot pick this tool
unless you have already selected at least one feature.

Divide Entity at This Point—Divide a feature at the point of selection located by pressing the
LMB. This will break a straight or curved line segment into two parts. It will create a starting and
ending point on a circle or an ellipse.

Delete Segment—Will remove any line segment that is drawn through while holding down the
LMB. They will be erased when the LMB is released. All line segments drawn through with a red
line will turn red and be erased when the LMB is released. Use <CTRL>Z or the undo tool to undo

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the deletions you just made if you accidently remove a wanted line segment. Features can also be
removed from the sketch by selecting the feature with the LMB, then pressing the <Delete> key.

Corner—This tool is used to trim the intersection of two line segments back to the intersection
point. Select the two line segments using the LMB. The portion of the line segment where you
selected the line will remain after the trim. Another neat feature of this tool is its ability to connect at
their intersection point two line segments (straight or circular) that do not touch, but would touch if
extended. Select each line segment with the LMB. Each line segment will be extended or trimmed as
necessary so the two line segments meet and end at their intersection point. This tool will not work
on a circle, an ellipse, or a centerline since they are considered continuous, without ends.

Rotate Resize—The Rotate and Resize tool can be used to translate, rotate, or scale the selected
features. First, select the features to be modified either by selecting them one at a time using the
LMB and <CTRL> LMB, or drawing an imaginary box around them, then pick the Move & Resize
tool using the LMB. The Move & Resize dashboard will appear. At this point the features can be
translated, rotated, or scaled by entering the corresponding value. On the screen the shape has three
handles; one for translation, one for rotation, and one for scaling. Use the cursor and the LMB to
free-hand move, rotate, or scale the features. Move the cursor onto the handle, hold down the LMB,
and move the cursor. Release the LMB when the modification is complete. If you want to move the
selected features parallel to or perpendicular to a line segment, place the cursor in the first box in the
dashboard, then select the line segment to be used as reference. If you want to rotate the selection
relative to a point, place the cursor in the fourth box in the dashboard, then select the end point to be
used as the rotational reference point. Pick the green check mark (or press the MMB) when all
modifications are complete. Pick the red X to cancel the changes made.

CONSTRAINTS

Vertical Constraint—Force the selected line to be vertical. After selecting this tool, select the
desired line using the LMB. If it is possible to make this line vertical, the sketch will be modified
accordingly. A “V” will appear near any line that is vertical. Instead of a line segment two points can
be forced to be vertically aligned by selecting the two points using the LMB. A small rectangular
marker will appear near each of the two points indicating that they are vertically aligned. This tool
continues to operate until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Horizontal Constraint—Force the selected line to be horizontal. After selecting this tool, select
the desired line using the LMB. If it is possible to make this line horizontal, the sketch will be
modified accordingly. An “H” will appear near any line that is horizontal. Instead of a line segment
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two points can be forced to be horizontally aligned by selecting the two points using the LMB. A
small rectangular marker will appear near each of the two points indicating that they are horizontally
aligned. This tool continues to operate until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the
MMB once.

Perpendicular Constraint—Force two selected lines to be perpendicular to each other. After

selecting the tool, select the two lines using the LMB. A perpendicular symbol will appear near the
intersection of these two line indicating their status. If the two line segments do not intersect
physically, then a perpendicular symbol with a subscript is placed on each of the two lines. This tool
is not limited to just line segments; any feature with a tangent endpoint can be made perpendicular to
another feature. For example, the endpoint of an arc can be made perpendicular to a line segment.
This tool continues to operate until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Tangent Constraint—Force a line, an arc, or a circle to be tangent to an arc or a circle. After

selecting the tool, select the two features using the LMB. The symbol “T” will appear near the
intersection of these two features indicating their status. This tool continues to operate until a new
sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once

Mid-point Constraint—Force a point to locate itself at the midpoint of a line segment or arc.
After selecting the tool, select the approximate location of the midpoint using the LMB, then select
the line segment or arc using the LMB. The point will move to the midpoint of the selected line or
arc. The symbol “M” will appear at this location. This tool continues to operate until a new sketcher
tool is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Coincident Constraint—Make two points coincident, that is, the exact same point. After
selecting the tool, select the two points using the LMB. If the endpoints are governed by weak
dimensions, then the common point is somewhere between the two original points. If the endpoints
are constrained by strong dimensions, then a resolve sketch window will appear showing all possible
necessary changes to accomplish the task.

Symmetric Constraint—Force two points to be symmetric about the selected centerline. There
must be a centerline present to use this command. After the tool is selected, pick the governing
centerline using the LMB, then select the two points (one on each side of the centerline) using the
LMB. The two points will become symmetric about the centerline. In Creo Parametric you can select

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the two points and the centerline in any order. This tool continues to operate until a new sketcher tool
is selected or the user presses the MMB once.

Equal Constraint—Force two or more features to be equal size. After the tool is selected, select
the governing feature (line length or radius) using the LMB, then using the LMB select all features
that you want to be the exact same size. The symbol “Lx” will appear next to line segments of the
same length. The symbol “Rx” will appear next to radii of the same size. Line segments and radii
cannot be made equal to each other using this constraint. Press the MMB once to select a new
governing feature (line length or radius). This tool continues to operate until a new sketcher tool is
selected or the user presses the MMB twice.

Parallel Constraint—Force two lines to be parallel. After the tool is selected, select the
governing line segment using the LMB, then using the LMB select all other line segments that you
want to be the parallel to the governing line segment. The symbol “//x” will appear next to line
segments that are parallel. Press the MMB once to select a new governing line segment. This tool
continues to operate until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB twice.

DIMENSION

Normal Dimension—Add a strong dimension to the existing sketch. A weak dimension will
disappear. If the dimension added causes a conflict with an existing dimension, then a conflict box
will appear allowing you to resolve the conflict. The new dimension or an existing dimension can be
made into a reference dimension or deleted at this time. Extension and dimension lines will be
automatically created for the new dimension. This tool continues to operate until a new sketcher tool
is selected or the user presses the MMB once.
To change the value of a dimension double-click on it using the LMB, then type the new value
followed by the <ENTER> key. The dimensioned feature will adjust its size to the new value if
possible.

To dimension a single line segment, select the line using the LMB, then move perpendicular to
the line segment. Position the cursor where you want the dimensional value to appear and press the
MMB.

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 Perimeter—Add a perimeter dimension to the sketch after selecting a dimension which can
vary when the perimeter dimension is modified. First select the geometry that makes up the perimeter
using the LMB. Hold down the <CTRL>key to select multiple features. Press the MMB once when
finished. Using the LMB, select the dimension which will vary to keep the perimeter dimension
correct.
Type the desired perimeter dimension followed by the <Enter> key.
A perimeter dimension is used to dimension the total length of a chain or loop of entities. You must
select a dimension that the system can adjust to obtain the desired perimeter. This dimension is called
the varying dimension and will have the letters “var” after its value. When you modify the perimeter
dimension, the system modifies the varying dimension accordingly. You cannot modify the varying
dimension because it is a driven dimension. If you delete the varying dimension, the system deletes
the perimeter dimension as well. You cannot create perimeter dimensions for parallel blends and
variable section sweeps.

Baseline—Create an ordinate dimension baseline; either vertical or horizontal, representing

0.00. The baseline dimension is typically placed on a drawing to locate the origin of a part when N/C
machining is involved in its production. Add a baseline dimension of 0.00 to your sketch by selecting
the feature using the LMB, then moving the cursor to the desired location for the baseline value and
pressing the MMB. Select Horizontal or Vertical in the pop-up window. This tool continues to
operate until a new sketcher tool is selected or the user presses the MMB.

Reference Dimension—Add a reference (driven by other values) dimension to the existing

sketch. Reference dimensions are added the same way as regular dimensions. (See adding
dimensions above.) These dimensions cannot be changed by selecting them, then typing a new value.
This tool continues to operate until a new sketcher tool is selected, or the user presses the MMB
once. Reference dimensions appear on sketches for information purposes only. Therefore, they are
read-only and cannot be used to modify the shape. They are automatically updated during
regeneration if changes are made to the sketch.

Overlapping Geometry—Pick the Overlapping Geometry icon to highlight the sketcher

geometry that overlaps so that you can correct the problem.

Highlight Open Ends—Pick the Highlight Open Ends icon to highlight using green dots, the
line segments that are not connected to anything, thus they are open ends.

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 Shade Closed Loops—Pick the Shade Closed Loops icon to fill in all closed figures so you can
see which sections of your sketch are not closed for one reason or another.

SAVE SKETCH
File>Save saves the sketch under the name you selected prior. Pick OK to save the file.

CLOSE SKETCHER FROM PART MODE

If you entered sketcher from part mode, then the following two icons appear at the far right side of
the ribbon.

Accept the changes made in the sketcher and exit sketcher.

Cancel the changes made in sketcher and exit sketcher.

SET UP SKETCHER FROM PART MODE

After selecting the sketching plane and the orientation plane, the user typically orients the sketching
plane parallel to the display screen using the Sketch View icon in the upper left corner of the window

Sketch Setup— Allows you to redefine the sketch plane and the sketch orientation. Pick the
Sketch button to continue with changes or Cancel to continue without changes.

Select References—From previous work to be used when defining the current sketch. These
references can be used for constraints or dimensions. Select the references using the LMB. Pick the
Close button when done.

Sketch View—Orients the sketching plane parallel to the display screen. This icon is also found
in the graphics toolbar just below the ribbon.

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 Sketcher Window when Entered from Part Mode

SKETCHER GRAPHICS TOOLBAR

The sketcher graphics toolbar is located just below the ribbon in the graphics area.
It contains many of the commands that are used regularly

Refit—Adjust the zoom level to fully display the object on the screen.

Zoom In—Zoom in on target geometry to view it in greater detail.

Zoom Out—Zoom out to gain a wider perspective on the geometry.

Repaint—Redraw the current view (refresh).

Object Viewing—Determines how the object is to be viewed

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 Named Views—Selects the view orientation including user-defined orientations.

View Manager—Lets the user create, set, or delete simplified representations; create cross-
sections; create, redefine, or set layers; create, set, or delete views; and create, redefine, or set
combined states.

Datum Display Filter—Allows the user to control the display of datum axes, datum points,
datum coordinate systems, and datum planes

Sketcher Display Filter—Allows the user to control the display of sketcher dimensions,
sketcher constraints, the sketcher grid, and sketcher vertices (end points). This tool only shows up
when you are in sketcher

Annotation Display— Allows the user to turn on or turn off 3D annotations and annotation
elements.

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 Spin Center— Allows the user to show or hide the spin center. The object will rotate about the
spin center if the spin center is visible. The object will rotate about the current position of the mouse
cursor if the spin center is hidden.

ASSEMBLY MODELING
Learning Objectives
• Understand the top-down assembly approach.
• Understand the bottom-up assembly approach.
• Assemble components of the assembly using assembly constraints.
• Understand the packaging of components.
• Create the simplified representations.
• Use the View Manager.
• Edit assembly constraints after assembling.
• Modify the components of an assembly.
• Create the exploded state of an assembly.
• Add offset lines to exploded components.
• Understand the Bill of Material in the assemblies.

An assembly is defined as a design consisting of two or more components bonded together at their
respective working positions using the assembly constraints. These assembly designs are created in
the Assembly mode of PTC Creo Parametric. To invoke the Assembly mode, choose the New button
from the Quick Access toolbar; the New dialog box will be displayed. In this dialog box, select the
Assembly radio button from the Type area and then select the Design radio button from the Sub-type
area, as shown in Figure 1. Specify the name of the assembly in the Name edit box and choose OK;
the Assembly mode will be activated. Also, the initial screen appearance of the Assembly mode in
PTC Creo Parametric will be displayed, as shown in Figure2

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 Fig 1: creating an assembly

Fig 2: Initial appearance of assembly mode

Creating Components in the Assembly Mode Ribbon:

Model > Component > Create
To create a component in the Assembly mode, choose the Create tool from the Component group;
the Component Create dialog box will be displayed, as shown in Figure 3. Select the Part radio
button from the Type area and the Solid radio button from the Sub-type area to create a .prt file.
Enter the name of the component in the Name edit box and then choose the OK button; the Creation
Options dialog box will be displayed, as shown in Figure 4. From this dialog box, select the method
for creating the component and then choose the OK button.

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 Fig 3

Fig 4

Inserting Components in an Assembly Ribbon:

Model > Component > Assemble > Assemble

When you enter the assembly environment, the three default assembly datum planes will be
displayed in the drawing area. If you do not want the default assembly datum planes in the assembly
file, then while opening a new file, clear the Use default template check box from the New dialog
box and then choose the OK button; the New File Options dialog box will be displayed. Choose
Empty from the Template list in this dialog box. It is recommended that you use the assembly datum
planes as the first feature of the assembly and assemble the components of the assembly taking the
reference of these datum planes. Using the datum planes as the first feature will help you during the
modification of the assembly. Some of the advantages of using the assembly datum planes are:

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 1. The components of the assembly can be redefined in such a way that the component placed
later can be made the first component.
2. 2. The first component can be replaced by some other component.
3. 3. The placement constraint of the first component can be modified.

To insert a component, choose the Assemble tool from the Assemble drop-down in the Component
group; the Open dialog box will be displayed. This dialog box is the same as the File Open dialog
box that is used to open an existing file. Select the part that you need to insert into the assembly.
Choose the Open button to open the part. You can also preview the component before adding it to the
assembly. After the components are displayed in the drawing area in the Assembly mode, you need
to specify constraints in order to assemble them by using the Component Placement dashboard. Even
if you are placing the first component, you need to constrain it using the assembly constraints.
Generally, the first component is assembled with the datum planes. Remember that no component is
placed automatically; you need to specify its position manually.

ASSEMBLING COMPONENTS
The components in an assembly can be placed parametrically or non-parametrically. If the
components are placed using the assembly constraints, it is called parametric assembly. On the other
hand, if the components are packaged, it is called non-parametric assembly.

To assemble the components parametrically, choose the Assemble tool; the Open dialog box will be
displayed. Select the required component and choose the Open button from the Open dialog box; the
Component Placement dashboard will be displayed, as shown in Figure below.

Using the Component Placement dashboard, you can apply constraints to assemble the components
and also control the display of the component to be assembled in the same or separate windows. The
options in the Component Placement dashboard are discussed next.

Displaying Components in a Separate Window

The Show component in a separate window while specifying constraints button is used to display the
component to be assembled in a separate window. When you choose this button, a new window will
open, displaying the component to be assembled. Note that viewing the component to be assembled,

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and the assembly, in separate windows, prevents cluttering of the components in the assembly
window.

However, if the components are in the same window, they change their orientation as you apply the
constraints, thus giving you an idea of the next constraint to be applied. In other words, you can
easily find out which degree of freedom of the component is constrained and which needs to be
constrained.

Displaying Components in the Same Window

The Show component in the assembly window while specifying constraints button is used to display
the component to be assembled in the assembly window itself. This button is chosen by default when
you invoke the Component Placement dashboard. As you apply constraints, the component in the
assembly window changes its position accordingly.

Applying Constraints
As discussed earlier, the components are assembled using the assembly constraints. The assembly
constraints are also called placement constraints. These constraints help in placing and positioning a
component precisely with respect to the other components in the assembly. The Constraint Type
drop-down list in the Component Placement dashboard contains different types of placement
constraints, as shown in Figure below. You can select the required constraints from this drop-down
list to assemble components in the assembly. These constraints are also available when you choose
the Placement tab of the Component Placement dashboard.

Automatic
When you choose this constraint, PTC Creo Parametric assumes the constraint and applies it
according to the type of entity selected. For example, if you select faces of two components to
assemble, PTC Creo Parametric will assume that you want to apply the Coincident constraint and the
Coincident constraint will be applied to the two components.

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Distance
The Distance placement constraint is used to constrain the distance between the two selected axes,
planes, datum planes, faces, or a combination of a datum plane and a face. The selected faces or
datums may or may not be in contact with each other. When you select the Distance constraint, you
are prompted to select one component reference and one assembly reference. Select the references as
discussed earlier. When you select the references, the distance between them is displayed in the
screen and a handle is attached to the component, refer to Figure below. Using this handle, you can
dynamically change the distance. You can also use the Offset edit box available in the dashboard or
the Placement tab to enter the distance value. If you want to flip the direction of offset then you need
to choose the Flip button next to the Offset edit box.

Angle Offset
The Angle Offset placement constraint allows you to constrain the angular distance between two
selected axes, planes, datum planes, faces, or a combination of a datum plane and a face. The
selected faces or datums may or may not be in contact with each other. On selecting this constraint,
when you select the references of the component and assembly, the component gets constrained by a
default value. You can change the angle value by using the Offset edit box.

Parallel
The Parallel placement constraint is used to make two selected axes, planes, datum planes, faces, or a
combination of a datum plane and a face parallel to each other. The selected faces or datums may or
may not be in contact with each other. Figure 11-10 shows the faces selected for applying the Parallel
constraint.

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Coincident
The Coincident constraint is used to make two selected planes or faces, or two axes coincident to
each other

Normal
The Normal constraint is used to make two selected planes or faces, or two axes perpendicular to
each other

Coplanar
The Coplanar constraint allows you to make two selected planes, faces, or axes coplanar.

Centered
The Centered constraint is used to assemble the revolved components. On applying this constraint,
the revolved components, holes, or a combination of both share the same orientation with respect to
the central axis.

Tangent
The Tangent constraint is used to make the selected circular face tangent to the other selected face or
plane.

Fix
The Fix constraint is used to fix the component.

Default
The Default constraint is used to assemble the component in the assembly by aligning the default
coordinate system of the component with the default coordinate system of the assembly. Also, the
part datum planes are aligned with the assembly datum planes.

Status Area
The Status area in the Component Placement dashboard displays the placement status of the
component in the assembly. If you choose the Build feature button from the Component Placement
dashboard when the placement status is displayed as Partially Constrained, then the component
assembled will be displayed in the Model Tree with a small square on it. Also, the component is
packaged. The dashboard consists of five tabs; Placement, Move, Options, Flexibility, and
Properties. In this chapter, you will learn about the Placement and Move tabs.

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Placement Tab
The options in this tab are used to apply as well as edit constraints to the components to be
assembled

Motion Type
The options in the Motion Type drop-down list are discussed next.
Orient Mode
This option, if selected, orients the part in the assembly about its spin center.
Translate
This option, if selected, moves the component from its current location in the assembly. However,
remember that the component can be moved only along the degrees of freedom that are not
constrained.
Rotate
This option, if selected, causes the component to rotate in the assembly around its available degrees
of freedom.
Adjust
This option is used to pack a component with reference to the assembly. When you select this option,
you will be prompted to select a surface on the packaged component to adjust the reference plane.
The component is assembled according to the surface specified

Motion Reference
When this radio button is selected, you need to select a reference plane through which the component
will be moved. After selecting the reference plane, the Normal and Parallel radio buttons will be
activated.
Normal
On selecting this radio button, the component moves in a plane normal to the selected reference
plane.
Parallel
On selecting this radio button, the component moves in a plane that is parallel to the selected
reference plane.

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 PTC CREO PARAMETRIC 2.0
Exercise 1 - Part modeling

Aim: To create/model the given part using Creo Parametric 2.0.

Figure 2.1 The isometric view of the model

Figure 2.2 The front section and the top views

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The following steps are required to complete this tutorial:

1. Create a new object file in the Part mode.

2. First examine the model and then determine the type of protrusion for the model.
Next, select the sketching plane for the model.
3. Create the sketch for base feature; refer to Figures 2.3 through 2.5.
4. Specify the attributes to create the base feature, refer to Figures 2.6 and 2.7.
5. Create the cut feature by selecting the top face as the sketching plane; refer to
Figure 2.8 and 2.9.
6. Specify the attributes to create the cut feature and then save it, refer to Figures 2.10
and 2.11.

Prodedure:

Starting a New Object File

1. Open a new object file in the Part mode.

If the default datum planes were not turned off in the previous tutorial, they will appear in
the drawing area. If the datum planes are not displayed, turn them on by using the
Plane Display button.

Selecting the Extrude Tool

The desired solid model will be created by extruding the sketch to a distance of 50 units.
Therefore, the sketch will be extruded as a solid to create the model.

1. Choose the Extrude tool from the Shapes group; the Extrude tab is displayed in the
Ribbon.

Most of the attributes needed to create the model will be defined after the sketch is drawn.

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Selecting the sketching plane

From the isometric view of the model shown in Figure 2.1, it is clear that the direction of
extrusion of the solid model is perpendicular to the TOP datum plane. Therefore, the TOP
datum plane has to be selected as the sketching plane.

1. Choose the Placement tab from the Extrude dashboard to display the slide-down
panel. Choose the Define button from the slide-down panel; the Sketch dialog box is
displayed.

2. Select the TOP datum plane as the sketching plane; the reference plane and its
orientation are set automatically.

In the Sketch dialog box, the Reference collector displays RIGHT:F1(DATUM PLANE).
This indicates that the RIGHT datum plane is selected as the reference plane. In the
Orientation drop-down list, the Right option is selected by default. As a result, while
drawing the sketch, the RIGHT datum plane will be on the right.

3. Choose the Sketch button from the Sketch dialog box to enter the sketching
environment.

Drawing the Sketch

Use the sketcher tools to draw the sketch for the thin extruded model.
1. Draw the sketch of the model by using the Line Chain, 3-Point / Tangent End, and
Circular tools from the Sketching group, as shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 First Sketch of the model

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Applying Constraints to the Sketch

While drawing the sketch, some weak dimensions are applied to the sketch. These
dimensions appear in gray color. Although the weak dimensions are applied, we need to
apply other constraints to the sketch.

1. Choose the Equal tool from the Constrain group and select the two lines and circular
fillet to apply the equal length constraint.

2. Choose the Tangent tool and select the lines and arcs one by one; the tangent
constraint symbol is applied. If these constraints have already been applied, the
Resolve Sketch dialog box is displayed. Choose Undo from this dialog box, the given
constraint will be delete.

The sketch after applying constraints is shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Sketch after applying constraints

Modifying Dimensions
The dimension values of the weak dimensions needs to be modified.

1. Select the sketch and dimensions by using the CTRL+ALT+A keys.

2. Choose the Modify tool from the Editing group; the Modify Dimensions dialog box is
displayed.

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 Figure 2.5 Sketch after modifying dimensions

3. In this dialog box, clear the Regenerate check box and then modify the values of the dimensions,
refer to Figure 2.5. As mentioned earlier, it is recommended to clear the Regenerate check box
when multiple dimension have to be modified.
Notice that the dimension selected in the Modify Dimensions dialog box is enclosed in a
blue box in the drawing area.

4. After modifying all dimensions, choose the Regenerate the section and close the dialog
button from the Modify Dimensions dialog box; the message Dimension modifications
successfully completed is displayed in the message area.

5. Choose the OK button to exit the sketcher environment.

Specifying the Model Attributes

The attributes required to create the model needs to be selected from the Extrude
dashboard.

1. Choose the Named View button from the Orientation group in the View tab; a flyout
is displayed. Choose the Default Orientation option from the flyout or press
CTRL+D; the default trimetric view of the model is displayed in the drawing area, as
shown in Figure 2.6.

This display gives a better view of the sketch in the 3D space. The model is displayed in orange.
Also, the pink colored arrow is displayed on the model indicating the direction of extrusion. Choose
the Change depth direction of extrude to other side of sketch button to change the
direction of extrusion.

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2. Enter 50 in the Depth value edit box and press ENTER.

3. Choose the Options tab; a flyout displayed. Select the Add taper check box from the flyout.
Enter the value 10 in the Add taper edit box. The base feature is completed as shown in Fig 2.7,
and now exit the Extrude dashboard.

Figure 2.6 The default trimetric view of the model

Figure 2.7 Model after applying taper and depth

Selecting the Sketching Plane for the Cut Feature

Next feature to be created is an extruded cut. This feature will be created on top of the
model.

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1. Choose the Extrude tool from the Shapes group; the Extrude dashboard is displayed
in the drawing area.

2. Choose the Remove Material button from the Extrude dashboard.

3. Choose the Placement tab from the dashboard; a slide-down panel is displayed. Next,
choose the Define button from it; the Sketch dialog box is displayed.

4. Select the top face of the model as the sketching plane, as shown in Figure 2.8.

5. Using the left mouse button, select the RIGHT datum plane as the reference plane and
then select the Right option from the Orientation drop-down list.

6. Choose the Sketch button; the sketcher environment is displayed.

Figure 2.8 Top face selected as the sketching plane

Creating the Sketch for the Cut Feature

1. Turn the model display to No hidden from the Display Style drop-down list in the
Graphics toolbar. Choose the Sketch View button from the Graphics toolbar to orient
the sketching plane parallel to screen. Draw the sketch of the cut feature and add
dimensions to it, as shown in Figure 2.9.

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2. Choose the OK button and turn the model display to Shading. Choose the Default
Orientation option from the Named Views flyout from the Graphics toolbar or press
CTRL+D; the default trimetric view of the model is displayed in the drawing area as
shown in Figure 2.10.

3. Two arrows also appear in the model, refer to Figure 2.10. One arrow indicates the
direction of feature creation and the other arrow indicates the direction along which the
material will be removed. Click on Change depth direction of extrude to other side of
sketch to change the direction of material removal.

Figure 2.9 Sketch of the cut feature of the model

Figure 2.10 The default trimetric view of the model

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 Figure 2.11 The default trimetric view of the solid model

4. Choose the Build feature button from the Extrude dashboard; the default
trimetric view of the model is displayed, as shown in Figure 2.11.

Saving the Model

1. Choose the Save option from the File menu or choose the Save button from the
Quick Access toolbar; the Save Object dialog box is displayed with the name of
the object file specified earlier.

2. Choose the OK button to save the file.

Closing the Current Window

The given model is completed and is also saved. Now, we need to close the current
window.

1. Choose File > Close from the menu bar.

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 PTC CREO PARAMETRIC 2.0
Exercise 2 - Part modelling & Assembly

Aim: To model the parts of a Screw Jack and assemble it.

Part modelling
To do part modelling the general steps followed are,
1. Open Creo Parametric 2.0
2. Hit “Select Working Directory” on the top bar and select
whatever folder you want your new part to go into.
3. Next hit the “New” Button, make sure the type is set to part.
Change the name to whatever you want, untick default
template and hit OK.
4. Select the required template from the new window and click
OK. A new working tab will be opened.
5. Hit on “sketch” icon from the model tab and pick the plane that you wish to
sketch
The remaining steps for part modelling will vary with respect to the part to be
modelled and are discussed in following pages
List of parts to be modelled
1. Body
2. Screw
3. Nut
4. Cup
5. Washer
6. Screw 2
7. Tommy bar

1.Body
1. Open a new object file in the Part mode and then name it as Body and
follow other general steps
2. Select “sketch” on the required plane
3. Define the Centre line as vertical axis on the selected plane
4. By referring to the Figure 1, draw the cross section vie of the Part on the
right side of center line. Use the “Fillet” to provide fillets as on the figure
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 5. The sketch will be colored yellow if the drawing is closed. Complete the
drawing by hitting on the green tick mark on the top corner
6. Then hit on the revolve button from model menu and hit on the green tick
mark on the top corner so that the part will be completed
7. Now save the part in the selected working directory.

Figure 1
2.Screw
1. Open a new object file in the Part mode and then name it as Screw
2. Select “sketch” on the required plane
3. Use the “Extrude” tool to create the part up to thread cutting
4. Create chamfers on the part using Chamfer tool
5. Complete the drawing by clicking OK
6. Now select sketch and select the plane about which thread is to be created
7. Define the center line and references
8. Draw a line along which thread is to be created
9. Hit on the “Helical Sweep” tool so that a new window will be opened
10.Draw the section of the thread and enter the
required pitch
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 11.Select remove material so that the part will be completed
12.Now save the part in the selected working directory.
3.Nut
1. Open a new object file in the Part mode and then name it as Nut
2. Select “sketch” on the required plane
3. Define the Centre line as vertical axis on the selected plane
4. By referring to the Figure 1, draw the cross section vie of the Part on the
right side of center line
5. The sketch will be colored yellow if the drawing is closed. Complete the
drawing by hitting on the green tick mark on the top corner
6. Then hit on the revolve button from model menu and
hit on the green tick mark on the top corner so that
the part will be completed up to internal threading
7. Create the internal thread using the “Helical Sweep”
tool as discussed earlier
8. Now save the part in the selected working directory.

4.Cup
1. Open a new object file in the Part mode and then name it as Cup
2. Select “sketch” on the required plane
3. Define the Centre line as vertical axis on the selected plane
4. By referring to the Figure 1, draw the cross section vie of the Part on the
right side of center line
5. The sketch will be colored yellow if the drawing is closed. Complete the
drawing by hitting on the green tick mark on the top corner
6. Then hit on the revolve button from model menu and
hit on the green tick mark on the top corner to complete
drawing
7. Use extrude tool to create the semicircular cutting on
the top of cup and complete the part
8. Now save the part in the selected working directory

5.Washer
1. Open a new object file in the Part mode and then name it as Washer
2. Select “sketch” on the required plane
3. Define the Centre line as vertical axis on the selected plane
116
 4. By referring to the Figure 1, draw the cross section vie of the Part on the
right side of center line
5. Then hit on the revolve button from model menu to complete the part
6. Now save the part in the selected working directory
6.Screw 2
1. Open a new object file in the Part mode and then name it as Screw 2
2. Select “sketch” on the required plane
3. Define the Centre line as vertical axis on the selected plane
4. By referring to the Figure 1, draw the cross section vie of the Part
5. Then hit on the revolve button from model menu to complete drawing
6. Use extrude tool to create the groove on top of screw
7. Now save the part in the selected working directory

7.Tommy bar
1. Open a new object file in the Part mode and then name it as Tommy bar
2. Select “sketch” on the required plane
3. Use the “Extrude” tool to create the part
4. Create chamfers and fillets on the part using
respective tools
5. Complete the part modelling by clicking
OK
6. Now save the part in the selected working
directory

Assembly
To create the assembly, all components must be created first in the Part mode.
Also, you need to use the bottom-up approach to create the assembly.
1. Create all components of the assembly as separate part files and then save them in
the current working directory.
2. Close the part files, if opened.
To create a new assembly file, the steps to be followed are,
1. Choose the New button from the File menu to display the New dialog box
2. In the dialog box make sure the type is set to assembly. Change the name to
“Screw jack”, untick default template and hit OK.
3. Select the required template from the new window and click OK. A new
working tab will be opened

117
 4. Hit on “Assemble” tool to appear a new dialog box
5. Open the part “Base” and set its constrain into “Default” (i.e. fully
constrained)
6. Now click on Assemble tool to load the part Nut
7. Assemble the two parts by choosing the mating parts and making them
coincident.
8. Again click on “Assemble” tool to load remaining parts and assemble all
parts step by step
9. After completing the assembly, save the file in the working directory
The color of each part can be changed by choosing different materials from the
appearance gallery.

118
FEM analysis using
ANSYS

119
 INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

ANSYS is a general purpose finite element computer program that is capable of performing the
analysis of wide variety of engineering problems. These problems include: static/dynamic structural
analysis (both linear and non-linear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and
electro-magnetic problems.

The term finite element was first coined by Clough in 1960. In the early 1960s, engineers used the
method for approximate solution of problems in stress analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer, and other
areas. The basic idea in the finite element method is to find the solution of a complicated problem by
replacing it by a simpler one. Since the actual problem is replaced by a simpler one in finding the
solution, obtained solution will be an approximate solution rather than the exact one.

In the finite element method, the solution region is considered as built up of many small,
interconnected sub regions called finite elements. In each piece or element, a convenient
approximate solution is assumed and the conditions of overall equilibrium of the structure are
derived as in the case of structural analysis. The satisfaction of these conditions will yield an
approximate solution

BASIC STEPS IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS USING ANSYS:

In general, a finite element solution may be broken into the following three stages. This is a general
guideline that can be used for setting up any finite element analysis.

1. Preprocessing: Finite element Idealization

The major steps in preprocessing are given below:

 Define key points/lines/areas/volumes
 Define element type and material/geometric properties
 Mesh lines/areas/volumes as required
 The amount of detail required will depend on the dimensionality of the analysis (i.e. 1D, 2D, axi-
symmetric, 3D).
120
2. Solution: assigning loads, constraints and solving

Here we specify the loads (point or pressure), constraints (translational and rotational) and finally
solve the resulting set of equations.

3. Postprocessing: further processing and viewing of the results.

In this stage one may wish to see:

 Lists of nodal displacements
 Element forces and moments
 Deflection plots
 Stress contour diagrams

121
The general step by step procedures followed in Ansys are as

follows:
Step 1: Ansys Utility Menu

File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok

File – change job name – enter new job name – xxxx – ok
File – change title – enter new title – yyy – ok

Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences

select – STRUCTURAL - ok

Step 3: Preprocessor
Element type – select type of element from the table and the required options
Real constants – give the details such as thickness, areas, moment of inertia, etc.
required depending on the nature of the problem.
Material Properties – give the details such as Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio etc.
depending on the nature of the problem.

Step 4: Modeling – create the required geometry such as nodes elements, area, volume by using
the appropriate options.

Step 5: Generate – Elements/ nodes using Mesh Tool if necessary (in 2D and 3D problems)

Step 6: Apply boundary conditions/loads such as DOF constraints, Force/Momentum,

Pressure etc.

Step 7: Solution – Solve the problem

Step 8: General Post Processor – plot / list the required results.

Step 9: Plot ctrls – animate – deformed shape – def+undeformed-ok

Step 10: to save the solution ansys tool bar- save,,,,model

122
 Ansys – Exercise 1

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown and find the
maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2 m * 0.3 m, Young’s modulus of
210 GPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.

20 kN

2m
4m

Step 1: Ansys Utility Menu

File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok – yes.

Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences

select – STRUCTURAL - ok

Step 3: Preprocessor
Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – BEAM – 2D elastic 3 – ok- close.
Real constants – Add – ok – real constant set no – 1 – c/s area – 0.2*0.3 moment of inertia –
0.2*0.3**3/12 – total beam height – 0.3 – ok.
Material Properties – material models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic – EX – 210e9
– PRXY – 0.27 – ok – close.

Step 4: Preprocessor
Modeling – Create – Nodes – In Active CS – Apply (first node is created) – x,y,z location in CS
– 2 (x value w.r.t first node) – apply (second node is created) – 4 (x value w.r.t first node) – ok
(third node is created).
Create – Elements – Auto numbered – Thru Nodes – pick 1 & 2 apply – pick 2 & 3 – ok
(elements are created through nodes).

123
Step 5: Preprocessor
Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Displacement – on Nodes- pick node 1 & 3 –
apply –
DOFs to be constrained – UY – ok.
Loads – Define loads – apply – Structural – Force/Moment – on Nodes- pick node 2 –
apply –
direction of For/Mom – FY – Force/Moment value – -20000 (-ve value) – ok.

Step 6: Solution
Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.

Step 7: General Post Processor

Plot Results – Deformed Shape – def+undeformed – ok.
Plot Results – Contour plot – Nodal solu – DOF solution – displacement vector sum – ok.
Element table – Define table – Add – ‘Results data item’ – By Sequence num –
SMISC – SMISC, 2 – apply, By Sequence num – SMISC – SMISC, 8 – apply, By
Sequence num – SMISC – SMISC, 6 – apply, By Sequence num – SMISC – SMISC, 12 –
ok – close.

NOTE: For Shear Force Diagram use the combination SMISC 2 & SMISC 8, for
Bending
Moment Diagram use the combination SMISC 6 & SMISC 12.

Step 8: General Post Processor

Plot results – contour plot – Line Element Results – Elem table item at node I – SMIS2 –
Elem
table item at node J – SMIS8 – ok (Shear force diagram will be displayed).
Plot results – contour plot – Line Element Results – Elem table item at node I – SMIS6 –
Elem table item at node J – SMIS12 – ok (bending moment diagram will be displayed).

List Results – reaction solution – items to be listed – All items – ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results – Nodal loads – items to be listed – All items – ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).

Step 9: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed results – DOF solution – USUM – ok.

124
 Ansys – Exercise 2

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS UNDER SELF WEIGHT

AIM:

To conduct FEM analysis of a CANTILEVER BEAM of given dimensions and properties and
obtain the effects of self weight on it using ANSYS.

PROCEDURE:

Finite element Idealisation

1. Set TITLE
Utility Menu(Menu at the top) > File > Change Title
Enter ‘CANTILEVER BEAM WITH SELF WEIGHT’ in the window that appears. Click
‘OK’.

2. Define the Type of Element

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete.
The following window appears.
 Click ‘ADD’. Another window appears.

Select the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic 3) element. (This element has 3 degrees of freedom
(translation along the X and Y axes, and rotation about the Z axis)).
Click ‘OK’, then ‘CLOSE’.

3. Define Real Constants

Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
In the window that appears, click ‘ADD, then ‘OK’.
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:

i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 500 (50*10)

ii. Area moment of inertia IZZ: 4166.67 (50*103/12)
iii. Total beam height: 10

This defines a beam with a height of 10 mm and a width of 50 mm.

 4. Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic

In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:

i. Young's modulus EX: 200000

ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3

5. Define Element Density

Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models>Structural>Linear>Density
In the window that appears, enter the following density for steel:

Density DENS: 7.86e-6 (7.86*10-6 )

6. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
Define 2 keypoints for this beam. In the window that appears, Enter
Keypoint Coordinates (x,y,z)
1 (0,0)

Click ‘APPLY’. Then, Enter

Keypoint Coordinates (x,y,z)

2 (1000,0)
Click ‘OK’

7. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Straight Line.
A window appears.

Click on Keypoint 1 ,then on 2,to create a line between them.

Click ‘OK’.

8. Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines

In the window that appears, use element edge length of 100mm

 Click ‘OK’.

9. Mesh the frame

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines
Click 'Pick All' in the window that appears.

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

10. Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static.
Click ‘OK’.

11. Apply Constraints

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints.
A window appears. Click on keypoint 1. Click ‘OK’.
In the window that follows, select ‘ALL DOF’. Click ‘OK’. (i.e. all DOF constrained)
12. Define Gravity
It is necessary to define the direction and magnitude of gravity for this problem.

Select Solution>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Inertia>Gravity>Global

The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to define an acceleration of

9.81m/s2 in the y direction.

Click ‘OK’.

Note: Acceleration is defined in terms of meters (not 'mm' as used throughout the problem).
This is because the units of acceleration and mass must be consistent to give the product of
force units (Newtons in this case). Also note that a positive acceleration in the y direction
stimulates gravity in the negative Y direction.
There should now be a red arrow pointing in the positive Y direction. This indicates that
acceleration has been defined in the y direction.

The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.

To save image
Utility menu>PlotCtrls>Hard Copy>To file
13. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS.
A window appears. Click ‘OK’.
Another window appears showing ‘Solution is done’. Click ‘Close’

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

14. Show the deformation of the beam

General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape.
Select ‘Def + undeformed’. Click ‘OK’.
15. List Nodal displacements.
General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution
In the window that appears, select DOF Solution>Y-Component of displacement. Click
‘OK’.
16. Contour Plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot> Nodal Solution
In the window that appears, select DOF Solution>Y-Component of displacement
Click ‘OK’.

RESULT:

The FEM analysis of a CANTILEVER BEAM under self weight was conducted using
ANSYS. The nodal displacements, Deflection plot, Stress Contour diagram are obtained.

Nodal displacement
Deflection Plots
Stress Contour Plot
 Ansys Exercise -3

ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a cantilever beam shown in
the following figure:

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1. Give the Simplified Version a Title (such as 'Verification Model').

Utility Menu > File > Change Title

2. Enter Keypoints

For this simple example, these keypoints are the ends of the beam.

o We are going to define 2 keypoints for the simplified structure as given in the
following table

coordinate
keypoint
x y z
1 0 0 0
2 500 0 0

o From the 'ANSYS Main Menu' select:

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
3. Form Lines

The two keypoints must now be connected to form a bar using a straight line.

o Select: Preprocessor > Modeling> Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line.
o Pick keypoint #1 (i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small yellow box.
o Now pick keypoint #2. A permanent line will appear.
o When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Create Straight Line' window.
4. Define the Type of Element

It is now necessary to create elements on this line.

o From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete.

o Click on the 'Add...' button. The following window will appear:

o For this example, we will use the 3D elastic straight pipe element as selected in
the above figure. Select the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 PIPE16' in
the 'Element Types' window.
o Click on the 'Options...' button in the 'Element Types' dialog box. The following
window will appear:

o Click and hold the K6 button (second from the bottom), and select 'Include
Output' and click 'OK'. This gives us extra force and moment output.
o Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box and close the 'Element Type'
menu.
5. Define Geometric Properties

We now need to specify geometric properties for our elements:

o In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete

o Click Add... and select 'Type 1 PIPE16' (actually it is already selected). Click
on 'OK'.
o Enter the following geometric properties:
o Outside diameter OD: 25
o Wall thickness TKWALL: 2

This defines an outside pipe diameter of 25mm and a wall thickness of 2mm.

o Click on 'OK'.
o 'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants'
window.
6. Element Material Properties

You then need to specify material properties:

o In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models...

o Double click Structural > Linear > Elastic and select 'Isotropic' (double click
on it)
o Close the 'Define Material Model Behavior' Window.

We are going to give the properties of Aluminum. Enter the following field:

EX 70000
PRXY 0.33

o Set these properties and click on 'OK'.

7. Mesh Size
o In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines
> All Lines
o In the size 'SIZE' field, enter the desired element length. For this example we
want an element length of 2cm, therefore, enter '20' (i.e 20mm) and then click 'OK'. Note that
we have not yet meshed the geometry, we have simply defined the element sizes.

(Alternatively, we could enter the number of divisions we want in the line. For an element
length of 2cm, we would enter 25 [ie 25 divisions]).

8. NOTE
It is not necessary to mesh beam elements to obtain the correct solution. However, meshing is
done in this case so that we can obtain results (ie stress, displacement) at intermediate positions
on the beam.
9. Mesh

Now the frame can be meshed.

o In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All'
in the 'Mesh Lines' Window
10. Saving Your Work

Utility Menu > File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to save your
file.

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

1. Define Analysis Type

o From the Solution Menu, select 'Analysis Type > New Analysis'.
o Ensure that 'Static' is selected and click 'OK'.
2. Apply Constraints
o In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural >
Displacement > On Keypoints
o Select the left end of the rod (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics
Window and click on 'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.
o This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees
of freedom (DOFs) are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0'
in the Value field and click 'OK'.
3. Apply Loads

As shown in the diagram, there is a vertically downward load of 100N at the end of the bar

o In the Structural menu, select Force/Moment > on Keypoints.

o Select the second Keypoint (right end of bar) and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M'
window.
o Click on the 'Direction of force/mom' at the top and select FY.
o Enter a value of -100 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'.
o The force will appear in the graphics window as a red arrow.

The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
4. Solving the System

We now tell ANSYS to find the solution:

o Solution > Solve > Current LS

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. Hand Calculations

Now, since the purpose of this exercise was to verify the results - we need to calculate what we
should find.

Deflection:

The maximum deflection occurs at the end of the rod and was found to be 6.2mm as shown
above.

Stress:

The maximum stress occurs at the base of the rod and was found to be 64.9MPa as shown
above (pure bending stress).
2. Results Using ANSYS

Deformation

o from the Main Menu select General Postproc from the 'ANSYS Main Menu'.
In this menu you will find a variety of options, the two which we will deal with now are 'Plot
Results' and 'List Results'
o Select Plot Results > Deformed Shape.
o Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the
undeformed object.

o Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner
(shown here surrounded by a blue border for emphasis). This is identical to that obtained via
hand calculations.

Deflection

For a more detailed version of the deflection of the beam,

o From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal
Solution.
o Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM'. Leave the other selections as the default
values. Click 'OK'.
o You may want to have a more useful scale, which can be accomplished by
going to the Utility Menu and selecting Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform
Contours
o The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc
> List Results > Nodal Solution ... select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the
'List Nodal Solution' window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all
translational and rotational degrees of freedom from the solution. If we had only wanted to see
the displacements for example, we would have chosen 'ALL Us' instead of 'ALL DOFs'.
o Are these results what you expected? Again, the maximum deflection occurs at
node 2, the right end of the rod. Also note that all the rotational and translational degrees of
freedom were constrained to zero at node 1.
o If you wanted to save these results to a file, use the mouse to go to the 'File'
menu (at the upper left-hand corner of this list window) and select 'Save as'.

Stresses

For line elements (ie beams, spars, and pipes) you will need to use the Element Table to gain
access to derived data (ie stresses, strains).

o From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define
Table...
o Click on 'Add...'
o As shown above, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes in the above window, select 'Stress'
and 'von Mises SEQV'
o Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window.
o Plot the Stresses by selecting Plot Elem Table in the Element Table Menu
o The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SEQV' is selected and click
'OK'

o If you changed the contour intervals for the Displacement plot to "User
Specified" you may need to switch this back to "Auto calculated" to obtain new values for
VMIN/VMAX.

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...
Again, select more appropriate intervals for the contour plot

o List the Stresses

 From the 'Element Table' menu, select 'List Elem Table'
 From the 'List Element Table Data' window which appears ensure
'SEQV' is highlighted
 Click 'OK'

Note that a maximum stress of 64.914 MPa occurs at the fixed end of the beam as predicted
analytically.

Bending Moment Diagrams

To further verify the simplified model, a bending moment diagram can be created. First, let's
look at how ANSYS defines each element. Pipe 16 has 2 nodes; I and J, as shown in the
following image.

To obtain the bending moment for this element, the Element Table must be used. The Element
Table contains most of the data for the element including the bending moment data for each
element at Node I and Node J. First, we need to obtain obtain the bending moment data.

o General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... . Click 'Add...'.
o In the window,
A. Enter IMoment as the 'User label for item' - this will give a name to the data
B. Select 'By sequence num' in the Item box
C. Select 'SMISC' in the first Comp box
D. Enter SMISC,6 in the second Comp box
E. Click 'OK'

This will save all of the bending moment data at the left hand side (I side) of each element.
Now we need to find the bending moment data at the right hand side (J side) of each element.

o Again, click 'Add...' in the 'Element Table Data' window.

. Enter JMoment as the 'User label for item' - again, this will give a name to the data
A. Same as above
B. Same as above
C. For step D, enter SMISC,12 in the second Comp box
D. Click 'OK'
o Click 'Close' in the 'Element Table Data' window and close the 'Element Table'
Menu. Select Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res...
o From the 'Plot Line-Element Results' window, select 'IMOMENT' from the pull
down menu for LabI, and 'JMOMENT' from the pull down menu for LabJ. Click 'OK'. Note
again that you can modify the intervals for the contour plot.

Now, you can double check these solutions analytically. Note that the line between the I and J
point is a linear interpolation.

o Before the explanation of the above steps, enter help pipe16 in the command
line as shown below and then hit enter.

o Briefly read the ANSYS documentation which appears, pay particular attention
to the Tables near the end of the document (shown below).

Table 1. PIPE16 Item, Sequence Numbers, and Definitions for the ETABLE Commands

node I

name item e Definition

MFORX SMISC 1 Member
MFORY SMISC 2 forces at the
MFORZ SMISC 3 node
MMOMX SMISC 4 Member
MMOMY SMISC 5 moments at
 MMOMZ SMISC 6 the node

Note that SMISC 6 (which we used to obtain the values at node I) correspond to MMOMZ -
the Member moment for node I. The value of 'e' varies with different Element Types, therefore
you must check the ANSYS Documentation files for each element to determine the appropriate
SMISC corresponding to the plot you wish to generate.
 Ansys – Exercise 4

Application of Distributed Loads

Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0. The purpose of this tutorial is to explain how to
apply distributed loads and use element tables to extract data. Please note that this material was
also covered in the 'Bicycle Space Frame' tutorial under 'Basic Tutorials'.

A distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied to a solid steel beam with a
rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of the beam is 10mm
x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa.

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1. Open preprocessor menu

/PREP7

2. Give example a Title

 Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
/title, Distributed Loading

3. Create Keypoints

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS

K,#,x,y

We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure as
given in the following table:

Keypoint Coordinates (x,y)

1 (0,0)
2 (1000,0)

4. Define Lines

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
L,K#,K#

Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.

5. Define Element Types

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...

For this problem we will use the BEAM3 element. This element has 3 degrees
of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis).
With only 3 degrees of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D
analysis.

6. Define Real Constants

Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...

In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric
properties:

i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 100

ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 833.333
iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 10

This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 10mm x 10mm.

7. Define Element Material Properties

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear >
Elastic > Isotropic
 In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:

i. Young's modulus EX: 200000

ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
8. Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines...

For this example we will use an element length of 100mm.

9. Mesh the frame

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'

10. Plot Elements

Utility Menu > Plot > Elements

You may also wish to turn on element numbering and turn off keypoint numbering

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering ...

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

1. Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static

ANTYPE,0

2. Apply Constraints
 Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints

Pin Keypoint 1 (ie UX and UY constrained) and fix Keypoint 2 in the y

direction (UY constrained).

3. Apply Loads

We will apply a distributed load, of 1000 N/m or 1 N/mm, over the entire length of the
beam.

o Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On
Beams
o Click 'Pick All' in the 'Apply F/M' window.
o As shown in the following figure, enter a value of 1 in the field 'VALI Pressure
value at node I' then click 'OK'.

The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
 Note:

To have the constraints and loads appear each time you select 'Replot' you must
change some settings. Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols.... In the
window that appears, select 'Pressures' in the pull down menu of the 'Surface
Load Symbols' section.

4. Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS

SOLVE

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. Plot Deformed Shape

General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape

PLDISP.2
2. Plot Principle stress distribution

As shown previously, we need to use element tables to obtain principle stresses for line
elements.

1. Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table

2. Click 'Add...'
3. In the window that appears
a. enter 'SMAXI' in the 'User Label for Item' section
b. In the first window in the 'Results Data Item' section scroll down and
select 'By sequence num'
c. In the second window of the same section, select 'NMISC, '
d. In the third window enter '1' anywhere after the comma
4. click 'Apply'
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 but change 'SMAXI' to 'SMAXJ' in step 3a and change '1' to
'3' in step 3d.
6. Click 'OK'. The 'Element Table Data' window should now have two variables in
it.
7. Click 'Close' in the 'Element Table Data' window.
8. Select: General Postproc > Plot Results > Line Elem Res...
9. Select 'SMAXI' from the 'LabI' pull down menu and 'SMAXJ' from the 'LabJ'
pull down menu

Note:

o ANSYS can only calculate the stress at a single location on the element. For this
example, we decided to extract the stresses from the I and J nodes of each
element. These are the nodes that are at the ends of each element.
o For this problem, we wanted the principal stresses for the elements. For the
BEAM3 element this is categorized as NMISC, 1 for the 'I' nodes and NMISC,
3 for the 'J' nodes. A list of available codes for each element can be found in the
ANSYS help files. (ie. type help BEAM3 in the ANSYS Input window).
As shown in the plot below, the maximum stress occurs in the middle of the beam with
a value of 750 MPa.
 Ansys – Exercise 5

ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSS

AIM:

To conduct FEM analysis of the given plane truss using ANSYS.

PROCEDURE:

Finite element Idealisation

1. Give a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title> TRUSS

2. Define the Type of Element

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete>Add
Use the LINK 1 (Link> 2D spar 1) element.

3. Define Real Constants

Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete>Add
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 3e-4
There is no initial strain. So, leave ISTRN blank.
4. Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic.
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 2.07e11
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3

5. Create Nodes
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Nodes > In Active CS
Create nodes as listed below.

6. Create Elements.
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto Numbered>Thru Nodes.

Pick node 1, then node 2, click apply in the picking menu. Continue creating elements as
listed below. After picking nodes for the last element (Element 13), choose ’OK’.

Element 21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Node I 21 3 4 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 7
Node J 32 4 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 7 8

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

7. Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static

8. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
Pick node 5 and constrain ‘ALL DOF’.Then pick node 1 and constrain ‘UY’ only.

9. Apply point load

 Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >Force/Moment>On Nodes
Pick node 2, then’OK’ in the picking menu, choose ‘FY’ and enter ‘-125’ for force value.
Similarly pick node 3 and enter ‘FY’= -100. Click ‘OK’.

The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.

10. Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS

Click ‘OK’ in the ‘Solve Current Load Step’ box.

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

11. Show the deformation of the beam

General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape> Def + undeformed>OK

12. List Nodal displacements.

General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution>DOF Solution> Y-Component of
displacement>OK
Enter ANSYS Command ‘PRDI’ to get the DOF Solution for both X and Y
components of displacement.
13. Contour Plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot> Nodal Solution>DOF Solution> Y-
Component of displacement>OK

RESULT:

The FEM analysis of the plane truss was conducted using ANSYS. The nodal displacements,
Deflection plot, Stress Contour diagrams are obtained.

Nodal displacement
Deflection Plot

Stress Contour Plot

 Ansys – Exercise 6

MODAL ANALYSYS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM USING REDUCED METHOD

AIM:

To conduct a modal analysis of the given cantilever beam using Reduced method and obtain
the first five mode shapes.

PROCEDURE:

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

 Give example a Title

Utility Menu > File > Change Title >MODAL ANALYSYS-REDUCED METHOD

 Give example a Jobname

Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname > ’CANTILEVER BEAM’

 Define Element Types

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete>Add
Use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element.

 Define Real Constants

Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete> Add
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 0.0001
ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 8.33e-10
 iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 0.01

This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 0.01m x 0.01m.

 Define Element Material Properties

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 2.068e11
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3

To enter the density of the material, double click on 'Linear' followed by 'Density' in the
'Define Material Model Behavior' Window
Enter a density of 7830

Note: For dynamic analysis, both the stiffness and the material density have to be
specified.

 Create Keypoints

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS

Define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure as given in the following table:

Keypoint Coordinates (x,y)

1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)

 Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Straight Line
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.

 Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines

Specify 10 element divisions along the line.

 Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'

Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving

 Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Modal

 Set options for analysis type:

Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options.

The following window will appear.

Select ‘Reduced’ method and specify 5 modes for extraction.

Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand'. Click
'OK'.

Another window follows. Complete it as shown below.

 Click 'OK'.

 Solution > Master DOF > User Selected > Define
When prompted, select all nodes except the left most node (fixed).
The following window will appear:

Select UY as the 1st degree of freedom (shown above).

 Apply Constraints

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Fix Keypoint 1 (i.e. all DOFs constrained).

 Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS

Post processing: Viewing the Results

 Verify extracted modes against theoretical predictions

General Postproc > Results Summary
The following window will appear.
 The following table compares the mode frequencies in Hz predicted by theory and ANSYS
(Reduced).

Mode Theory ANSYS Percent Error

1 8.311 8.300 0.1

2 51.94 52.01 0.1

3 145.68 145.66 0.0

4 285.69 285.71 0.0

5 472.22 473.66 0.3

View Mode Shapes

General Postproc > Read Results > First Set

This selects the results for the first mode shape. Then, Select General Postproc > Plot
Results > Deformed shape. Select 'Def+undef edge’.

The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set. As
above choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformedshape. Select 'Def + undef
edge'.

 Animate Mode Shapes

Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape

The following window will appear.

Keep the default setting and click 'OK'
RESULT:

The modal analysis of the given CANTILEVER BEAM was conducted using ANSYS and the
first five mode shapes were plotted.
 Ansys – Exercise 7

THERMAL ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE WALL

AIM:

To perform thermal analysis of the given composite wall using ANSYS and estimate the
interface temperatures.

PROCEDURE:

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1. Preferences
Preprocessor > Preferences>Thermal >OK

2. Give a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title> COMPOSITE WALL

3. Define the Type of Element

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete>Add>Thermal Mass>2D Conduction 32
Use the LINK 32(2D Conduction 32) element.

4. Define Real Constants

Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete>Add
Cross-sectional area AREA: 10 (5*2)
5. Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal >Conductivity>Isotropic
Enter Conductivity for Material Model 1 = 1.2

Create new Material Model

Material > New Model.

Enter Conductivity for Material Model 2 = 0.14

Enter Conductivity for Material Model 3 = 0.85

6. Define Keypoints

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS

Define 4 keypoints for the beam as given in the following table:

Coordinates
Keypoint
(x,y,z)
1 (0,0)
2 (0.135,0)
3 (0.210,0)
4 (0.325,0)

7. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Straight Line
Create lines joining Keypoints.

8. Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Attributes >Default Attribs

Enter Material Type =1

Give element divisions=5

9. Mesh the frame

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > select line.

Utility Menu > Plot > Multi Plot.

  Repeat steps 8 and 9 for remaining two materials. ( Material Types 2 and 3)

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

10. Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static

11. Apply Constraints

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal>Temperature > On Keypoints
Pick keypoint 1. Select TEMP. Enter TEMP value 870. Then pick keypoint 4 and enter 40.

12. Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS
Click ‘OK’ in the ‘Solve Current Load Step’ box.

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

13. List Nodal Temperatures.

General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution>DOF Solution> Nodal Temperature.

14. Contour Plot

General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot> Nodal Solution>DOF Solution >Nodal
Temperature.
RESULT:

The thermal analysis of the given composite wall was conducted using ANSYS. The nodal
temperatures and Contour diagram were obtained.

Nodal temperatures

Contour Plot
Part Programming in
CNC Lathe
 INTRODUCTION TO CNC PROGRAMMING

The computer numerical control (CNC) of a machine tool refers specifically to a computer
“controller” that reads G-code instructions and drives the machine tool to fabricate components
by the selective removal of material. CNC does numerically directed interpolation of a cutting
tool in the work envelope of a machine. The operating parameters of the CNC can be altered
via software load program. CNC was preceded by NC (Numerically Controlled) machines,
which were hard wired and their operating parameters could not be changed. NC was
developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s at MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory. The first
CNC system used NC style hardware, and the computer was used for the tool compensation
calculations and sometimes for editing. The introduction of CNC machines radically changed
the manufacturing industry. Curves are as easy to cut as straight lines, complex 3-D structures
are relatively easy to produce, and the number of machining steps that required human action
has been dramatically reduced.
A CNC process consists of the following five steps:

DESIGN
(Planning & Programming)

CAD
(Translating into the computer)

CAM
(Converting into machine
language)

CONTROL
(Directing the machine tool
motion)

MACHINE TOOL
(Building the part to
specifications)

The CNC programs are made up of commands to stress the sequential orders by which the
CNC program should be executed. The commands are made up of words. Each word has a
letter address and a numerical value. The letter address tells the control the word type. A brief
list of word types and their common letter address specifications are presented below.

 O - Program number (Used for program identification)

 N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
 G - Preparatory function (called as G-Code)
 X - X axis designation
 Y - Y axis designation

 Z - Z axis designation
 R - Radius designation
 F - Feed rate designation
 S - Spindle speed designation
 H - Tool length offset designation
 D - Tool radius offset designation
 T - Tool Designation
 M - Miscellaneous function (called as M-Code)

A sample CNC program to show the Program structure is presented below.

O0001 (Program number 1)

N005 G54 G90 S350 M03 (Select coordinate system, absolute mode, and start spindle
CW at 350 RPM)
N010 G00 X-.625 Y-.25 (Rapid to point 1)
N015 G43 H01 Z-.25 (Instate tool length compensation, rapid tool down to work
surface)
N020 G01 X5.25 F3.5 (Machine in straight motion to point 2)
N025 G03 X6.25 Y.75 R1.0 (CCW circular motion to point 3)
N060 G00 Z.1 (Rapid away from work piece in Z)
N065 G91 G28 Z0 (Go to the machine's reference point in Z)
N070 M30 (End of program)
 STUDY OF M-CODES AND G-CODES

AIM

To study the standard M codes and G codes used in the part programming of CNC machines.

M CODES (MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS)

M-codes are instructions describing miscellaneous function like the tool change, spindle
rotations and coolant control etc.

M00 = program stop

M02 = optional stop
M03 = spindle forward
M04 = spindle reverse
M05 = spindle stop
M06 = tool change
M08 = coolant on
M09 = coolant off
M10 = vice open
M11 = vice close
M62 = output 1 von
M63 = output 2 on
M65 = output 1 off
M66 = output 2 off
M67 = wait input 1 on
M76 = wait input 1 off
M77 = wait input 2 off
M98 = sub program call
M99 = sub program exit

M 00 (Program Stop)
By inserting M00 in a program the cutting cycle is stopped and after 1 the block containing
M00 code. This facility is useful if an inspection check is necessary during an operation. The
cycle is then continued by a cycle start.

M 01 (optional stop)

Cycle operation is stopped after a block containing M01 is executed. This code is effective
only when the optional stop switch on the machine control panel has been pressed.

M 02 (Program End)

This code is inserted at the end of the program. When M02 is encountered, the execution of the
current cycle will terminate.

M 03 (spindle forward)

Start the spindle spinning in clockwise direction at the specified spindle rate.

Example: M03 S1200

M 04 (spindle reverse)

Starts the spindle spinning reverse direction at the specified spindle rate

Example: M04 S1000

M 05 (stop spindle)

Stops the spindle without changing the spindle speed. Example: M 05

M 06 (Tool Change)

The M06 in conjunction with “T” word is used to call up the required tool on an automatic
indexing turret machine and to activate its tool offsets. The left most digits following ‘T’
ignoring zeros, selects the new tool. The tool changes are normally performed with the tool
post at a safe position away from the work place. So the code G28 (Reference Point Return)
would be used in the block prior to M06.

Ex: M06 T0200

M06 T20
M06 T2

All the above mentioned codes select the tool numbered 2.

M 08 (coolant only)

M08 turns a coolant on

M 09 (coolant off )

M 09 turns the coolant off

M 10 (chuck close)

M 10 opens pneumatic or similar automatic chuck to allow for back feed

M 13 (Spindle forward & coolant on)

Sets spindle rotation forward and coolant on

Example M 13 S1000

M 14 (spindle reverse & coolant on)

Sets spindle rotation reverse and coolant on

M 23 (quill extend)

Extends the quill (tailstock)

M 26 (quill retract)

Retract the quill (tail stock)

M 30 (program end)

Stops the spindle, turns the coolant off, terminates and resets the CNC program

M 38 (door open)

Opens the door, waiting until the door is open

M 39 (door close)

Closes the door, waiting until the door is closed.

PREPARATORY FUNCTION (G - CODES)

G commands often tell the control unit of the CNC machine tool about what kind of motion is
wanted (e.g., rapid positioning, linear feed, circular feed, fixed cycle) or what offset value to
use. A two digit number following address G determines the meaning of the command of the
block concerned.
G CODE FUNCTION

G 00 positioning (rapid transverse)

G 01 linear interpolation (feed)
G 02 circular interpolation (c w)
G 03 circular interpolation (ccw)
G 04 Dwell
G 20 inch data input
G 21 metric data input
G 28 reference point return
G 32 thread cutting
G 40 tool nose radius compensation
G 41 tool nose radius compensation left
G 42 tool nose radius compensation right
G 50 work code change
G 70 finishing cycle
G 71 stock removal in turning
G 72 stock removal in facing
G 73 Pattern repeating
G 74 peak drilling in z axis
G 75 grooving in X axis
G 76 thread cutting cycle
G 90 cutting cycle A
G 94 cutting cycle B
G96 constant surface speed control
G 97 constant surface control
G 98 feed per minute
G 99 feed per revolution

RESULT :

The standard M codes and G codes used in the part programming of CNC machines were
studied.
 Exercise - 1

STEP CUTTING WITHOUT USING CYCLIC PROGRAMMING

AIM

To prepare a manual part program for the simple step cutting operation for the given
component and simulate it using Cut Viewer turn software.

PROGRAM:

(TOOL/STANDARD, 40, 40, 0, 10, 3) *Tool Signature

(COLOR, 255,255,255)
STOCK/50, 25, 0, 0 *Stock Size
N01 M03 S1500 *Spindle Start, Speed
N02 G00 X25 Z2 *Rapid Positioning
N03 G01 X24 F40 *Linear Interpolation
N04 Z-40 F40
N05 G01 X25
N06 G00 X25 Z2
N07 G01 X23 F40
N08 Z-40 F40
N09 G01 X25
N10 G00 X25 Z2
N11 G01 X22
N12 Z-40 F40
N13 G01 X25
N14 G00 X25 Z2
N15 G01 X21.5
N16 Z-40 F40
N16 G01 X25
N17 G00 X25 Z2
N18 G01 X20.5
N19 Z -20
N20 G01 X25
N21 G00 X25 Z2
N22 G01 X19.5
N23 Z-20
N24 G01 X25
N25 G00 X25 Z2
N26 G01 X19
N27 Z-20
N28 G01 X25
N29 G00 X25 Z2
N30 M05 *Spindle Stop
N31 M30 *Program En

RESULT :

The manual part program is prepared and simulated using cutviewer turn software to obtain
the given model.
 Exercise - 2

STEP CUTTING USING CYCLIC PROGRAMMING

AIM:

To prepare a manual part program for the simple step cutting operation using cyclic
programming for the given component and simulate it using Cut Viewer turn software.

PROGRAM:

(TOOL/STANDARD, 40, 40, 0, 10, 3) *Tool Signature

(COLOR, 255,255,255)
STOCK/80, 70, 0, 0 *Stock Size
N001 S1500
N002 G00 X40. Z0
N003 G71 U3. R7
N004 G71 P005 Q009 U 0 W0 F0.1 *Turning Cycle
N005 G00 X30.0
N006 G01 Z-40.0
N007 X50.0
N008 Z-60.0
N009 X70
N010 G00 X80 Z1.0
N011 M05 *Spindle Stop
N012 M30 *Program End
RESULT :

The manual part program is prepared and simulated using cutviewer turn software to obtain
the given model.
 Exercise - 3

TAPER TURNING WITHOUT USING CYCLIC PROGRAMMING

AIM:

To prepare a manual part program for the simple taper turning operation without using cycle
for the given component and simulate it using Cut Viewer turn software.

PROGRAM:

(TOOL/STANDARD, 5, 80, 0.1, 10, 3, 0, 0) *(Tool signature)

(Stock/50, 25, 0, 0) * (Stock Size)
N010 M03 S1500 *Spindle start, Spindle speed)
N015 G00 X25. Z 2. *(Rapid positioning to X25,Z2)
N020 G01 X24 *(Starting the Turning operation)
N025 G01 X24 Z-52
N030 G00 X25 Z2
N035 G01 X23
N040 G01 Z-52
N045 G00 X25 Z2
N050 G01 X22
N055 G01 Z-52
N060 G00 X25 Z2
N065 G01 X21
N070 G01 Z-52
N075 G00 X25 Z2
N080 G01 X20
N085 G01 Z-52
N090 G00 X25 Z2
N095 G01 X19
N0100 G01 Z-20
N0105 G00 X25 Z2
N0110 G01 X18
N0115 G01 Z-20
N0120 G00 X25 Z2
N0125 G01 X17
N0130 G01 Z-20
N0135 G00 X25 Z2
N0140 G01 X16
N0145 G01 Z-20
N0150 G00 X25 Z2
N0155 G01 X15
N0160 G01 Z-20
N0165 G00 X25 Z2
N0170 G01 X14
N0175 G01 Z-20
N0180 G00 X25 Z2
N0185 G01 X16 Z-20 * (Starting the Taper turning operation)
N0190 G01 X20 Z-30
N0195 G00 X25 Z2
N0200 G01 X15 Z-20
N0205 G01 X20 Z-30
N0210 G00 X25 Z2
N0215 G01 X14 Z-20
N0220 G01 X20 Z-30
N0225 G00 X25 Z2
N0230 M05 *(Spindle stop)
N0235 M30 *(Program stop and rewind)
RESULT :

The manual part program is prepared and simulated using cutviewer turn software to obtain the
given model.
 Exercise - 4

TAPER TURNING USING CYCLIC PROGRAMMING

AIM:

To prepare a manual part program for the simple taper turning operation for the given
component and simulate it using Cut Viewer turn software.

PROGRAM:
(TOOL/STANDARD, 5, 80, 0.1, 10, 3, 0, 0) * (Tool signature)
(Stock/50, 25, 0, 0) *(Stock size)
N010 M03 S1500 * (Spindle start, Spindle speed)
N015 G00 X25. Z 2.
N020 G71 U0.5 R0.5
N025 G71 P030 Q045 U0 W 0
N030 G01 X10 F50
N035 G01 Z-20
N040 G01 X20 Z-30
N045 G01 Z-52
N050 G00 X25 Z5
N055M05 * ( Spindle stop)
N060 M30 * (Program stop & rewind)

RESULT

The manual part program is prepared and simulated using cutviewer turn software to obtain
the given model
 Exercise - 5

THREADING AND BORING USING CYCLIC PROGRAMMING

AIM:

To prepare a manual part program for the combination work (turning, threading, boring) using
cyclic programming for the given component and simulate it using Cut Viewer turn software.

PROGRAM:

(FROM/10, 30)
(STOCK/40, 58, 11, 1)
(TOOL/STANDARD, 5, 80, 0.5, 7, 3, 0, 0) *Tool Signature
G50 X200. Z220. *Co-Ordinate System Setting
G00 X60.0 Z5.0
G90 X55. Z-25. F100. *Absolute Positioning
X53.
X51.
X49.
X47.
X45.
X43.
G0 X200. Z200.
(TOOL/THREAD, 60, 40, 10, 90) *Tool Change (Thread)
G0 Z-25. S600.
G0 X58.
G1 Z-23.
G92X57. Z-42. F2. *O.D Thread Cutting Cycle
X56.
X55.
X54.
G0 Z3.
X200.0 Z100.
(TOOL/STANDARD, 355, 80, 0.5, 7, 2, 0, 0) *Tool Change (Boring)
G0 X9.5
G1 Z0 F100.
G94X37. Z-1. *Face Turning Cycle
Z-3.
Z-5.
Z-7.
Z-9.
Z-11.
Z-13.
Z-15.
Z-17.
Z-19.
Z-21.
Z-23.
Z-25.
G0 X200 Z200
M30 *End Program
RESULT :

The manual part program is prepared and simulated using cutviewer turn software to obtain
the given model.
 REFERENCES

 AUTOCAD REFERENCE MANUAL

 PTC CREO PARAMETRIC 2.0 REFERENCE MANUAL
 ANSYS tutorial by University of Alberta
(www.universityofalberta.com)