REPORT ON

ACTION RESEARCH SEGMENT

On title of
Identification of strategies for facilitating irrigation
facility in the village
HOST ORGANIZATION

Srijan Foundation,
Jharkhand

Submitted By-
Sanjeeb Kujur (18201038)
Harihar Hembram (18201017)

REPORTING OFFICER FACULTY GUIDE

Mr. Rajiv Ranjan Sinha Prof. V. Venkatakrishnan
Manager (Programmes) Dean & MBA-RM Admission
Coordinator

KIIT SCHOOL OF RURAL MANAGEMENT (KSRM)

BHUBANESWAR, INDIA
(VILLAGE STUDY SEGMENT 2018-19)

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The pathways to prosperity of Action Research Segment (ARS) study would not been
possible without generous contributions from Prof. (Dr.) S. Parida, Director, KIIT School
of Rural management and thanks to providing this field learning segment. We have also
received support from the faculty guide Prof. V. Venkatakrishnan and ARS Coordinator
Prof. Srilata Patnaik also Prof, Damodar Jena.

We would also like to thanks our host organization Srijan Foundation, Jharkhand that given
us an opportunity to work in given project. We are also thankful to Reporting officer Mr.
Rajiv Ranjan Sinha, Manager (Programmes). Also thankful to Mr. Robin Kumar
Manna who facilitated our accommodation and made us to learn all the ARS components
by doing and interacting with the community member who involved in the Project.

Last, but not the least, we express our sincere thanks to all the people ie. Mr. Digvijay
Singh and Mr, Rana Singh Munda etc. for their support during our field visit. In order to
complete fieldwork successfully, we would like to present special thanks to all the research
participants and villagers who provided their valuable time.

SANJEEB KUJUR (18201038)

HARIHAR HEMBRAM (18201017)

2
 DECLARATION

We do hereby declare that this report of Action Research Segment (ARS) submitted to the
KIIT School of Rural Management (KSRM) of KIIT University, Bhubaneswar for the
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master in Business Administration – Rural
Management is of our own and has not at any time been previously submitted to this
University or any other Universities/Institutions for award of any degree or diploma.

Place: Bhubaneswar SANJEEB KUJUR (18201038)

Date: HARIHAR HEMBRAM (18201017)

3
 CERTIFICATE

This is to be certified that this internship entitle “Action Research Segment, Identification
of
Strategies for facilitating irrigation facility in the village ” submitted in partial fulfillment
for the award of Master of Business Administration in Rural Management, is a record of
independent research work carried out by Sanjeeb Kujur (18201038), Harihar Hembram
(18201017) under my guidance. No part of this dissertation has been previously submitted
earlier for the award of any degree/diploma/associate ship/prize by KIIT School of Rural
Management.

(Prof. V. Venkatakrishnan)
Faculty Guide

4
 CONTENTS

Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..
11-14

1.1) About Study Area:

.........................................................................................................................................11
1.2) About ARS:
...................................................................................................................................................
12
1.3) About Organization:
......................................................................................................................................13
1.4) Objective of study :
.......................................................................................................................................13
1.5) Location of study area
................................................................................................................................... 14

2. METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………….…
15-16

2.1) Different source of Data :

...................................................................................................................................15
2.1.1) Primary Data :
..............................................................................................................................................1
6
2.1.2) Secondary data :
...........................................................................................................................................16
2.2) Data Analysis :
....................................................................................................................................................16
3. FINDINGS………………………………………………………………………......…
17-32

3.1) Social Structure of village :

...............................................................................................................................17
3.1.1) Population :
...............................................................................................................................................
17
3.1.2) Caste Category :
...........................................................................................................................................18
3.1.3) Income Sources of household:
.....................................................................................................................18

5
 3.1.3.1) Primary Occupation:
................................................................................................................................19
3.1.4) Expenditure data of Village Household:
......................................................................................................20
3.1.5) Cultivation Practices:
...................................................................................................................................21
3.1.5.1) Annual data of crops taking by Households:
............................................................................................21
3.1.5.2) Double crop taking
Households:...............................................................................................................21
3.1.5.3) Crop Production analysis:
.........................................................................................................................22
3.1.6) Micro Enterprise:
.........................................................................................................................................23
3.1.7) Livelihood Pattern:
......................................................................................................................................24
3.1.8) Land Holding & Crop
Pattern:.....................................................................................................................24
3.1.9) Market Facilitation:
.....................................................................................................................................29
3.1.10) Literacy Rate:
............................................................................................................................................29
3.2) Infrastructure of village :
....................................................................................................................................30
3.2.1) Roads:
................................................................................................................................................
..........30
3.2.2) Electricity:
................................................................................................................................................
...30
3.2.3) Communication:
..........................................................................................................................................30
3.3) Social Infrastructure:
..........................................................................................................................................30
3.3.1) Educational status:
.......................................................................................................................................30
3.3.2) Aanganwadi
Centre:....................................................................................................................................
.30
3.3.3) Drainage:
................................................................................................................................................
.....30
3.3.4) Defecation:
................................................................................................................................................
...31
3.3.5) Institutional Data of Near by Village :
.........................................................................................................31-32

6
4. PARTICIPATORY RURAL
APPRAISAL…………………………………………………33-34

4.1) Participatory Rural Appraisal:

............................................................................................................................33
4.2) Transect walk and Rapport building:
..................................................................................................................33
4.3) Mapping:
....................................................................................................................................................
.........33
Fig: 4.3.1 Social Map
.............................................................................................................................................34
Fig: 4.3.2 Resource Map
.................................................................................................................................34
Fig: 4.3.5 Venn Diagram
........................................................................................................................................34

5. RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………36-37

5.1) Results of survey:

...............................................................................................................................................36
5.2) Suggestions :
....................................................................................................................................................
...37

6. RURAL ACTION
COMPONENT…………………………………………………………38-47

6.1) Introduction :
....................................................................................................................................................
..39
6.2) Objectives:
....................................................................................................................................................
......39
6.3) PROBLEM ANALYSIS:
....................................................................................................................................40
6.4) CASE STUDY:
...................................................................................................................................................
40
6.4.1) Case study 1
................................................................................................................................................
.41
6.4.2) SAGY.....................................................................................................................................
............43
6.5) MICRO PLANNING FOR VILLAGE ECONOMIC GROWTH
......................................................................46

7
 6.5.1) IDENTIFICATION OF
PROBLEM.............................................................................................................................
....46
6.5.1.1) Dova..............................................................................................................46
6.5.1.2) Root causes of problem.....................................................................................46
6.5.1.3) Consequence of problem of irrigation........................................................................46
6.5.1.4) Cost of
construction.............................................................................................................47
7. NATIONAL SERVICE
SCHEME…………………..……………………………………48-49

7.1) Introduction
....................................................................................................................................................
....48
7.2) Objective of NSS:
............................................................................................................................................49
7.3) Awareness in School……………………………………………………………………49

8. CHALLENGES IN A FIELD WORK

...............................................................................................50
9. LEARNINGS ................................................................................................................................51
10. REFERENCES
..........................................................................................................................................................52

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Title of project: Identification of Strategies for facilitating Irrigation facility in the village
for increasing crop production.

Location : Srijan Foundation, Jharkhand

Name of the students : Sanjeeb Kujur, Harihar Hembram

Objectives : The main purpose of this fieldwork was to get practical experience of rural
life and understand village dynamics through close interaction with its people and
institutions.
The objectives of the study are:
❖ To understand the livelihood systems of the village.

8
 ❖ To learn the village socio economic structure.
❖ To understand the village life and realities, particularly identify the reason and
problem in village.
❖ Learn PRA tools with the villagers.
❖ Analyze their problems and offer practical solutions.
❖ To understand the significance and role of various organization and community
based institutions.

Host Organization : Srijan Foundation (SF) is a rural development agency registered on

7th February, 2007 under Indian Trust Act,1882 working particularly for women and
children, who are struggling poverty, social exclusion and gender injustice.

Areas of Work :

• Women Empowerment.
• Health.
• Anti-trafficking Programme (Women, Adolescents, and Children).
• Community Development Programme.
• Self- Help Promotion.
• Community-based Rehabilitation of the Disabled.
• Functional Vocational Training (Youths/Adolescents)

• Food Security

Project Activities: This internship allows us to experience the rural scenario in present
day. SF, Jharkhand given us this opportunity to face off the village condition and identify
the problems of study area. Starting 2 days we only visit the study area to identifying of
resource persons, community based organizations and planning of work. Our project areas
are Madheya Panchayat and Serka village of Uldanda Gram Panchayat. These places come
under Garhwa and Palamu districts Jharkhand state.

The field area of Madheya Panchayat had been given to us because organization had
already started in this Panchayat. So that it will be easier for rapport building and working

9
with the villagers. However, in case of Uldanda Panchayat it was completely a new village
for them too.
In this study area we conducted overall survey to find out the current situation of economic
condition of village. We filled interview schedule, focused group discussion with
households that given us basic idea about the life style of villagers. In between the dates of
23rd Oct. to 13th Nov.’2016 we were engaged in organizational projects and preparation of
questionnaire development. In this project, we were asked to prepare questionnaire
according to our previous academics. After the submission of this developed questionnaire,
we visited another village area for doing our households survey and learning. The PRA
tools we have used to analyze the village situation are Transect walk, Social map, Resource
map, Vulnerability map, Venn diagram etc.

The survey work and PRA we had done within 3 weeks and after this assessment we again
came back to organization for reporting back. During the ARS, in the village we had done
various types of activities briefly listed are:

• Visited Gram Panchayat office and Market place of village. To get the secondary
source of data for questionnaire schedule. We also met with the Mukhiyas of both
the Panchayats.

• Meeting and discussion with SHGs, Sahiyas, Jal Sahiyas, Employment Service
Provider, Ward Members, ANMs, AWWs,

• We also suggested the village people to utilize the ponds and streams for
agricultural practices.
• Meeting with the 5 different categories for focused group discussion (old age
people, Married women’s, Adolescents group both boys and girls).
• Made the Micro-planning for facilitating irrigation facility through Dova i.e., small
water reservoir.
• In NSS activities we had done sanitation, health and educational awareness through
teaching with in the primary school.

10
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

11
 1.INTRODUCTION

1.1) About Study Area:

Serka is a small village which located in Uldanda gram panchayat of Chinpur Tehsil of
Jharkhand, India. It is located 30 KM towards South from District headquarters Medinipur
and 25 KM from block office Chainpur. With total around 83 household residing. The main
crops grown by the farmers are Wheat, Rice, Maize, Millet and Arhar.

1.2) About ARS:

Action Research Segment directly addresses the problem of the division between theory
and practice by integrating the development of practice with the construction of research
knowledge in a cyclical process. The purpose of all action research is to impart social
change, with a specific action as the ultimate goal.

1.3) About Organization:

Srijan foundation is a rural development agency registered under Indian Trust Act,1882
and has been functioning as a leading agency in the area of rural livelihood with women
and children in prime focus. It has been functioning in the country since December 1995
with head office at Hazaribagh of the concerned state.

1.4) Objective of study :

• To study and conduct Research on Social, Cultural and economic aspects of the
Rural Communities and promote them.
• To promote all types of activities that aimed at integraed development of persons
and communities.
• To help, devise schemes and projects and help to execute them which will assist the
village towards elimination of poverty and misery.
• To promote efficient irrigation pattern for agricultural aligned activities.

12
13
 •

Source: Internet

14
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY

2.METHODOLOGY

The data collected are on demography, social structure, infrastructure facilities, agro-
climatic resources, village economy, village organizations and people’s institutions and the
issues of development. Both Quantitative and Qualitative data were collected. The
quantitative data were on population, land holding, literacy rate. The qualitative data were
quality of drinking water, quality of the road, housing pattern, sanitation, food habit which
were obtained from the village after the interaction with the villagers and with use of tools
like PRAs, Focused Group discussion, informal meetings. Then by the active participation
of villagers we did participatory rural appraisal to collect data and identify problems.

2.1) Different source of Data : The collection of household survey data we are using
both primary and secondary data.

15
2.1.1) Primary Data :

• In Primary data collection we are using the convenience sampling method. Which
we have conducted the survey from Serka village encompassing 83 households.

• The collection of primary data we had mainly used this method to find the socio-
cultural situation among different communities.

2.1.2) Secondary data :

We collected secondary data from Gram Panchayat, Srijan Foundation and local
community members Anganwadi, ANM, Primary School, Mukhiya and Internet.

2.2) Data Analysis :

We have used statistical methods and tools to analyze data. We used Statistical tools like
tables, graphs, bar charts, averages, percentages etc. were used to analyze the data collected
on various things like, caste, sex ratio, different occupations, expenditure, assets, land
holding pattern, literacy level, and different infrastructure like road, electrification etc.

16
 CHAPTER
3FINDINGS

3.1) Social Structure

Under this category various castes of people residing in the village have been segregated as
ST and OBC and proportion of male, female and total population as well.
3.1.1) Male and Female with total households

CONTENTS NO. OF

TOTAL 83
HOUSEHOLDS

ST 372

OBC 11

POPULATION 383

FEMALE 185

MALE 198

Source: Village Survey

17
3.1.2) Caste Category :

In the village we had find only the SC and OBC category under this many types of caste
like Munda, Korwa and Sonar.

Caste category
No. of Population age wise

3% 0-6 6.1 - 18
OBC 18.1-60 Above 60
ST 3% 17%
46%
34%

Source: Village Survey Source: Village Survey

3.1.3) Income Sources of household:

The village people mainly depend on agriculture for their livelihood. When we asked them
about their various sources of income we got the following data. Though villagers mainly
hesitate to give their detailed information we managed to collect convincing them as they
think the data has something to do with govt. We found agriculture as the most preferred
source of income having maximum earning.

18
 Sources of income
Series1

Ceremonial 5

Education 8

Health 11

Clothing 14

Food 60

Source:
Village Survey

3.1.3.1) Primary Occupation:

The primary occupations of households are mainly engaged in agriculture work it is 78%
of total. It has been shown in the pie chart as well as the 18% households are in labour.

Occupation No. Of HH

Agriculture 47
Source: village survey Agri. Labor 0
5
3% Primary Occupation Business 1
4
8% Contractor 0

Cultivation 0
3 2
32% Govt. Job 1
57%
Labor 11

Tailor 0

Teacher 0

Total 60

19
 Most of the village households are involved in more than 1 occupation i.e., agriculture
and labor or agriculture and petty business, So that we had classify it in number of
Household and number of occupation.

No. of occupation No. Of Occupation No. Of HH

1 2 3 4 5
1 23

14% 2 21
36%
21%
3 12
29%

4 03

5 1

Total 60

.Source: Village survey

3.1.4) Expenditure data of Village Household:

Source: Village Survey

Sources of Expd.
Food Clothing Health Education Ceremonial Transport Others
1%1%
5%

8%

11%

14% 60%

20
According to the data of income they are expanding more than that. It is very tough
situation to relate this data but after 4-5 household survey we realized that this may happen
because they are not regularly earn. They got mostly seasonal income only, for their needs
sometimes they also face very trouble situation.

3.1.5) Cultivation Practices:

In the different type of season the farmers take practice of different crops. According to
information that we got from the village survey we identified the major regions of their
cultivation practice that are shown in figure below:

3.1.5.1) Annual data of crops taking by Households:

In the survey data we analyzed that various crops types has been grown by the farmers. In
this way we calculated the number of crops which are produced annually. This data covered
all surveyed households and number of crops also.

Crop Name Grow Don’t grow

Wheat 36 38
Paddy 13 61
Sugarcane 18 56
Mango 7 67
Ground Nut 4 70
Peanut 2 72
vegetables 1 73
Source: Village Survey

3.1.5.2) Double crop taking Households:

21
In the village there are many households they also grown twice in a year. In this way we
categorized the both crops which practiced annually by the farmers and number of those
farmers also..

Source: Village Survey

22
3.1.5.3) Crop Production analysis:

The analysis of crop production we had done by surveyed household. Among all crops which practiced
by village farmers we conclude it on the basis of area under production and output.
S.No. Crop name Area under production Total production Average production
(in Acre) (in quintal) (in quintal)
1. Wheat 36 485 13.5
2. Mango 23 1167 50.74
3. Sugarcane 19.5 2000 103
4. Groundnut 4.25 54.2 12.75
5. Maize 1.2 12 10
6. Cucumber 0.75 20 26.67
7. Peanut 1 4 4
8. Vegetables 1.5 2 1.33
 Average production (in quintal/acre)
Average production (in quintal)

103

50.74

26.67
13.5 12.75 10
4 1.33

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Source: Village Survey

3.1.6) Micro Enterprise:

Out of 176 households only Six households have small shop which keeps some basic need items like,
bulb, sugar, tea, biscuit, snacks, soap, hair oil, Matchbox, etc. There are two Carpenter making Wood
machineries related to agriculture, khat, chair, home doors and windows. One diesel auto rikshaw owned
person, two peoples are well engaged in Tailoring work.

24
26
 Source: Village Survey

3.1.8.1) BPL households land holding and crop taking practice:

Source: Village Survey

CROP TAKING PRACTICE OF BPL HOUSEHOLD LAND OWING DATA OF BPL

HOUSEHOLD

49 49 49 21% Landless
24%
Marginal (upto
2.5 acre)
21 Small (2.5-5
13 15 acre)
18%
Semi-medium
MORE THAN 2 CROP MORE THAN 1 CROP SINGLE CROP 37% (5-10 acre)
Series1 Series2

Source: Village Survey

3.1.8.2) APL household land holding and crop taking practice:

S. No. CROP TAKEN IN NUMBER LAND AREA

 Land Marginal (up Semimedium
accessible Small
3 or more Double crop Single crop to 2.5 acre) (5-10 acre)
HH (2.5-5 acre)

No. Of 2 3 3
HH
9 4 3 3

9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Out of

28
 CROP TAKING PRACTICE OF APL LAND OWING DATA OF APL
HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD

33% 34%

Marginal (upto
9 9 9
2.5 acre)

Small (2.5-5 acre)

4
3
2 Semi-medium (5-
10 acre)
MORE THAN 2 CROP MORE THAN 1 CROP SINGLE CROP 33%

Series1 Series2

Source: Village Survey

3.1.9) Market Facilitation:

The nearest market available for the villagers is at Ramgarh. It is a small market but all basic need
essential are easily available in this area like Kirana store, Machinery shops, mobile shop, bike
repairing shop, seed and fertilizer shop, Petrol store, Stationary shop, etc. For all kind of basic
amenities fulfilled by this plac e. The major transport facility like commander and Mini bus had also
facilitated by this place. People who wants to go Block office (Chainpur) or bank ( SBI go
to Shahpur) they need to came this place then they go any kind of public transport.

3.1.10) Literacy Rate:

In village survey we find that 311 out of 383 are above than 6 years in this only 280 are only literate.

Source: Village Survey

3.2) Infrastructure of village :

3.2.1) Roads:

The village has only kaccha road. It’s narrow and gets muddy during monsoon season.

3.2.2) Electricity:
The village has no access to electricity as yet. People use kerosene oil for chimney during night
time and through solar power source they use some kind of electronic items.

3.2.3) Communication:

The village has low accessibility of SIM network. In comparison to others Jio and BSNL have
some better network connectivity.

3.3) Social Infrastructure:

3.3.1) Educational status:

There is one Primary school in the village; Middle school is situated in outer boundary of
village. But the teaching is done through merged class standard i.e., 1st, 2nd& 3rd.They are
allowed to sit in same class and separately take the teaching area.
3.3.2) Aanganwadi Centre:

Though there is a Anganwadi but no building for it has been constructed yet. So classes for
Anganwadi is held at verandahs of houses.

3.3.3) Drainage:

Since there is no pucca road ,there is no drainage system as well. Basically waste water is
disposed in the open area.

30
 3.3.4) Defecation:

54% of the houses in the village practice open defecation while the rest have own toilet
facilities. Households having toilet facility but males mostly prefer to go in the open for
defecation; toilets are mostly used by Women, small children’s and old age peoples.

53.24 %
46.75 %

Independent
Open defecation

Source: Anganwadi

3.3.5) Institutional Data of Near by Village :

From To Institutions Distance

Serka Dalton ganj Railway Station 35 KM
Serka Dalton ganj Health sub centre 30 KM
Serka medinipur District Headquarter 35 KM
Serka chainpur Tehsil 25 KM
Serka CHAINPUR BLOCK 25 KM
Serka ULDANDA COOPERATIVE 3 KM
BANK
Serka ULDANDA Veterinary Hospital 6 KM
Serka RAMGARH Police Station 7 KM
Serka SHAHPUR State Bank of India 25 KM
Serka RAMGARH Market 7 KM

31
 Serka

RAMGARH PO 7 KM
Serka CHAINPUR PHC 27 KM
Serka ULDANDA High School 6 KM
Serka SARJA Middle School 4 KM
Serka RAMGARH Bus STOP 7 KM
Serka ULDANDA PDS 4 KM
Serka ULDANDA Gram Panchayat 4 KM
Serka Inside Village Anganwadicentre 0 KM
Serka Inside Village Primary School 0 KM
Serka Inside Village Temple 0 KM
Source: PRA

32
CHAPTER 4 PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL

33
4. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL

4.1. Participatory rural appraisal:

Participatory technique is to build rapport, elicit support and participation of people in their
own development.

4.2. Transect walk and rapport building

On the first day of study we walked through areas of interest to observe, to listen, to identify
different zone or conditions and to ask questions to identify problems and possible solutions.
With this method we quickly learnt about topography, soil, land use, forests, water shed and
community assets. We also interacted with them for rapport building that helped us for data
collection, further, households survey and NSS activit.

4.3. Mapping
We have made different types of map to identify different social and community based
regions and resources of village households. The maps we have made are following :

34
35
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION

5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1) Results of survey:

• The focused people in the 83 household survey of the villages have agriculture as the
primary source of earning and livelihoods.
• The geographical condition of this area is suitable for good production of agriculture
and there is good level of ground as village is set at foothills of Latehar ranges but sadly
no irrigation facility is there leading to low productivity despite having supportive soil
and suitable environment for various types of crops.
• Farmers who’ve access for agricultural land mostly grow maize, rice, wheat, millets
and arhar .
• The village has poor connectivity with market or government mandi and other
institutions.
• Community based facilities are in very poor condition i.e., due to no drainage facility
water flows on roads and ultimately road degrades its quality, Besides, electricity, good
toilets, and basic access to different resources are lacking.

36
 • Farmers are ignorant about the crop disease and animal disease because awareness
campaigns for such are not promoted by veterinary surgeon.
• Demand for health insurance is very high and also there is need for warehouse facility.
• There are instances of early marriage.
• In distress periods the villagers migrate to Chennai for earning their livelihoods. It is
mostly seen after the post harvest period as at this time very high unemployment.

• They do mixed cropping.

5.2) Suggestions:

• Provide awareness for use of toilets, animal disease, against early marriage, education.
• Using of drainage system will helps to maintain the road quality after construction of
pucca roads connecting to nearby villages and towns.
• Crop rotation, crop diversification helps to gain more profit as well as for optimum
utilization of land.
• Anganwadi center should be opened in the village so it will help to treatment of disease
and other services related to child, maternal, adolescents care and record of all data
about the village.
• Open more women SHGs that will helps to women as well as for their empowerment.
• Agriculture consultant is required in the villages due to lack of adequate facilities.
• In the gram panchayat area, there is also a need of primary health center so that village
people can access the treatment of minor disease or fever.

37
CHAPTER 6
RURAL ACTION
COMPONENT

6.RURAL ACTION COMPONENT

38
6.1) Introduction :

Srijan Foundation had given the work in the area of Madheya Panchayat. These areas mainly
90 percent of the villagers are engaged in agriculture or agricultural related work and the rest
are engaged in labor work. The land of this region is quite fertile, so multiple cropping and
mixed cropping is practiced. Important town near to village is Garhwa, located at a distance of
6 KM. Due to lack of awareness people don’t have access to information and development
activities done in the village. People grow varieties of crop but are in meager amount only.
The temperature during summer months ranges from 16-45oC, while in the winter months the
temperature varies within 7–17.6oC. Monsoon rains occurs mainly during June to August
months.

6.2) Objectives:

• To study and conduct Research on Social, Cultural and economic aspects of the Rural
Communities and promote them.
• Facilitate better linkages between community institutions and the panchayat for
betterment of village.

• To promote all types of activities that aimed at the integral development of persons and
communities.

• To promote efficient irrigation pattern for agricultural aligned activities.

• Identify the adequate areas and appropriate locations for establishment of small
industry, office, SHG’s that will not degrade the character of the surrounding natural,
cultural, ethical and physical bodies.

• Study about access to improved basic amenities

• To collect information on enhanced human development.
• .To assess whether there is any better livelihood opportunities and sources
• To mark the reduction in disparities viz. against women, marginalised and lower
sections of community.
• To see if there is access of rights, entitlement and social justice
• To gather information about social mobilisation, behavioural change and participation
of CBOs

39
 • To find building of Social capital and holding of Sabha.

6.3) PROBLEM ANALYSIS:

Most of the villagers are marginal farmers and no big farmers are there. It means they have
land availability problem. Besides, irrigation is the main problem. There, the lands are far away
from water source.

➢ People don’t want to change their occupational behavior and traditional pattern of
agriculture aligned activities. They are habitual of traditional methods because it’s easy
to practice and they are follower and practitioner for each other, so its help them to take
care of crop.
➢ One of many issues is they are using traditional pattern of agriculture and no awareness
among new modern techniques of agriculture.
➢ They don’t agree to work in Self Help Group and also don’t want initiate irrigation
facilities at their own.
➢ Village is facing community problems like No primary health centre, High school,
roads, Anganwadi, etc. It’s a core factor to decrease the community development of
village.
➢ No facilitation of SHG’s - They are biased in nature they don’t want do work in group.
And no formal rules as to borrow from the group. Benefits are not being understood by
the members.
➢ In some parts no boundary is there for crop fields as to hold water.
➢ Also the village is situated along the hilly area sloppy land is there.

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 ➢ Not proper transport facility for village - The village is very far from main market and
all other major need requirement is fulfilled by if those place they go.
➢ Prevalence of the careless type attitude - They are not much interested to do any extra
income generating option so it’s tough to innovate them any idea.
➢ Women empowerment - The male person of village they don’t want to suggest there
housewife to do work in Self-help Group. But the female people of village wanted to
join to get extra source of income.

6.4) CASE STUDY:

6.4.1) Case study : SHG

Name of SHG: Lakshmi Mahila Vikash Samiti No. of members : 10

Marital Status of all women: Married

Village: Jhura GP. Madheya

Block: Garhwa District: Garhwa
State: Jharkhand
Caste: ST
Religion: Hindu

Background:
It was started in 2004 by women. It is the most successful SHG in their village out of 7 SHGs.
Till then SHG has been developing and its members are doing varieties of work and find it
beneficial for them.

Objective as stated by SHG members:

• Depositing the money to build a habit of saving.

• To start a small business of their own.

• Women empowerment through earning income and self dependent

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 • To contribute towards large sum of money to avail borrowings to its members during

need.

• Skill development through

Achievements
• Started a PDS which is fully operated by women.
• A small business of papad
• Mushroom culture
• Pickle preparation
• Spices making and sale
• Animal husbandry

SHG has been the source of income and livelihood for the women. They undertake income
generating activities which can be done in home doing all other works too. They get additional
2000 to 2500 through SHG. Though papad business is not running because of non availability
of packaging wrapper. But all other activities are going smoothly. They even have a plan to
start Bee-keeping.

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6.4.2) SANSAD ADARDH GRAM PANCHAYAT

Panchayat Name: Madheya Total no. of villages: 7

Name of villages: Madheya, Jhura, Haraiya, Bharatiya, Hur, Khajuri, Mahupi
PO. Madheya
Block: Garhwa District: Garhwa
State: Jharkhand
Personal Information:
Castes: STs, SCs, OBCs and Generals Total No of households: 1360
Population: 7620
Religion: Hindu, Muslim

Approach of study
• Interaction with at least 10 villagers.
• Focused Group Discussion with SHGs, Sahiya (Asha), Jal Sahiya, AWW, ANM
Ward members, Mukhiya ( Sarpanch)

Areas of Survey:
• Personal Development
• Human Development
• Social Development
• Economic Development
• Environment Development

REPORT ON BRIEF
1. Personal development
1.1. Hygienic Behaviour and Practices
In Madhya Panchayat as per information source and our observe during visits we foundit
has a population of around 7620. All brush their teeth but more than 3610are not using
brush and toothpaste. They use Datun for it. All houses have toilets but around 400

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 households use toilets and rest 1000 households opt for open defecation. For daily bath
villagers use tube wells, ponds, rivers and private bore wells. Out of which only around 1
to 2 percent have private bore wells and use bathrooms. As per our conversation with
people around 60-70 percent fall under low income group hence not use cleaned clothes
and rest 30 use cleaned clothes and belong from General categories of people reside in
village Madheya, Bhartiya and some are in Haraiya. For menstrual hygiene of adolescents
Iron and Folic acid containing tablets are given and use hygiene pads bough from shops.
1.2. Inculcating habits of regular physical exercise
No villager has habit of daily exercises. No gym is there, nobody go for jogging and but
cricketis played by young group in boys only.
1.3. Reducing risk behaviour- alcoholism, smoking, substance abuse etc.
Around 20-30 per cent make their own alcohol at home called rice bear or Handiya in local
language. 12 SHGs and 1 Adolescents girls group had a rally against alcoholism. The shops
have gutkha, tobacco and this in result appeals for chewing gutkha and tobacco.
1.4.Heath and Nutrition
All households that is 3610 households eat three times a day. But nutritious food for more
than 60-70 percent is not available as they are poor. We discussed with 13 Sahiyas, 4 Jal
Sahiyas and 2 ANM there was two case of tuberculosis and two case of leprosy hence low rate
of such diseases. 2 ANM have been placed their before 3 months. There is complete
immunisation for child. Rice, dal, egg and Satuawas provided earlier to adolescents girls,
pregnant women and lactating mother are provided till now.

Human Development
2.1.Education for all
There is no school which has been to transformed smart school. There is 2 Primary School
and 1 medium school and 1 high school in the Panchayat. Under the scheme of SSA and
PMSA more than 90 percent children attend school with 75 percent attendance daily. There
is no facilities for E –literacy and village library. But increased no. Of school goersduring
the last 3 years becauseof the school which was built in 2017 but no fund is available one
school.

3. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
3.1. Social Development
No activities for promotion and formation of Bharat Nirman Volunteers has been
undertaken. As a result lack of capacity building and participation in village development
activities. Crimes and theft cases are generally solved through Gram Sabha for minor case
otherwise handover to police station situated at a distance of 5 KM. 7 adolescents boys
committees are there. But no Committees are there for higher and senior citizens.
Sensitisation of youth is undertaken by boys committees. No Village Day, No Village fair
or art and folk music has been promoted. No exhibition for honouring martyr, freedom
fighters, and not for role models of women. Though increased awareness, knowledge about
Adarsh Panchayat is there and more rate of Self expression among members of SHGs.

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 Unity and harmony has increased during the last 3 years and crime cases and violence
against lower community and women and domestic violence has decreased. Alcoholism is
the main cause of violence and chaos in the Sabha and at home.
3.2.Clean Villages
Rally is done by SHGs and Adolescents Groups from time to time. There was two time
during the last 2 years. No public toilets. Drainage disposal canals are there in few areas of
village but practically no facilities for solid and liquid waste management. Toilets are not
linked to biogas plants. Each and every household have been provided with IHHL but are
used only by 400 households and rest 1000
don’t have habit of it as no doors or water supply to IHHL. But particularly no system for
collection and segregation of wastes is there. Roads and public places are cleaned. The
panchayat has not reached to complete saturation of IHHL and public toilets. It can be done
though MGNREGA, Swachh Bharat Mission and MPLADS.

4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Promoting diversified agricultural livelihoods, including livestock and horticulture,
through –
The aim is to reach sustainable and organic farming. Seed is provided to farmers like of
Arhar and lentils. For irrigation to agricultural fields are done by pumpset by farmers and
nearby ponds and rivers. No seed bank or Soil health card is facilitating better productivity
has been done. No activities has been done for crop intensification through SRI, no solar
pumping system. Since no schemes of Ministry of Agricultural, MKSP or MGNREGS were
provided use of fertilisers and chemical pesticides has been increasing.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
For the development of environment roadside plantation is there and drainage system in
village was seen. But homestead plantation has not started yet.

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6.5)MICRO PLANNING FOR VILLAGE ECONOMIC GROWTH

6.5.1) Identification of problem

Though primary occupation may be labor or otherwise but agriculture is practiced
everywhere. And for this irrigation to crops is must throughout the year .So with a discussion
villagers we came to a conclusion that they will prefer construction of dova i.e., small water
reservoir across the fields.

6.5.1.1) Dova
It is a small water reservoir for conservation of water and further irrigation to crop fields. This is a
30*30 ft. with a 8 ft. and 10 *10 ft area at the centre bottom of the Dova. This size of water
conservation source can have enough water to provide for irrigation.

6.51.2) Root causes of problem

 Remote location of village.

 Poverty.
 Location of village is at elevated high land.
 Less number of water source for irrigation.
 Mostly agricultural field are on medium land.
 Soil includes high rate of gravel and small rocks.
 Deforestation leading to low water holding capacity and decreased ground water leve.

6.5.1.3) Consequences of problem of irrigation

 Low agricultural productivity.
 Expectation of people fall down.
 Loss of inputs.
 Low income and availability of food for next year.
 Migration
 Unemployment is seen in post harvest.

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6.5.1.4) cost of construction:
 Cost of preparing a dova is 23500.
 The plan is presented at the Gram Sabha as construction work of dova is undertaken
by Panchayat.
 Water from dova can be used for irrigation.
 Opportunity for growing more crops with higher productivity.
 Self reliance with food and source of income.
 Decrease expenditure on buying food from outside.
 Less migration and seasonality unemployment

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CHAPTER 7 NATIONAL
SERVICE SCHEME

7. NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME

7.1) Introduction

National Service Scheme was launched in year 1969 with a motto “Not Me, But You” which
means the service for others without being selfish. It is a service through which the nation’s
Youth can develop the community welfare Programs. The NSS promotes the volunteers to
come ahead and put their effort and help to aware the community through campaigning, drama,
role play etc.

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The NSS is directly relevant to the Rural Management student, because the student of RM are
supposed to work under Rural Areas and give the development program for the inclusive
development in Rural Areas. Thus NSS is also a part of development activity and therefore is
very meaningful for the Rural Management students.
This NSS activity helps to build direct linkages between Community and Campus,
College and Village, Knowledge and Action, Thinking and Implementation through the
involvement of local community.

7.2) Objective of NSS:

• To work with local community for their awareness and development.

• To encourage students for daily attendance at the school

• To assimilate and incorporate environmental values in the education

• To aware the villagers specially women about the Pulse Polio Drop and its importance
for their nascent child.
• To support the government schemes.

• To inform the women about the other useful vaccination i.e., ECG, BCG etc.
• To motivate small children to go to School.

7.3) AWARENESS IN SCHOOL

We visited a village in Madheya Panchayat called Hur Primary School. We met with school
teachers and students. We did a awareness about importance of use of toilets, education with
maintaining cleanliness in the nearby areas. We taught them to go for toilets and never drop
out as far as possible. We did cleaning of school premises.

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 8. CHALLENGES IN A FIELD WORK
 Making them understand priority of livelihoods promotion.
 Facilitating them to convey what you need.
 Adapt with adverse circumstances.
 Overcoming language barriers and understanding of rural problems with their view
point.

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 9. LEARNINGS

 Gainful experience of livelihood system in the village.

 Understanding use and availability of resources, various problems and dealing with it,
 Insider perspective view of various aspects of rural setup.
 Application of tools for recording, classifying, analyzing and interpretation of data.
 Doing micro level plan basing upon need and availability of resources for rural area.

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References:

• Gram Panchayat Uldanda and Madhey

• Anganwadi centre of village
• Reports given by Srijan Foundation

List of Abbreviations:
AWW: Anganwadi Worker
ANM: Auxiliary Nurse Midwifery

PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal

SHG’s: Self Help Groups
PDS: Public Distribution System
Mandi: local name of Government Crop purchasing Place
NSS: National Service Scheme
HH: House Hold
ARS: Action Research Segment
RAC: Rural Action Component
HR: Human Resource
SC: Schedule Caste
ST: Schedule Tribes
PHC: Public Health Centre
PNB: Punjab National Bank
GP: Gram Panchayat

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