Unit 7 CBA Review KEY

PreAP Biology
1. Fill in the spaces with the correct level of organization:
Word bank: organ system, tissue, cell, organism, organ

ORGAN
TISSUE SYSTEM

CELL ORGAN
ORGANISM

2. Complete the chart for the major animal body systems.

MAJOR STRUCTURES IN THIS
NAME OF SYSTEM FUNCTION(S) OF THE SYSTEM
SYSTEM
protects against pathogens, thermoregulation (helps
INTEGUMENTARY regulate body temperature)
skin, hair, nails
provides structure; supports & protects internal
SKELETAL organs; aids in movement; makes blood cells (bone bones
marrow)
supports & moves trunk & limbs; moves substances
MUSCLE through the body; provides structure
skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscles
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
stores & digests food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates
DIGESTIVE wastes (egestion)
small intestine, large intestine, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas
transports nutrients & wastes to & from all body
CIRCULATORY tissues
heart, blood, blood vessels
gas exchange; carries air into & out of lungs where lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
RESPIRATORY gases (O2 & CO2) are exchanged bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
eliminates metabolic waste; maintains water & kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, skin,
EXCRETORY chemical balance lungs
testes (in males), ovaries, uterus, (in
REPRODUCTIVE production of gametes / offspring
females), mammary glands
controls & coordinates body movements and senses;
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs,
NERVOUS controls consciousness & creativity; helps monitor &
receptors
maintain other body systems; uses neurotransmitters
maintains homeostasis; uses hormones for regulation; pituitary gland, hypothalamus, testes,
ENDOCRINE regulates metabolism, water & mineral balance, ovaries, other glands (such as adrenal,
growth & sexual development, and reproduction thyroid, & pancreas)
defense; provides protection against infection &
IMMUNE disease
white blood cells, lymph nodes, vessels
3. For each scenario below, list the main organ systems involved.
a. blood carries digested nutrients to body cells Circulatory / Digestive
b. waste products are filtered from the blood in the kidneys Excretory / Circulatory
c. signals travel down the spinal cord to make the muscles work Nervous / Muscular
d. muscles raise the hair on the arms and legs to help retain body heat Muscular / Integumentary
e. protects the body from pathogens Immune / Circulatory (main systems involved, but there are others)
f. help a rabbit outrun a pursuing coyote Respiratory / Circulatory

4. a. Define homeostasis and discuss why it is important to body function. Homeostasis is the maintenance of normal
(ideal) internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms. Homeostasis (the dynamic
equilibrium of the internal environment) is important because the body must maintain conditions within a range
appropriate for cells to continue living.

b. Explain how the circulatory, respiratory, and urinary systems

specifically contribute to homeostasis. The circulatory system brings
nutrients and removes waste from tissue fluid; the respiratory system carries
out gas exchange; the urinary system excretes metabolic wastes and
maintains salt-water balance (osmoregulation) and pH of blood

c. The maintenance of a constant internal temperature is an example of

homeostasis. Normal body temperature is 98.6°F (37°C). Why is this so
important for the body to function? Enzymes denature at high
temperatures.

5. Draw and label the excretory system,

including: ureters, bladder, urethra, kidneys.

6. When conditions go beyond or below a set point (the ideal or optimum

condition), a correction is made to bring conditions back to normality
again. Explain the negative feedback loop involved in the regulation of
blood sugar. Be sure to include the following: insulin, glucagon, glycogen,
liver, pancreas, high blood sugar, low blood sugar.
Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones, which work together to maintain the blood glucose level. When the blood
sugar levels are too high (after a meal), the pancreas releases insulin. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells,
especially liver cells, muscle cells, and adipose tissue cells. In liver and muscle cells, glucose is then stored as glycogen.
When blood sugar levels are too low (between meals), the pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon causes the liver to
convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream.

7. Label the organs by name and function of the digestive system on the diagram below.

PHARYNX MOUTH – chemical & mechanical digestion

ESOPHAGUS –
peristalsis of food
from mouth to
stomach

Makes bile - LIVER STOMACH – chemical & mechanical digestion

Stores bile - GALLBLADDER

LARGE INTESTINE – absorption of water;

bacteria (+,+)
SMALL INTESTINE – absorption of
nutrients at villi
8. The human reproductive and endocrine system creates sperm and egg through meiosis. The joining of these
gametes represents which type of reproduction? Sexual reproduction

9. Label the parts of the heart on the diagram, including: aorta,

atria (right and left), pulmonary arteries and veins, ventricles
(right and left), vena cava Pulmonary
aorta
artery Pulmonary
10. Color the parts that carry deoxygenated blood blue. artery
Vena
cava
11. Color the parts that carry oxygenated blood red. Pulmonary
Pulmonary vein
vein Left
atrium
12. How and where does the blood “change” from Right atrium
deoxygenated to oxygenated?
(1) Alveoli in the lungs Left ventricle
(2) Capillaries in the tissues
Right
** EITHER WAY BY DIFFUSION** ventricle

13. Describe the differences in the following vessels: Vena

cava
Veins – thinner walled, toward the heart
Arteries – thick-walled, away from the heart
Capillaries – smallest, connect veins and arteries, site of diffusion
with body cells

14. Describe the following components of the immune system.

White blood cells – fight infection by responding to any pathogen
Memory cells – cells that retain antibodies to recognize and quickly respond to a similar antigen if it makes entry
into the body again

15. Think back to how cells use energy.

a. If there is plenty of oxygen available, human cells will carry out what type of cellular respiration?
Aerobic cellular respiration
b. If there is not enough oxygen, human cells will carry out anaerobic respiration instead. Which type of
fermentation is carried out by animal cells? Lactic acid fermentation

16. Many systems work together for life.

a. Describe how the muscular and skeletal systems cooperate.

The contraction of muscles results in the movement of the attached bones. The nervous system relays the
messages for the initial muscle movement.

b. Describe how the circulatory & respiratory systems cooperate. Be sure to include how diffusion relates
to the circulatory & respiratory systems.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This is
known as moving WITH or DOWN the concentration gradient and does not require energy (passive transport).
The circulatory system (capillaries) is used to transport carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs (aveoli sacs) to
be exhaled and oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. Oxygen diffuses through the walls of the capillaries and
into the cells via the cell membrane, and the opposite happens in order to rid the cells of carbon dioxide.

c. Explain how the immune system works with other systems to protect the organism when injured.
When an organism is injured the defense system (immune) triggers the production of white blood cells within the
circulatory system to build a defense against any foreign invaders. The nervous system may trigger the release of
hormones such as epinephrine. The brain also directs the release of hormones & triggers the circulatory system
reaction. The integumentary system houses blood vessels of the circulatory system & nerve cells of the nervous
system, and is made of the skin-the first defense system.
 d. Other system interactions:

Circulatory/Respiratory/Integumentary: The vessels dilate bringing them closer to the surface of the skin,
and here heat radiates of the skin. The integumentary system helps regulate body temperature.

Endocrine/Reproductive: The endocrine system controls the release of the reproductive sex cells- the egg and
the sperm.

17. What is the purpose of a large surface area in the lungs & small intestines?
Lungs: The large surface area allows for a quick exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Small Intestines: The villi (fingerlike extensions of the intestinal wall) allow the surface area of the small intestine to
be large, which enables more nutrient absorption.

18. What is peristalsis & where would it be observed? Peristalsis is the movement of the smooth muscles, moving
nutrients through the digestive system.

19. You smell brownies cooling on the counter. Describe how the message about this smell gets to your brain. You
have about 10,000 tastes buds, but you also have millions of receptor cells in your nose. The receptor cells’ job is to
transform the chemical reaction into nerve impulses; the nerve impulses are then translated by your brain into different
smells.

20. How are messages transmitted from one neuron to the next? The message is received from the presynaptic cell by
the dendrites of the post synaptic cell. The message then travels down the axon to the terminal end of the receiving cell
(which has now become the presynaptic cell). Neurotransmitters are released from this new presynaptic cell, across the
synapse, to the new post synaptic cell.

21. Describe the pathways of excretion. Be sure to include the metabolic waste that each is one is excreting.

Lungs (mouth/nose): removes carbon dioxide from the blood and exchanges it for oxygen

Skin: removes wastes through sweat like urea, water, and ammonia

Kidneys: removes metabolic wastes, balances water-salt and acid-base ratios

*Nephron (filtering unit of the kidney) - filters blood from the renal artery of excess water, glucose, metabolic wastes,
salts, etc. by way of the Bowman’s Capsule
-Renal artery - carries contaminated blood to kidney
-Kidney (2) - excrete nitrogen, metabolic wastes, salts, water, etc in urine
-Ureter (2) - tubes that carry urine from kidney to bladder
-Bladder - muscular sac that stores urine
-Urethra - tube that carries urine that is excreted from the body
-Renal Vein - carries filtrated blood from kidney to be re-circulated by circulatory system

22. Why are capillaries so important in your body? They are the site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the
body cells and the blood. They also connect the veins (usually oxygen poor blood) and the arteries (usually oxygen rich
blood).

23. What is the difference between a positive & negative feedback mechanism?
Positive Feedback: acceleration/amplification of a process that has already started
Negative Feedback: responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point & returns conditions to this set point;
stay within a range (tolerable limit)
24. The diagram to the right shows how blood sugar is
regulated in the human body. Is blood sugar regulation a
positive or negative feedback mechanism? Please explain.
Negative feedback mechanism; your body responds when
conditions change (too much glucose (ate a meal) or not enough
glucose [skipped a meal]) from the ideal or set point & returns
conditions to this set point (homeostasis).

25. The diagram to the left shows how calcium levels are
regulated in the human body. Is blood calcium regulation a
positive or negative feedback mechanism? Please explain.
Negative feedback mechanism; your body responds when conditions
change (too much glucose (ate a meal) or not enough glucose
[skipped a meal]) from the ideal or set point & returns conditions to
this set point (homeostasis).