JUAN DE PLASENCIA

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

 Juan de Plasencia -born in the early 16th century as Juan Portocarrero in Plasencia, in the region of
Extremadura, Spain. -died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590.
 Born to the illustrious family of Portocarreras in Plansensia in the region of Extremadura, Spain in
early 16th century. He was one of the seven children of Pedro Portocarrero, a captain of Spain
schooner.
 Juan de Plasencia grew up during the period known as the Siglo de Oro, a Golden Age when arts and
literature flurished in many parts of Spain, among them his native Extremadura
 Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena. Was his real name.

ARRIVAL IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Fray Juan de Plasencia came together with the first batch of Franciscan missionaries in the
Philippines
 Arrived at a part in Cavite, few kilometers South of Manila on the 2nd of July 1578.

PURPOSE: RELACION DE LAS COSTUMBRES AND INSTRUCCION

 To put an end to some injustices being committed against the natives by certain government officials.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT

DATU

 Chief, captain of wars, whom governed, obeyed and reverenced

Nobles of Maharlika

 Free-born, they do not pay taxes

Commoners or Aliping Namamahay

 They live in their own houses and lords of their property and gold.
Slaves or Aliping Sa Guiguilir

 They serve their master in his house and his cultivated lands and can be sold.

Houses

 Made of wood, bamboo and nipa palm

Mode of Dressing

 Male
 Headgear is called Putong (symbolizes the number of persons the wearer had killed)
 (Upper) a jacket with short sleeves called kanggan.
 (Lower) Bahag
 Female
 (Upper) Baro or Camisa
 (Lower) Saya

Ornaments

 A decorative object or detail that adds quality or distinction to a person, place or thing.

Government

 The unit of government is called Barangay ruled by chieftain, and consist of 30 to 100 families
together with their relatives and slaves.

Administration of justice

 The chieftain's executive function includes implementing laws, ensuring order and giving protection
to his subjects.
 Disputes between individuals were settled by a court made up to the chieftain and council of
elders.

Inheritance

 The 1st son of the barangay chieftain inherits his father's position if the 1st son dies, the 2nd son
successeds their father; in the absence of male heirs, It is elders daughter that became the
chieftain.

Slaves

 A person become slave by:(1) by captivity in war, (2) by reason of debt(3) by inheritance, (4) by
lurchase, and (5) by commiting a crime.

Marriage Customs

 Men were in general, monogamous, while wives called Asawa.

 Courtship begins with Paninilbihan.
 Prior to marriage the man requires to give a dowry: (1) Bigay-kaya (a piece of land or gold);(2)
Panghihimuyat(a gift for the brides parents); (3) Bigay-suso (for brides wet nurse).
 Marriage between couples beloging to different social classes were not common.
  Several grounds of divorce are:(1) Adultery (2) Abandonment on the part of the husband, (3)
Cruelty, and Insanity

Religious Beliefs

 They worship many gods and goddesses : (1) Bathala, Supreme being;(2) Idayanale, god of
agriculture :(3) Sidarap, god of death; (4)Agni, god of fire;(5) Balangaw, God of rainbow; (6)
Mandarangan, god of war; (7) Lalahon, God of harvest and(8) Siginarugan, God of hell.
 Also believe in sacred animals and tress.

Superstitious Beliefs

 Believes in Aswang, Dwende, Kapre, Tikbalang, Patyanak/Tiyanak.

 They also believe in magical power of amulet and charms such as Anting-anting, Kulam, and
gayuma or love potion.

Economic Life

 Agriculture in the plane lands: planting rice, corn, banana, coconut, sugar cane and other kinds of
vegetables and fruits.
 Hunting in high lands.
 Fishing in river banks and sea
 Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining, and lumbering.
 Domestic trade of different barangays by boats.
 Foreign trades with countries like Borneo, China, Japan, Cambodia, Java, and Thailand.

Language and System of Writing

 Major languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Panpangan, Sugbuhanun, Hiligaynun, Magindanaw,

and Samurnon this languages is originated from Malayo-Polenisian Language.
 System of writing: the alphabet consisted 3 vowels and 14 consonants called baybayin.
 They used tap of trees as ink and pointed stick as pencil.
 They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of trees of bamboo tube.

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

Antonio Pigafetta; c. 1491 – c. 1531) was an Italian scholar and explorer from the Republic of
Venice. He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan
under the flag of King Charles I of Spain and, after Magellan's death in the Philippines, the
subsequent voyage around the world. During the expedition, he served as Magellan's assistant
and kept an accurate journal which later assisted him in translating the Cebuano language. It is
the first recorded document concerning the language.

ANALYSIS of PIGAFETTA’s CHRONICLE

 It is one of the most cited document by historians who wished to study Precolonial
Philippines.
 It was believed that Pigafetta’s writings account is the purest precolonial society.
 Pigafetta’s work is of great importance in the study and writing of Philippine history.
 His attributes affects how his selection of the details included in the text, his
interpretation and retelling of the events.
MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN
-the memoirs were based on a diary he kept, documents he preserved, and family lore gathered from his
elders.
- Important historical events during the Spanish and American colonization
-Aguinaldo asked council of war to lower their sentence from execution to exile.
They made Aguinaldo "Generalisimo ng Hukbong Manghihimagsik“.
May 10 1897 - Komandante L. Macapagal led the two brothers to Mt. Buntis* where they were shot.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
*Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite

*His father Carlos Aguinaldo and his mother Trinidad Famy, a Chinese mestizo couple had eight children,
the seventh of which was Emilio. The Aguinaldos were a wealthy and influential family with Carlos being
gobernadicillo (municipal governor) for several terms. Their being Chinese-Mestizo also meant that the
family had the means to live a relatively comfortable lifestyle.

*He attended high school at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, but had to stop in his fourth year because of
CHOLERA OUTBREAK IN 1882

According to his book; Analysis Explanation

The nakedness of the natives and He is was from 16th century Pigafetta is from Europe where in
how he was fascinated by their European perspective. Where in their climate is not like in the
exotic culture. European stand point is the were Philippines which is a tropical
wearing fewer clothes. country, thus the people’s
nakedness and their houses is
appropriate to the climate they
have.
Natives amazement and illeteracy Europe economy was mercantilist Our island have abundance of gold
in the Europe artillery and which they measure the kingdom’s but the natives doesn’t have the
merchandise and other goods. wealth based on accumulation of same economy system thus, we
bullions or precious metals like don’t know the value of gold.
silver and gold.
They have their own belief system Europe was dominated by Holy Pigafetta and the natives have
that is blasphemous and barbaric, Roman Empire with the different belief system wherein the
even demonic. domination of Christian Church. natives worship idols while
Pigafetta believe in the teachings
of Christianity.
The obsession of the European Spice is a prestige goods to them. On that time, there is an scarcity
with spices might be odd to the of the spice in spain that is why
Filipinos. they are eager to find the Spice
Island.
*At 17 (1886-1895), he became the Cabeza de Barangay of Binakayan.
-to avoid conscription

*At 25 (1894), he became Cavite Viejo’s first Gobernadorcillo Capitan Municipal.

*In 1895, he became a Freemason, joining Pilar Lodge No. 203 of Imus by the codename “Colon”.
-joined the katipunan by choosing magdalo--Liberatad, igualdad, fraternidad (kalayaan, pagkakapantay-
pantay at pagkakapatiran)

In 1895 the Maura Law that called for the reorganization of local governments was enacted. At the age of
25, Aguinaldo became Cavite el Viejo's first “
gobernadorcillo capitan municipal" (Municipal Governor-Captain) of Kawit in 1894
-Maura Law was the last Spanish Land Law promulgated in the Philippines . Farmers and landlords were
given one year to register their agricultural lands to avoid declaration of it as a state property
-after his tour in mindoro

-He was elected president during the Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897.

*He assumed total leadership of the rebellion against the Spanish rule when Andres Bonifacio died in 1897.

*He declared the Philippine independence on June 12, 1898.

*. Emilio Aguinaldo was the 1st president in the republic of the Philippines the year of January 20, 1899-
April 1, 1901
* Emilio Aguinaldo died in Veterans Memorial Hospital in (Quezon) on February 6, 1964 from
cardiovascular disease. He was 94 years, 10 months and 15 days old when he died.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT

*Between 1928 and 1946, Emilio Aguinaldo produced in long hand the first volume of his memoirs, entitled
“Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan (1964),”

translated from the original Tagalog as “Memoirs of the Revolution” (1967).

IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS FOUND IN THE DOCUMENT

1896
• Spaniards discovered K.K.K.
• Cry of Pugad Lawin
• Start of Philippine Revolution

Battle of Imus (Sept.1, 1896) - The battle of Imus or Siege of Imus was one of the first major battles in the
Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial government in the province of Cavite. It was fought on
September 1896 at Imus Cavite .
The resulting victory of Katipunan/Filipino revolutionaries led by Emilio Aguinaldo in Imus very much
alarmed the Spanish government in the country

Battle of binakayan and dalahican – Nov. 1896 - Battle of Binalakayan and Dalahican was a simultaneous
battle during the Philippine Revolution that was happened from Nov 9-11 1896 that led to a Filipino
decisive victory the twin battle took place at the shores of Binakayan in the town of Cavite El Viejo (Kawit)
Dalahican and Dagatan in Noveleta: and to minimal extent in Imus and Bacoor towns in Cavite province .
Philippines that lasted for two days before the Spanish army retreated demoralized and in disarray. The
result of battle was the first significant Filipino victory in the country;s history.
Election in Tejeros (March 22 1897) - The assembly of the Magdiwang and Magdalo which was held in
Hacienda of Tejeros, San Francisco De Malabon in March 22 which was led by Andres Bonifacio. The
election for president has only two candidates the Haring Bayan Andres Bonifacio and General Emilio
Aguinaldo. After the election came out General Emilio Aguinaldo, was the elected as the President.
. For the Vice-President Supremo Andres Bonifacio was nominated again, but he was defeated by The
Minister of Grace and Justice General Mariano Trias. Following the election for Captain General, former
Captain Santiago Alvarez, and General Artemio Ricarte were nominated. Although General Ricarte objected
to his election, he was withdrawn and after that it follows the proclamation for him.In the Secretary of War,
Supremo Andres Bonifacio was once again a candidate and his rival was General Mariano Riego de Dios the
Minister of Development in Magdiwang. The Supremo was defeated, and this was his third defeat in the
election.
In the Secretary of Interior, Supremo Andres Bonifacio once again entered the candidacy and his opponent
was his two Magdiwang Ministers, Mr. Severino De Las Alas and Mr. Diego Mojica. In this election
Supremo Andres Bonifacio succeeded, and as a custom he was proclaim as Secretary of Interior. But
General Daniel Tirona opposes and said "It does not suit Supremo Andres Bonifacio, because he is not a
lawyer, and Attorney Jose del Rosario deserve the position” and this is where the disturbance in the
assembly started.
March 24 1897- More troops of Magdiwang arrived
-Emilio was told to join his brother
-Bonifacio did not let the troops continue to Pasong Santol
-Troops were imprisoned in Malabon
March 25 1897- Spaniards got the position in Pasong Santol
-Crispulo Aguinaldo dies in battle

Andres and Procopio Bonifacio –

• After the council of war convened, composed of seven Kagawads, led by Hen. Mariano Noriel & Pio
del Pilar, the Bonifacio brothers were found guilty(traicion, sedicion, and rebellion)
-Attempted murder against Emilio Aguinaldo
-Imprisoning the troops in Malabon
-Alleging that Bonifacio had burned down a village and ordered that burning of the church of
Indang after townpeople refused to give him provisions
• Sentenced to death.
• Aguinaldo asked council of war to lower their sentence from execution to exile.
• They made Aguinaldo "Generalisimo ng Hukbong Manghihimagsik“.
• May 10 1897 - Komandante L. Macapagal led the two brothers to Mt. Buntis* where they were shot.

Heneral Luna- Felipe Agoncillo is the one who plan to killed Heneral Luna and not Emilio Aguinaldo

Heneral Goyo at the Battle of Tirad Pass- The Battle of Tirad Pass sometimes referred to as the “Philippine
Thermopylae”, was a battle in the Philippine-American war fought on December 2 1899 in Northern Luzon,
in which 60 man Filipino rear guard commanded by a young Brigadier General Gregorio Del Pilar
succumbed to over 500 Americans, mostly 33rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment under Major Peyton C. March,
while delaying the American advance to ensure that President Emilio Aguinaldo and his remaining troops
were able to escape.

Contribution
• Gave an eyewitness account of how these events really happened
• Proved the rumor that Aguinaldo ordered to execute Bonifacio false
• Allows us to see a different perspective from Aguinaldo’s insight since people mostly view him
negatively
• We aren’t always the kind of people who can’t find back
• Helped historians in terms of what governmental system they tried having back then

Relevance

• Aguinaldo set an example of what the leaders of the nation should be like
 • Sometimes, people have to fall to rise back up again
• The people willingly followed Aguinaldo, without him telling them to come along; reflects on
today’s citizens

KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN

- Katipunan’s code of conduct that contains 14 rules. It instruct the way a Katipunero should behave
and which specific values should be uphold.
- Formed on July 7, 1892 by (Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa,
Deodato Arellano and many more)
- The primary source of kartilla is the “Dekalogo” of Andres Bonifacio.
- 3 objectives of Katipunan ( Political- revolution, for freedom, Moral- to promote good manners,
honesty, bravery and to fight against the corrupt leaders and friars, Civil- defend the oppressed and
resist the oppressor
- 18 years old when he joined katipunan
- ON APRIL 15 1897, BONIFACIO APPOINTED JACINTO AS COMMANDER OF KATIPUNAN
IN NORTHERN LUZON

THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION FORMED IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Their missions are:
1. United Filipino Nation that would revolt against the Spaniards for
2. The total Independence of the country from Spain

The Katipunan Code of Conduct

1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed.( NABUBUHAY UPANG TULUNGAN ANG BAWAT ISA)

2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue. ( PAGGAWA NG TAMA NG
HINDI NANGHIHINGI NG KAPALIT AT ANG PAGKILALA AY HINDI MAAARING ITURING
NA KABUTIHAN)

3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts and
words to what is in itself reasonable. (PAGTULONG AT PAGMAMAHAL SA KAPWA NG HINDI
NANGHIHINGI NG KAPALIT)

4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and
beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.( HINDI NASUSUKAT SA KULAY NG
BALAT ANG PAGKATAO. DAHIL LAHAT TAYO AY PANTAY PANTAY)

5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.( ANG TAONG MAY
MATAAS NA KALOOBAN AY MASAYA SA PAPURING NATATANGGAP NGUNIT ANG
TAONG MAY MABUTING KALOOBAN AY MAS MASAYA SA PAGTULONG SA KAPWA
KESA SA PAPURI)
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred. (ANG TAONG MARUNONG TUMANAW NG UTANG
NA LOOB AY ANG TAONG MARUNONG TUMUPAD SA USAPAN)

7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.( ANG BAWAT PANAHON NA
MERON KA AT BUHAY AY DAPAT IPAGPASALAMAT)

8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.( IPAGTANGGOL ANG
INAAPI AT LABANAN ANG UMAAPI)

9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.( ANG TAONG MATALINO AT
NAGIINGAT SA DAPAT SABIHIN AT MANANATILING TAHIMIK SA MGA BAGAY NA
DAPAT LIHIM LAMANG )

10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide leads to the
precipice, those whom he guides will also go there. (LALAKI ANG SIYANG PATNUBAY NG
KANYANG ASAWA AT MGA ANAK , KUNG SIYA AY PATUNGO SA KASAMAAN,
KASAMAAN DIN ANG PATUTUNGUHAN NG KANIYANG MGA KASAMA)

11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share
with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will
remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.( ANG BABAE AY HINDI LIBANGAN ,
SIYA AY KATUWANG AT KARAMAY SA LAHAT NG BAGAY)

12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the wife,
children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.( ANG AYAW MONG MAGAWA SA IYONG ASAWA,
ANAK AT INA AY WAG MONG GAGAWIN SA IBA)

13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not
because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth,
but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy
and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his
fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.( ANG HALAGA NG
ISANG TAO AY HINDI NABABASE SA ESTADO AY YAMAN NIYA. LAHAT AY PANTAY
PANTAY)

14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant
over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the
confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and the
well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter (the Katipunan) has informed himself of all
this and believes he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for
admission. (ANG KALAYAAN, ITO ANG KAPALIT AT KATUMBAS NG LAHAT NG
SINAKRIPISYONG PAWIS, DUGO AT BUHAY. AT WALANG KASINGSAYA AT WALANG
KASINGLIGAYA ANG SUSUNOD NITO
ANALYSIS OF KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN

- ITS PURPOSE OS TO OVERTHROW THE COLONIAL REGIME

 - REACTION AND RESPONSE TO CERTAIN VALUE SYSTEMS THAT THEY FOUND
DESPICABLE

- -REPEATEDLY EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF HONOR IN WORDS AND IN ACTION

- HOW WOMEN SHOUD BE TREATED WITH HONOR AND RESPECT

- -HOW ONE SHOULD TREAT HIS NEIGHBOR

- -HOW ONE SHOULD DEVELOP AND CONDUCT ONE’S SELF

Proclamation of Philippine Independence

June 12, 1898
- Philippine Independence day
- After 333 years of Spanish Colonization
- It was proclaimed at Cawit, Cavite
- Under the government of Emilio Aguinaldo, the first President of the Philippines
- First time to hear the ‘Marcha National Filipina’ written by Julian Felipe. It was only a march
because it haven’t yet a lyrics. Also during the proclamation, our Philippine flag waived as a sign
that the Philippines has its own Republic.
The Document Contains;
- Government in that era which lead by Aguinaldo
- It contains 2,000 words
- Abuses and Inequalities of the Spaniards
- Magellan’s arrival at Mactan, Cebu
- Rizal’s Execution
- Cavite Mutiny (GOMBURZA)
- The document also explained the meaning of the Philippine flag.
The white Triangle
- Peace and purity
- Katipunan emblem
The three stars
- Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay
The Sun (rays)
- The Gigantic Strides
- The eight provinces which was Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna
and Batangas.
Colors
- Peace (blue) and War (red)
- Manifestation of our profound gratitude for United States of America.
Analyzation of the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence (the document)
- It reflects the general revolutionary sentiment of that peiod.
- It discussed the friar abuse, racial discrimination and inequality
- The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was discussed in detail
 - It reflects the politics and victors
- Exude the politics and biases.
WORKS OF LUNA AND AMORSOLO
Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)
- Philippines' first National Artist in Painting (1972), the so-called "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art",
Amorsolo earned a degree from the Liceo de Manila Art School in 1909 and entered the University
of the Philippines' (UP) School of Fine Arts.
His Works:
1. Afternoon meal of the rice workers, 1951
2. Mango pickers, oil on Canvas, 1936.
3. Fruit Gatherer, oil on board, 1950.
4. El Ciego (The Blind Man), oil on panel, 1929.
5. The Palay Maiden
6. A Basket of Mangoes, oil on canvas, 1949
7.The making of the Philippine Flag
8.Tinikling in barrio, 1951
9.Writing a Letter, 1933,
10.Old Spanish church, oil on canvas, 1957.

Juan Luna y Novicio (October 23, 1857 — December 7, 1899).

- He was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late
19th century. He was one of the first recognized Philippine artists.
His Works:
1.Una Chula II
2.The Parisian Life,
3.La Bulaquena, 1895
4.Souvenir de 1899
5.Spoliarium
6.Tampuhan is a 1895
7.Espana y Filipinas
8.Mi Hermana
9.La Muerte de Cleopatra (The Death of Cleopatra)
10.Portrait of Jose Rizal
A Glance at Selected Philippine Political Caricature in Alfred McCoy’s Philippine Cartoons: Political
Caricature of the Americans

Political Cartoons and Caricature

A rather recent art form which veered away from the classical art by exaggerating human features
and poking fun at its subject. Such art genre and technique became a part of the print media as a form of
social and political commentary, which usually targets persons of power and authority.
Cartoons became an effective tool of publicizing opinions through heavy use of symbolism, which is
different from a verbose written editorial and opinion pieces.
The unique way that a Caricature represents opinion and captures the audience’s imagination is
reason enough for historians to examine these political cartoons.
In his book Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-1941), Alfred
McCoy, together with Alfredo Roces, compiled political cartoons published in newspaper dailies and
periodicals in the aforementioned time period.
Public post is not a Hereditary Crown
Published in The Independent on May 20, 1916.
The cartoon shows a politician from Tondo, named Dr. Santos, passing his crown to his brother-in-
law, Dr. Barcelona.
A Filipino guy was trying to stop Santos, telling latter to stop giving Barcelona the crown because it
is not his to begin with.
War against the Speculators
Published in The Independent on June 16, 1917. This was drawn by Fernando Amorsolo.
A Filipino child who stole a skinny chicken because he had nothing to eat. The police officer was
relentlessly pursuing the child.
A man wearing a Salakot, labeled Juan De la Cruz was grabbing the officer, telling him to leave the
small-time pickpockets and thieves and to turn at the great thieves instead. He was pointing to huge
warehouses containing bulks of rice, milk, and grocery products.
Colorum
It was a commentary on the unprecedented cases of colorum automobiles in the city streets.
The Philippine Free Press published this commentary when fatal accidents involving colorum
vehicles and taxis occurred too often already.
Cinema
A blown-up officer was at the screen saying that couples are not allowed to neck and make love in
the theater.
Two youngsters looked horrified while an older couple seemed amused.
Uncle Sam Riding a Chariot
Published in The Independent on Nov. 27, 1915.
A caricature of Uncle Sam riding a chariot pulled by Filipinos wearing school uniforms.
This cartoon was based on an event in 1907 when William Howard Taft was brought to the Manila
pier riding a chariot pulled by students of Liceo de Manila.
The Turn of the Matches
Published in Lipang Kalabaw on Aug. 24, 1907.
In the picture, we can see Uncle Sam rationing porridge to the politicians and members of the
Progresista Party (sometimes known as the Federelista Party) while members of the Nacionalista Party look
on and wait for their turn.
This cartoon depicts of the US being coveted by politicians from either of the party.
Analysis of the Political Caricatures during the American Period
The transition from the Spanish Colonial period to the American Occupation period demonstrated
different strands of changes and shifts in culture, society, and politics.
Aside from this, it was also during the American period that Filipinos were introduced to different
manifestations of modernity like healthcare, modern transportation, and media.
The selected cartoons illustrate not only the opinion of certain media outfits about the Philippines
society during the American period but also paint a broad image of society and politics under the US.
The other cartoons depict how Americans controlled Filipinos through seemingly harmless American
objects. By controlling their consciousness and mentality, Americans got to control and subjugate Filipinos.
FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST GOVERNOR WOOD BY GREGORIO ZAIDE
The document as a form of protest (Zaide writes for the constitutional representatives of the Filipino
People). The document served as an impeachment request for Governor Wood.
Approved by the Commission on Independence on Nov. 17, 1926.
Major-General Leonard Wood arrived in the Philippine islands in 1903 after his services in Cuba.
He was appointed Governor of the Mero Province compromising the southern islands and Mindanao.
General Wood was asked what he thinks would happen if he left.
His response was “Strife, disorder, bloodshed. They might not come instantly, but they would come
soon. Moros, whom we have disarmed and who want us to stay and protect them, and Christian Filipinos
would fight. Industry, trade, and credit would be ruined, with the inevitable concomitants of idleness, hunger
and anarchy.
American Flag
“Emblem of Freedom” & “Symbol of Altruism”
Philippines and America
Promised that our country would be conserved and developed for the benefit of people.
Filipinos were patient & diligent to the task of meeting the conditions given to them because they
TRUST in the Americans.
Calvin Coolidge
The President of the USA Advised Congress of the America to fulfill their promise since the goal has
been reached (loyalty from the Philippines).
Major-General Leonard Wood was sent to the Philippines as Governor-General.
Expectation
Cognizant of General Wood’s participation in the liberation of Cuba, Filipinos expected that spirit of
cooperation would be maintained.
Political emancipation would be complete.
Reality
There was a train of usurpation & arbitrary acts
Resulted in curtailment of our autonomy & destruction of our constitutional system Reversal of
America’s Philippine Policy.

Wood attempted to nullify laws creating the Board of Control and assumed the functions of that
body.
1. He has refused his assent to laws which were the most wholesome & necessary heads of department.
2. He has set at naught both the legal authority and responsibility for the Philippine heads of
departments.
3. He has substituted his constitutional advisers for a group of military attaches without legal standing
in the government and not responsible to the people.
4. He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the service of the government by appointing Americans
even when Flipinos proven capacity were available.
5. He has obstructed the carrying out of national economic policies duty adopted by the Legislature,
merely because they are in conflict with his personal views.
Gregorio Zaide
Studied in the University of the Philippines and University of Sto. Tomas
(May 25,1907 - Oct. 31,1988), Pagsanjan, Laguna.
A Filipino historian, author and politician.
He was one of the founders of the International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA), and
president of the Philippine Historical Association for three terms.

Revisiting corazon Aquino’s speech before the u.s. congress

Maria Corazon Cojuanco-Aquino
 • The 11TH president of the Philippines
• Born January 25 1993 in Tarlac, Philippines
• Wife of Senator Benigno Aquino
• Was widely accredited as the “ Mother of Asian Democracy”
The people power revolution of 1986
• 1983 - Senator Benigno “Ninoy” S. Aquino was shot at the tarmac Manila International Airport.
• Economic crisis in the Philippines happened.
• Marcos called for snap election in November1985.
• February 7 1986 snap election
• February 9 1986 Thirty five computer workers at the COMELEC tabulation center in the PICC walk
out.
 February 15 1986 The Batasang Pambansa declared President Marcos and his running mate Arturo
Tolentino as the winner of snap election.
 February 22 – 25 the people power revolution happened.

Analysis of Cory Aquino speech

Intent:
 To declare the freedom of Filipinos from the marcos regime
 To make a new beginning for the Filipinos and to its government.
 To appeal for financial assistance by informing the Americans about the Philippine state

Raiders of the Sulu Sea

The history channel Showed a documentary about what wag claimed then as pirates of the Sulu Sea from
Mindanao, Philippines. The documentary was on how this raiders were actually plying their trade before and
during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

Three Muslim Tribes

*Samal balangingi
*Illanun
*Sultanate
The three tribes are not really pirates during the times they were plying their trade of capturing people and
selling them as slaves. Slave training wag a business then and they were not raiding ships in high seas. What
they did was go and land in different shores posing as fishermen. Without any warning, draw their 1-meter
long shores and take as many slaves as they can once captured, the slaves’ are punctured and tied to each
other.
Ancient maritime vessels
Lanong
*large outrigger warships used by the Illanun and the Balangingii people.
*Specialized for naval battles.
*were prominently user for piracy and slave raids from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century in
most of south East Asia.
Garay
• Traditional native warships of the Balangingi people in the philippines.
• Used by piracy by the Balangingi and Illanun people against unarmed training ships and raids on
coastal settlements in the regions surrounding the Sulu sea.
• The man means “scattered” or “ wanderer” in the Sama language of the banguingui.
• Were smaller, faster and more maneuverable than the Illanun lanong warships.
Salisipan
• Auxiliary vessels
• Long narrow war canoes, with or without outriggers, of the Illanun and Balangingi people of the
Philippines.
• Usually part of fleets with large motherships like Pangajava, Garay or Lanong warships.
• Mainly used for piracy and for raids on coastal areas.
Ancient weapon of the moro people
Moro kris
• A weapon of warfare and ceremony
• This are not only carried by slave raiders into battles bat also by nobles and a high ranking official of
the southern sultanate
• Double edged with either smooth or Wait blades
• The during is for easily slashing it would penetrate the bone and would stick making it hard to pull.
Kampilan
• Longest the sword, used by the Illanuns
• Heavy single edged sword often adorned with hair to make it look even intimidating
• At the tip of the blade, a projecting blunt side was used to pick up the head of a decapitated body.
Barong
• Deadly weapon sword used by Taosug warriors with single-edged leaf blade made of think tempered
steel
• Used to enclosed hand-to-hand battle to cut Spanish firearms down
Spanish firearm: musket
• Had limitations and inaccurate
• Took several steps to Reload and only 3 shoots per minute