Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

Module: 1
Lecture: 1
1.2 Centroid of Plane Laminas
1.2.1 Motivation:
In mathematics and physics, the centroid or geometric center of a plane figure is the arithmetic
mean (average) position of all the points in the shape. The definition extends to any object in n-
dimensional space: its centroid is the mean position of all the points in all of the coordinate directions.
Informally, it is the point at which a cutout of the shape could be perfectly balanced on the tip of a
pin.
1.2.2 Syllabus:
Self-
Duration on
Lecture Content Study(Hrs.
(Lectures)
)
l Introduction: (Definition & Procedure to find Centroid) 01 02
2 Centroid of plane areas with negative coordinates 01 02
3 Centroid of plane areas with positive coordinates 01 02

4 Centroid of plane areas which are symmetric 01 02

Total 04 08
1.2.3 Weightage:
• Centroid of Plane Laminas: 08 Marks
1.2.4 Theoretical Background:
Locating the centroid:
Plumb line method - The centroid of a uniform planar lamina, such as (a) below, may be determined,
experimentally, by using a plumb line and a pin to find the center of mass of a thin body of uniform
density having the same shape. The body is held by the pin inserted at a point near the body's
perimeter, in such a way that it can freely rotate around the pin; and the plumb line is dropped from
the pin (b). The position of the plumb line is traded on the body. The experiment is repeated with the
pin inserted at a different point of the object. The intersection of the two lines is the centroid of the
figure (c). This method can be extended (in theory) to concave shapes where the centroid lies outside
the shape, and to solids (of uniform density), but the positions of the plumb lines need to be recorded
by means other than drawing.

Fig. 1.1
Balancing method - For convex two-dimensional shapes, the centroid can be found by balancing the
shape on a smaller shape, such as the top of a narrow cylinder. The centroid occurs somewhere within
the range of contact between the two shapes. In principle, progressively narrower cylinders can be
used to find the centroid to arbitrary precision. In practice air currents make this unfeasible. However,
by marking the overlap range from multiple balances, one can achieve a considerable level of
accuracy.

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Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

1.2.5 Learning Objectives:

Learners shall be able to
1) Locate and place forces such that the body remains balanced.
2) Identify all the standard shapes of the given composite shape and find the individual centroids.
3) Calculate the position of centroid of the complete composite body using the Centroid formula
for areas.
1.2.6 Key Notations:
M = meter kN-m = kilo-Newton × meters
km = kilometer rad = radian or radians
kg = kilogram rev = revolution or revolutions
t = for ton or tons CG = Centre of gravity
s = for second X̅= x-co-ordinate of the CG
min = minute Y̅ = y-co-ordinate of the CG
N = Newton A = area of given lamina
N-m = Newton × meters
1.2.7 Formulae:
Centroid for areas,
∑𝐴𝑖 𝑋𝐺𝑖 ∑𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝐺𝑖
X̅ = ∑𝐴 ; Y̅ = ∑𝐴
𝑖 𝑖

1.2.8 Introduction: (General-Mechanics, Definition & Procedure to find Centroid)

Learning Objective:
Learner will be able to understand the key concepts related to Engineering Mechanics
1.2.9 Theory:
➢ Engineering Mechanics:
The subject of Engineering Mechanics is that branch of Applied Science, which deals with the
laws and principles of Mechanics, along with their applications to engineering problems. As a
matter of fact, knowledge of Engineering Mechanics is very essential for an engineer in
planning, designing and construction of his various types of structures and machines. To take
up the job more skillfully, an engineer must pursue the study of Engineering Mechanics in a
most systematic and scientific manner.
➢ Divisions of Engineering Mechanics:
The subject of Engineering Mechanics may be divided into the following groups:

Engineering Mechanics

Statics Dynamics
Forces and their effects, while acting upon the Forces and their effects, while acting
bodies at rest upon the bodies in motion

Kinematics Kinetics
Bodies in motion, without any reference to the Bodies in motion due to the application of
forces which are responsible for the motion forces

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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

➢ Fundamental Units:
The measurement of physical quantities is one of the most important operations in engineering.
Every quantity is measured in terms of some arbitrary, but internationally accepted units, called
fundamental units. All the physical quantities, met with in Engineering Mechanics, are
expressed in terms of three fundamental quantities, i.e.
1. Length
2. Mass
3. Time.
METRE (Length)
The international metre may be defined as the shortest distance (at 0°C) between two parallel
lines engraved upon the polished surface of the Platinum-Iridium bar, kept at the International
Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres near Paris.
KILOGRAM (Mass)
The international kilogram may be defined as the mass of the Platinum-Iridium cylinder, which
is also kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres near Paris.
SECOND (Time)
The fundamental unit of time for all the four systems is second, which is 1/ (24 × 60 × 60) =
1/86 400th of the mean solar day. A solar day may be defined as the interval of time between
the instants at which the sun crosses the meridian on two consecutive days. This value varies
throughout the year. The average of all the solar days, of one year, is called the mean solar day.

➢ Derived Units:
Sometimes, the units are also expressed in other units (which are derived from fundamental
units) known as derived units e.g. units of area, velocity, acceleration, pressure etc.

➢ Systems of Units:
There are only four systems of units, which are commonly used and universally recognized.
These are known as:
S.I. units.
M.K.S. units
C.G.S. units
F.P.S. units
S.I. UNITS (INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS)
The eleventh General Conference* of Weights and Measures has recommended a unified
and systematically constituted system of fundamental and derived units for international use.
This system of units is now being used in many countries. In India, the Standards of Weights
and Measures Act of 1956 (vide which we switched over to M.K.S. units) has been revised
to recognize all the S.I. units in industry and commerce. In this system of units, the
†fundamental units are meter (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s) respectively. But there is a
slight variation in their derived units.
Density (Mass density) kg / m3
Force N (Newton)
Pressure N/mm2 or N/m2
Work done (in joules) J = N-m
Power in watts W = J/s

➢ Scalar Quantities: The scalar quantities (or sometimes known as scalars) are those quantities
which have magnitude only such as length, mass, time, distance, volume, density, temperature,
speed etc.

➢ Vector Quantities: The vector quantities (or sometimes known as vectors) are those
quantities which have both magnitude and direction such as force, displacement, velocity,
acceleration, momentum etc.

➢ Centroid: It is defined as geometrical center of a body (e.g. center of a rectangle, center of

triangle etc.).
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Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

➢ Centre of Mass: It is the point where the entire mass may be supposed to be concentrated.

➢ Center of Gravity:It is defined as the point of intersection of all the gravity axes of the body.
Centroid of Standard Shapes

• Procedure to solve problems of centroid of a given respective figure:

i. From a given composite figure, consider each figure separately in the form of triangle, circle,
semicircle, etc.
ii. Specify the reference axis as x-axis and y-axis, if not specified.
iii. Determine the area of each figure as A1,A2,A3,A4, etc. and find the addition of all areas
considering the shape to be subtracted.
iv. Determine x1,x2,x3,x4, etc. i.e. distance between centroid of the figure and references y-axis.
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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

v. Similarly, y1,y2,y3,y4, etc. i.e. distance between centroid of the figure and references x-axis.
vi. Adding the product of area and distance (Ai xi) for plane figure whereas for hollow figure
required figure is to be added and remaining part is to be deducted.
vii. By using formula,
X̅= (A1x1 + A2x2 + A3x3 + A4x4) / (A1 + A2 + A3 + A4)
Y̅ = (A1y1 + A2y2 + A3y3 + A4y4) / (A1 + A2 + A3 + A4)
we can determine co-ordinates of centroid with respect to the reference axis.

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

1. The Centroid for a right-angled triangle is
i) h/3 ii) 4r/3π
iii) 2rsinα / 3α iv) None of the above
2. The Centroid of a Sector of a circle
i) h/3 ii) 4r/3π
iii) 2rsinα / 3α iv) None of the above
3. The Centroid is
i) Point of mass concentration ii) Point of weight concentration
iii) Geometric Center iv) None of the above

Learning from the lecture ‘Introduction’: Learner will able to understand the key concepts
and apply the concept of Centroid to basic shapes

Lecture: 2
1.2.10 Centroid of plane areas which are Symmetric
Learning Objectives:
Learners will be able to find centroid of plane areas which are symmetric in shape
1.2.11 Solved Problems:
1. Find the centroid of the shaded area shown in the fig.

Fig. 1.2
Solution:
Area ‘Ai‘ Co-ordinates ‘AiXGi’
Component
(mm2) ‘XGi’(mm) (mm3)
1
-2 x 90 x 65 b
Triangle 150 + 3 = 171.67 502.13 x 103
= 2925
Π 2
r 70 - 4r/3 Π
2
Semi-circle =
Π
[702] = 70 - 4[70]/3 Π 310.115 x 103
2 = 40.3
= 7697

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Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

80 x 90 b
Rectangle 70 + 2= 110 792 x 103
= 7200
-Πr2
35 + r
Circle = - Π[352] 269.4 x 103
= 70
= - 3848.45

∑ ∑Ai = 13.97 x 103 ∑AiXGi = 1334.85 x 103

∑𝐴𝑖 𝑋𝐺𝑖 1334.85 𝑥 103

X̅ = ∑𝐴𝑖
= 13.97 𝑥 103
= 95.53mm

Centroid [X̅, Y̅] = [95.53, 0] mm

2. Find the centroid of the shaded area shown in the given figure.

Fig. 1.3

Solution:
Area ‘Ai’ Co-ordinates Co-ordinates ‘AiXGi’ ‘AiYGi’
Component
(m2) ‘XGi’(m) ‘YGi’(m) (m3) (m3)
1
Triangle -2 x 3 x 6 b 2h
=1 =4 -9 -36
(along Y) = -9 3 3

1 2b h
Triangle -2 x 6 x 3
3 3 -36 -9
(along X) = -9 =4 =1
6x6 b b
Square = 3 =3 108 108
= 36 2 2
Π
- 4 r2 4r/3 Π 4r/3 Π
Quarter
=-
Π 2
[3 ] = 4[3]/3 Π = 4[3]/3 Π -33.42 -33.42
circle 4 = 4.727 = 4.727
= - 7.07

∑ ∑Ai = 10.93 ∑AiXGi = 29.58 ∑AiYGi = 29.58

∑𝐴𝑖 𝑋𝐺𝑖 29.58

X̅ = = = 2.706m
∑𝐴𝑖 10.93
∑𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝐺𝑖 29.58
Y̅ = ∑𝐴𝑖
= 10.93
= 2.706m

Centroid [X̅, Y̅] = [2.706, 2.706] m

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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

1. If the given section is symmetrical about y-y axis, then we must calculate for
i) X coordinate ii) Y coordinate
iii) both X & Y coordinates iv) None of the above

2. If the given section is symmetrical about x-x axis, then we must calculate for
i) X coordinate ii) Y coordinate
iii) both X & Y coordinates iv) None of the above

Exercise:
1. Determine the X-co-ordinate of the
centroid of the portion of a circular
segment in terms of radius r and angle a
(for shaded area only) Refer figure.
[Ans. x = (2 rsin3α) /(3(α - Sin α. Cos α)]

Fig. 1.4
2. Determine the CG of the shaded area.
[Ans.: y = 0, x = 29.6cm]

Fig. 1.5
Questions/Problems for Practice for the day:
1. An isosceles triangle is cut from a square
plate as shown in figure. The plate
remains in the equilibrium in any position
when suspended from point E (apex of the
triangle). Determine height of the
removed portion of the triangle.
[Ans: h= 0.634m]

Fig. 1.6

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Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

2. Centroid of Tee- section shown in figure

is on line AB. Find depth h of the web.
[Ans: h=58.14mm]

Fig. 1.7

Learning from the lecture ‘Centroid for Symmetric Areas’: Learner will able to Apply the formulae
for basics shapes which are symmetric in shape

Lecture: 3
1.2.12 (Centroid of plane areas with positive coordinates)
Learning Objectives:
Learners will be able to find centroid of plane areas with positive co-ordinates
1.2.13 Solved Problems:
1. Find centroid of plane area of a given figure.

Fig. 1.8
Solution:
Area ‘Ai’ Co-ordinates Co-ordinates ‘AiXGi’ ‘AiYGi’
Component
(mm2) ‘XGi’(mm) ‘YGi’(mm) (mm3) (mm3)
1
Triangle x 10 x 15 b 2h
2 = 3.33 20 + = 30 7000 12250
B2D = 75 3 3

Rectangle 20 x 35 b h
= 10 = 17.5 - 2667.2 - 2667.22
OA12 = 700 2 2
1 2b 2h
Triangle x 10 x 10 20 + 3 25 + 3
2 - 249.7 - 2250
C1D = 50 = 16.67 = 31.67
Π
- 4 r2 4r/3 Π 4r/3 Π
Quarter
=-
Π
[202] = 4[20]/3 Π = 4[20]/3 Π - 833.5 - 1583.5
circle 4 = 8.5 = 8.5
= - 314.15
∑AiXGi = ∑AiYGi =
∑ ∑Ai = 260.8
3429.5 5749.3

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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

∑𝐴𝑖 𝑋𝐺𝑖 3429.5

X̅ = ∑𝐴𝑖
= 260.8
= 12.45mm
∑𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝐺𝑖 5749.3
Y̅ = = = 22.04mm
∑𝐴𝑖 260.8

Centroid [X̅, Y̅] = [12.45, 22.04] mm

2. Find the Centroid of shaded area of the semicircle of diameter 100cm. (May 2011)

Fig. 1.9
Solution:
Area ‘Ai’ Co-ordinates Co-ordinates ‘AiXGi’ ‘AiYGi’
Component
(cm2) ‘XGi’(cm) ‘YGi’(cm) (cm3) (cm3)

Π x502/2 =4R/3Π
Semi-circle R = 50 196.35 x 103 83.33 x 103
= 3927 = 21.22
Π252/2 =4r/3Π
Semi-circle r = 25 -24.5 x 103 -10.41 x 103
= -981.75 = 10.61

∑AiXGi = 171.8 ∑AiYGi = 72.91

∑ ∑Ai = 2945.24
x 103 x 103
∑Ai XGi 171.8 x 103
X̅ = = =58.33cm
∑Ai 2945.24
∑Ai YGi 72.91 x 103
Y̅ = ∑Ai
= 2945.24
=24.76cm

Centroid [X̅, Y̅] = [58.33, 24.76] cm

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

1. Where will the C.G of this plane area will lie

i)On the circumference of circle ii) On the diametrical line of the circle
iii)
On the vertical line passing through the iv) Outside the Semicircle
point of suspension
2. For a Semi-Circle having its center on the origin and diameter horizontal along it, its x-
coordinate will be _______________
i) On the circumference of circle ii) r
iii) 0 iv) -r
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Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

Exercise:
1. Determine the co-ordinates of centroid of
the shaded portion as shown in figure
[Ans: x= 53.21mm, y= 38.54mm]

Fig. 1.10
Questions/Problems for Practice for the day:
1. Find the distance y so that C.G. of given
area in the figure has co-ordinates (25, 20)
mm
[Ans: y= 25.625mm]

Fig. 1.11
2. A plane lamina is hung freely from point
D. Find the angle made by BD with the
vertical.
[Ans.: θ=29.62°]

Fig. 1.12

Learning from the lecture ‘Centroid for Positive Coordinates’: Learner will able to Apply the formulae
for basics shapes which are in positive coordinates.

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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

Lecture: 4
1.2.14 Centroid of plane areas with Negative coordinates
Learning Objectives:
Learners will be able to find centroid of plane areas with positive co-ordinates

1.2.15 Solved Problems

1. Find the centroid of the given shape

Fig. 1.13
Solution:
Area ‘Ai’ Co-ordinates Co-ordinates ‘AiXGi’ ‘AiYGi’
Component
(cm2) ‘XGi’(cm) ‘YGi’(cm) (cm3) (cm3)

Πr2/2 =6 + 4r/3Π
Semi-circle r=2 12.56 43.02
= 6.28 = 21.22
6x4 b h
Rectangle =2 =3 48 72
= 24 2 2
1
x3x6 b h
Triangle 2 -3 = -1 =2 -9 18
=9 3

Π
Quarter - 4 r2 4 - 4r/3Π 4r/3Π
-9.89 2.67
circle = - 3.14 = 3.15 = 0.85

∑AiYGi =
∑ ∑Ai = 36.14 ∑AiXGi = 41.67
130.35

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Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

2. Determine the location of the centroid of the plane area shown shaded on sketch.

Fig. 1.14
Solution:
Area ‘Ai’ Co-ordinates Co-ordinates ‘AiXGi’ ‘AiYGi’
Component
(mm2) ‘XGi’(mm) ‘YGi’(mm) (mm3) (mm3)

Π r2 / 2 =80 + 4r/3Π
Semi-circle = Π [60]2/2 r = 60 =80+ 4[60]/3Π 576 x 103 384 x 103
= 5.65 x 103 = 105.46
120 x 80 b h
Rectangle = 60 = 40 144 x 103 -72 x 103
= 9.6 x 103 2 2

1 b h
x 120 x 60 -3
Triangle 2 3 339.3 x 103 596.4 x 103
= 3.6 x 103 = 40 = -20
- Πr2
Circle = - Π [402] 20 + r = 60 40 + r = 80 -301.6 x 103 -402.2 x 103
= -5.65 x 103
 ∑AiXGi = ∑AiYGi = 506.2
∑ ∑Ai = 13.828 x 103
757.7 x 103 x 103
∑𝐴𝑖 𝑋𝐺𝑖 757.7 𝑥 103
X̅ = = = 54.8 mm
∑𝐴𝑖 13.828 𝑥 103
∑𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝐺𝑖 506.2 𝑥 103
Y̅ = ∑𝐴𝑖
= 13.828 𝑥 103
= 36.6 mm

Centroid [X̅, Y̅] = [54.8, 36.6] mm

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

1. What should be taken as a negative value for a shape not to be included in centroid
calculations?
i) X-coordinate ii) Y-coordinate
iii) Area iv) None of the above
2. What does the negative sign indicate?
i) Removal of area ii) Negative area
iii) Removal of negative coordinate iv) None of the above

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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

Learning from the lecture ‘Centroid for Negative Coordinates’: Learner will able to Apply
the formulae for basics shapes which are in negative coordinates.

MCQs
ONE mark each:
1. Density is best given by _______
a) Product of volume and density
b) Ratio of mass to Volume
c) Addition of mass and density
d) Subtraction of mass and density

2. If solving the question in 3D calculations is difficult, then use the 2D system and then equate
the ratio of the product of the centroid of the section to its mass to the total mass of the body to
the centroid.
a) True
b) False

3. One of the uses of the centroid is as in the simplification of the loading system the net force
acts at the ___________ of the loading body.
a) Centroid
b) The centre axis
c) The corner
d) The base

4. The use of centroid comes in picture as if the non-Uniform loading is of the type of parabola
then what will be the best suited answer among the following?
a) The net load will not be formed as all the forces will be cancelled
b) The net force will act the centre of the parabola
c) The net force will act on the base of the loading horizontally
d) The net force will act at the centroid of the parabola

5. The x axis coordinate and the y axis coordinate of the centroid are having different types of
calculations to calculate them.
a) True
b) False

6. The centre of ____________ is the ratio of the product of centroid and volume to the total
volume.
a) Centroid axis
b) Density
c) Mass
d) Volume

7. If the force vector F acting along the centroid is having its x-axis component being equal to Z
N, y-axis component be X N and z-axis component be Y N then vector F is best represented by?
a) Xi + Yj + Zk
b) Yi + Xj + Zk
c) Zi + Yj + Xk
d) Zi + Xj + Yk

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Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

8. Centroid of a body does depends upon the small weights of tiny particles. Which statement is
right for force acting by the small particles of the body having it’s vector form as = Ai + Bj +
Ck?
a) In rectangular components representation of any vector we have vector F = Ai + Bj + Ck
b) In rectangular components representation of any vector we have vector F = Ax + By + Cz
c) In rectangular components representation of any vector we have vector F = Fx + Fy + Fz
d) In rectangular components representation of any vector we have vector F = Fi + Fj + Fk

9. Centroid determination involves the calculations of various forces. In that forces are having
various properties. That is force is developed by a support that not allows the ________ of its
attached member.
a) Translation b) Rotation c) Addition d) Subtraction

10. Determine the y coordinate of centroid of the area in the shape of circle as shown.

a) 4R/π b) 2/π c) 2R/3 d) 2R/5

11. What is not the condition for the equilibrium for the calculations used for the determination
of the centroid in three-dimensional system of axis?
a) ∑Fx=0 b) ∑Fy=0 c) ∑Fz=0 d) ∑F≠0

12. Determine the x coordinate of centroid of the area in the shape of circle as shown.

a) 4R/π b) 2/π c) 2R/3 d) 2R/5

Answer:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)
B B A D B D D C A A D A

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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

THREE marks questions:

1. Find the difference between centroid, centre of gravity and centre of mass.
2. Determine the centroid of an equilateral triangle having base and height on x-axis and y-axis
respectively.
3. Locate the centroid of a semicircle having center O at origin and diameter on y-axis.

4. Locate the centroid of an area as shown in fig.

5. Locate the centroid of a L section having base of 10cm on x-axis and 8cm height on y-axis.
6. Locate the centroid of an area as shown in fig. having radius R
Y

R
X

FIVE marks questions:

1. Locate the centroid of a plane lamina
Ans: x= 1.532 m, y= 1.721 m

Locate the centroid of a shaded area

2. Ans: x=0.349 a, y= 0.637 a

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Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

3. Locate the centroid of a shaded area

Ans: x=2.63 cm y= 2.365 cm

4. Locate the centroid of a shaded area

Ans: x=4.625cm y= 1cm

5. Locate the centroid of a shaded area

Ans: x=5a/12 y= 5a/12

TEN marks questions:

1. Determine the position of the centroid of
the plane-shaded area shown in figure.
[Ans.: x = 1.130cm, y = 1.671cm]

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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

2. Find the centroid of the shaded area as

shown in figure.
[Ans.: x = 17.673cm, y = 11.835cm]

3. Find the centroid of shaded area.

[Ans: x= 72.26mm, y= 77.16mm]

4. Determine the centroid of the following

plane area shown in sketch.
[Ans.: 54.867mm, 18.454mm]

5.
Determine the CG of the shaded area.
[Ans: x= 125cm, y= 31.81cm]

Lecture: 5
1.1 Coplanar System of Forces
1.1.1 Motivation:
Coplanar system of forces: Force has a key role in learning Engineering Mechanics. Different types
of arrangements of forces on the body constitutes System of forces which aids in understanding
concepts like Resultant, Moment, couple, equilibrium etc.

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Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

1.1.2 Syllabus:
Duration on Self-Study
Lecture Content
(Lectures) (Hrs.)
5 Introduction: (Definition & Theory of Force) 01 02

6 Determine unknown force 01 02

7 Resultant of Concurrent force systems 01 02

8 Resultant of Parallel & General force systems 01 02

9 Shifting of a Force 01 02

Total 05 10

1.1.3 Weightage:
• Coplanar System of forces: 10 Marks
1.1.4 Pre-requisite:
Knowledge of fundamentals of physics (forces) and mathematical formulation learnt at higher
secondary level of education (trigonometry).
1.1.5 Learning Objectives:
Learners shall be able to
4) Understand various systems of forces; Calculate and find the effect forces exerted on them.
5) Find resultant of two forces by Parallelogram law of Forces& Resultant of three of more forces by
method of resolution
6) Locate of resultant by Varignon’s Theorem
1.1.6 Key Notations:
R = Resultant.
 Fx = Summation of all horizontal components of forces.
 Fy = Summation of all vertical components of forces.
 M = Summation of Moments of all forces taken about a point.
θ = Angle between two forces P and Q for Parallelogram Law of forces.
α = Angle made by the resultant with the horizontal force.
d = Perpendicular distance between line of action of force and point about which moment is required
to be taken. x = Perpendicular distance between  Fy i.e. R and point about which moment is
required to be taken for vertical parallel force system.
y = Perpendicular distance between  Fx i.e. R and point about which moment is required to be
taken for horizontal parallel force system.
1.1.7 Formulae:
1) Parallelogram law of forces, 3) Resolution of forces,
➢ Magnitude: ➢ Magnitude:
2 2
R = √P + Q + 2PQcosθ ΣFx= Forces along X-direction,
➢ Direction: ΣFy= Forces along Y-direction
Q sinθ
α= tan -1 ( ) R = √(ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2
P + Qcosθ
2) Lami’s Theorem: Fy
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 ➢ Direction:θ= tan-1(Fx)
➢ = sinβ = sinγ
𝑠𝑖𝑛α 4) Moment: MO = F x d (Force x
Perpendicular distance)
1.1.8 Introduction: (Definition & Theory of Force)
Learning Objective:
Learner will be able to understand and differentiate between the System of Forces
18
Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

1.1.9 Theory:
➢ Force: It is defined as an external agency which produces or tends to produce, destroys or tends to
destroy the motion.It is characterized by Magnitude, Direction, Sense and Point of application. It
is a vector quantity and S.I unit is Newton (N).1 Newton force is defined as force required to
produce unit acceleration on unit mass.Therefore, 1 Kg = 9.81 N
➢ System of forces:There are mainly seven types of system of forces:
• Co-planar forces:
The forces which are acting in the same
plane are known as co-planer forces.

Fig. 1.15 Co-planar forces

• Non-Coplanar forces:
The force system in which the forces
acting in the different planes is called as
non-coplanar forces.

Fig. 1.16 Non-Coplanar forces

• Collinear forces:
The forces which are acting along the
same straight line are called as collinear
forces.

Fig. 1.17 Collinear forces

• Non-collinear forces:
The forces which are not acting along
the straight line are called as Non-
collinear forces.

Fig. 1.18 Non-collinear forces

• Concurrent forces:
The forces which are passing through a
common point are called concurrent
forces.

Fig. 1.19 Concurrent forces

19
Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

• Non-concurrent forces:
The forces which are not passing
through a common point are called as
non-concurrent forces.

Fig. 1.20 Non-concurrent forces

• Parallel forces:
The forces whose lines of action are
parallel to each other are known as
parallel forces.

Fig. 1.21 Parallel forces

➢ Resultant: A single force producing the same effect that as produced by number of forces when acting
together. It is denoted by ‘R’
Methods of composition: (to find R): -
• Resultant of two concurrent forces: (Law of parallelogram of forces):
It states that “if two forces simultaneously acting at a point be represented in magnitude and
direction by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, the diagonal will represent resultant in
magnitude and direction, but passing through the point of intersection of two forces”

Fig. 1.22 Law of Parallelogram of Forces

Consider two forces P and Q acting at a point represented by two sides OA and OC of a
parallelogram OABC.
Let θ be the angle between two forces P and Q,α be the angle between P and R
Draw perpendicular BM and produce QC
In triangle CMB, BM= Qsinθ and CM = Q cosθ
➢ Magnitude of R: R2 = P2+2PQcosθ+Q2 (sin2θ + cos2θ)
In triangle OMB, OB2 = OM2 + BM2 R = √P2 + Q2 + 2PQcosθ
2 2 2
OB = (OC + CM) + BM
R2 = (P + Qcosθ)2 + (Qsinθ)2 ➢ Direction of R:
R2=(P2+2PQcosθ In triangle OMB,
+Q2cos2θ)+(Q2sin2θ) tanα = BM/OM
20
Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

tanα = BM/(OC + CM) 𝑄

R = √P2 + Q2 , tanα = 𝑃
tanα = Q sin  / (P+ Q cosθ)
If  =90˚
• Resultant of two or more forces: (Method of resolution):
When two or more coplanar concurrent or non-concurrent forces acting on a body the resultant
can be found out by using resolution procedure.
Magnitude of resultant, R = √(ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2
Fy
Direction: θ = tan-1(Fx)
Where, ΣFx= Forces along X-direction,
ΣFy= Forces along Y-direction
θ= Angle of ‘R’ with x-axis
➢ Moment: It is the turning effect produced by a force. of a force about any point is the product of
magnitude of the force and perpendicular distance about that point. The point about which moment
is taken is called as moment center. Moment about O, MO = F X d. S.I unit: N-m.
o While taking moment of any force do not observe
direction of force but observe direction of rotation.
o If any force is passing through the moment center, the
moment of that force is zero because for the case
perpendicular distance would become zero

Fig. 1.23
➢ Couple: Two unlike parallel, non-collinear forces having same magnitude form a Couple. The
distance between two forces is known as arm or lever of the couple.
o The resultant of a couple is always zero.
o The moment of a couple is the product of one of the
forces and lever arm of the couple. Therefore,
M= F X d.
o A couple cannot be balanced by a single force.
o It can be balanced only by another couple of opposite
nature.
o The moment of couple is independent of the moment
center.
Fig. 1.24
➢ Composition of forces: The process of addition of forces is called as composition of forces.
➢ Resolution of forces: It is the procedure of splitting up a single force into number of components
without changing the effects of the same.
➢ Principle of transmissibility: The point of application of a force can be transmitted anywhere
along its line of action, but within the body. It is only applicable to rigid bodies. The principle is
neither applicable from the point of view of internal resistances nor internal forces developed in
the body nor to deformable bodies under any circumstances.

21
Engineering Mechanics: F.E. – Semester-I

Fig. 1.25 Principle of Transmissibility Fig. 1.26 Principle of Superposition

➢ Principle of Superposition: The effect of a force on a body remains unaltered if we add or

subtractany system which is in equilibrium.
➢ Varignon’s theorem: The sum of the moment of all the forces about a point is equal to the
moment of their resultant about the same point. ΣMoF = MoR

Fig. 1.27 Varignon’s theorem

Consider a force F acting at a point A and having component F1 and F2 in ant two directions.
Let us choose any point O, lying in the plane of the forces, as a moment center. Attach at A two
rectangular axes such that the y-axis is along the line AO and the x-axis is perpendicular to it, as
shown in the figure.

Moment of the force F about O F1 x d1 = OA x Fx1 …………….…(2)

F x d = F x OA cosθ= OA x Fcosθ Moment of the force F2 about O,
F x d = OA x Fx…………………. (1) F2 x d2 = F2 x OA cosθ2= OA x F2cosθ2
Moment of the force F1 about O, F2 x d2 = OA x Fx2 …………….…(3)
F1 x d1 = F1 x OA cosθ1 = OA x F1cosθ1 Adding (2) and (3)
22
Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

F1 x d1 + F2 x d2 = OA x (Fx1 + Fx2) ……….(4) components of the resultant force F; Fx = Fx1+

F1 x d1 + F2 x d2 = OA x Fx……… [Sum of the Fx2]
x-components of the forces F1 and F2 = x- F1 x d1 + F2 x d2 = F x d ………. from (1) & (4)
i.e. ΣMoF = MoR

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

MCQs
ONE mark each:
1. Force can be completely defined by it’s
i) Magnitude, Direction & point of ii) Unit & sense
application
iii) Value & Unit & arrow head iv) All above
v)
2. A body of infinitely small volume and is assumed to be concentrated point is known as
i) Centre of gravity ii) Rigid body
iii) Particle iv) Plastic body
v)
3. The forces which do not meet at one point, but their lines of actions lie on the same plane,
are known as
i) Coplanar concurrent forces ii) Coplanar Non-concurrent forces
iii) Non-Coplanar Non-concurrent forces iv) Non-coplanar Concurrent

4. The process of finding out the resultant force, of a few given forces, is called
i) Composition ii) Resolution
iii) Equilibrant iv) None of these
v)
5. Non-concurrent Non-parallel, coplanar forces are called as
i) General force system ii) Space forces
iii) None of above iv) Both i& ii
v)
6. ……………………..is an extension of Triangle law of forces for more than two forces
i) Parallelogram law ii) Coulomb’s law
iii) Polygon law iv) Sine Rule
v)
7. Which of the following statement is correct?
i) A force is an agent which produces or ii) A force is an agent which stops or tends to
tends to produce motion stop motion
iii) A force may balance a given number iv) Both a & b
of forces acting on a body

8. To determine the effects of force acting on a body, we must know

i) Its magnitude and direction of the line ii) Its nature (where push or pull)
along which it acts
iii) Point through which it acts on the body iv) All of the above

9. If number of forces acting simultaneously on a particle, then the resultant of these forces
will have the same effect as produced by the all the forces, this is known as
i) Principle of physical independences of ii) Principle of transmissibility of forces
forces
iii) Principle of resolution of forces iv) None of the above

23
Engineering Mechanics – F.E.-SEM I

10. The moment of a force about any point is geometrically equal to ………. area of the
triangle whose base is the line representing the force and vertex is the point about which
the moment is taken
i) Half ii) Same
iii) Twice iv) None of these
v)
11. In a clockwise moment, we use wall clock to know time for which the moment is applied
i) Right ii) Wrong
iii) Can’t Say iv) Partially Correct

12. According to the Lami’s theorem, the three forces

i) Must be equal ii) Must be at 120° to each other
iii) Must be both of above iv) May not be any of the two

13. The Lami’s theorem is applicable only for

i) Coplanar forces ii) Concurrent forces
iii) Coplanar and concurrent forces iv) Any type of forces
v)
14. If a body is in equilibrium, we may conclude that
i) The moment of all the forces about any ii) The resultant of all the forces acting on
point is zero it is zero
iii) No force is acting on the body iv) Both i&ii

Exercise:
1. What do you mean by resolution of a force into a force and a
couple? Convert the given force into a force couple at point
B.
Fig. 1.28
2. How many types of forces can exist?
Questions/Problems for Practice for the day:
1. List out all the Force Systems.
2. Where will the resultant of a Concurrent Force System pass from?

Learning from the lecture ‘Definition & Theory of Force’: Learner will able to know the
definitions of forces and different other concepts & procedures related to analysis of forces.

Lecture: 06
1.1.10 Determine Unknown Force
Learning Objectives:
Learners will be able to find the unknown forces when resultant is given
1.1.11 Solved Problems
1. R=800N is the resultant of 4 concurrent forces. Find the fourth force F 4.

24
Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

Fig. 1.29
Solution:
This is a concurrent system of four forces. ΣFy= Ry(↑+ve)
R=800N at θ=50° 400 sin45° – 300 sin30° -500 sin60° + (F4y)
Rx= R cos50°= 800 cos50° = 800 cos50 
Ry= R sin50°= 800 sin50° F4y = -612.6N = 612.6N (↓)
ΣFx= Rx(→ +ve)
400 cos45° – 300 cos30° -500 cos60°+ F4 =√(𝐅𝟒𝐱 )𝟐 + (𝐅𝟒𝐲 )𝟐 = 961.6N
(F4x)= 800 cos50° 𝐅𝟒𝐲 𝟔𝟏𝟐.𝟔
θ4 = tan-1(𝐅𝟒𝐱)= tan-1(𝟕𝟒𝟏.𝟐)= 39.6°
F4x = 741.2N (→)

2. The sum of two concurrent forces P and Q is 270 N and their resultant is of 180 N. If resultant
is perpendicular to P. Find P and Q.
Solution:
Let θ be the angle between two forces P and Q. ∴ (180)2 = P2 + Q2 + 2 P (- P)
Here, P + Q = 270N, R = 180N and α=90° ∴ (180)2 = Q2 - P2
Q sinθ ∴ (180)2 = (Q – P) (Q + P)
Using α = tan -1 (P + Qcosθ)
Q sinθ
∴ (180)2 = (Q – P) (270)
-1
∴ 90° = tan ( )= ∞ ∴ (Q – P) = 120
P + Qcosθ
∴ P + Q cosθ = 0 As (Q + P) = 270 & (Q – P) = 120,
∴ Q cosθ = - P Solving, we get,P = 75N & Q = 195N
2 2 2
Also, R =P + Q + 2PQcosθ

3. For two forces P and Q acting at a point, maximum resultant is 2000N and minimum
magnitude of resultant is 800N. Find values of P and Q.
Solution:
We know that, R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2 PQ cos  For minimum value of R,  = 180°
For maximum value of R, θ = 0. ∴ Rmax = √P2 + Q2 − 2PQ
∴ Rmax = √P2 + Q2 + 2PQ ∴ Rmax = √(P − Q)2 = (P - Q)
∴ Rmax = √(P + Q)2 = (P +Q) ∴ (P +Q) = 800N…………… (2)
∴ (P +Q) = 2000N………………. (1) Solving we get, P = 1400N & Q = 600N

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

1. If the resultant of a force system is vertical, then
i) ΣFy = Ry ii) ΣFx = Rx
iii) Both iv) None
2. If the resultant of a force system is horizontal, then
i) ΣFy = Ry ii) ΣFx = Rx
iii) Both iv) None
v)

25
Engineering Mechanics – F.E.-SEM I

Exercise:
1. A force R = 25N has components Fa, Fb and
Fc as shown in figure. If Fc=20N, find Fa
and Fb.
[Ans: Fa=33.9N, Fb= 35.09N]

Fig. 1.30
2. Three forces act on the bracket. Determine
the magnitude and the direction of the force
F1 so that the resultant forces are directed
along the line-x and has magnitude of
800N.
[Ans: F1= 193.8N, θ = 24.63°]

Fig. 1.31

Learning from the lecture ‘Determine unknown force’: Learner will able to find the
unknown forces when magnitude & nature of resultant is given.

Lecture: 07
1.1.12 Resultant of Concurrent force systems
Learning Objectives:
Learners will be able to find the resultant of Concurrent force systems

1.1.13 Solved Problems

1. The striker of carrom board lying on the board is being pulled by four players as shown in given
figure. The players are sitting exactly at the centre of the four sides. Find the resultant forces in
magnitude & direction.

Fig. 1.32

26
Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

Solution:
AG 150
θ1 = tan-1(OG) = tan-1(500) = 16.7°
ΣFx (→+ve) =25 cosθ2 +20 cosθ1-10 cosθ3
EB 100 +15 cosθ4= 20.25N (→)
α = tan-1(OE) = tan-1(550) = 10.3°
θ2= (90°- α) = (90°-10.3°) = 79.7° ΣFy (↑+ve) =25 sinθ2 +20 sinθ1+10 sinθ3 -15
sinθ4= 20.89N (↑)
CH 150
θ3 = tan-1(OH) = tan-1(300) = 26.56° R = √(ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2
FD 100
β= tan-1(OF) = tan-1(250) = 21.8°
=√(20.25)2 + (20.89)2 = 29.1N
Fy 20.89
θ4= (90°- β) = (90°-21.8°) = 68.2° θ = tan-1(Fx)= tan-1(20.25) = 45.89°

2. Three coplanar forces act at a point on a bracket as shown. Determine the value of the angle ά
such that the resultant of the three forces will be vertical. Also find the magnitude of the
resultant.

Fig. 1.33
Solution:
α α α α α α
Resultant of three forces will be vertical. ∴ 2 (cos + sin ) (cos - sin ) = (sin + cos )2
2 2 2 2 2 2
ΣFy (↑+ve) = Ry α α α α
∴2 (cos2 - sin2 ) = (sin2 + cos2 )
∴-80 sinα - 40 sin(90-α) = R ……(I)
ΣFx (→+ve) = 0 Divide by cos2
α
∴ -80 cosα + 40 cos(90-α) + 40 = 0 α α
∴ -2 cosα + cos(90-α) + 1 = 0 ∴2 (1- tan 2 ) = (tan 2 +1)
α
∴-2 cosα + sinα+ 1 = 0 (∵ cos (90 - α) = ∴3 tan2 = 1
sinα) 1
∴α= 2 tan -1 ( )= 36.86° …(II)
Or, 2 cosα =1+ sinα 3
α α α α From (I) & (II),
∴2 (cos2 2 - sin2 2 ) = (cos2 2 + sin2 2 ) + 2
α α -80 sin36.86  - 40 sin(90  - 36.86  ) = R
sin2 cos2 ∴R=-80N

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

1. The Lami’s theorem is applicable only for …………… forces
i) One ii) Two
iii) Three iv) Four
2. The Lami’s theorem is applicable only for ……………
i) Coplanar forces Concurrent forces
ii) Coplanar and concurrent forces iii) Any type of forces

27
Engineering Mechanics – F.E.-SEM I

Exercise:

Resolve the given forces of 5000N acting

1. along OC, as shown in figure, along OA
and OB
[Ans: FOA= 3660N, FOB= 2558N]

Fig. 1.34
Questions/Problems for Practice for the day:
1. Find the resultant system of four
concurrent forces as shown in the figure
analytically.
[Ans: R=100.7 N,  = 143.68  ]

Fig. 1.35

Learning from the lecture ‘Resultant of Concurrent force systems’: Learner will able to find the
resultant of Concurrent force systems where all forces meet at a common point.

Lecture: 08
1.1.14 Resultant of Parallel & General force systems
Learning Objectives:
Learners will be able to find the resultant of Parallel & General force systems
1.1.15 Solved Problems
1. Determine the magnitude and position of the resultant with respect to point A of the
parallel forces shown

s
Fig. 1.36
Solution:
ΣFy (↑+ve) = R Using Varignon’s theorem
∴-5 –10 + 12 – 9 = R ΣMAF = MAR (↺+ve)
∴R = 12N (↓) ∴ - (10 x 1) + (12 x 1.8) - (9 x 3) = -R x d
∴-15.4 = -12x d,
∴ d =1.3m

28
Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

2. Find the resultant of the force system acting on a body OABC shown in the fig. Find the
resultant from O. Also find the points where the resultant will cut the X & Y axis.

Fig. 1.37
Solution:
α = tan-1(4)  = 36.86°
3
R = √(𝚺𝐅𝐱 )𝟐 + (𝚺𝐅𝐲 )𝟐 = √𝟖𝟐 + 𝟔𝟐 = 10KN
ΣFx (→+ve) = 20 cos53.13º – 20 𝐅𝐲 𝟔
∴ΣFx= -8 KN = 8 KN(←) θ = tan-1( ) =tan-1( ) = 36.86°
𝐅𝐱 𝟖
ΣFy (↑+ve) = -10 - 20 sin53.13 + 20
∴ΣFy= - 6KN = 6KN (↓)

3. A system of forces acting on a bell crank as shown. Determine the magnitude, direction and
point of application of the resultant with respect to O.

Fig. 1.38
Solution:
ΣFx (→+ve) = 500 cos60  – 700
R = √(ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2
∴ΣFx= - 450N = 450N (←)
ΣFy (↑+ve) = - 500 sin60  -1000 -1200 ∴R = √𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟐 = 2671.2N
∴ΣFy= -2633N = 2633N (↓) 𝐅𝐲 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟑
θ = tan-1(𝐅𝐱) = tan-1( 𝟒𝟓𝟎 ) = 80.3°

29
Engineering Mechanics – F.E.-SEM I

4. Determine completely the resultant of the four coplanar forces shown in the figure. Locate
the line of action of the resultant with respect to ‘A’

Fig. 1.39
Solution:
ΣFx (→+ve) = 5 cos45  + 8 + 6 cos30 
∴ ΣFx= 16.73KN (→) ΣMAF = MAR (↺) +ve
∴(7 x 8) + (6 x 6 sin30  ) – (4.15 x 6 cos30  ) =
ΣFy (↑+ve) = 5 sin45  - 7 - 6 sin30  17.93 x d
∴ ΣFy= - 6.46KN= 6.46KN (↓) d = 5.33m (∵ d is +ve, moment will be ↺)
Representation of Line of action of Resultant
w.r.t. A
R = √(ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2 = √16.732 + 6.462
∴ R = 17.93KN
Fy 6.46
θ = tan-1(Fx) = tan-1(16.73)= 21.1°

Using Varignon’s theorem,

5. Determine the resultant of general coplanar force system shown

Fig. 1.40
Solution:
ΣFx (→+ve) = 7 cos42° + 13 + 10 sin30° ∴ R = √23.22 + 27.982 = 36.3KN
∴ΣFx = 23.2KN (→) Fy
θ = tan-1( ) = tan-1(
27.98
)= 50.33°
Fx 23.2
ΣFy (↑+ve) = - 18 - 6 - 10 cos30  + 7
Moment about point A,
sin42 
Using Varignon’s theorem,
∴ΣFy= - 27.98KN = 27.98KN (↓)
ΣMAF = MAR (↺) +ve
∴(18 x 1.2) – (1.6 x 7 cos42  ) + (1.2 x 7 sin42  )
R = √(ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2 = 36.3 x d
d = 1.474m
30
Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

6. Determine the resultant of four forces tangential to the circle of radius 4 cm as shown. What
will be the location of the resultant with respect to the center of the circle?

Fig. 1.41
Solution:
ΣFx (→+ve) = 100 + 100 cos 45 - 100 sin ∴ R = √120.722 + 84.12 = 147.1KN
30 Fy 84.1
θ = tan-1(Fx)= tan-1(120.7)= 34.86°
∴ΣFx (→+ve) = 120.7 kN (→)
ΣFy (↑+ve) = - 100 - 100 sin 45 + 100 cos Location of resultant force
30 Using Varignon's theorem
∴ ΣFy (↑+ve) = - 84.1 kN = 84.1 kN (↓) ΣMoF =MoR (↺) +ve
∴-100 x 4 + 100 x 4 + 100 x 4+ 100 x 4 = -
147.1 x d
Using R = √(ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2 d = - 5.44 mor d = 5.44 m (leftof 0)

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

1. How to locate the resultant of a given force system?
i) Lami’s Theorem ii) Varignon’s Theorem
iii) Sine Rule iv) Ohm’s Law

2. Which of the following direction convention of moment of a force is correct?

i) Clockwise, Anticlockwise (+ve) ii) Clockwise (-ve), Anticlockwise (+ve)
iii) Clockwise, Anticlockwise (-ve) iv) None of the above

Exercise:
1. A bracket is subjected to a co-planer force
system as shown in figure Determine the
magnitude and line of action of the
resultant.
[Ans. R = 252.18 N,  = 37.52  , x = 350
m]
Fig. 1.42

31
Engineering Mechanics – F.E.-SEM I

2. Find the resultant of coplanar force system

given below and locate the same on AB
with consideration of applied moment of
4800N-mm
[Ans: R= 510N,  = 66.95  , passing
through point A]

Fig. 1.43
Questions/Problems for Practice for the day:
1. A system of forces acting on a bell crank as
shown. Determine the magnitude, direction
and the point of application of the resultant
w.r.t. ‘O’
[Ans: R= 2671.2N, d= 139.2m]

Fig. 1.44

Learning from the lecture ‘Resultant of Parallel & General force systems’: Learner will
able to find the resultant of Parallel & General force systems and position of the resultant

1.1.16 Shifting of a Force

Learning Objectives:
Learners will be able to know shifting of a force from one point to another.
1.1.17 Solved Problems
1. Resolve the system of forces shown in figure into a force and couple at point A

Fig. 1.45
Solution:
3
θ = tan-1(4)= 36.87° ∴ R = √802 + 2602 = 272.03KN
Fy 260
ΣFx (→+ve) = -100 cos36.87° θ = tan-1(Fx)= tan-1( 80 )= 72.89°
∴ΣFx= - 80N = 80N (←)
ΣFy (↑+ve) = - 200 -100 sin36.87° Using Varignon’s theorem,
∴ΣFy= -260N = 260N (↓) ΣMAF = MAR(↺) +ve
R = √(ΣFx )2 + (ΣFy )2 80 - (100 sin36.87  x 4) = 2671.2 x d
d = 0.59m

32
Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

Let’s check the take away from this lecture

1. The moment of a force about any point is geometrically equal to ………. area of the
triangle whose base is the line representing the force and vertex is the point about which
the moment is taken
i) Half ii) Same
iii) Twice iv) Zero
2. Which of the following statement is correct?
i) A force is an agent which produces or tends to produce motion
ii) A force is an agent which stops or tends to stop motion

Exercise:
1. The resultant of the force system acting on
the rectangular plate shown in figure. Also
find the point where the resultant will cut
the x- axis and y-axis. Also shift the
resultant to point ‘A’
[Ans: R= 471.7N,  = 21.12  ,3.217m to
the right of point B, x=13.24m to the
right of origin, y= 5.11m above the
origin]
Fig. 1.46

2. Resolve the force f equal to 900N acting at

B, as shown in the figure into
(i) Parallel components at A and 0,
(ii) A couple and force at O.
[Ans. FA= 2700 N (↓) Fo = 1800 N (↓),F
=900 N (↓) M=2700 N-m]
Fig. 1.47
Questions/Problems for Practice for the day:
1. The resultant of the force system acting on
the rectangular plate shown in figure. Also
find the point where the resultant will cut
the x- axis and y-axis. Also shift the
resultant to point ‘B’
[Ans: R=201.4N,  = 59.87  ,
x= 0.3866m to the left of the origin
Y= 0.666m above the origin]

Fig. 1.48

Learning from the lecture ‘Shifting of a force’: Learner will able to know shifting of a force from one
point to another

Add to Knowledge (Content Beyond Syllabus)

Centroids indicates centre of mass of a uniform solid. Stick a pivot at a centroid and the object will
be in perfect balance. Lots of construction applications & engineering applications to design things
so that minimal stress and energy is used to stabilize a component. In stress and deflection analysis
of a beam, the location of centroid is very important.

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Engineering Mechanics – F.E.-SEM I

Learning Outcomes:
Coplanar system of forces& Centroid:
Learners should be able to
1. Define different types of forces and fundamental parameters such as tensile, compressive,
point of application, etc.
2. Identify and locate the forces in a figure with respect to different axis.
3. Locate different types of forces in a figure by considering position of resultant and the moment
of forces.
4. Find the equilibrant of a system, which can bring a system into equilibrium.
5. Analyze fundamental parameters for different forces and centroid for plane lamina.

THREE marks questions:

1. Forces act on the plate ABCD as
shown in the figure. The distance AB
is 4m. Given that the plate is in
equilibrium find
(i)Force F
(ii) Angle α
[Ans: F= 13N, α= 67.4°]

State and prove Varignon’s

2. Theorem

Define Lami’s Theorem and explain

3. it with neat diagram

Determine the magnitude and

4. direction of the resultant of the forces
shown in the given figure.
[Ans.: 178 N, 355  ]

5. Determine the equilibrant of the co-

planer concurrent forces shown in
figure.
[Ans: R= E = 97.95N,  =26.11  ]

Determine the resultant of the

6. following parallel forces.
[Ans: R= 80N]

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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

FIVE marks questions:

1. Forces act on the plate ABCD as
shown in the figure. The distance AB
is 4m. Given that the plate is in
equilibrium find
(iii) Force F
(iv) Angle α
(v) Distance AD
[Ans: F= 13N, α= 67.4°, AD= 8.66m]

2. Two concurrent forces P & Q acts at

O such that their resultant acts along
x-axis. Determine the magnitude of Q
and hence resultant.
[Ans: Q=300N, R= 595.69N]

3. Determine the resultant of the forces

as given in the figure. Find the angle
which the resultant makes with
positive x-axis.
[Ans: R= 100.919 N, θ=30.45°]

4. Determine the resultant of the vertical

force system shown in figure.
[Ans: M=4500 N-m (↺)]

Determine the resultant of the non-

concurrent, non-parallel system of
5.
forces as shown in figure
[Ans: R= 175N,  = 55  , 1.317m to
the right of point O.]

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Engineering Mechanics – F.E.-SEM I

6. For the system shown, determine

i. The required value of if resultant
of three forces is to be vertical
ii. The corresponding magnitude of
resultant
[Ans: 21.8°, 229.29N↓]

7. To pull a hook from an inclined

surface total pull required is 800N
perpendicular to the inclined surface.
Three forces are applied for the
purpose. Two of them are shown in
figure, find the third force.
[Ans: R= 426N,  = 58.83  ]

TEN marks questions:

1. For the given system find the resultant
and its point of application w.r.t. ‘O’ on
the x-axis. A clockwise moment of
5000N-cm is also actingat O.
[Ans: R= 341.42 N, θ=64.79°, x-
intercept = 17.23 cm]

2. Replace the force system given in the

figure by a single force w.r.t point C.
[Ans: R= 78.115 k N, θ=20.22°, d =
10.763 m right of C]

3. Four forces and a couple are acting as

shown in the figure. Determine the
resultant force and locate it w.r.t point A.
[Ans: R= 305.28 N, θ=31.6°, d =
248.95m]

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Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

4. Replace the force system by a single

force w.r.t point C.
[Ans: R= 22.36 N, θ=26.56°, d = 35 m
right of C]

5. Replace the loading on the frame by a

force and moment at point A.
[Ans: R= 921.9N, d= 3.47m]

1.1.17 References:
1) Engineering Mechanics byTayal, Umesh Publication
2) Engineering Mechanics by Beer & Johnson, Tata McGraw Hill
3) Engineering Mechanics by F.L. Singer by Harper
4) Engineering Mechanics – Statics, R. C. Hibbler
3) Engineering Mechanics – Statics, J. L. Merium, I. G. Kraig
5) Engineering Mechanics – P. J. Shah, R. Bade

Self-Assessment

1. What is the difference between moment & couple? (Level 1)

2. Why force is called a sliding vector? (Level 2)
3. Can you guess where will the centroid of this figure will lie? (Level 3)

37
Engineering Mechanics – F.E.-SEM I

4. A bracket is subjected to a co-planer force system as shown in fig. Determine the magnitude
and line of action of the resultant. (Level 4)

5. Determine Centre of Gravity of shaded area. (Level 5)

38
Module 1: Coplanar System of Forces

Self-Evaluation

Name of Student: Course Code:

Class & Div.: Roll No.:
1. Can you define parallelogram law of forces, Couple, Varignon’s theorem?
(a) Yes (b) No

2. Are you able to state different types of forces & formulae of different figure in centroid?
(a) Yes (b) No

3. Are you able to state the properties of couple, derivation of Varignon’s theorem?
(a) Yes (b) No

4. Are you able to solve numerical based on Centroid of plane lamina and resolution of
forces?
(a) Yes (b) No

5. Do you understand this module?

(a) Yes (b) No

39