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Physics Equation List :Form 4
Introduction to Physics
Relative Deviation

Relative Deviation = Mean Deviation ×100%

Mean Value
Prefixes

Prefixes Value Standard form Symbol

Tera 1 000 000 000 000 1012 T
Giga 1 000 000 000 109 G

m
Mega 1 000 000 106 M

co
Kilo 1 000 103 k
deci 0.1 10-1 d
10-2

e.
centi 0.01 c
milli 0.001 10-3 m
10-6 μ
ur
micro 0.000 001
nano 0.000 000 001 10-9 n
10-12
ct

pico 0.000 000 000 001 p

Units for Area and Volume

le

1 m = 102 cm
ga

(100 cm) 1
2 4 2 2 1 cm = 10-2 m ( m)
1 m = 10 cm (10,000 cm ) 100
me

1 m3 = 106 cm3 (1,000,000 cm3) 1

1 cm2 = 10-4 m2 ( m2 )
w.

10,000
1
ww

1 cm3 = 10-6 m3 ( m3 )
1,000,000

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Force and Motion
Average Speed

Average Speed = Total Distance

Total Time
Velocity

(ms-1)
v= s
v = velocity
s = displacement (m)
t t = time (s)

Acceleration

v−u a = acceleration (ms-2)

a= v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
t t =time for the velocity change (s)

Equation of Linear Motion

Linear Motion

Motion with Motion with

Motion with
constant changing
constant velocity
acceleration acceleration

s v = u + at Using Calculus
v= (In Additional
t 1
s = (u + v)t Mathematics
2 Syllabus)
1
s = ut + at 2
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as

u = initial velocity (ms-1)

v = final velocity (ms-1)
a = acceleration (ms-2)
s = displacement (m)
t = time (s)

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Ticker Tape

Finding Velocity:

s
velocity =
number of ticks × 0.02s

1 tick = 0.02s

Finding Acceleration:

m
v−u

co
a=
t
e. (ms-2)
ur
a = acceleration
v = final velocity (ms-1)
u = initial velocity (ms-1)
ct

t = time for the velocity change (s)

le
ga
me
w.
ww

Graph of Motion

Gradient of a Graph The gradient 'm' of a line segment between two

points and is defined as follows:

Change in y coordinate, Δy
Gradient, m =
Change in x coordinate, Δx
or
Δy
m=
Δx

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Displacement-Time Graph Velocity-Time Graph

Gradient = Velocity (ms-1) Gradient = Acceleration (ms-2)

Area in between the graph and x-axis =
Displacement

Momentum

p = m×v p = momentum
m = mass
(kg ms-1)
(kg)
v = velocity (ms-1)

Principle of Conservation of Momentum

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2 v2

m1 = mass of object 1 (kg)
m2 = mass of object 2 (kg)
u1 = initial velocity of object 1 (ms-1)
u2 = initial velocity of object 2 (ms-1)
v1 = final velocity of object 1 (ms-1)
v2 = final velocity of object 2 (ms-1)

Newton’s Law of Motion

Newton’s First Law

In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in
motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).

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Newton’s Second Law

mv − mu The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the

Fα resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction.
t F = Net Force (N or kgms-2)
m = mass (kg)
F = ma a = acceleration (ms-2)

Implication
When there is resultant force acting on an object, the object will accelerate
(moving faster, moving slower or change direction).

Newton’s Third Law

m
Newton's third law of motion states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the same magnitude

co
but in the opposite direction.

e.
Impulse

Impulse = Ft
ur
F = force (N)
t = time (s)
ct

Impulse = mv − mu m = mass (kg)

(ms-1)
le

v = final velocity
u = initial velocity (ms-1)
ga

Impulsive Force
me

mv − mu F = Force (N or kgms-2)
F= t = time (s)
w.

m = mass (kg)
t v = final velocity (ms-1)
ww

u = initial velocity (ms-1)

Gravitational Field Strength

g = gravitational field strength (N kg-1)

F
g= F = gravitational force
m = mass
(N or kgms-2)
(kg)
m
Weight

W = mg W = Weight
m = mass (kg)
(N or kgms-2)

g = gravitational field strength/gravitational acceleration (ms-2)

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Vertical Motion

• If an object is release from a high position: • If an object is launched vertically upward:

• The initial velocity, u = 0. • The velocity at the maximum height, v = 0.
• The acceleration of the object = gravitational • The deceleration of the object = -gravitational
acceleration = 10ms-2(or 9.81 ms-2). acceleration = -10ms-2(or -9.81 ms-2).
• The displacement of the object when it reach the • The displacement of the object when it reach the
ground = the height of the original position, h. ground = the height of the original position, h.

Lift
In Stationary
• When a man standing inside an elevator, there
are two forces acting on him.
(a) His weight， which acting downward.
(b) Normal reaction (R), acting in the opposite
direction of weight.

• The reading of the balance is equal to the normal

reaction.

R = mg

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Moving Upward with positive acceleration Moving downward with positive acceleration

R = mg + ma R = mg − ma
Moving Upward with constant velocity Moving downward with constant velocity.

m
co
e.
ur
ct
le

R = mg R = mg
ga

Moving Upward with negative acceleration Moving downward with negative acceleration
me
w.
ww

R = mg − ma R = mg + ma

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Smooth Pulley

With 1 Load
Moving with uniform speed:

T1 = T2 T1 = mg

Stationary: Accelerating:

T1 = mg T1 – mg = ma

With 2 Loads
Finding Acceleration:
(If m2 > m1)
m2g – m1g = (m1+ m2)a

Finding Tension:
(If m2 > m1)
T1 = T2
T1 – m1g = ma
m2g – T2 = ma

Vector

Vector Addition (Perpendicular Vector)

Magnitude = x2 + y2

| y|
Direction = tan −1
| x|

Vector Resolution

| x |=| p | sin θ
| y |=| p | cosθ

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Inclined Plane

Component parallel to the plane = mgsinθ

Component perpendicular to the plane = mgcosθ

Forces In Equilibrium

m
co
e.
ur
T3 = mg T3 = mg
ct

T2 sin θ = mg T2 cosθ = T1 cos α

le

T2 cosθ = T1 T2 sin θ + T1 sin α = mg

ga

T1 tan θ = mg
me

Work Done
w.
ww

W = Fx cos θ W = Work Done (J or Nm)

F = Force (N or kgms-2)
x = displacement (m)
θ = angle between the force and the direction of motion (o )

When the force and motion are in the same direction.

W = Fs W = Work Done
F = Force
(J or Nm)
(N or kgms-2)
s = displacement (m)

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Energy

Kinetic Energy
1 EK = Kinetic Energy (J)
EK = mv 2 m = mass (kg)
2 v = velocity (ms-1)

Gravitational Potential Energy

EP = mgh EP = Potential Energy
m = mass
(J)
(kg)
g = gravitational acceleration (ms-2)
h = height (m)

Elastic Potential Energy

1 EP = Potential Energy (J)
EP = kx 2 k = spring constant (N m-1)
2 x = extension of spring (m)
1
EP = Fx F = Force (N)
2
Power and Efficiency

Power
W P = power (W or Js-1)
P= W = work done (J or Nm)
t E = energy change (J or Nm)
E t = time (s)
P=
t
Efficiency
Useful Energy
Efficiency = × 100%
Energy
Or

Power Output
Efficiency = × 100%
Power Input
Hooke’s Law

F = kx F = Force
k = spring constant
(N or kgms-2)
(N m-1)
x = extension or compression of spring (m)

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Force and Pressure
Density

m
ρ=
V
ρ = density (kg m-3)
m = mass (kg)
V = volume (m3)
Pressure

m
F P = Pressure (Pa or N m-2)

co
P= A = Area of the surface (m2)
A F = Force acting normally to the surface (N or kgms-2)

e.
ur
Liquid Pressure
P = hρ g h = depth (m)
ct

ρ = density (kg m-3)

g = gravitational Field Strength (N kg-1)
le

Pressure in Liquid
ga

P = Patm + h ρ g h = depth (m)

ρ = density (kg m-3)
me

g = gravitational Field Strength (N kg-1)

Patm = atmospheric Pressure (Pa or N m-2)
w.

Gas Pressure
ww

Manometer

P = Patm + h ρ g
Pgas = Pressure (Pa or N m-2)

Patm = Atmospheric Pressure (Pa or N m-2)

g = gravitational field strength (N kg-1)

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U=tube
h1 ρ1 = h2 ρ 2

Pressure in a Capillary Tube

Pgas = gas pressure in the capillary tube (Pa or N m-2)

Patm = atmospheric pressure (Pa or N m-2)
h = length of the captured mercury (m)
ρ = density of mercury (kg m-3)
g = gravitational field strength (N kg-1)
Barometer

Pressure in unit cmHg Pressure in unit Pa

Pa = 0 Pa = 0
P b = 26 P b = 0.26×13600×10
P c = 76 P c = 0.76×13600×10
P d = 76 P d = 0.76×13600×10
P e = 76 P e = 0.76×13600×10
P f = 84 P f = 0.84×13600×10

(Density of mercury = 13600kgm-3)

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Pascal’s Principle

F1 F2
=
A1 A2
F1 = Force exerted on the small piston
A1 = area of the small piston
F2 = Force exerted on the big piston
A2 = area of the big piston

Archimedes Principle

m
co
Weight of the object, W = ρ1V1 g

Upthrust,
e.
F = ρ 2V2 g
ur
ρ1 = density of wooden block
ct

V1 = volume of the wooden block

ρ2 = density of water
le

V2 = volume of the displaced water

g = gravitational field strength
ga
me
w.
ww

Density of water > Density of wood Density of Iron > Density of water

F=T+W T+F=W
ρVg = T + mg ρVg + T = mg

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Heat

Heat Change
Q = mcθ
m = mass (kg)
c = specific heat capacity (J kg-1 oC-1)
θ = temperature change (o)

Electric Heater Mixing 2 Liquid

Energy Supply, E = Pt Heat Gain by Liquid 1 = Heat Loss by Liquid 2

Energy Receive, Q = mcθ m1c1θ1 = m2 c2θ 2
Energy Supply, E = Energy Receive, Q m1 = mass of liquid 1
c1 = specific heat capacity of liquid 1
Pt = mcθ θ1 = temperature change of liquid 1

E = electrical Energy (J or Nm) m2 = mass of liquid 2

P = Power of the electric heater (W) c2 = specific heat capacity of liquid 2
t = time (in second) (s) θ2 = temperature change of liquid 2

Q = Heat Change (J or Nm)

m = mass (kg)
c = specific heat capacity (J kg-1 oC-1)
θ = temperature change (o)

Specific Latent Heat

Q = mL
Q = Heat Change (J or Nm)
m = mass (kg)
L = specific latent heat (J kg-1)

Boyle’s Law

1 1 = P2V2
PV
(Requirement: Temperature in constant)
Pressure Law

P1 P2
=
T1 T2
(Requirement: Volume is constant)

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Charles’s Law

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
(Requirement: Pressure is constant)
Universal Gas Law
PV PV
1 1
= 2 2
T1 T2
P = Pressure (Pa or cmHg …….)
V = Volume (m3 or cm3)
T = Temperature (MUST be in K(Kelvin))

Light

m
co
Refractive Index

Snell’s Law
Real depth/Apparent Depth e.
ur
sin i
n=
ct

sin r
n = refractive index (No unit)
(o)
le

i = angle of incident
r = angle of reflection (o )
ga
me

D
n=
w.

d
n = refractive index (No unit)
ww

D = real depth (m or cm…)

d = apparent depth (m or cm…)

Speed of light Total Internal Reflection

c 1
n= n=
v sin c
n = refractive index (No unit) n = refractive index (No unit)
c = speed of light in vacuum (ms-1) c = critical angle (o )
v = speed of light in a medium (like water,
glass …) (ms-1)

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Lens

Power
1
P=
f
P = Power (D(Diopter))
f = focal length (m)

Linear Magnification
hi v hi v
m= m= =
ho u ho u

m = linear magnification (No unit)

u = distance of object (m or cm…)
v = distance of image (m or cm…)
hi = heigth of image (m or cm…)
ho = heigth of object (m or cm…)

Lens Equation

Conventional symbol
positive negative
1 1 1 u Real object Virtual object
+ =
u v f v Real image Virtual image

f Convex lens Concave lens

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Astronomical Telescope

Magnification,
Pe fo
m= m=
Po fe
m = linear magnification
Pe = Power of the eyepiece
Po = Power of the objective lens
fe = focal length of the eyepiece
fo = focal length of the objective lens

Distance between eye lens and objective lens

m
d = fo + fe

co
d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens

e.
fe = focal length of the eyepiece
fo = focal length of the objective lens
ur
Compound Microscope
ct

Magnification
le

m = m1 × m2
ga

Height of first image , I1 Height of second image, I 2

= ×
Height of object Height of first image , I1
me

Height of second image, I 2

=
w.

Height of object, I1
ww

m = Magnification of the microscope

m1 = Linear magnification of the object lens
m2 = Linear magnification of the eyepiece

Distance in between the two lens

d > fo + fe

d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens

fe = focal length of the eyepiece
fo = focal length of the objective lens

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