CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Trash has become a global commodity. Trash, rubbish, waste or litter, no matter what we
call it, always implies that it is something unwanted and in need to be gotten rid of. As with
many other things, the value of our trash depends a lot on a person’s, a company’s or a country’s
perspective. What might be considered a nuisance by Europeans might be considered valuable in
Asia or Africa as a resource. Less than a century ago, trash did not even exist. Everything
consisted of natural materials and there were either no leftovers at all or they were biodegradable
within one generation. Only over the last decades humans have come up with synthetic materials
that do not break down easily and need in average 500 to 1,000 years to degenerate (Lapidos
2007). The distances between consumers and their trash are growing, not just geographically, but
also mentally. As soon as we empty our trash bin into containers for the city to pick them up, we
forget about it and do not think further about what happens to it. Before, trash was dumped in the
backyard or burned in the home oven. Later it was collected at local dumps outside the city. With
increasing volumes, the centrally collected trash is transported further and further away from its
point of origin. Nowadays trash travels thousands of kilometres to other countries and even
continents to be disposed of. In developed countries, local landfills fill up quickly and opening
new ones is received with the greatest resistance from local communities. So it is easier to just
ship the waste abroad to countries where citizens do not have a say about what happens in their
neighbourhoods. The NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard) syndrome applies.

In terms of Ritzer (2007) an empty plastic bottle is trash in Western countries and
therefore valueless and a “nothing”, but in China it can be a “something” – as a valuable
resource. Western countries usually have the money and technology to access most of the raw
material we desire and can process them into whatever we need. In Asia, the cheapest way to
obtain these essential resources is often to recycle discarded products from Western countries.

The following chapters will deal with examples of how trash is treated, how much is
produced, where it travels and what happens with the waste. The question of why is trash
shipped thousands of kilometres and why would countries agree to such a “trade” will be
addressed as well as what the local impacts of global waste are.
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003), which was promulgated
in January 2001 in the Philippines, officially declares to minimize solid waste all through its
process, starting from generation followed by collection and treatment and ended with final
disposal at landfills, without utilization of incineration technologies for the purpose of ensuring
the safety of human health and protection of the environment as well as maximizing the efficient
use of scarce natural resources. RA9003 provides extensive measures of waste minimization
including waste reduction at sources, reuse, recycling, and composting while it requires
collaborative efforts of all the relevant stakeholders, i.e. government, business, NGOs, and
citizens under the leadership of local government unit (LGU), who holds the primary
responsibility for solid waste management (SWM) to achieve this common goal. “The Local
Government Solid Waste Management Plan”, which is provided in RA9003 to be formulated by
each LGU, must include the implementation plan of the concrete measures to achieve the
minimum target of diverting 25 percent of solid waste disposal amount within 5 years after the
enforcement of the Act through reuse, recycling, composting and so forth. Responding to
enactment of RA9003, community-based collection system of recyclable materials has started to
widely tested for full-scale implementation at some local and barangay levels, some of which
have shown success and good examples for further application
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 GENERAL PROBLEM:

One of the most common problem in the Barangay Mojon Tampoy is the improper waste disposa
l, which could affect the current living of the residents of the barangay. The type of research appr
oach is a qualitative research. In this study the researchers aim to create a solution for the main p
roblem that the researchers found out by interviewing the residents. The Theory on Waste Manag
ement (2004) by E. Pongrácz, P. S. Phillips, and R. L. Keiski is used as a reference through the p
rogression of the study. An interview was conducted with (9) willingly residents of the chosen co
mmunity, barangay Mojon Tampoy. The question asked to the respondents were their basic infor
mation, source of income and the problems that they encountered in the community.

 SPECIFIC PROBLEM:

According to the result, improper waste disposal is the major problem of the residents in Mojon
Tampoy. These problems were defined as incinerating, throwing their garbage on the well and th
e lack of garbage collection. These problems could harm not only the residents but also the envir
onment itself. The knowledge of the residents about their current situation is based on their own
experiences. Although they were able to give advice to people that might experience the same sit
uation by segregating their waste properly but since they don’t have enough funds to support gar
bage truck collection they resulted to the incinerating of their garbage.
RESEARCH PARADIGM

Conservation psychology is a growing field that explores how people interact with and
interpret their roles in the environment. I conducted a three part study that incorporates
conservation psychology principles to examine the effects of recycling bin design and normative
conduct on recycling behavior as well as the ecological orientation of SJPS students based on
survey responses. Experiment 1 compared two recycling bin conditions (non-lidded bin vs. bin
covered with a lid with two holes indicating the shape of recyclables) to determine which bin
design was more effective in promoting recycling behavior. No difference was found between
the two designs. In Experiment 2, three conditions were established based on the level of
recyclables (plastic bottles) in a garbage can placed next to a lidded recycling bin. Each level
represented a different social norm: empty (no one threw anything away); 1 plastic bottle (only
one person threw away a recyclable); 3/4s full with recyclables (the majority of people threw
away recyclables). I found that participants were more likely to recycle when only one
conspicuous stimulus (the plastic bottle) was present. I theorize that the presence of a single
bottle drew attention to an instance of non-recycling behavior, encouraging the positive
normative conduct of recycling. Experiment 3 gathered SJPS students’ responses to the New
Ecological Paradigm scale, distributed as an online survey, and examined relationships within
the data. The total mean NEP score of the sample was 3.43, indicating a slightly more ecological
world view. There were relationships between gender, political affiliation, and mean NEP scores.
These three experiments serve to help build a strong working base for understanding
environmentalism and recycling behavior on SJPS campus and contribute to the growing body of
conservation psychology literature.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

One such study was done at Western Michigan University in 2012 in their academic
buildings by providing garbage bins as well as trash cans to students. The baseline results
showed that 20-30% less waste winding up in trash cans that will automatically go to land fills.
This study provided separate bins for recycling plastic, glass, and metal objects.

The study found that there were, even more, benefits of providing more recycling
receptacles than just less trash in landfills. Some of these benefits included less littering around
campus and decreased residential energy use. These positive behaviors displayed by the student
body and faculty on campus helped the environment by not only reducing material waste but by
reducing energy waste as well.

Estimates are that the recycling rate of glass used on campus rose to 27.1%, 35.1% of metals
were recycled, and 62.5% of paper products used were recycled. These numbers were significant
improvements from the 8.2% of all materials that were recycled in 2010.

Recycling is important in today’s world if we want to leave this planet for our future
generations. It is good for the environment, since we are making new products from the old
products which are of no use to us. Recycling begins at home. If you are not throwing away any
of your old product and instead utilizing it for something new then you are actually recycling.
When you think of recycling you should really think about the whole idea; reduce, reuse and
recycle. We’ve been careless up to this point with the way we’ve treated the Earth and it’s time
to change; not just the way we do things but the way we think.

Recycling is good for the environment, in the sense, we are using old and waste products
which are of no use and then converting them back to same new products. Since we are saving
resources and are sending less trash to the landfills, it helps in reducing air and water pollution.
Energy saving is important if we are to reduce the future effects of global warming. If we recycle
one aluminum can, we are able to save enough energy to run a TV for around 3 hours. This will
obviously depend on the energy consumption of your TV, but it gives you a great idea as to just
how much energy can be saved during the process of recycling products.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study is conducted by the concerned researchers. Because nowadays, garbage is a

big problem mostly in all residences. And through this study, the researchers will be able to
come up with engaging ways of solid waste management.9

Philippine Normal University – Institute of Teaching and LearningNew ways that will
surely help and maintain the cleanliness of not just the barangay where in the study will be done,
but also to the whole community.This study will not be possible if the researchers does not have
enough knowledgeabout the residents and the barangay itself. As a first step, the researchers will
produce two sets of questionnaire that will be answered by ten(10) residents of the barangay and
five(5) barangay officials regarding if their barangay has a program about waste management.
After these are all done, the researchers will gather all data and evaluate after.After all the
evaluations and gatherings, the researchers will now come up with new ways of waste
management. If done, the researchers will propose their ideas to the barangay official. If
approved, the researchers promise to help in applying and maintaining the said program
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Reuse – Reusing a certain material means to use it again for the same purpose
that it was originally made for. Sometimes a product that is being reused is referred to as
being refurbished, or pre-owned. The original product is usually not altered in any
significant way before being used again. Examples range from pre-owned cars and golf
clubs to clothing and footwear.

 Upcycling – Upcycling means to use a certain material again, but in a manner

different than what it was originally intended for. The original product is left mostly
intact, utilizing its shape, form, and material for a different purpose. Examples include
using car tires as swings or playground elements, using corks to make a cork board, or
using shipping pallets to make furniture or interior design elements. Only a very small
percentage of the material TerraCycle collects falls into this category.

 Recycling – Recycling is the process of recovering material from waste and

turning it into new products. The original product is destroyed in this process, usually
through a melting process, but it used to form new products. Examples are aluminum
cans, plastic water bottles, most food tubs, bottles, cans, and many more! Most of the
items TerraCycle collects fall into this category.

 Incineration (or Waste-to-Energy/W2E) – Incineration is the process by which

waste materials are burned or gasified. Depending on the product, this process may or
may not generate fuel or energy. The original product is destroyed during this process as
the high temperatures break down material at the molecular level.

 Landfilling – Disposing of waste by putting it into a pile and covering it with dirt
and other materials. Landfilling effectively mummifies the material, as very little
decomposition can occur due to the lack of air circulation and sunlight. This process
does not recover any material, except in very few exceptions where landfills may syphon
off methane gas for energy use.

 Reducing Your Impact – There are many ways that we, as individuals, can
lessen our impact on the planet and the finite resources it contains. This list provides a
 general outline of things we can all do to become more environmentally conscious
consumers:

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE

In the study by Ehrampoush et al., (2008) on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of
Medical Sciences students in iran in respect to the disposal os solid waste, two hundred thirty-
seven understudies were in corporate into this cross-sectional investigation. The mean review of
information of men and ladies was 13.53 and 12.38, of 20, separately. The difference between
the knowledge of males and females was significant (p< 0.016). On the whole, the knowledge of
the students was not appropriate.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Environmental understanding and perspective of young people (like student) appear to be

decisive as they will ultimately play a significant role in providing answers to the future
environmental problems.

In the study by Ehrampoush et al., (2008) on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of
Medical Sciences students in iran in respect to the disposal os solid waste, two hundred thirty-
seven understudies were in corporate into this cross-sectional investigation. The mean review of
information of men and ladies was 13.53 and 12.38, of 20, separately. The difference between
the knowledge of males and females was significant (p< 0.016). On the whole, the knowledge of
the students was not appropriate. About 66% of students did not have any action in segregation
and recycling of solid wastes. It is concluded that all student must take part in formal and
informal education classes to promote their knowledge in this regard.

In a study by bator, et al. (2001), there appears to be a lack of knowledge of the recycling
procedure among Environmmental Studies students of Waterloo University. The student of the
college are environmentally-based than the rest of campus, so an assumption was made that as a
whole the students at the University of Waterloo are the same or less knowledge about recycling
procedure. To increases knowledge on campus, it was recommended that a more diversified
source of source of educating is needed further studies on this subject. Any vital information the
study can provide will help thme make further investigation in this area.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Recycling bins and trash containers help you maintain the playspace by providing places for
community members to properly dispose of waste. Bins can be placed inside these containers,
making for a much more attractive receptacle. The availability of recycling units can also
increase the consideration of the environment and empowers playspace users to put green ideas
into practice.
METHODS

Recycling got its start almost four decades ago, when a U.S. paper company wanted a
symbol to communicate its products' recycled content to customers. The design competition they
held was won by Gary Anderson, a young graphic designer from the University of Southern
California. His entry, based on the Mobius strip (a shape with only one side and no end) is now
universally recognized as the symbol for recycling.

To many people, recycling conjures up the blue plastic bins and bottle drives. Part of the
problem is that major companies like big bottlers of beer and soft drinks use recycling to shake
off the responsibility of dealing with their manufactured packaging. But recycling is a design
principle, a law of nature, a source of creativity, and a source of prosperity. For anyone looking
to steer clear of corporate sponsored recycling and hoping to make recycling a more integral part
of their lives, this guide is an overview of the basic legwork as well as some of the finer and
more advanced concepts that have emerged in recent years.

To wit: "Recycling a ton of 'waste' has twice the economic impact of burying it in the
ground. In addition, recycling one additional ton of waste will pay $101 more in salaries and
wages, produce $275 more in goods and services, and generate $135 more in sales than
disposing of it in a landfill." - From "Recycling: Good for the Economy, Good for the
Environment."
PROCRDURE

 First things first, a little R & R & R

The aphorism is so tired it almost might seem like "reduce, reuse, recycle" should go
without saying. Most of us have only really heard the last third of the phrase, and they're ranked
in order of importance, but there are several steps we should consider before recycling. Reducing
the amount that we consume, and shifting our consumption to well-designed products and
services, is the first step. Finding constructive uses for "waste" materials is next. If it's broken,
fix it don't replace it! If you can, return it to the producer (especially electronics). Or better yet -
don't by any packaged goods! Tossing it in the blue bin should be last. (The garbage can is not
on the list, for good reason.) Through a balance of these three principals you can easily see your
landfill-destined waste dwindle fast. A good example of recycling is setting your empty water
bottles in the bin on the curb. But by using a water filter and reusable container you can reduce
or completely eliminate your need for disposable plastic bottles.

 Know what you can and can't recycle

Read up on the recycling rules for your area and make sure you don't send anything in
that can't be processed. Each city has its own specifics, so try to follow those guidelines as best
you can. But it can be more complicated than that. There's real recycling, and there's green-
washed recycling and knowing the difference can help you avoid encouraging companies from
'fake feel-good' recycling. For example, Illy, the coffee company, began a capsule recycling
program for its disposable coffee pods. The reality is that the 'recycling program' ships the
capsules to another part of the country (hello carbon emissions!) and then downcycles the
capsules to the lowest possible level. Their advertisements might make customers feel better
about dumping capsules, but we know the truth behind the scheme, and it's not recycling at its
best.

 Buy recycled

The essence of recycling is the cyclical movement of materials through the system,
eliminating waste and the need to extract more virgin materials. Supporting recycling means
feeding this loop by not only recycling, but also supporting recycled products. We can now find
high recycled content in everything from printer paper to office chairs. But make sure you know
the difference between recyclable and recycled.Tetra Pak says the use recycled materials in their
packaging, but only 18 percent of Tetra Paks get recycled - so the recycling looped is not closed.

 Encourage an artist

If you know someone interested in making art from recycled materials, offer to provide supplies.
Many school children need items like paper towel tubes for art projects. Older artists use
everything from rubber bands to oven doors. If you know someone who teaches art classes,
suggest that an emphasis be put on making art from trash. While you're at it, remind them to use
recycled paper and biodegradable, earth-friendly glues, paints, and pencils whenever possible.
See below for inspiration and groups that connect artists and students with useful "trash."Don't
forget, you can get your creativity on and re-purpose your recycled materials too!

 Recycle your water

If you're a homeowner, consider rearranging your plumbing so that rainwater or wastewater from
your shower and tub is used to flush your toilet. If you have a garden, water it with leftover
bathwater or dishwashing water (as long as you use a biodegradable soap). For more on water
recycling see How to Go Green: Water.
 CHAPTER4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

 They’re categorized as industrial waste, which is the primary source of

pollution to our planet in today’s world.
 By recycling, you drastically reduce the amount of industrial waste. Instead of
those soda cans going into a landfill to clutter the Earth, they’re taken back to the
manufacturer to be broken down and reused.
 The less waste we throw onto the planet, the cleaner and safer it will be for
future generations to come.
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It
is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower water
pollution (from landfilling).
Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of
the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy. Thus, recycling aims at environmental
sustainability by substituting raw material inputs into and redirecting waste outputs out of the
economic system.
There are some ISO standards related to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics
waste and ISO 14001:2015 for environmental management control of recycling practice.
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles,
batteries, and electronics. The composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste such
as food or garden waste is also a form of recycling. Materials to be recycled are either
delivered to a household recycling center or picked up from curbside bins, then sorted, cleaned,
and reprocessed into new materials destined for manufacturing new products.
In the strictest sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same
material for example, used office paper would be converted into new office paper or
used polystyrene foam into new polystyrene. This is accomplished when recycling certain types
of materials, such as metal cans, which can become a can again and again, indefinitely, without
losing purity in the product. However, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with
producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so "recycling" of many
products or materials involves their reuse in producing different materials (for
example, paperboard) instead. Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from
complex products, either due to their intrinsic value (such as lead from car batteries, or gold
from printed circuit boards), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse
of mercury from thermometers and thermostats).
CONCLUSIONS

From the research we based our recommendations on, our group proposes that The
University of Michigan implements a waste system consisting of trash and recycling bins located
primarily indoors, with the outside ones primarily located near high use walkways. Locating bins
near areas where many people travel increases the simplicity and convenience of recycling. Our
group also recommends that all recycling cans on campus have a lid covering the bins.
RECOMMENDATION

When making these decisions, you'll almost feel like you're starring on a home decorating
show. But the selection of the trash can for the kitchen? Not quite as exciting or sexy. On the
home decorating shows, the decision about a garbage can occurs during commercial breaks.

This normally marks the point in this type of article where I'd now try to convince you
that your pick of the best garbage can deserves as much decorating attention as your choice of
countertop. However, I won't insult your intelligence. We all know it doesn't.

Still, selecting the best trash can for inside your home does require a little bit of thought.
Focus on the aspect of the trash can that those home decorating shows tend to gloss over —
practicality. You'll be using your trash can several times per day, and it should fit your needs at
least as much as it fits your décor. Practical isn't always pretty, after all.

We researched dozens of garbage cans to find the best ones you can buy to suit different
needs and budgets. These are the best trash cans you can buy for your home or apartment.

Mountain View should hire a qualified consultant to develop a comprehensive long term
Zero Waste Plan for the city. The plan will serve as a map for a methodology to incorporate zero
waste policies into long range planning. Policies must include a budget for waste reduction
programs, incentives to residents and businesses to judiciously use, reuse and re-cycle materials.