COLEEGE OF ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS

by: LOUIE LOLONG LACATAN, PhD

AMA UNIVERSITY

Vector Algebra

October 2019
 COURSE OUTLINE:
CHAPTER 1: VECTOR ANALYSIS

1. SCALARS and VECTORS

2. VECTOR ALGEBRA
3. THE RECTANGULAR COORDINATE
SYSTEM
4. VECTOR COMPONENTS and
UNIT VECTORS
5. THE DOT PRODUCT
6. THE CROSS PRODUCT
7. CIRCULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
8. SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
 CHAPTER II:

COULOMB’S LAW and ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY

1. COULOMB’S LAW
2. ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY
3. VOLUME CHARGE DENSITY
4. LINE CHARGE
5. SHEET OF CHARGE
6. STREAMLINES AND SKETCHES
 CHAPTER III:

ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY, GAUSS’S LAW

and DIVERGENCE:

1. ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY

2. GAUSS’S LAW
3. APPLICATION PROBLEMS
4. DIVERGENCE
5. MAXWELL FIRST EQUATION
(Electrostatics)
6. THE VECTOR OPERATOR V
 CHAPTER IV:
ENERGY AN D POTENTIAL

1. ENERGY EXPENDED IN MOVING A POINT

CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
2. THE LINE INTEGRAL
3. DEFINITION OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE AND
POTENTIAL
4. THE POTENTIAL FIELD OF A POINT CHARGE
5. THE POTENTIAL FIELD OF A SYSTEM OF
CHARGES: CONSERVATIVE PROPERTY
6. POTENTIAL GRADIENT
7. THE DIPOLE
History

1. André Marie Ampère (1775-1836) 1827: Ampère presented the first mathematical
theory of electrodynamics and discovered the magnetic effect of electric currents.

2. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) 1831: Faraday discovers electromagnetic

induction.

3. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) 1864: Maxwell presents his theory of

electromagnetism.

4. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894) 1885: Hertz demonstrates the electromagnetic

wave propagation in a series of experiments in a period through 1887.

6
 Lecture Objective

 Understand the meaning of vectors

 Scalar and Vector Quantities
 Vector Algebra
 Projection and Components of Vector
 Unit vectors
 Dot Product
 Cross Product
 Scalar and Vector Fields
 Position vector and Distance vector
 Solve some relevant examples

Introduction 7
What is Electromagnetics ?
• Electromagnetics is the study of the effect of
charges at rest and charges in motion.
• The subject of electromagnetics may be divided
into three branches

– electrostatics: charges at rest

– magnetostatics: charges in steady motion

(DC)

– electrodynamics: charges in time-varying

motion
Scalar and Vector Quantities
Physical quantities can be divided into two main
groups, scalar quantities and vector quantities:
 A scalar quantity is defined completely by a single (positive or
negative) real number with appropriate units,e.g
mass,density,pressure,charge,energy,temperature
 Scalar quantities can be manipulated by the laws of arithmetic applicable to
natural numbers. Many physical quantities can be added together in the
same way as natural numbers.
 For example, if we first put 100 cm3 of water into a cup and then put in an
additional 150 cm3, the cup will contain 250 cm3 of water.

9
Scalar and Vector Quantities

 A vector quantity is defined completely when we know not

only its magnitude (with units) but also the direction in which
it operates, e.g force,velocity,acceleration,
 Special arithmetic rules must be obeyed when adding vectors
together
 Vector notation: Vectors are distinguished from scalars by
writing them in special ways. A widely used convention is to
denote a vector quantity in bold type, such as A with an arrow
head, and that is the convention that will be used.
The magnitude of a vector A is written as |A|.

10
Vector Algebra

Note:
Moving a vector does not change
it. A vector is only defined by its
magnitude and direction, not
starting location

11
Vector Algebra
• Vector Inverse
 
– Just switch direction A A

• Vector Addition
– Use head-tail method, or
parallelogram method

• Vector Subtraction 
A
– Use inverse, then add
  
 B A B
• Vector Multiplication B • Basic laws obeyed by any
– Three kinds! given vectors A,B,C
– Multiplying a vector by a scalar – Commutative
– Scalar, or dot product – Associative
– Vector, or cross product – Distributive

12
Head to Tail Rule

 Draw the first vector in the sum.

 Translate the second vector until the tail of the second vector
coincides with the head of the first vector.
 Connect the tail of the first vector with the head of the second
vector to obtain the sum.

  
A A B
  
B A B

13
Parallelogram Rule

 Translate the vector B so that its tail coincides with the tail of
vector A
 Construct the parallelogram formed by the two vectors and the
two parallels to the vectors.
 Draw the vector C with its tail at the tails of vectors A and B
and the head at the intersection of the two parallel lines

A

 A
B 
B

14
 Sum of number of vectors

Draw the vectors as a chain.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____
AB  BC  CD DE  AE
____
or a  b  c  d  AE

If the ends of the chain coincide the sum is 0. Replacement by single vector.

a+b+c+d+e=0

a+b+c+d=PT

15
Vectors Basics

• Vectors have both magnitude and

direction e.g. a, 

• You should know how to find the y

components of a vector from its 
magnitude and direction a
ay
a x  a cos  
x
a y  a sin  ax

• You should know how to find a

vector’s magnitude and direction
from its components

a  a x2  a y2
  tan 1 a y / a x

16
Projection and Components of Vector

 When we want a
component of a vector
along a particular direction,
it is useful to think of it as
a projection
 The projection always has sin f
a cos  a
f
length a cos  , where a is
a cos 
the length of the vector
and  is the angle between
the vector and the direction
along which you want the
component.
17
Projection and Components of Vector

 Any vector in three

dimensions can be projected z
onto the x-y plane.

 The vector projection then a
makes an angle f from the x 
axis.
 Now project the vector onto f y
the z axis, along the direction
of the earlier projection. x
 The original vector a makes
an angle  from the z axis.

18
Projection and Components of Vector

 You should know how to generalize the case

of a 2-d vector to three dimensions, e.g. 1
magnitude and 2 directions
a,  , f
 Conversion to x, y, z components
a x  a sin  cos f
a y  a sin  sin f
a z  a cos 

 Conversion from x, y, z components

a  a x2  a y2  a z2
  cos 1 a z / a
f  tan 1 a y / a x

19
Vectors Components & Unit Vectors

• Magnitude of component vectors

depends on given vector A
• But each has known and constant
direction translated by unit vectors
• Representation

A  A x a x  A y a y  A z az
ax
• Magnitude of A

A  A2x  A2y  A2z az
A
• Definition of unit vector of length 1. ay
ax
A A
aA  
A2x  A2y  A2z A

20
Basic Vector Operations

21
 The Dot Product

 The dot product (scalar product) of

two vectors can be thought of as
the projection of one onto the 
B
direction of the other.
 Given two vectors A and B, the ( A cos  ) B 
 A
product of magnitude of A, the
magnitude of B, and the cosine of A( B cos  )

smaller angle between them B
Projection is zero
 The dot product says something
about how parallel two vectors are.
p/2
  
A  B  A B cos AB A

Introduction 22
 Properties of Dot Product
A
 Two vectors A and B are orthogonal with each other if A.B=0 B
 For any angle 0≤ θAB≤π/2,the scalar product is positive. For angles
above π/2(π/2< θAB ≤ π),the scalar product is negative.
 For θAB=0,(parallel vectors),the scalar product equals AB, and for
θAB = π ,the product is (-AB)
 The magnitude of the scalar product of two vectors is always
smaller or equal to the product of their magnitudes.(IA.BI ≤AB)
 Commutative law : A.B=B.A
 Distributive Law: A.(B+C)=A.B+A.C
 A.A=IAI2= A2 ax  ay  0; ax.az  0; ay.az  0
 The unit vector properties:
ax  ax  1; ay  ay  1; az  az  1
Introduction 23
 Derivation
 
• How do we show that A  B  A xBx  A yBy  A zBz ?
• Start with 
A  Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z

B  Bx a x  B y a y  Bz a z
• Then
 
A.B  (Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )  (Bx a x  By a y  Bz a z )
 Ax a x  (Bx a x  By a y  Bz a z )  Ay a y  (Bx a x  By a y  Bz a z )  Az a z  (Bx a x  By a y  Bz a z )

• But
ax  ay  0; ax.az  0; ay.az  0
ax  ax  1; ay  ay  1; az  az  1
• So  
A  B  Ax ax  Bx ax  Ay a y  By a y  Az az  Bz a z
 Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz

Introduction 24
 The Cross Product

 The cross product (vector product)

is the product magnitude of two
vectors and sine of smaller angle
between them
 Direction is of cross product is
perpendicular/normal to plane
containing A and B.  
  B sin  B

A  B  aN A B sin AB

 A
 The cross product of two vectors 
A sin 
says something about how
 0≤θ≤π
perpendicular they are

Introduction 25
 Direction of AxB or aN

 Right Hand Rule: Direction of aN

is the direction of right thumb
when fingers of right hand rotate
from A to B
 Right handed screw rule:
Direction of aN is that of the
advance of right handed screw as
X is turned into Y
 Using these we satisfy the right-
handed coordinate systems that
we shall be using.

Introduction 26
 Properties of Cross Product
 It is not commutative: AxB≠BxA
 It is anti-commutative: AxB= −BxA
 It is not associative: Ax(BxC) ≠ (AxB)xC
 It is distributive : Ax(B+C)=AxB+AxC
 AxA=0
 For two perpendicular vectors,the magnitude of vector product is equal
to the product of the magnitudes of two vectors and is always positive.
 If vectors have same direction, then vector product is 0,AxB=0
A
B
ax  ay  az; ay  az  ax; az  ax  ay
 Properties of unit vectors: ax  ax  0; ay  ay  0; az  az  0
ax  az  ay;az  ay  ax;ay  ax  az

Introduction 27
 Derivation
 
• How do we show that A  B  ( Ay Bz  Az By )ax  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz )a y  ( Ax By  Ay Bx )az
• Start with 
A  Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z

B  Bx a x  B y a y  Bz a z
• Then  
A  B  (Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )  (Bx a x  By a y  Bz a z )
 Ax a x  (Bx a x  By a y  Bz a z )  Ay a y  (Bx a x  By a y  Bz a z )  Az a z  (Bx a x  By a y  Bz a z )

• But ax  ay  az; ay  az  ax; az  ax  ay

ax  ax  0; ay  ay  0; az  az  0
ax  az   ay;az  ay   ax;ay  ax   az

ax ay az
• Solving  
  A  B  Ax Ay Az
A  B  ( Ay Bz  Az By )ax  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz )a y  ( Ax By  Ay Bx )az Bx By Bz

Introduction 28
Scalar and Vector Fields

 A field is a distribution space and time of any varying quantity, in

general.
 Scalar field: Magnitude varies in space (and time) e.g temperature
throughout the bowl of soup, density of any point in earth.
 Vector field: Magnitude & direction varies in space (and time) e.g
gravitational and magnetic fields of the earth

When an event in one place has an effect on something

at a different location, we talk about the events as
being connected by a “field”.

29
Scalar Field
(Animation of beam field/contours of
elevations)

30
 Scalar Field
(Weather map in which temperatures vary with time)

These isolated Temperatures make up a Scalar Field(you learn only the temperature at
a place you choose)
31
Vector Field

32
Vector Field (Wind Velocity Distribution)
(you learn how fast the wind is blowing, AND in what direction)

33
The “Vector Field” Representation of A Vector Field

In the vector field representation, we put arrows representing the field

direction on a rectangular grid. The direction of the arrow at a given
location represents the direction of the vector field at that point.

We show the charges that would produce

this field if it were an electric field, one
positive (the orange charge) and one
negative (the blue charge).

34
The “Field Line” Representation of A Vector Field

One of the most common is to draw “field

lines”. Faraday also called these “lines of
force”.

The field lines are everywhere tangent to the

local field direction

35
 Position Vector

 The position vector rp ( or radius vector) of a point P is defined

as the directed distance from the origin O to P; i-e.,
rp=OP=xax+yay+zaz
 It is useful in defining positions in space.

 Usually we fix a point O and define the position vector of points

with reference to O which is called the origin of reference.

Introduction 36
 Distance Vector
The distance vector is the displacement from one point to
another
Vector from P1  x1 , y1 , z1  to P2  x2 , y2 , z2  z
R12 P2
r1  R12  r2 P1
R12  r2  r1 r1 r2

O y
  x2ax  y2a y  z2az 
  x1ax  y1a y  z1az 
  x2  x1  ax   y2  y1  a y   z2  z1  az x

Introduction 37
 Distance Vector
z

P2
R12
P1

r2
(x 2 – x1)ax r1 z1 (z2 – z1)az
(y2 – y1)ay
y
O y1 y2
x1 z2

x2
x

Introduction 38
References

 Electricity and Magnetism-Lecture 1

web.njit.edu/~cao/physics121_lecture01.ppt
 https://www.palgrave.com/stroud/stroud6e/other/ppts/Pro
g%206%20Vectors.ppt –
 Additional Websites for students
 http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/mecha
nics.html
 http://www.hazelwood.k12.mo.us/~grichert/sciweb/mech
anic.htm
 http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/vector
s/vectors.html
 Eng’g Electromagnetics, 7th ed. By William Hayt & 39
Buck