How to use Gnaural (click here for a quick start guide)

Gnaural can play sound directly through your computer sound system, or create a sound file that
you can burn to CD or put on your iPod/MP3 player. Either way, you will need earphones or
earbuds to actually experience binaural beats, as the principle requires isolating the stimulus to each
ear.

While there are many ways to explore binaural beats, the standard "relaxation" approach is to listen
to the sound while lying down with eyes closed. The volume should be at a comfortable level, and
the noise just barely audible beneath the tones. If your headphones are connected properly, you
should immediately notice a gentle "wow-wow-wow" beat from the mixing of the tones in your
head. These are binaural beats. Often when starting a session I'll quickly test my headphone
connection by pulling one side off my head; the "wow-wow-wow" should disappear isntantly then
reappear when put it back on. But if I still hear a "wow-wow-wow" sound with one side off, my
headphones weren't plugged-in to my computer or MP3 player, mixing the stereo output to mono.

Once satisfied that all is functioning properly, you should simply relax and let the binaural beats
take your mind on a ride. Within 8 minutes, you're brain should be fairly well in-sync with the
binaural beats. It is my own observation that as my brain starts to synchronize with the beats, it
actually becomes hard to hear them, as if my overall brain wave activity is cancelling them out.
Which is one of the reasons I like to place spikes -- short, 12-second rise-and-falls in the schedule --
in my session schedules every 6 minutes or so. These help me keep my mental focus as my brain
activity slows-down, by gently nudging me periodically, and thereby keeping me from drifting in to
a sleep-like unconsciousness.

My sessions generally last about 17 to 25 minutes, although 8 minutes is probably enough to

produce the desired effect. While you can design schedules any way you like, the default session
("schedule") built in to Gnaural is a "relaxation" schedule, and runs for around 74 minutes --
basically because that is the most that will fit on a standard CD-R disk. While I have only rarely had
a session that long, in general, I've found it a whole lot more useful to have a session provide more
duration than I need, because I can always just stop before it is done. But if a schedule ends too
early, it can feel a bit like getting woken-up in the middle of an interesting dream.

Designing your own Schedules (click here for a quick start guide)

When Gnaural starts, by default it looks for a file named "schedule.gnaural" [ancient version of Gnaural
called it "gnaural_schedule.txt", witha structure explained here]. In Windows, Gnaural looks for this file in
the installation directory, usually C:\Program Files\Gnaural. In Linux and Mac, Gnaural looks
in the ~/.gnaural directory created when it is first-run. If Gnaural doesn't find that file, it creates a
new one with a default meditation-oriented schedule. This file is in XML format, and can be edited
with any plain-text editor. But editing XML by hand is complicated (you can find more information on
their format here), but fortunately Gnaural has a built-in GUI editor (the graph at the lower-half of
Gnaural's window) which makes it easy to edit schedule files without ever having to look at their
contents. For instructions on the graphing editor, see here.

I am not an expert on the brain or on what frequencies induce specific mental states, so I can't offer
any good advice on areas of the brainwave spectrum to explore. The generalities I've used to make
my schedules include:

 The lowest end of the brainwave spectrum is called the "delta" range, with frequencies less
than 4 Hz. This is usually considered a “sleep” range.
 The "theta" range (between 4 and 8 Hz) is often associated with deep states of meditation.
 The high end of brainwave activity is called the "beta" range, and extends from about 14 to
40 Hz.
 The “alpha” range (from 8 to 14 Hz) is often considered a area of “high focus”, possibly
good for reading or for mental endurance while cramming for an exam.

My approach is to start with a beat frequency in the alpha range, around 12 hz, because I understand
this is approximately the range where an active, wakeful brain will go when the eyes are closed and
mind consciously relaxed. From there, I slowly let the beat frequency slide downward toward the
low theta range. I've found 5 minutes to be enough time for me to get there, but it will probably take
longer for people who haven't done it before. The whole idea is to gently encourage brainwave
activity, through binaural-beat entrainment, to the range of frequency we want to explore. The
binaural beat technique can't force this to happen, it facilitates entrainment. So with that in mind,
the more slowly you can descend, the better. The one caveat to that, though, it that one can basically
just "go to sleep" if not occasionally perked-up. For this reason, I include spikes in the schedule
every 6 minutes or so, in which I raise the frequency to around 7 or 8 hz in around 6 seconds, and
them back down again in 6 seconds. Where your "spikes" should be is really a matter of what feels
right; I know the spikes are too close together when I am fully awake when they arrive. Contrarily,
they are too far apart when I simply go to sleep and wake up an hour later. They are in the right
place when they catch me just before the point where I am no longer conscious of my participation
in the session. I have found that a lot of the "interesting stuff" happens in the stage right in between
wakefulness and sleep, know as the hypnagogic (or alternately hypnopompic) state.

You may want to experiment with mixing binaural beats with other sounds (waterfalls, rain, waves,
etc.). Gnaural can play many types of sound files; simply add a new voice (Ctrl-j), choose "Audio
File" for voice type, then the "Choose Audio File" button to tell Gnaural what to play. Once loaded,
its volume and stereo parameters can be treated like any other voice.

Gnaural and its source-code are free, released under the GNU General Public License in the hope
that others might care enough to contribute to furthering the implementation (to participate with
ideas, constructive comments, and code, contact gnaural at users.sourceforge.net). Please use this
technique responsibly. For instance, don't use it while driving or biking, etc. Reality "off-the-sofa"
requires the full range of brain activity. Also, while I may not have heard of any bad reactions to the
Binaural Beat technique, you might want to ask a clinician before using it if you have epilepsy, for
example. I can personally attest to having never had any negative results over the many years I've
used this technique, but I am by no means a medical expert.

Presets

I've had a lot of requests for what are termed "presets" -- that is, already-made schedules that serve
some particular goal (like being very awake or deep in trance). Problem is, I don't think one can
really know if a particular schedule does what it states without lots of people trying them and
reporting back. I offer some experimental ones, both of my own design and submitted by users, here
(NOTE: for 0.3 and earlier Gnaural versions, see here). To use them, right-click as "Save As" the schedule to
your hard drive then open in Gnaural. Feel free to email me your own experiments or post them in
the Forums.

Using Gnaural's Graph Editor

A main feature of Gnaural is it's visual interface to edit/create Schedule files without the tedium of
hand-editing text files. The actual interface is the graph on the lower half of the application; by
clicking in this area, you can add, delete, move, and edit data points. The approach is mouse based:

  Left button: selects, moves, and creates (by double-clicking) data points
  Right button: opens an editable dialog that can modify en masse any selected data points
  Middle button: deletes data points

Some random tips to get you started:

  Double-clicking creates a new data point

  Click-and-dragging across data points selects them
  Add more to a selection by holding Shift and selecting more points. Likewise, subtract from
a selection by holding Ctrl
  Selected points can be moved en masse by dragging any single selected point
  Use Shift with the Arrow keys to precisely move selected points
  The Delete key deletes data points, but not the durations associated with them. Shift-Delete
will also delete the durations
  Ctrl-C ("Copy"), Ctrl-X ("Cut"), and Shift-X ("Cut Durations") each can copy selected data
points. Ctrl-V ("Paste") pastes them.
  Paste (Ctrl-V) pastes data points exactly to the original position in the graph they were
copied from, but can be moved with keyboard arrows or mouse.
  Ctrl-Z will undo the previous operation; Ctrl-Y will redo
  Dragging data-points beyond the right-edge of the graph will extend the duration of the
schedule
  Dragging data-points above the top edge with recalibrate the graph's scale to contain the
point
  You can jump to a particular point in the schedule by clicking in the area just beneath the
graph

FAQ

How can I put a data point higher that the 12 hz at the top of the graph [visual
editor]?
The quick way: Using the visual editor ("the graph"), click-and-drag any point you see higher than
the top of the graph and then let go -- the graph will recalibrate to some arbitrary value value higher
than the default 12 you see.

The precise way: select a data point the "right-click" with the mouse to bring up a dialog box in
which you can set exact values for all data point properties. In this case, you'd be setting the
"Starting Frequency" entry. The graph will automatically recalibrate to contain this new point if
necessary.

How do I create a data point?

Double-click the left button on your mouse.

How can I delete a data point?

You can either cick the middle button (the "Scroll Wheel" on most mice) over the data point, or
select that data point with the mouse then hit the "Delete" key. Holding "Shift" at the same time also
deletes the duration assocated with the data point.

How can I delete all the data points at once?

With the mouse cursor inside the graph, press "Ctrl-a" to select all data points, then "Delete" to
remove them, or "Shift" and "Delete" at the same time to also delete all the durations of all the data
points. NOTE: you can't actually delete ALL the data points; Gnaural's logic requires that there at
least be one, and if you try to delete all, Gnaural will leave the first one intact.

I can't open the dialog box for the last data point on the right of the graph.
Why?
Because it is really the first data point, due to the "wrap-around" loop-able approach used by
Gnaural. (if you don't believe it, notice that moving the last data point up or down moves the first
data point too). So just edit the dialog for the first point.

I want to make a new schedule, and I want it to be 25 minutes long. How can I do
it?
Go to the menu "Graph" and select "Clear." Click (left-click, that is) anywhere in the middle of the
graph to produce a new data point. Right-click on the new point, and in the dialog that pops-up, set
"Event Duration" to 0 (that's zero). Then right-click on the first data point (the point furthest to the
left) and set the entry "Event Duration" to 1500 seconds (that's 25 minutes).

I want to truncate my 75 min. schedule to be exactly 20 min. How do i do it?

Go to the menu entry "Tools->Truncate Schedule" and set the schedule end time to 1200.

What is the "Base Freq."?

The Base Frequency is main pitch of the tone you will be hearing, as opposed to the speed of the
"wow-wow-wow" pulsating you percieve as set by the Beat Frequency. To make an FM radio
analogy, the Base Freq. is the "carrier" you'd dial your radio to, while the Beat Freq. would be the
actual music/voice you hear in the broadcast.

In more technical terms, we modulate an audible Base Freq. because Beat Frequencies would be too
low for our sense of hearing. Put another way, humans can't hear sounds below 20hz, while the
Binaural Beats are very typically down around 4hz, so instead of just trying to pump an inaudible
4hz tone in to our earphones we modulate a very clearly audible Base Freq to produce an effective
4hz stimulus. You can pick whatever range you want for Beat Freq, but in general, it is probably
most effective to use one between 110 hz and 300 hz. The default schedule in Gnaural actually
varies the Base Freq constantly over its duration so that you never have one frequency playing in
your ear for an extended time; this is to be gentle on your hearing, and also to contribute to the
psychological sense of "descent" generally, as the varyiance goes from a higher Base Freq to lower
over the schedule.

Even more: Humans, for all practical purposes, can't hear sounds below 20 hz. But it is not unusual
in a Gnaural session to deliver beat frequencies less than 5 hz. The solution offered by the binaural
beat approach is to deliver the "sub-audible" information via the difference between two "audible"
tones. The base frequency you choose is basically arbitrary. But in practice, I've found that if the
base frequency is too low, the range of the modulating beat frequencies will vary the percieved
loudness of the base frequency too much (literally because the modulated base frequency on one
side of your headphones will be driven either further in or out of our threshold of hearing range,
thus making one side of your headphones sound louder than the other). And on the other side, I've
read that if you set the base frequency too high (over 1khz), our auditory system simply can't
process the beat frequency properly. I tend to use something between about 110 and 220 hz. I
formerly used frequencies common to our musical scale (in the off-chance it might give me perfect
pitch!), but now I have the opposite view: I like to use frequencies I am unlikely to hear alone in
everyday contexts.

Here's more:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/gnaural/forums/forum/498482/topic/3636345

How can I mix music with binaural beats?

See here or here

Why don't you add more "presets" [built-in schedules] in to Gnaural?

Short answer: The default one built in to Gnaural is the only one that I've used and refined long
enough to feel comfortable recommending as a reasonably valid example of implementation of the
binaural beat principle. I probably won't build in any more default ones IN to Gnaural, but I very
much would like to share presets created and tested by users. If the idea ever catches, I'll try to
create a self-serve site for such a task; for now, people can post the text of any schedules they are
finding useful in the Open Discussion Gnaural forum.

Long answer: I've been informed that other binaural beat generators provide more internal
schedules, often with titles that target particular mental states. While I encourage people to explore
those subjective ideas and share their own schedules, Gnaural itself was designed with a different
philosophy. The underlying design focus behind Gnaural (and going all the way back to BrainWav,
the first DOS version from the early 1990s) was to be more like a "laboratory grade" tool, in which
a generic functionality is provided that doesn't incline or emphaize any hypotheses beyond the
ground covered by the Oster paper of 1973. However, by no means was that design-focus meant as
a limit. If anything, I hope it made it more flexible as a general tool for exploring all potential uses
of the binaural beat phenomenon -- especially the idea that binaural beats can be used to influence
mental states.

And as to why I felt a need to "stick within the literature" : it was not because of any particular
dislike claims of others regarding binaural beats. Almost the opposite: it seems to me that a growing
gap between application claims and scientific corroboration has made the subject of binaural beats
almost "controversial" in the scientific community. Which in turn has disinclined scientific
investigation in to implications of a neurological effect established in the literature over 30 years
ago. From a scientific point of view, being able to control brainwave activity with a simple, non-
invasive means would appear to have immense potential for application. Personally, I'd like to see
the two sides -- serious scientific investigation and grass-roots empiricism -- benefitting from each
other's strengths rather than working at-odds.