me eS -Advanced Learners’ Grammar A self-study reference & practice book with answer: Wr olor ae Lim ol PS ty ny ad Longman Pen arealOTe rN] Advanced Learners’ Grammar A self-study reference & practice book with answers Mark Foley & Diane HallPearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex Coo 2 lan and Associated Companies throughout the world, www-longman.com © Pearson Education Limited 2003 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers. ‘The rights of Mark Foley and Diane Hall to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. Eighth impression 2008 Printed in China GCC/08 Development editor: David Lott. Produced for the publishers by Bluestone Press, Charlbury, Oxfordshire, UK. Design by Keith Rigley. Copy-edited by Sue Harmes. Illustrations by Anthony Seldon (pages 55, 72, 74, 109, 111, 125, 137, 161, 188, 195, 203, 208, 213, 215, 232, 278, 298, 303, 524, 327), Anthony Maher (pages 59, 64, 65, 80, 98, 124, 133, 191, 206, 290, 294, 297, 314, 322) and Jean de Lemos (pages 76, 91, 116, 166), all of Graham-Cameron illustration Set in ITC Symbol Medium ISBN 978-0-582-40383-3, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material Atlantic Syndication Partners for an extract adapted from “How over-protective parents may harm their children’s health” by Beezy Marsh published in The Daily Mail 24th June 1999: Guardian Newspapers Limited for headiines "Police chief admits China visit errors” by Paul Baldwin, “Radio | outshines commercial rivals” by Janine Gibson, “Prisons chief urges release of Bulger Killers” by Alan Travis, “DiCaprio film-makers face storm over paradise lost" by John Vidal published in The Guardian 29th October 1999 © The Guardian 1999 and “Judge blocks ban on tobacco adverts” by Sarah Boseley, "India snubs Pope on eve of visit” by Suzanne Goldenberg published in The Guardian 30th October 1999 © The Guardian 1999, and extracts adapted from “Lobster's whiter shade of pale puts fishmonger £20,000 in red” by Luke Harding published in The Guardian 9th December 1997 © The Guardian 1997, “Stephen King’s latest thriller ~ will the minivan get it?” by Julian Borger published in The Guardian 30th October 1999 © The Guardian 1999, “A word in your year, from 1900 to now” by John Ezard published in The Guardian 30th October 1999 © The Guardian 1999 and “Why that joke email could get you the sack” by Philip Inman and Jamie Wilson published in The Guardian Ind December 2000 © The Guardian 2000; the author's agent for an extract ‘adapted from "Dramatic tension” by Mark Lawson published in The Guardian 2nd August 1999; and Michael O'Mara Books Limited for extracts adapted from The One Hundred Stupidest Things Ever Done by Ross and Kathryn Petras, In some instances we have been unable to trace the owners of copyright material and we would appreciate any information that would enable us to do so. We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs: Aviation Images for page 221; Bloomsbury for page 254; Corbis Images for page 343; DK Picture Library for page 79; Image Bank for page 231; The Kobal Collection for pages 69, 94 & 154; Penguin Readers for page 61: Rex Features for pages 288 & 311; Ronald Grant for page 317 ‘The authors would like to thank David Lott, Kenna Bourke anc! Christina Ruse for their editorial input into this book ‘They would like to acknowledge the assistance of staff and students at the following institutions for piloting the materials: Wimbledon School of English, Westminster Kingsway College, and the College of North West London They would also like to thank the following for reporting on the manuscript: Valeria Arva, Centre for English Training, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary: Rolf Donald, Eastbourne School of English, UK; Ozden Ergul, TC Maltepe Universites, Istanbul, Turkey. Tatyana Goucher, Diplomatic Academy, Moscow, Russia; Bernie Hayden, UK: Olha Madylus, British Council, Thessaloniki, Greece: Michael Nutt, UK: Ludmila Pastushenko, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Ukraine; Jelena Timotjevic, Unversity of Brighton, UK; Dorina Vant, Liceul de Informatica Brasov, Brasov, Romania: Berri Vildiz, Dogus Universitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyContents Introduct n Diagnostic tests 1-36 1 Present tenses (» Diagnostic test 1, page 10) 1.1 Present simple / make 1.2 Present continuous am making 1.3. Verbs rarely used in the continuous believe; have; like; etc. 2 Past tenses (» Diagnostic test 2, page 11) 2.1 Past simple J made 2.2 Past continuous / was making 2.3 Past perfect / had made 2.4 Past perfect continuous! had been making 2.5 Used to/would | used to make; | would make 3 Past to present tenses (» Diagnostic test 5, page 12) 3.1 Present perfect simple | have made 3.2. Present perfect and past simple ~ differences 3.3. Present perfect continuous / have been making 3.4 Present perfect simple and continuous - differences Round up (Units 1-3): Present and past tenses 4 The future (1) (» Diagnostic test 4, page 13) 4.1 Prediction he will make; he is going to make; he will be making; ete 4.2 Decisions and intentions | will make; | am going to make 4.3 Arrangements I’m meeting; | will be meeting 4.4 Other future meanings timetables; qualifying future forms; etc. 5 The future (2) (» Diagnostic test 5, page 14) 5.1 Expressions with future meaning be to + infinitive; be due to + infinitive; etc 5.2 Verbs with future meaning main verbs; modal verbs 5.3. Future in the past | was going to make; other forms Round up (Units 4 and 5): The future 6 Negation (» Diagnostic test 6, page 15) 6.1 Negative statements not; no; neither; etc 6.2 Negative questions Haven't you seen ...? 6.5 Words which carry negative meaning adverbs; quantifiers: verbs; prefixes 10 46 47 48 54 54 56 56 57 62 64 64 65 70 72 1B 14 15 80 81 82 86 88 90 907 Questions (» Diagnostic test 7, page 16) 7.1 Closed and open questions Are you busy? Why did she leave? 7.2 Tag questions He knows, doesn’t he? He doesn’t know, does he? etc. 7.3 Indirect questions Can you tell me how long ...? | wonder whether 7.4 Echo questions Are you? Has he really? 8 Passives, causatives and get |) Diagnostic test 8, page 17) 8.1 Passive forms it is made; he was said to be ...: it got broken 8.2. Passive -ing forms and infinitives being made; to have been made; ete 8.3 havelget + object + past participle had/got it made; | had my bag stolen 8.4 Uses of the passive information order; the ‘unimportant’ agent; ete. 9 Reported speech (» Diagnostic test 9, page 18) 9.1 Direct and indirect speech ‘There's a problem.’; He said there was a problem. 9.2 Indirect statements reporting verbs; changes of pronoun, adverb, tense 9.3 Indirect (reported) questions reporting verbs; she asked when it started 9.4 — Indirect commands and requests reporting verbs; he asked them to wait 9.5 Reporting verbs and their patterns advise; offer; threaten; etc. 10 Conditionals (» diagnostic test 10, page 19) 10.1 General points on conditionals sentence structures and patterns 10.2. Zero conditional if! work late, he makes the dinner. 10.3. First conditional If / work late tomorrow, he'll make the dinner. 10.4 Second conditional If! worked late, he would make the dinner. 10.5. Third conditional If I'd worked late, he would have made the dinner. 10.6 Mixed conditionals mixed second/third and third/second conditionals 10.7. Alternatives to if unless; provided that; suppose; in cose; etc. 11 The subjunctive and ‘unreal’ uses of past forms (& Diagnostic test 11, page 20) 11.1 The subjunctive form and use; informal alternatives; fixed expressions 11.2 The ‘unreal’ past imaginary past, present and future; was or were; what if; ete 11.3 wishlif only + past simple; + past perfect; + would/could Round up (Units 10 and 11): Conditionals, subjunctive and ‘unreal’ past 12 -ing forms and infinitives (» Diagnostic test 12, page 21) 12.1. ~ing forms subjects and objects; patterns of use 12.2. Infinitives forms and uses 12.3. Verbs followed by -ing forms and infinitives patterns; differences in meaning ple and infinitive phrases (» Diagnostic test 13, page 22) 13.1 Participle phrases - form and use active and passive; participle subjects 13.2 Types of participle phrase defining phrases; phrases of reason, result; etc 13.3. Infinitive phrases ~ form and use active and passive; as subject/complement 13.4 Types of infinitive phrase defining phrases; phrases of purpose and result 13.5. Uses in discourse to tell the truti; generally speaking 96 97 99 99 104 105 106 107 112 112 114 114 115, 120 120 121 122 123 123 123 130 131 132 138 140 141 142 148, 149 150 151 15114 15 16 17 18 19: 20 Multi-word verbs (» Diagnostic test 14, page 23) 14.1. Form and use _ the four types; formai/informal use; particles 14.2 Phrasal verbs / get by. | made it up. 14.3, Prepositional verbs _/ jooked for it. | didn’t fail for it. 14.4 Phrasal-prepositional verbs look forward to hearing from you. 14.5 Word list: common multi-word verbs break down; catch on; etc. Dependent prepositions (» Diagnostic test 15, page 24) 15.1 General rules + object; + -ing form; to + infinitive; that clauses 15.2 Verb + preposition patterns accuse somebody of (doing) something 15.3. Noun + preposition demand for; success in; fear of 15.4 Adjective/participle + preposition grateful for; worried about; scared by 15.5. Word list: dependent preposition patterns belief in; good at; etc. Modal verbs (1): can, could, may, might, be able to (> Diagnostic test 16, page 25) 16.1 Ability She can speak French. | wasn't able to fix it 16.2. Possibility, deduction and speculation There may be life on Mars. 16.3 Arrangements, suggestions, offers, ete. He can see you at six. 16.4 Asking for and giving/refusing permission May | interrupt? Modal verbs (2): must, should, ought to, have to, need to (> Diagnostic test 17, page 26) 17.1 Obligation and necessity We must leave early. You need to eat something. 17.2. Prohibition and criticism You mustn't touch it 17.3. Absence of obligation or necessity You don’t have/need to pau. 17.4 Recommendation and advice You'd better not wait. 17.5. Logical deduction and probability He must have left. Modal verbs (3): will, would, shall (» Diagnostic test 18, page 27) 18.1 Prediction and certainty He'll be in London now. He'll have arrived. 18.2. Characteristics, habits and routines It will hold two litres 18.3 Willingness and refusal I'l sign it. They wouldn't change it. 18.4 Other uses of will/shall/would offers; promises: suggestions; requests; etc 18.5 Hypothetical would it would be nice; it would have been a good idea Round up (Units 16-18): Modal verbs Auxiliaries, have (got), do (» Diagnostic test 19, page 28) 19.1, Auxiliary verbs uses; contracted forms 19.2 Emphasis it has been a fong time! Did you or didn’t you take it? 19.3. Have and do meanings and uses 19.4 Have got for possession; meaning ‘has become/obtained’; ete. Confusing verbs (» Diagnostic test 20, page 29) 20.1. False synonyms makeldo: haveitake; been/gone; speak/talk; etc. 20.2 Opposite pairs borrow!lend; bring/take 156 157 158 158 159 164 165 166 166 167 174 175 WT v7 182 183 184 184 185 190 191 192 192 193 198 200 201 201 202 208 au22 23 24 25 26 aT 28 29 2S (> Diagnostic test 21, page 30) 21.1 Adjective patterns responsible parents; the person responsible 21.2. Participle (-ing or -ed) adjectives | fee! frightened; a frightening film 21.3. Groups of adjectives adjective order; pairs of adjectives: ete. Comparison (» Diagnostic test 22, page 31) 22.1. Comparative and superlative adjectives form and use; irregular adjectives 22.2. Adjectives with as, so, too, enough and such not as bad as I'd expected 22.5 Other types of comparison faster and faster; like and as Gradable and ungradable adjectives (). Diagnostic test 23, page 32) 23.1 Modifying gradable adjectives very expensive: slightly dizzy; quite nice 23.2 Modifying ungradable adjectives absolutely fabulous; practically freezing 23.3 Modifying adjectives in informal English really sorry: dead scary 23.4 Common adverb + adjective collocations _ bitterly cold; deeply moving Adverbs (» Diagnostic test 24, page 33) 24.1 Form formation and types; adverbs with two forms 24.2 Use modifying and adding information; use in comparisons 24.3 Position of adverbs in sentences front, mid and final position 24.4 Sentence adverbs viewpoint and attitude adverbs — use in discourse Nouns and noun phrases (» Diagnostic test 25, page 34) 25.1. Basic points form and meaning; gender 25.2 Singular and plural nouns regular/irregular plurals; plural form nouns 25.3. Countable and uncountable nouns use; different meanings; a plecelbit of 25.4 Agreement plural subjects; plural form and group nouns 25.5 Nominalisation making verbs/verb phrases into nouns/noun phrases Possessives and compound nouns (» Diagnostic test 26. page 35) 26.1 Form and meaning possessive forms; rules 26.2. The genitive ('s) or of structure which form to use 26.3. Specifying or classifying possessives and compound nouns sports shop Pronouns (» Diagnostic test 27, page 36) 27.1 Personal pronouns omission of pronouns; subject or object forms; one; etc. 27.2 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns —-seifi-selves; each other/one another 27.3 ‘Impersonal’ pronouns use of you/welthey/one 27.4 Indefinite pronouns and adverbs somebody; anything; no one; etc Determiners (»- Diagnostic test 28, page 37) 28.1 Articles a/the/no article for naming, describing and classifying; etc. 28.2 Demonstratives _ this/that/these/those as adjectives and pronouns 28.3 Quantifiers no; none; half; both; some; all; etc. Prepositions (» Diagnostic test 29, page 38) 29.1. Introduction basic information; preposition or adverb? 29.2 Meaning and use _ prepositions of position, movement, time, reason; ete. 29.3 Prepositional phrases formation; stranded prepositions 216 218 219 224 226 227 232 233 234 235 240 241 241 243 248 248 249 250 251 256 257 259 264 266 267 267 272 274 274 280 280 28530 31 32 33 34 35 36 Word order and verb patterns (» Diagnostic test 30, page 39) 30.1 Word order in English subject-verb-object word order and variations 30.2 Verb patterns verb + complement: verb + prepositional phrase; etc, 30.3 Linking clauses coordination; subordination Relative clauses (» Diagnostic test 31, page 40) 31.1 Relative clauses subject/object relatives; defining/non-defining relatives; etc. 31.2. Relative pronouns and adverbs who, etc; modifying pronouns; whichever, etc. Contrast (» Diagnostic test 32, page 41) 32.1 Conjunctions of contrast but; while; although; yet; etc. 32.2. Prepositions of contrast despite; in spite of 32.3 Adverbs of contrast however: nevertheless; even so; still; etc. Introductory there and it (» Diagnostic test 33, page 42) 33.1 Introductory there as ‘empty’ subject; there + be 33.2. Introductory/impersonal it as ‘empty’ subject; introducing certain topics; describing impersonal/general feelings: using it in discourse Emphatic structures and inversion (» Diagnostic test 34, page 43) 34.1. Cleft sentences Zack was the guy who told us. 34.2 Fronting that | disagree with; attached to the roof was an aerial 34.3. Inversion ttle did we realise; never have | seen; so are we Aspects of cohesion (» Diagnostic test 35, page 44) 35.1. Types of text reference substitution; ellipsis; anaphoric and cataphoric reference 35.2. Substitution substituting nouns, verbs, clauses 35.3 Ellipsis omitting nouns, pronouns, verbs, infinitives and wh- clauses Features of discourse (» Diagnostic test 36, page 45) 36.1 Ordering information the information principle; the end-weight principle; etc. 36.2. Discourse devices _ types of linking; reference; parallelism Key to diagnostic tests Key to practice exercises Index 290 290 293 298 300 306 307 308 312 313 320 322 323 328 329 330 336 338 344 354 374What's in this book? Who is it for? What kind of grammar? What kind of practice? How do | use it? Introduction The Advanced Learners’ Grammar is a comprehensive advanced level grammar of the English language with cross-referenced practice exercises and a full set of diagnostic tests. The Advanced Learners’ Grammar consists of + 36 diagnostic tests and a test key + 36 units of grammar explanation with practice exercises + double-page Round ups of key areas of grammar + an answer key for practice exercises The Advanced Learners’ Grammar is for students who are at or above the level of the Cambridge First Certificate Examination (or equivalent). It can be used by students preparing for the Cambridge Advanced or Proficiency or other similar examinations, or by advanced students who are not preparing for examinations at all In addition to describing traditional grammar ‘rules’, the Advanced Learners’ Grammar examines the close relationship between grammar and vocabulary in English. The grammar explanations cover areas such as multi-word verbs, prepositions and reporting verbs and many where grammar and vocabulary are closely linked; useful word lists, charts and Round ups are also included. The explanations highlight common errors and areas of potential confusion and explain the differences between British and ‘American usage. The importance of context and levels of formality are fully described, and examples are given which reflect up-to-date, idiomatic speech and writing. Many of the examples have been taken from the BNC/Longman corpus. The Advanced Learners’ Grammar also contains units on text structure and discourse, as these areas are essential for the advanced student to develop beyond the confines of simple grammar and sentence structure. The Advanced Learners’ Grammar generally contains four pages of practice exercises for every four pages of grammar explanation. There is a variety of types of exercises, ranging from simple gap-filing, matching and transformation tasks to complex manipulation of text. Each unit contains at least one exercise that is typical of the tasks found in advanced level examinations such as the Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency. You can use the Advanced Learners’ Grammar in a number of different ways. Either: + Use the Contents (pages 3-7) to find a unit which interests you 4 The future (1) (» Diogrostic test 4, page ‘| Prediction he will make; he 18 going to make; he will be making: ete 42 Decisions and intentions 1 wil make; | am going to make 43 Arrangements I'm meeting: | wil be meeting timetables: qualifying future forms; etc 5 Read through the explanation sections and do the practice exercises which follow. You can check your answers to the exercises in the key,Symbols or, + Use the index (pages 374-384) to find a particular area in which you need practice. Predictions ‘about the future 4.1, 4.1C-D, 4.4C, 18.1 bbe going to + infinitive 4 18 + The explanations are composed of sections which are divided into sub-sections “GH PREDICTION 4.1 We use williwon’t (the future simple) to talk about predictions which are based on williwon’t guesswork, analysis or judgement. We use wilifwon't with all persons and with personal + infinitive and impersonal subjects: + Read the sections or sub-sections that are listed in the index and then do the related practice exercises. There is a reference above each exercise which shows which section or sections it is practising, Complete the dialogues according to the cartoons and using the verbs in brackets. Use wil/won't, williwon’t be + verb -ing, willlwon't have + past participle or be going to. Or: "use me daeostetests wages Diagnostic test 4 10-45) to identify your areas of weakness. Do the test for a The future (1) particular area of grammar, for Write the correct form of the verb in brackets example, the future. to complete these sentences. Use one of these structures: willlwon't, shall, be going to, williwon tbe + -ing, willlwon't have + past participle, will)won t have + been + «ng, present continuous or present simple. + Then check your answers in the key to the diagnostic tests (pages TEST 4 344-353). Each answer contains 4 willfind 4.1 one or more reference numbers. 2 “probably sal TA AC Circle the reference numbers for Sms enc ene the items you answered incorrectly, read those sub-sections in the explanation section and then do the related practice exercises Tip: when doing the diagnostic tests, it may be better to write your answers on a separate sheet of paper, so that you can refer to it easily when you check the key. The following symbols are used in the grammar explanations: @ = particular problem or exception; take note » = refer to this particular section in another unit, © example = grammatically correct % example = grammatically incorrect, [example] = non-standard usage10 Diagnostic test 1 Present tenses Write the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use only the present simple (e.g. arrives/doesn't arrive) or the present continuous (e.g. is/are arriving). Example It's nearly half past ten. ...Da.they always. eat. (they/always/eat) this late in Spain? 1 Carina . hospital dramas so she (enjoy) (watch) ER every week. 2. Japanese cooking = (not use) a lot of dairy food. .. the interest rate (usually/change) because of inflation? 4 Graham won't give up cigarettes. He a (smoke) about fifty a day. 5 Britney Spears (stay) in the Waldorf Astoria on this visit to New York. 6 We (take) a two-week winter holiday in Gstaad every year. TW js (feed) the neighbour's cat. this week while she’ hospital 8 The court (notiuswally/send) first-time offenders to Prison, but it is possible in exceptional circumstances. 9 Then you ssesne (mix) all the ingredients together quickly and (put) the mixture in a hot oven for twenty minutes 10 | can see the leaders. The three front runners .. (turn) the corner into the stadium complex now. 11. Julie, listen to this. It’s Thursday evening and I (get) home really late from the club, and she A (Say) to me 12 13 Hewitt certainly ... (not/play) his best tennis at the moment. Hurry up and buy your sandwich! Here se (come) the bus! “Sorry I haven't phoned. I lost my address book.’ ‘Oh, you (always/lose) your address book! Why don't you keep everything on the computer?” The part-time philosophy course ss. (Consist of) twenty evening lectures and five full-day seminars (yourthink) we should allow more than an hour to get to the station? We can't leave a ten-year-old child on her own. What on earth om (you/think) of? Don't ask him! He (be) really difficult at the moment Would you like to try these champagnes? We (taste) them to write a review for the wine club newsletter. We : (guarantee) that you won't be disappointed with the performance of our new washing machine. Diagnostic test 1 key & page 344Diagnostic test 2 Past tenses Underline the correct verb form in italics. Example The Incas didn’t have/weren't having a written script, 1 The pool in the hotel was absolutely filthy so we didn't swam/swim in it. 2 We stoped/stopped at the first service station we came across. 3 The thieves ran out of the bank, jumped/were jumping into their car and sped away up the high street. 4 Rameses Il was ruling/ruled over ancient Egypt for more than fifty years. 5 Intervention was urgently required ~ the starving children grew/were growing weaker by the day and there was/was being little sign of an end to the drought. 6 By the middle of the nineteen sixties many parts of Europe experienced/were experiencing a tremendous economic boom. 7 Jim left!was leaving on the early flight the next morning so he made his excuses and left the party before midnight. 8 Many of the survivors worked/were working in the fields when the earthquake struck. 9 Phil stood at the door soaked from head to toe; he had been running/was running in the rain 10 Denise had to leave school early on Wednesday because she took/was taking her driving test. 11. By the third month of the war rebel forces took/had taken most of the province. 12 At the time of the trial last summer Hinkley had been/was in prison for eight months. 13 We missed the first act of the play because when we arrived at the theatre the performance already started/had already started. 14 At midnight Mr Rochester had climbed/ climbed the stairs and went into his bedchamber. 15 16 18 19 20 The early rains were a disappointment as we expected/had expected to reach the coast before the monsoon set in. At the time of the take-over the company’s shares fiad declined/had been declining in value for several months. Brendan was surprised to find the gas tank empty as he had only been using/had only used the truck twice that week. Before the advent of satellite television viewers didn’t used to haveluse to have a very wide selection of channels. The staff were used/used to be paid weekly but now they receive a monthly salary. Things have certainly changed - there would belused to be loads of small shops around here when | was young. Diagnostic test 2 key > page 344 uDiagnostic test 3 Past to present tenses Underline the best choice of words in italics. Example Has the package arrived! Did the package arrive safely yesterday? 1 We still hold meetings in the old manor house, which stood/has stood on the same spot for over two hundred years. 2 Beethoven has written/wrote some of the most accomplished symphonies you will ever listen to, 3 | didn’t seethaven't seen Keith at all yesterday morning, 4 The nurses’ strike increased/has increased the current waiting time for minor surgery by two to three weeks. 5 Only one British female astronaut spent/has spent time on a space station. 6 News is coming in of an incident in Parliament. A group of armed men surrounded/has surrounded the building and is holding hostages. 7 He's really much more handsome in the flesh than | thought/have thought. 8 We eat/have been eating much less beef recently because of the crisis, but we think it’s safe to start again now. 9 This country has been welcoming/has welcomed the latest influx of political refugees from the Balkans. 10 The incidence of street crime has risen/has been rising by five per cent in the last two months. All of the sentences below contain a grammatical mistake. Find and correct the mistakes. Example My family ivi in this country for over twenty years, been leving/hes lived... 11 Hurry up! We have been waited for you for twenty minutes! 12. We have been using this supplier since two years and we've never had problems before. 13. There were seven police dramas on TV so far this week — and it’s only Thursday! 14 Only halfway through the financial year and British Aerospace already announced that its pre-tax profits will be down by seventy per cent 15. The Indian Government has imposed a ban on tiger hunting five years ago. 16 Several drivers have been badly injured during the 1999 racing season. 17 This farm is growing organic vegetables for more than ten years now. 18 She has been playing with the symphony orchestra three times this season. 19 ‘I haven't seen you for ages.’ ‘No, I've travelled in South-East Asia.” 20 Oasis has been recording a new album. It was a great success on its release last week. Diagnostic test 3 key > page 344Diagnostic test 4 The future (1) Write the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete the sentences. Use one of these structures: will, shall, be going to, will be + ing, will have + past participle, will have + been + -ing, present continuous or present simple. it Example “Have you booked a holiday yet for this year?" YeS, WO ann. ALA (take) a cruise around the Caribbean in November.” 13, 14 1 I’ve taken the 10.40 to Bristol every Friday for three years and it’s always half empty. Believe me, you (find) a seat. 2. My father’s approaching retirement age, so he “ . (probably/sell) the business next year. 3 Going by all of the recent polls, the social 16 I've won the jackpot on the lottery and | (spend) it all straight away! I've just been to the council meeting. It looks like they . . (build) a new shopping centre in town. I've just heard a rumour that your favourite jazz singer (come) to give a concert in our village! “Have you looked at the new financial report yet?’ ‘No, but |. x (stay) at home this evening so I can study it then.” The takeover is going ahead, I'm afraid, so we (make) some redundancies in the New Year Erm, | don’t want to be rude, but (you/stay) with us for democrats ... - (win) next long when you come over to Britain? week's election by a huge majority 17 The plane Pere tecny 4 Look at those black clouds. It at 10.45, so we had better check in by 8.45 ee (ain) this afternoon. 1. sunrise | (be) at 6.40 5 I'm going on holiday tomorrow. This time a.m. tomorrow. next Tuesday afternoon | rarer lone (lay) (ski) down a mountain! 6 At our next wedding anniversary we oa (be/married) for twenty-five years. 7. Wolfspeskiver enadicnineses. Thank you It’s not surprising; | (live) in Beijing for eight years next month.” 8 Sit down and watch the TV; | . Gust/finish) this letter quickly before | join you. 9 Your driving test is next Tuesday. so wae . (we/have) a two-hour session on Monday? 10 ‘Have your parents decided whether you can come to the festival next weekend?’ ‘Not yet, but they can't stop me. | (come) with you. golf tomorrow afternoon, as usual, so you can catch him on the golf course. The decorator won't finish the work until you (pay) him what you owe Diagnostic test 4 key > page 344 314 Diagnostic test 5 The future (2) Choose the correct word or phrase (a-c) to complete the sentences. Example Shh You ...2... disturb your mother. a are due to b are not to c areto 1. The Mayor of Paris attend the service tomorrow before leaving the city. a is about to b isto ¢ is on the point of 2 These pills are a not to be taken € due to be taken 3 The timetable ........ be published on Ist May. aisdueto b is about to ¢ is on the point of with any other medicine. b not take 4 Hurry! Run! The train’s just leave without us! ato bdueto c about to 5 Because of the erosion of their habitats, some species are ........ extinction. a about to b on the verge of ¢ likely to 6 He's very to accept the position as we can’t match his current salary. a unlikely likely sure 7 We promote trainees within two to three years of qualifying a are about to expect to anticipate to 8 ‘I'm sorry about spilling wine on your dress last week.’ ‘Don't worry. | take it to the cleaner's anyway.’ a was goingto b would c was to 9 Ashe raised his arm she realised that he strike her again. a was dueto b was to © was about to 10 I'm really sorry. We ........ to stop at a service station and phone you, but we didn’t want to waste any more time a were due to b were going to c were to Now choose two correct answers (a-c) to complete the sentences. Example Everyone was getting impatient. The trial of the century 4¢....... start in two minutes, a would to b wasto —¢ was due to 11 Crash investigators release their findings to the press later today. a areaboutto b aredueto ¢ are to 12 The exam starts at three. arrive at the hall at least five minutes before the start, a Besureto b Youare to ¢ Be bound to 13 Hurry up. The tour group is If you don’t come now, they'll go without us! a toleave b about to leave ¢ on the point of leaving 14 Do you believe we are breakthrough here? a on the point of ¢ on the verge of a really exciting b forthcoming 15 Standing underneath the stricken building, no one seemed aware of the ........ danger. a impending b imminent c bound 16 ‘Do you think the judges will like my entry?” “Of course. They're ....... to like it! a sure b bound —c unlikely 17 We one hundred per cent customer satisfaction with this new vacuum cleaner! a hope b guarantee anticipate 18 The society expand its membership by twenty per cent in the next year. ahopesto b may c envisages 19 Look, | didn’t put the rubbish out this morning because | thought you ........ do it! a were goingto b would c were to 20 The new department store ........ on 2nd January, but the explosion prevented this. a was to open —_b would open © was to have opened Diagnostic test 5 key & page 345Diagnostic test 6 Negation In each group of sentences below (a-c), two are grammatically correct. Tick (Vv) the correct sentences. Example a He's no actor! 7 ¢ He’s any actor! b He's not an actor! 7 1 ‘Where's Suzy?” a ‘She isn’t at home.’ b ‘She's not at home." ¢ ‘She's no at home.” 2. Hannah......... tell the rest of the family. a begged her sister don’t b begged her sister not to ¢ didn’t beg her sister to 3 He found her . 12 come with us to the beach tomorrow? a Don't you b Will you cc Won't you Many managers a don't hardly b hardly ever ¢ hardly That kind of crime a rarely happens b doesn't rarely happen ¢ seldom happens prepare for meetings. these days, does it? Rewrite the underlined part of each sentence to make it negative. Use not, n't, neither ... nor or a negative prefi a not attractive, but strangely appealing Eampie b inattractive, but strangely appealing expect there'll be a movie on the flight ¢ unattractive, but strangely appealing Tdanct expect thecell be acmavieon. the flight, ee a ey gee No, ne Baceln ance 13. The professor ordered him to leave the room. b They'll get none help from Janice. ¢ They won't get any help from Janice. 5 There were ....... bookings for the restaurant on its opening night. a any b few c no 6 He says he a knows nothing b doesn’t know anything c doesn’t know nothing 7 a We think that the conference won't be a failure. b We don’t think the conference to be a failure 18 ¢ We don't think that the conference will be a failure, 8 The woman in the photo a seems not b doesn’t seem ¢ isn’t seem 14 15 about the robbery. 16 19 to be happy. 20 9 Hasn't Stella contacted her solicitor yet? a Yes, she has. —_b Yes, she hasn't. ¢ No, she hasn't. Having seen the film, | don’t understand the hype. Many antique watches of this type are available these days. They've booked either to go on a cruise or to visit the Pyeneias ‘The followers of this sect believe that there is life after death. Have you seen Harrison Ford’s new film yet? The suspects denied all of the allegations against them The new Financial Director was generally thought to be honest. Diagnostic test 6 key » page 345 15Diagnostic test 7 Questions Nine of these questions contain mistakes of grammar or formality. Tick [¥] the correct questions, then find and correct the mistakes. Example Wie Oe eee ule ee did, you buy at He, 1 What means “heliotrope’? | can’t find it in the dictionary. 2. How long you had been living there before the war broke out? 3 According to the recipe, what time should | turn the oven off? 4 ‘There was an awful explosion in town Vere Clg Rea cee ey 5 Who Say presents the certificates at the graduation ceremony? 6 How on earth will you get there? The buses have all been on strike for a week 7 ‘I didn't think much of that film, did you?’ "Yes, | thought it was terrible." 8 Let's give the evening class a miss tonight and stay in, don’t we? 9 ‘I'm going to have to cancel this evening. I'm still at work.’ ‘Oh, things are still really hectic, are they?” 10 Can you let me know what time does the train from Croydon arrive? 11 Could you possibly let us know if or not the tree roots will affect the foundations? 12. Do you know if the victim had been staying in this hostel immediately prior to the attack? 13 Honestly, | can’t trust you to do anything right. You can’t have lost your passport. Could you tell me where you put it after the holiday? 14 ‘They didn’t give the concert after all last night.’ ‘Did they? Why not? 15 ‘I love seeing Robbie Williams live. He’s such a good dancer.’ ‘Yes, isn’t he?” Write an appropriate question tag (e.g. isn’t it?) to complete each question. Example You don’t really believe in ghosts, do. you..? 16 Surely your parents will help you to get the food ready 17 Look atthe time, We ought to go now to get the last bus, 18 She needn't pay for the whole course in advan 19. “Have you seen my new puppy? He's worth £250." “He's lovely. He’s a pedigree, then, 20 Don't forget to bring me some of your fantastic carrot cake, o Diagnostic test 7 key > page 345Diagnostic test 8 Passives, causatives and get Rewrite these sentences beginning with the word(s) in bold. You will need to use passive or causative forms. Example My parents let me stay up late yesterday. 1 .was. to. stay.up-late,yesterday.... 1 The management have offered the workers a pay rise. A pay rise ssensveneeseenss 2 The mechanics are overhauling the entire fleet. The entire fleet . They made the contestants dress in ridiculous outfits, The contestants The organisers should have warned us in advance. We asi ee Having taken advice, the committee decided not to proceed. Advice are It was my father’s final wish that t they would bury him at sea lores We regret the fact that the landlord didn’t 7 inform us of his decision. We regret not 8 The garage services my car every six months. 1 oe 9 The carriers will receive instructions to return the goods to your clients by Friday. We will have 10 They are going to repair Susy’s car free of, charge! Susy’s getting 11 | want you to repair that computer as soon as you possibly can. Get cae 12 | can see that ree 's cleaned the bathroom for weeks! The bathroom Choose the correct or best sentence (a or b each pair. 13. a Twenty per cent of the world’s oil is owned by Saudi Arabia, b Twenty per cent of the world’s oll gets owned by Saudi Arabia. a Some people think The Tempest is Shakespeare's final play. b The Tempest is thought to be Shakespeare’s final play. a A famous actress is resembled by my sister. b My sister resembles a famous actress. a That political party wants to increase its membership. b Membership wants to be increased by that political party. a The Golden Gate Bridge is a marvel of American technology. It was designed by Joseph B Strauss in the 1930s. b The Golden Gate Bridge is a marvel of American technology. In the 1930s Joseph B Strauss designed it. 17 a The interviewers will interview the candidates in alphabetical order. b The candidates will be interviewed in alphabetical order. a The post has arrived at last. b The post has been arrived at last. 19 20 a This programme was recorded in front of a live audience. b We recorded this programme in front of a live audience. Diagnostic test 8 key ® page 345 718 Diagnostic test 9 Reported speech Ten of these sentences contain mistakes. Tick () the two correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. Example I've already saié-you a hundred times that you're too late!.....taldfor:.satd.ta... 1 The surgeon reassured Mr Ellis. ‘The oper etfon has Be a oul success,” said she, 2. He told that his mobile phone had been out of action all day. — 3 Mary was fed up about her inability to complete the course. She told the lecturer | felt I couldn't complete it, 4 The manager told us last Friday evening that he wanted us in on time tomorrow morning to start the Saturday sale. 5 Susie phoned her husband and told him that she would be gone when he got home. 6 Janice hates the idea of growing old. She said yesterday that she wished she had still been young, 7 The negotiator said he’s working on the details of a tentative settlement. 8 Laura said if anybody had reported a missing person to the police yet. nels 9 The nurse asked when ore had started the pain, 10 We asked the travel agent if or not there was a swimming pool at the villa. 11 Several members of the Royal Family urged Edward VII! don’t abdicate. 12. Even under great pressure O’Brien denied to have taken part in the attack. Rewrite each quot: direct speech. Example I've lost a contact lens so | can't see a thing! cay ciated that ad. lost. a.contact. 50. he caubdat. see. a. thdg... 13 ‘I will remember Ist March 2000 as a great day for the nation!” The President announced .... 14 ‘Publication may be delayed by one week. The editor told US ...ccccsecnen 15. ‘You must lose at least 20 kilos.’ The doctor told me 16 ‘Intelligent life does not exist in our universe.” Many astronomers believe 17 ‘The Ming Dynasty lasted for almost 300 years.” The historian explained .... 18 ‘When do you want the sofa to be delivered?” The piopheseat asked my wife 19. ‘Isn't that nip behaviour for a cyclist?" The pedestrian complained ........ 20 ‘You really must do at least four hours’ training a day." The trainer urged his team Diagnostic test 9 key ® page 346Diagnostic test 10 Conditionals ‘Twelve of these conditional sentences contain a mistake, or may be considered incorrect by most English speakers. Tick () the correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. (Be careful! Incorrect punctuation counts as a mistake.) Example 1 would have called you if | krew-you were at home. 1 It may be possible, if both parties desire it, to reduce the time scale. 2 If the bill is passed by both parliamentary houses then it becomes law. 3 Shall we start the decorating at the weekend if we had no other plans? 4 If you spill even something as innocuous as water on this fabric, it stains. 5 When you press the ‘record’ button, the green light comes on 6 If the museum will charge for entry, a lot of people won't be able to use it 7 Are you unhappy with any of our operatives, we will replace them immediately. 8 If you're taking some flowers to Julie, 1'll take some fruit. 9 If the form has been correctly completed, the transfer will take only two days. 10 The organisers would respond positively to proposals if they are submitted by 10th June. in 16 17 19 20 If you were to listen more carefully, you might understand a little more. If | was you, | should try to see a consultant ‘as soon as possible. If he would have waited a bit longer, we would have given him the result. The King of Belgium didn’t attend the royal wedding. If he hadn't been there, he would have witnessed a marvellous spectacle. If the company didn’t want to continue sponsoring us in the future, they wouldn’t renew our contract last week, would they? If the authority had built new homes as planned, we would have fewer homeless: people on our streets today. Shh! I'd be grateful unless you made comments during the concert. Always take a basic medicine kit on holiday in case you fall il Even they go down with flu after they've had the vaccination, it’s likely to be less serious, ‘Those concerned by the long-term effects of global warming believe that the damage has been done, whether we take remedial steps now. Diagnostic test 10 key b page 346 1920 Diagnostic test 11 The subjunctive and ‘unreal’ uses of past forms Five of these sentences contain grammatical mistakes. Tick (7) the correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. Example If only we-ean see the situation through his eyes. could, 1 It is high time the country were told of the Prime Minister's intentions. i 2. I wish | would have green eyes like Elizabeth Taylor. Hi 3 The regulations require that each defendant in turn submit a sworn statement to the court. 4 If you only paid more attention! 5 It’s high time we didn’t act so impulsively. 6 If only the car would have been going more slowly! 7 Long lives the President! 8 If only that | had known. Circle the best explanation (a or b). Example I'd sooner you paid me cash. a | expect you to pay me soon. © | prefer to be paid in cash. 9 if only | was as tall as my brother. a Lused to be as tall as my brother. b 1am shorter than my brother. 10 Get a move on! It’s high time we left for the airport. a We are late. b We have just left. 11 Suppose we win the competition. a | think we have a chance of winning. b Winning is extremely unlikely. 12. He bosses everyone around as if he owned the place. a He owns the place. b He doesn't own the place. 13, She wishes she had a home of her own a She likes living in her own place. b She would like to live in her own place. 14 If only | could wear such bright clothes. a Bright clothes don’t suit me. b I'm the only one who can wear bright clothes. Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the preceding sentence(s). Example I regret leaying the children with her. Lach Phat lat te elaleconett 15 You ought to start doing your homework. It’s high time YOU ...sssssceee 16 Would you have gone if you had been invited? Supposing you acai eeiheeces 17 {don’t want you to bring that smelly coe into this house. I'd rather you .... 18 | prefer wearing natural fabrics. I'd sooner ue 19. He sounds quite con knows what he is talking about. He sounds as though 20 You are always talking with your mouth full. | pea clap ae I wish you i Diagnostic test 11 key & page 346Diagnostic test 12 -ing forms and infinitives Write suitable forms of the word(s) in brackets, putting verbs into an -ing form (e.g. returning) or infinitive form (e.g. to return). You may need to change or add words. Example I'm looking forward to good news. (she/return) her returning... with 1 I'm afraid you'll have to move your car, sir. There is .. here. (not/park) 2 For evil it is only necessary that the good do nothing, (succeed) 3. Sylvia rang her doctor... appointment. (make) 4 The thing | most enjoy about my job is people with problems. (help) 5. Pressure from the board led to the company. (he/leave) 6 The colonel ordered a day's leave in order Se the morale of the troops. (boost) 7 We got there only ... that the concert had been cancelled. (find) B You're welcome .... . yourself to anything from the fridge. (help) 9 It’s strange that she didn't mention him at the party. (meet) 10 | really can't risk these awful programmes. (the children/see) 11 Don’t disturb me, I've got a report by lunchtime. (write) 12 I can't stand ... animals in pain. (see) 13 [must remember -....csecsseeseseerenses MY alarm clock tonight. (set) 14 Dean's so sorry; he really didn’t mean . you. (hurt) 15. You won't find any spare parts; they stopped them ages ago. (make) 16 We went OM .sessen music had stopped. (dance) 17 We regret 5 the cancellation of today's service due to ill health. (announce) even after the 18 As the plane flew over we saw the workers the new opera house. (build) Five of these sentences contain mistakes. Tick () the correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. Example We agreed sreeting outside the cinema at nine. 0. meet. 19 The dispensing medical aid is the main activity of the Red Cross. 20 Everyone in the office was fed up with Brian's moaning. 21 The new manager to cut costs, sure to looking into ways 22. He got caught when the boss found making personal phone calls. 23 The airline allowed us taking the wheelchair on board. 24 We were furious when the judge ordered to pay compensation, 25 Despite budget constraints the BBC continues to make innovative programmes, Diagnostic test 12 key > page 346 2122 Diagnostic test 13 Participle and infinitive phrases Underline the correct alternative in italics. Example Not to havelNot having an invitation, | couldn't get into the party. 1. He didn’t own/Not owning a watch, Peter was often late. 2. Writing in the ‘Evening Standard’, an articlefauthor complained about the lack of disabled facilities on the underground. 3 Objects bought/buying in junk shops can often turn out to be quite valuable. 4 Neil Armstrong was the first man walking/to walk on the moon 5 ‘It’s only mel’ she sai the door. |, opening/she opened 6 Their long-term plan was the company/for the ‘company to expand into Asia. 7 Hilary got to the station only finding/to find that the train had already left. 8 Generally to speak/speaking, our best business comes via our website. Complete each sentence using the number of words indicated in brackets, so that the sentence means the same as the one(s) before Examples Sally's only regret was that she hadn't had any children “Net having | fad... any children was Sally's only regret. (3 words) Brian moved to Manchester so that he could be closer to his ailing parents. Brian moved to Manchester ......0.0¢.. closer to his ailing parents. (2 words) 9 They couldn't buy the house owing to the fact that the bank had refused their loan application. Their loan application they weren't able to buy the house. (3 words) 10 He is not rich so he won't be able to afford it. . rich, he won't be able to afford it. (2 words) 11. Ifyou service it regularly, the engine should last for 200,000 kilometres. .. regularly, the engine should last for 200,000 kilometres. (1 word) 12. Hilary left the team when she had completed her project. Her project team. (1 word) 13. My proudest possession is this watch. My grandfather left it to me. Hilary left the The watch face to me by my grandfather is my proudest possession, (1 word) 14 John felt too ashamed to carry on because he hadn't kept his word. his word, John felt too ashamed to carry on. (3 words) 15. The children always had plenty to do because they lived near the sports centre. hear the sports centre, the children always had plenty to do. (1 word) 16 As he had already passed his medical, Dean was able to start immediately. .. his medical, Dean was able to start immediately. (2 words) 17 Their worst mistake was that they did not apply sooner. Their worst mistake was sooner. (4 words) 18 We often find that the larger sizes are the first ones which we sell Weotten find the larger sizes are the first .. (2 words) 19. David bought a laptop so that he could access his e-mails when he was travelling. David bought a laptop .. . his e-mails when he was travelling. (2 words) 20 My honest opinion is that | really didn’t enjoy it | really didn’t enjoy it, honest. (2 words) Diagnostic test 15 key & page 347Diagnostic test 14 Multi-word verbs Rewrite these sentences replacing the underlined words with the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes to word order. Example She repaid the debt punctually. (on time/paid/ back/it) ‘She pata. back,ontinne. 1 The whole story was invented by Suzy's brother. teemnevinadetiasiip) 2 Maital in. te 00 work. (nee 3 Make sure you careful ly follow the oe eae) 4 This tie Roesch that shit (iuiwith/go) 5 We met my me cousin by chance at the museum. (into/him/ran) 6 These are the beliefs our movement upholds. (stands/which/for/our movement) 7 The company won't tolerate this kind of behaviour (arene ie) Bl revealed the secret to Elizabeth, (ither/in/levon) Eight of the following sentences contain grammatical mistakes or an inappropriate verb ‘or multi-word verb. Tick (7) the correct sentences and correct the others. Examples They're a company with which we've been dealing for many years. .....#. ‘ Her Majesty-turned-up at the ceremony in the dazzling Imperial State Coach. ae 9 That division was taken by head offi e over. 10 The very first breakout of the disease was reported in Namibia. 11. Steve was left by his ex-girlfriend out from her wedding invitation list. 12 Itis a condition of receiving this Internet account that you do not give away your confidential PIN number to any third party. 13 Could you activate the kettle, darling? I'm dying for a cup of tea. 14 He fell down the floor and hurt himself. 15 Come on! We're going to be late! 16 The plane took off the ground at incredible speed 17 The government brought recently in some legislation to deal with the problem 18 There are few people for whom he cares so deeply. . 19 They took Clive up on his invitation, 20 We look forward eagerly to your wedding, Diagnostic test 14 key > page 347 2324 Diagnostic test 15 Dependent prepositions Thirteen of these sentences contain mistakes. Tick (V) the correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. Example The primary purpose of the police is to protect people of criminals. .....fr0Mm... 1 The supervisor said | shouldn't have shouted at the client so | had to apologise to. 2 I never really know whether | should insist on sit at the top table or not 3 The waiter was quite amazed at our eating everything so quickly. 4 All my friends agree to the government's new policy on third world debt. : 5. Sylvia was astonished at that her boyfriend had behaved so atrociously. 6 You know I'm really not that interested in if he's coming with us or not. 7 David's quarrelled his wife over selling the house. 8 Please make an effort. The children are really depending on you their party costumes. 9 Can you tell us if the minister has stopped they pas from going shead? 10 1 blame my ceed for my bad habits 11 The old persons’ home will provide Sam for a room. reat 12 Don't worry, the guide's going to fully explain me all the details. ois 13 He succeeded in winning the first round but I'm afraid he didn’t have any success in beating his second opponent. 14 The auditors initially issued a demand for full repayment but then changed their minds and simply demanded for a token contribution, 15 16 17 18 19 20 Lack of nutrients caused serious damage to growing. ... . Wendy's sarcastic comments made me curious about her motives. .. We were absolutely furious by their outrageous prices. . I don’t mind driving but I'm really scared by fiying I'd prefer somewhere else; I’m not too keen on Thai food. ee Apparently Donna's angry with her boss; he’s given her the late shift yet again, Diagnostic test 15 key » page 347Diagnostic test 16 Modal verbs (1): can, could, may, might, be able to Fifteen of the sentences below contain mistakes with modal verbs. Tick (v) the correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. Examples We took an exam yesterday and | couldn't answer any of the questions. | eetit-be promoted last year but | preferred to stay on the shop floor. . hae. Beet... 1 When | finish the course next year | can speak perfect French A 2 You'll have to call a cab. | can’t have been able to drive since | broke my arm last June. 3 This computer is so simple that it is able to be ae by anyone. 4 The job interview was a disaster; | could only answer half the questions! 5 When she was riding in the woods last week, Helen fell off her horse but luckily she could get back on and ride home. 6 It’s really annoying. Surely you knew they didn’t accept traveller's cheques at that hotel. You could warn me before | left! 7. These days she is rather slow but as a child she could run like the wind. 8 What an excellent choice of restaurant. | can’t have chosen better if I'd made the reservation myself! ... 9 There can be life on Saturn. 10 My father could be a star in the 1980s, it’s a pity that he never really tried. 1 Watching T TV soaps can become very addictive te, 123 13, 4 15 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 Jane’s late. She can be stuck in a traffic jam. ‘A new car! What can she be thinking of! | heard your sales results were excellent. Nay voles bonus this year? Don't get too anxious; there may well be a simple seo for it. Don't bother ae as | may have changed address by the time you read this. Steve couldn't steal it. I'm sure he was at home all week. Elizabeth can get better results if she paid more attention to her homework. ll be able to meet you after the lesson. I'm not sure about tomorrow night. | may be on call Excuse me. Am | able to use your phone? Well, don’t worry. You could always try again tomorrow. : {could leave work early yesterday = gave me permission You might get me some bin liners if it’s not too much trouble. .. People might not smoke on British Airways flights: it's forbidden ray base Diagnostic test 16 key & page 348. 25Diagnostic test 17 Modal verbs (2): must, should, ought to, have to, need to Underline the best choice of word(s) in italics in each of these sentences. Example As they get older, teenagers should/had better be treated more like adults 1 To must/Having to listen to hip-hop music all evening is my idea of torture! 2. The landlord ought to/ought have taken his responsibilities more seriously. 3 This company is awful to work for. We must/have to account for every minute of the day. 4 Do you know if we must/have to have visas for the Caribbean? 5 The newspaper shouldn't have/mustn't have printed the rumour without concrete evidence. 6 What a state my shoes are in! They needimust repairing, 7 We have to/are supposed to put our bags in the lockers, but most people take them into the gym, 8 We couldn’t go/mustn’t have gone into the disco because we were too young. 9 Polite notice: children do not have to/are not allowed to play on the grass. 10 This offer is not open to current employees. Participants must not have/need not have been employed by the company in the last four years 11 We needn't/needn’t to have booked the tickets in advance; there were plenty left 12. With our new range of hair products, you mustn’tidon’t have to spend hours caring for your hair. 13, There wasn’t anyone on the nightclub door so we didn’t need to show/needn’t have shown proof of our age. 14 As we're getting a lodger, we'd better/better to have some more keys cut 15 Our advice is that even people as young as twenty-five should/must consider a personal pension 16 You won't have to/had better not tell Shirley what you saw — it will only upset her and she'll blame you. 17 The ground’s soaking outside - it must raininglbe raining quite heavily. 18 If you bring your receipt, there shouldn’timustn’t be any difficulty with a refund. 19. Lewis must have/should have been training very hard to develop muscles like that! 20 | walked into the showroom and saw the car, and | knew | had to have/must have had it. Diagnostic test 17 key ® page 348Diagnostic test 18 Modal verbs (3): will, would, shall Complete the sentences with will, ‘ll, won't, would, wouldn't or shall and the correct form of the words in brackets. Example The new play on Broadway is really good, but | don’t like Sean Penn in it. Kevin Bacon ros bec... (bE) much better. 1 We had to hurry to get him to the hospital. We knew it ..... (be) too late otherwise. 2 ‘I wonder where Dad is.’ ‘He (drive) to the airport, I should think.” 3 ‘Oh dear. The lecture starts at nine o'clock. \'m late!’ ‘Don’t worry. This lecturer's always fate. HE ono (notéstart) yet.” 4 At this point in the season, the parents (eat) their young rather than allow a predator to attack them, 5 The doctor ..... (act) as a witness to your signature. She doesn’t mind doing that sort of thing 6 The PA wins (not/book) my flights. She says it isn’t in her job description. 7 Dad (always/help) us out financially when we were at university, however difficult it was for him 8 The police interrogated the terrorist for more than four hours, but she (not/reveal) the names of her co-conspirators. 9 You look tired. is (Wmake) supper this evening? 10 What : (wefdo) with Tom if he doesn’t get into university? . [you/be) so kind as to help me across the road, young man? T2eWe act . (like) everyone in this room to feel comfortable with the proposal. 1 Circle the correct meaning or interpretation (a or b) for each sentence. Example It would be so nice to live by the sea. a The speaker lives by the sea @ The speaker doesn't live by the sea. 13 If anyone rings in the next few minutes, I'll be in the storeroom a I'm in the storeroom now. b I'm going to the storeroom. 14 Ralph isn’t here right now, I'm afraid. He'll be at the office a He Is at the office now. b He's on his way to the office. 15. I've tried it again and again but the computer just won't accept my disc. | don’t understand it a I'm annoyed with the computer. b | am not concerned about the computer. 16 It’s a relief that Annie's changed class. She would argue with everything | said. a | didn't mind the arguments. b The arguments annoyed me. 17 The secretary shall minute the proceedings of each meeting a The secretary is offering to do it. b The secretary is instructed to do it. 18 ‘It looks as though the fuel crisis is over.” “| wouldn't be too sure.” a The second speaker agrees. b The second speaker doesn't agree. 19. It would be so nice to have a little cottage in the country. a The speaker doesn't have a cottage. b The speaker has a cottage. 20 | would have liked to meet the professor while he was here. a The speaker met the professor. b The speaker didn’t meet the professor. Diagnostic test 18 key & page 348 27Diagnostic test 19 Auxiliaries, have (got), do Ten of these sentences contain mistakes or 13. Members can have got two cards each errors of style. Tick (V) the correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. Note that some sentences may be correct in spoken English, not in written English. 14 I see the Red Sox have gotten themselves a new striker this season. ... 15. We used to have got a house in the country Example before Jack lost his job. We'verrt been able to access the website since yesterday evening, .....We:h 1 The builders were certainly working hard; they were plastering the kitchen, were painting the staircase and were tiling the bathroom, ...... 2 Kevin's exhausted; been a hectic day. 3 ‘The battery's flat. You didn't turn the lights off, did you?" “Yes, | did turn them off, | remember it distinctly.’ . 4 ‘Miranda's over the moon. She's always wanted to have got a sports car. 5 They won't have anyone smoking in their house. 6 He's watching television when she arrived at the flat. .. 7 ‘Why didn’t you ask Graham about the reorganisation plan?’ ‘What was the point? He wouldn’t've known anything about it.” 8 Will you have got a good weekly income from your pension when you retire? 9 She's such a naughty child; she could really do some strict discipline! 10 Do help yourself to a drink 11 A shower was had by John before he came to work. 12. ‘Excuse me. Is there a post office near here?’ “Sorry, I haven't a clue. I'm a stranger here myself.” i Diagnostic test 19 key ® page 348Diagnostic test 20 Confusing verbs Replace the expressions in italics in these sentences using a suitable form of make or do. Example ike listening to the radio while washing the dishes. .... dong. 1 Sammy earns a lot more than I did at his age. 2 That old curtain fabric has become a marvellous ball gown. 3 You can go out after you have re your homework, : 4 What an awful outfit; you'd think she had sewn it herself! ahd We cary out Se sta appralsals once evely six months. :: 6 She is undertaking research into brand name recognition. 2 7 Make sure you brush your teeth before you go to bed, 8 Stop dithering. You must come up with a decision NOW. soesssesesneeseenens Underline the best form in italics in each of these sentences. Example Would you mind if | did/made a suggestion about this? 9 Sue's had/taken a real dislike to her new supervisor. 10 It’s high time the committee had/took action cover this flagrant abuse. 11 Grace has gone/been on holiday in Jamaica and she’s come back with a lovely tan. 12 I'ma little faint. Could | lie/lay down on the sofa for a minute? 13 The men have just /ain/laid a brand new carpet in the bedroom. 14 | was so tired yesterday that I lay/lied in bed for most of the day. 15 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Anatoly speaks/talks English with a strong accent. The Prime Minister spoke/talked at the international conference in Geneva. She's such a chatterbox, we were up half the night speaking/talking! What do you think of that plan to rise/raise the ‘Titanic’ from the seabed? I'm afraid a rather serious problem has raised/arisen. Tax rates always seem to be rising/raising these days. ‘They robbed/stole my purse in broad daylight! | regret to inform you that the bank will be unable to /end/borrow the sum you have requested Graham and Lucy are coming here for the weekend and | think they are bringing/taking the children with them. Sorry I'm home so late, | took/brought the car to work today and | got stuck in a traffic jam. Would you mind bringing/fetching the children from school next Tuesday? Diagnostic test 20 key ® page 348, 2930 Diagnostic test 21 Adjectives Fifteen of these sentences have mistakes. These may be an incorrect word, a spelling mistake or an error in word order. Tick (7) the five correct sentences, then underline the mistakes in the others and write the corrections, Examples I'm afraid the only seat available is on the early morning flight Our sqtied-nationat is one of the best this country has ever produced. national squad. 1 London features numerous historics sites such as Westminster Abbey. 2 I'm writing a report on the political attitudes of the young’s. 3 The health care needs of the old are a major problem for many western countries. 4 We've won first prize? What amazing! 5 A plant being built outside the town is chemical. 6 Try not to disturb the asleep children. 7 They are doing experiments on alive animals, 8 Please don't tell me negative anything. 9 I'm afraid that’s the only answer possible. 10 Our latest release is a film suitable for all ages. 11 The involved people will be caught and severely punished. 12 We will be supplying an antidote to all those infected by the virus. 13. To avoid theft please make use of the provided security boxes. 14 The report into the rail crash was rather worried. 15. | always seem to play for the lost team! 16 Interest in Latino music is no longer confined to speaking Spanish audiences 17 We've inherited a dining mahogany table from my great aunt. 18 They're selling that Victorian wonderful house on the corner. 19 The players will be wearing blue and red striped shirts for today’s match 20 The interview panel felt the applicant was well-informed and honest, capable. Diagnostic test 21 key > page 349.Diagnostic test 22 Comparison Nine of these sentences contain mistakes. Tick (WH) the correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. Example Which of these three houses is the expensivest? mast expensive. 1 Come on, you've got to admit she's much slimer than you! 2 She's always saying she’s better looking than | 3 Our cat Whiskers has been much more lively since we added vitamin supplements to her diet. 4 We felt the male character was realer than the female, who seemed very artificial 5 ‘Which do you prefer, darling, the brown or the green?’ Oh, the green is definitely the best.” 6 I'm most proudest of this one. | won it against really stiff competition. 7 The divorce has made him the most unhappy man in the street, don't you think? 8 That special diet has worked miracles. He's much less fat than he used to be. 9 The eldest piece in the museum is this Egyptian amulet from the Third Dynasty. 10 Hasn't their eldest son just landed some sort of job in Seattle? 11 Our new social security scheme is lots more generous than the previous Government's. 12. Windsor Castle is the largest occupied castle of Britain, 13 Things are about as worse as they can get. 14 Children these days seem to get ruder and ruder and ruder. .. = 15. I'm angrier than upset. Complete each sentence so that it means exactly the same as the preceding one. You must include the word(s) in brackets. Example I predicted the weather would be very hot and | was right. Gust as) : The weather .... Wns just.as. hot. as L predicted. 16 The Hyperlink modem is much faster than all the others in our catalogue. (by far) Of all the modems .. 17 Jan and Lucy are equally good at tennis. (no) Jan is . Lucy at tennis 18 Getting a made-to-measure suit was much cheaper than | expected. (not nearly) Getting a made-to-measure suit 19 I couldn't open the lock because it was very cold. (that) ete open the lock. 20 He gets increasingly angry as he becomes more frustrated. (angrier) The more he gets. Diagnostic test 22 key > page 349 3132 Diagnostic test 24 Gradable and ungradable adjectives Five of these sentences contain mistakes with the adverbs and adjectives. Tick (7) the correct sentences and underline the mistakes. Examples Some of these new laptops are hideously expensive. 7 As usual he bought me something absolutely cheap, 1 Iceland is colder than Sweden. 2. Casualties during the Crimean War were very enormous. 3 Steve's new girlfriend is very attractive. 4 Clients are advised that Miami tends to be more boiling than Los Angeles during the winter months. 5 Milan cathedral is slightly huge. 6 Thank you. That really was a most delicious meal! 7 In many areas of Europe the wolf is virtually extinct, 8 My friend told me the film was dead exciting. 9 Last night’s episode was really gripping. 10 I can't stand that actor; he’s absolutely ugly. 11 The club's very empty for a Saturday night. 12 It's slightly free to get in; less than one Euro, in fact: Choose the most appropriate adverb a, b or c, to fill each gap. 13. Jim hates speaking in public; he’s shy. a absolutely b completely ¢ painfully 14 The Wimbledon final was exciting. a absolutely b utterly ¢ terribly 15. Your new bracelet’s beautiful. It looks 5 expensive. a very b completely —¢ absolutely 16 | think I'd better lie down; | feel sick. a practically b alittle bit c virtually 17 Yes, sir. You're a refund. a quite b very ¢ rather 18 Since the accident Clive has been paralysed a totally correct. I'll give you b absolutely c very 19 After a month with no rain the grass is dead b almost a slightly © somewhat 20 1 wasn't expecting much but, surprisingly, the play was - good a nearly b absolutely quite Diagnostic test 23 key b page 349Diagnostic test 24 Adverbs Underline the correct form or phrase in italics. Example haven't seen that much of them late/lately. 1 You're bound to be promoted; the boss thinks very high/highly of you. 2 The elephant trek took us deep/deeply into the rainforest. 3 In our school fifty roughly/roughly fifty students have mobile phones. 4 As we descended the hill the car began to go more fast/faster. 5 I’ve had a lot of insomnia recently. J only slept yesterday/Yesterday | only slept four hours. 6 Weebly I get paid/l get paid weekly, so | can pay the rent on Saturday. 7 Here lies the tomb/The tomb here lies of Sir Jasper Willoughby. 8 The train strike won't affect her, she arrives usuaily/usually arrives by taxi 9 Liz isn’t our most punctual member of staff, she is often/often is late for work. 10 I'm afraid that we still don't/don’t still know his name, 11 You'll never get your money back because the company isn’t trading any Jongerany longer trading. 12. My parents aren't very sociable, in fact they go out hardly everthardly ever go out. 13 I'm sorry that the kids badly behaved! behaved badly while you were babysitting. Rewrite these sentences, putting the adverb in brackets in the correct position. Example She has got a place in the ol ee, i) “hehe get a place, tn the shard. 14 thought nis perfomance was good, (prety) 15 The patient’s body is now entirely free of symptoms. (almost) 16 These days | take my health much more seriously. (probably) 17. She's my worst enemy and I don’t like her. (really) 18 Rejected, Harriet turned to food for comfort. (emotionally) 19 | bumped into your brother at the supermarket, (incidentally) 20 | understood everything because the teacher answered the question. (clearly) Diagnostic test 24 key ® page 349 33Diagnostic test 25 Nouns and noun phrases In each sentence, either one or both of the forms in italics is correct. Tick (¥) the sentences where both forms are correct. Underline the correct form in the others. Example Mumps is/are not too problematic if contracted in childhood, but can be dangerous in later life. 1 The chair/chairwoman has just phoned to say she’s been delayed in traffic. 2 For really good electric pianos/pianoes, have a look in Marston's. 3 Corn circles are one of the strangest phenomenons/phenomena of recent times. 4 Parliament consists of 653 MP’s/MPs, about two-thirds of whom belong to the Government. 5 For this dish, you need to weigh the ingredients carefully on the kitchen scale/kitchen scales. 6 The Asthma Helpline will be able to give you advicelan advice 7 This checkout is for customers with fewer/less than five items only. 8 He was hit on the head by stone/a stone and had to go to hospital 9 The supermarket is doing a lot of different fruit/fruits from the Far East at the moment. 10. The most exciting event for most British viewers in the Sydney Olympics was/were the rowing finals. 11. The Society's President, against the wishes of the other founder members, has/have agreed to the sale. 12. Bread and butter is/are eaten with meals by most people in the North of England. 13, ‘The Three Kings’ was/were a great success for George Clooney. 14 Have you thought about doing gymnastics? | think it’s/they're very good for you 15. Recent events prove the saying that twenty- four hours is/are a long time in politics 16 The Council's team of social workers is/are to be commended for their actions. 17 The United Nations is/are sending a special envoy to the conflict zone 18 I'll take you to the station if you give me shout/a Shout when you're ready 19 The attack on the Minister was/The people attacked the Minister and it was unprovoked and extremely vicious. 20 The first outbreak/breakout of the epidemic was in Zaire in the 1980s. Diagnostic test 25 key > page 350Diagnostic test 26 Possessives and compound nouns Eighteen of these sentences contain mistakes. Tick (V) the correct sentences, then find the mistakes and correct them. Example Have you met the new girlfriend of my stepson yet? Have.you met. my stepsows nee girlfriend. yet? 1 Did you notice that greasy stain on a side of our sofa? Sage 2. Dave's company has been awarded a contract to repair all the buses’ engines. 3. People in this street are very proud of their's manicured front lawns... i 4 Isn't she your secretary's brother's boss? 5 These gloves look familiar; | think they're Joe's. ee 6 The villa we're borrowing belongs to my sister’s-in-law’s parents. oe 7 adore Lennon’s and McCartney's music, especially the early stuff 8 This is Mario, he's a colleague of Professor Grigson. aan 9 I might be able to get you an interview; the ‘owner's a friend of me. i r 10 Is that the new car of Hilary? 11 Blizabett’s the ee aa of Mr Granger. 12. Jem saw a fantastic article in the local paper of today. 13. Galileo was NASA's biggest project. 14 It’s in a great location, only five minutes’ walk from the supermarket. 15 Could you give me a dollar's worth of those bananas, please? .. 16 How about all of us going back to the house of my brother for some coffee? 17. Did you manage to get an appointment at the doctor's? 18 Oh, for the sake of heaven, can’t you get a move on? 19 He’s doing some research for his dissertation on anthropology’s history. 20 The celebrities acknowledged the crowd’s cheers who lined the street. 21 Astronomers predict an eclipse of the sun on April the thirteenth's morning 22 Inspector Walters achieved fame with the famous serial killer's arrest. 23 Commentators have been stunned by the scale of the scandal. ...... 24 The processor is the computer’s main component, wouldn’t you agree? 25 This term the class will be reading the short stories’ collection of Graham Greene. 26 Everyone's been admiring my expensive wife’s car. oe 27 If there's one thing | can't stand it's fussy children’s clothes. ... ee 28 There’s a beautiful old house for sale at the local estate's agent's, 29. If you want a really unique wedding dress, you need to find a good maker of dresses. 30 Great news ~ the college is going to give me a one-year sabbatical. Diagnostic test 26 key > page 350 3536 Diagnostic test 27 Pronouns Ten of these sentences contain mistakes. Tick (V) the correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. Example Someone he called in the middle of the night - | don’t know who it was, ... Someone called tn the. middle of the night... 1 We always wash up the dog's dishes separately. This cloth is for our dishes and that one is for its. recognise it? 3 E-mails they have become a real nuisance. | receive about thirty a day now. 4 Those plastic cakes look good enough to eat them! 5 The ski instructor didn’t actually ski any better than me. 6 Don't tell anyone else about the surprise party. It’s between you and I! 7 Could all of you people move a few metres to the left, please? 8 If you'd like a new tennis racket, | can get you a one very cheaply. 9 It’s been an excellent course. I've enjoyed very much. 10 Some elderly people have difficulty in remembering themselves what happened only a few hours before 11. Myself, I'm really not keen on savoury and sweet fiavours together. 12. After John had been in captivity for three years, he and his wife had a lot to tell themselves. 13. They haven't cleaned the stairwells in our flats for over a month now. 14 The refugees have arrived and everybody seem quite happy with the living arrangements. In the following sentences, one, two or all three of the answers (a-c) may be correct. Tick (7) all of the correct answers. Example Each interviewee should arrive promptly for interview. ahis” — b hishery —c their 15 It's who asked for the music to be turned down. athem b themones they 16 Come on! Own up! Who's left ........ muddy boots in the kitchen again! a their —_b his/her 17 We had to take Damon to the vet yesterday. "s got ear mites again. c her alt bHe c Himself 18 I'd like to treat ........ to a night at the opera ayou b yourself. —c myself 19 The hostile tribes went to war with a one another —_b each other c themselves 20 In cases like these, motive behind the attack. aone byou c we can understand the Diagnostic test 27 key > page 350.Diagnostic test 28 Determiners Complete each sentence with a/an, the or - (no article). Example All our towels are made of ..=.. Egyptian cotton. 1 Ruthless poachers hunt ........ elephant for the valuable ivory of its tusks. 2. Next week I'll be reviewing a stunning new film. ....... film stars Michael Douglas and is directed by Curtis Hanson. 3 Yesterday evening's Nature Scope about sun's future worried a large number of viewers. 4 Muhammad Ali was voted ...... sports personality of the twent 5 It is commonly accepted today that .. brown bread is good for you. greatest sth century. 6 Many research scientists are inspired by .. hope of curing diseases by genetic engineering, 7 Fewer people attend now than twenty years ago. church regularly 8 Julianne studied for seven years to become criminal lawyer. 9 Like many people, | learnt to play ..... when I was a child, but gave it up in my teens. piano 10 We recommend that children and teenagers are inoculated against ....... meningitis. Underline the correct determiner or determiners in each sentence (- = no article). In some cases two may be correct. Example None/Some/Both neighbours rushed to the aid of the elderly woman. 11 It costs £10 a/an/- hour to hire the squash court. 12 There's a/the/~ good wine bar in the town centre, isn't there? 13 A/The/- Mr Jones came to see you this afternoon, 14 My parents grew up in the 1950s. In thelthese/those days there was far less freedom than there is now. 15 This!ThatlA woman I'd never met before came up to me in the bank and asked if she could borrow £10! 16 It’s freezing! I've never known a winter ~/this/that cold before. 17 Isn't there any/some/the way that you can ensure delivery tomorrow? 18 Every/All/Each the children in the school have to take up at least one sport. 19 We have asked our retail outlets to return both/both offsome the new models for further inspection. 20 Much/A lot/A few depends on the final outcome of the negotiations. Diagnostic test 28 key b> page 351 37Diagnostic test 29 Prepositions Tick (V) the correct answer. Example The animal spun round suddenly and hissed violently me. ato b by catw 1 We used to be able to hear the sonic boom of Concorde as it flew ..... the house. aabove b over —¢ ontop of 2 Is the rank of sergeant ..... the rank of corporal in the British army? a underneath —b behind —_c_below 3 The Grand Bazaar ..... Istanbul is the largest covered market in the world 2 sea ieee aby, 4 The Council is building a new office the car park of the Multiplex cinema. aat bbehind —¢ after 5 The zookeeper was amazing - he calmly walked ..... the lion and took the bag out of its mouth, anear bupto c towards 6 Your appointment with the consultant is at 6.30 ..... the evening of the 11th. atin ealblan = (con 7 The new soap opera on BBC? is starting tomorrow. aat b- con 8 The walking tour will be leaving promptly time in order to cover the itinerary. aon bin cat 9 Louis was unable to name one person ..... all his acquaintances that he could truly call a nd a between b under ¢ among 10 The hotel’s bedding is made only ..... the finest cottons and linens. aof bin c with 11 Well, ..... my opinion, our neighbours could be a lot noisier and more disruptive than they actually are. a from b accordingto —c in 12. Despite ..... no rain for weeks, the garden appears to be flourishing. ahave b thatwehavehad —¢- having Six of these sentences contain mistakes with prepositions in italics. Tick (V) the correct sentences, then find and correct the mistakes. Example The house was undamaged in the floods, except the carpets. except for. 13. We had to put up with her moaning for the whole journey up to Glasgow! i 14 Harriet advanced to her position in the company by means some strategic friendships. 15: The post ofice fe behind just ta petal station. You can’t miss it. .. e 16 Why don’t you go towards that ae officer and ask him the way? 17 The divorce became much more expensive and messier because of that solicitors became involved. 18 From what they said on the weather forecast yesterday, we're in for a good weekend. 19 Apart from to dismantle the lighting, the band took only fifteen minutes to pack up. 20 I’ve been offered the job in Helsinki for that | applied. ae Diagnostic test 29 key ® page 351Diagnostic test 30 Word order and verb patterns For each sentence below, you are given three possible ways of completing it. Only two are correct. Tick (v) the correct ones. Example Although the girl was clearly in her teens, she appeared a the child’s mother. b to be the child’s mother. # ¢ fond of the child. 7 1 During an interview the Minister told .. a the nation that she would be resigning. b to the nation that she would be resigning. ¢ the interviewer a lie about his resignation. 2. Passengers stumbled and luggage flew from the racks as the driver suddenly a stopped. _b stopped the train. ¢ stopped to the train. 3 The low turnout of townspeople at the meeting made the new councillor ato get angry. —_b angry. c chairman of the committee. 4 Surety you don’t always want to remain aa shop worker? —_b to be a shop worker? cin his shadow? 5 When Jean-Paul Gaultier arrived on the scene, he appeared a the natural successor to Westwood. b to be the natural successor to Westwood. ¢ refreshingly new and different. 6 As part of their launch, the new travel company offered a their first customer a free holiday. ba free holiday to their first customer. to their first customer a free holiday 7 The girl’s passion for the man made her a sign the confession. b to sign the confession. ¢ blind to his faults. 8 The never-ending care and devotion of the nurses in the hospital helped a to overcome cancer my father. b my father overcome cancer. c my father to overcome cancer. The words in brackets are in the wrong order. Rewrite them in the correct order. Example. When we won the lottery last year, serene eer ou 9 13 16 18 19 20 ue parents ates hase. In the play, [the/Princess/Duke/really/the/ loves], but unfortunately his love isn’t reciprocated. iquote/youlcoudipraviceffrerme If you put it in writing, we'll accept it. a [secret/kept/Duncan/to/her/Katharine/ marriage/a] for several months before she dared to tell her parents. [Bettina/yacht/named/Johr/the] after his wife, vitae recently passed aay The arrival of the Shakespearean actor lemount/company/otithe/broughtcertaln! class/a] ae The Millers are just leaving, [will/show! motorway/them/the/you/way/to/the]? You go past the slip road, don’t you? The children at the party were delighted when Irabplunauronnafnelmagician/puled! his} ie The warden told [that/want/seeNistors/ prisoner/the/didn'tithem/the/to]. [machine/me/use/show/can/yow/how/to/this]? I'm useless with anything mechanical. We have to take on the third applicant; [enough/she/well-qualified/had/experience/ andiwas/she] ee ‘The new design of the magazine [brighter/is/ the/one/previous/much/than} The play was a total disaster! [left/first act/we/as soon as/over/the/was] Diagnostic test 30 key > page 351 39Diagnostic test 31 Relative clauses Underline the correct alternative in italics. Example Do you know anyone which/who can repair cigarette burns on clothes? | It’s usually children from deprived backgrounds that/which cause the worst problems. 2 Captain Corelli's Mandolin, that/which topped the best-seller lists for weeks on end, was never formally publicised. 3 The Council provides bins in that/which waste paper can be deposited for recycling, 4 All cows over 30 months who/which may have been exposed to BSE will be destroyed 5 Address the reference ‘to who/whom it may concern’, as it’s very formal. 6 The town hall clock played a different tune at twelve every day, which/what amused the locals and attracted tourists. 7 ‘There's a lucky person in this hall who/whose lottery ticket has just won them £2,000!" 8 ‘Why don’t you tell the police which/what you told me yesterday? 9 The film is set in the period where/when the divide between rich and poor was much greater than it is now. 10 You can put the photo whichever/wherever you think it looks best. Each sentence below contains a mistake. Find the mistakes and correct them. Example Orders for that we have received payment will be processed immediately. biel eee 11 The jackets which this shop makes them are of excellent quality. 12. Jack has prepared his favourite dish from Delia Smith's recipe book, which he is about to eat. ee 13 Can you get me one of those chocolate bars have got toffee in the middle? 14 The charity event raised over £1,000 for St Andrew's Hospice which opened last year. 15 I'd always wanted to take Graham to the city where | grew up in 16 Have you invited the residents who living here on a temporary basis to the meeting? 17 He presented the visiting ambassador with a genuine Ming vase, that was worth over $10,000. 18 The bank robbery what | told you about is in the local newspaper. 19 High taxation is often the main reason which governments fall 20 The new buyer identified a dozen new sources for the material, most of them proved to be reliable Diagnostic test 31 key bm page 351Diagnostic test 32 Contrast Fourteen of these sentences contain a mistake. Tick (V) the correct sentences, then correct the mistakes. (Some of the mistakes are in word order and level of formality.) Example We didn’t have a lot of success with the garden, despite we worked hard on it. We. didndt, hawe.aclat.of success with the. “gacdevt, althonghewe.kearked hard.ontt. 1 I'm Gemini even though my mother is Capricorn. ...... 2 My partner enjoys adventure ica whereas I prefer to laze on a beach. 3 But they'd travelled round the world, they had little experience of their own country. 4 Although the watch looked just like a Rolex, it had cost only $50 in a market in Hong. Kong. . 5. The girl was released from prison, she had eeverieitouay ona fraction of her sentence 6 Even although there was a Force 9 ee the ship remained stable. 7 Visitors to tropical resorts still stay out in the sun too long, even they have had plenty of warning about the dangers of the sun's rays. 8 These exclusive villas are only a five-minute walk from the busy centre of the resort. They are a haven of peace and aaa yet. 9 Her face, although deathly pale, was as stern as ever. 10 Ideal the house may appear at first sight, be sure to have a full structural survey. iW 13 4 15 18 19 20 In spite of he had a full course of driving lessons, he failed the test four times. Despite she was a woman, Marie Curie made a successful career for herself in a male- dominated world. Despite having to do it in the dark, we manage! fo pith the tent without problems, Although the fact that the machine was under guarantee, the company refused to replace it. We had a enn horrible flight back - it was terrifying. The plane was all over the place and people were throwing up everywhere and screaming. Nonetheless, we got Beck aafely However a dog may be a al companion for the elderly, the need to take it for walks may be a disadvantage. Australian wines have long impressed European wine lovers. Australian, by contrast, champagne is a relative newcomer. Most people appreciate the damage being done to the environment by cars. They won't stop using their own vehicles, however. The new designs are not as innovative as the competition. They will certainly be popular as they are realistically priced, still The plumber charged $100 for an hour’s work. He did a good job, mind you. Diagnostic test 52 key & page 352 4a42 Diagnostic test 43 Introductory there and it Complete the sentences with it or there (and a suitable form of be if necessary). Examples In the state of Texas alone ...there.are.. thought to be more than thirty prisoners on death row. She found .....##.. strange that he never talked about his childhood 1 Once upon a time ... .. an old woman who lived in a shoe. 2. During tomorrow's ShOW .....ec.csseenee aM interval of fifteen minutes 3 Luckily, cessennes NOt any difficulty, finding the shop yesterday. a a long way to the beach from here. 5 ‘Which street is it?’ * ‘one on the left.” the first 6 sosssene Seems to be something wrong with my modem. 7 Strange weather for June; .... freezing today! B vcesesneensnnres hardly any fuel left in the car. 9 The army doesn’t anticipate much opposition from the rebel forces. 10 looks as though our team’s going to win, after all. W supposed to be several ticket machines outside the station. 12. Given the right monetary conditions, a . theoretically possible to achieve zero inflation. 13. From the swirling mist a mysterious cloaked figure. 14 If the reorganisation goes ahead senna sure to be a lot of opposition from the sales force. emerged 15 I leave to your conscience to decide whether to report the matter. 16 Frankly, they were expelled, - not surprising that 17 We would appreciate if you wouldn't say anything about this to the children 18 Well, Mr Green, . nothing wrong, with the heating element so perhaps we'd better look at the pump. 19 Hello, ..... Azco Market Research here: | wonder if you'd have a few minutes to take part in our telephone poll? 20 The ministry didn't expect such a negative reaction from farmers. quite Diagnostic test 53 key > page 352Diagnostic test 34 Emphatic structures and inversion Make the sentences more emphatic by rewriting them, beginning with the word(s) in brackets. Example They are doing something quite unprecedented (What) thay are.daing is quite uaprecedenteds 1 The shellfish made Jasmine sick. (It was) 2 Greg lost the office keys. (It) 3 He's approaching the problem from an entirely new angle. (What) 4 They've done something unforgivable. (What) 5 I came by bus because my car has broken down. (The reason) 6 A second chance is the only thing | want. (All) 7 The guy who told me about the new club was Zack. (Zack) 8 We have to leave our bags and coats here. (This) 9 They told me the same thing. (That's) 10 He's very unlucky in love! (Lucky) W 12 13 18 20 The interactive displays were much more interesting. (Much) The Lord Chancellor was also at the ceremony (Also) The firefighters were unable to enter the building because the heat was so intense. (So) A parking ticket was stuck to my windscreen. (Stuck) Although they were defeated they managed to keep smiling. (Defeated) ‘A gnarled old oak tree stands beside the river bank. (Beside) The midnight movie is after this. (Next) The government has hardly ever suffered such an overwhelming defeat, (Seldom) ‘As soon as we arrived they announced that the show was cancelled. (No sooner) Refunds cannot be given under any circumstances. (Under) Diagnostic test 34 key > page 352 43Diagnostic test 35 Aspects of cohesion Rewrite the underlined sections of these sentences to avoid repetition. Example The dog winced as its owner kicked the dog once again. ..... df: 1 The American woman stepped off the train conto the crowded platform. The American woman was so striking that a hush fell over the people waiting to greet their loved ones. 2 I really don’t like these modern paintings. | much prefer the paintings over there. 3 ‘Would you like some of these jelly beans?” ‘No, thanks. | only like the red jelly beans and there aren’t any left.’ 4 ‘Have you seen Billy, Martin and Greg today?" ‘Yes. Billy, Martin and Greg were at the coffee bar this morning,” 5 I'm afraid we didn’t complete the obstacle course as quickly as the other team 6 ‘This lecture is really useless. | don’t want to stay any longer.’ ‘No, | don’t want to stay any longer.” 7 He asked me to give up my day off to help with the stocktaking, and he said he'd pay me extra to give it up. 8 My boss gave me a totally unexpected pay rise. I'd better thank her for giving me the pay rise. 9 ‘Do you think that Britain will win the bid to host the next World Cup?’ ‘I certainly hope they don’t win it! It'll be chaos!” 10 Ask whether your parents are doing anything this weekend, and if they aren't doing anything, invite them to our party. Eight of the sentences below either contai mistake or could be expressed more concisely. Tick (V) the two correct sentences, then correct the mistakes Example Nigel coughed nervously and Laura coughed nervously too. Nigel. coughed. nervously and.so did Laurea. 11. The best pizzas are not to be found in big, city-centre restaurants but they are to be found in small, backstreet restaurants. 12. The girls all wanted to watch the video of Romeo and Juliet. The boys weren't so keen because they didn’t want to watch a romantic film. They were so enthusiastic because they knew that Romeo was Leonardo diCaprio! 13 ‘Would you like some white wine?’ ‘No, thanks, | prefer red one.’ 14 The people opposite us sniffed at the acrid smell of smoke and so we did 15 ‘You wanted me to ring you about the arrangements for the wedding.’ ‘So did |.” 16 Grabbing her bag and snatching the money from the table, Angela ran through the front door and into the waiting taxi 17 Mervyn Jones failed to complete the 400 metres because tore a muscle in his leg. 18 “Aren't they meeting us here?" ‘Well, they must, because they weren't at home when | rang a few minutes ago.’ .. 19 ‘Go to the Tate Modern without me. I'm not that interested in it.’ ‘Well, you should be! It’s a great gallery.’ . a 20 The President was unable to put through all the reforms that he had wanted to put through. .. ee Diagnostic test 35 key page 353Diagnostic test 56 Features of discourse Circle the better option (a or b) for each space (1-7) in the text. Both options are grammatically correct; choose the most appropriate in the context. Jane and Tom had been looking for a new home to buy for ages and they were excited about viewing the empty house in Garfield Road. (1) ssn. SO it Was quite easy to find. Walking up to the front door they noticed that the garden was extremely unkempt and full of rubbish Q) Unfortunately the inside of the house was littie better. From the state of the hallway it was clear that nobody had lived there for many years. Undaunted, Jane made straight for the kitchen. (3) It wasn’t a pleasant sight. 4 Jane decided to see if the reception rooms were any better and walked back into the hall. (5) ........ . It was empty of furniture but with growing excitement Jane noticed a large boarded-up fireplace. She shouted for Tom to come and look at it. (6) ..1..... . So few houses had big fireplaces these days, and there was nothing she loved more than a house with a blazing log fire. (7) .... 1a They knew the old church was opposite it. b They knew it was opposite the old church. 2. a There was a burnt-out sofa and an old fridge which was lying on its side. b A burnt-out sofa and an old fridge which was lying on its side were there. 3 a In any house it was the kitchen that she always wanted to see first. b She always wanted to see the kitchen first in any house. 4 a Hidden under a thick layer of dust and grease were the kitchen walls and units. b The kitchen walls and units were hidden under a thick layer of grease and dust. 5 a She stepped into the old dining room, pushing open a creaking mahogany door. b Pushing open a creaking mahogany door, she stepped into the old dining room, 6 a This was exactly the kind of thing they had been hoping to find. b They had been hoping to find exactly this kind of thing. 7a Ever since her childhood spent in an old farmhouse in Scotland she had loved it b It was something she had loved ever since her childhood spent in an old farmhouse in Scotland, Choose the best word or phrase (a-n) from the box below to complete each sentence. Not all the options are needed. a Atfirst_ b Furthermore ¢ Nevertheless d Dueto e Afterthat f Consequently @ The Prince h The Prince of Wales i To know the right people. j Knowing the right people. k Cheques should be I It would be nice if your cheque was m creepy n unnerving 8 Proof of status must be included with each application. ........, we require a signed and dated passport-sized photograph, which is non-returnable. 9. Joseph never went to university. vray NE considered himself to be well educated 10 The air traffic controllers have called a strike . all fights are cancelled until further notice 11. The tour of the Acropolis will take two hours. you will be free to go shopping 12. The Prince of Wales announced his decision to give up playing polo today. ......... has sustained a number of injuries in recent years. 13. Bein in the right place at the right time. ~ These are the ingredients of success in our society. 14 Invoices should be paid by cheque. .. marked ‘payee only’. 15 Many critics find the scene in the attic particularly .. Diagnostic test 36 key page 353 451A Form 118 General truths and facts, 1c Repeated events/actions 11D Series of eventsiactions Present tenses The present simple and the present continuous tenses are the most common ways of expressing present time in English. The present simple describes things that are generally true, while the present continuous describes things that are true at the time of speaking, but which may change. This unit looks at the present time uses of these two tenses. They can also express future time (» Unit 4) and past time (> 1.16, 1.28) PRESENT SIMPLE The form of the present simple verb only changes after he, she or it, when we add -s to the base form (-es after 0, s, sh, ch and x; -ies when the base form ends in -y): I read -* he reads; we watch -+ she watches; they carry — it carries X Carina enjoy hospital dramas so she watch ‘ER" every week ¥ Carina enjoys hospital dramas so she watches ‘ER’ every week. We form the negative and questions with the auxiliary do (» 6.1A, 7.1A). In the negative we usually use the contracted forms don't and doesn’t in speech and informal writing: Japanese cooking doesn't use a lot of dairy food. Do interest rates usually go up in order to reduce inflation? We often use the present simple to state truths and to describe things which we feel are facts or permanent situations: + Things which are generally true: British people drink a lot of tea, while Americans drink more coffee. + Facts: Broken bones in adults don’t heal as fast as they do in children. + Permanent situations: A colony of Antarctic penguins lives in Marwell Zoo. We use the present simple to describe things that happen on a regular basis: As temperatures fall with the approach of winter, the soil freezes and contracts The-Blairs take their summer holiday in a quiet part of Tuscany, We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency (always, usualy, often, sometimes, never) and expressions of frequency (every ..., once a ...) Share prices usually change on a daily basis - but often by very little Our two chefs provide an excellent choice of hot meals every day We use the present simple to describe a series of events or actions (e.g. to give directions or instructions) often with impersonal you: From here you cross the road, go through an iron gate and follow the path west ... This is similar to the imperative, but the imperative can sound more abrupt: Cross the road, go through an iron gate and follow the path west ... We use the present simple when we want to express the immediacy of an event, e.g. in sports commentaries, particularly when the action being described is a quick one and is therefore over before the description finishes: France kicks off, Zidane passes to Henry, Henry cuts insideLIE Other uses 1.24 Form 1.28 Things which are true now If we wish to give the events of a past narrative or an anecdote more immediacy. we can use the present simple, especially in speech (compare » 1.26): There’s an old woman with thick glasses and a name tag. | go up to her and ask Newspaper headlines often use the present simple to express a past event, which again gives more immediacy to the event: Addicted Chaplin star gets three years for new drugs lapse. We use the present simple in formal speech or writing for certain actions: I note that you referred to the National Curriculum in your speech ook forward to receiving a prompt reply to my enquiry. We can use the present simple to talk about fixed events in the future (»» 4.4) or to express the future after conjunctions of time, e.g. when, after, as soon as (» 44D). PRESENT CONTINUOUS ‘We form the present continuous with the present of the verb be and the present participle of the main verb ‘What are the children doing?” We usually contract is or are to ‘s or ‘re in speech and informal writing ‘Well, Alan’s drawing in his room and Sophie's watching TV with me.” Note the following spelling rules for forming the present participle: + Base form + ~ing: draw -» drawing, watch + watching, speak -+ speaking + Base form ending in - + -ing: take + taking, receive —» receiving, create ~+ creating + Base form + consonant + -ing: swim -» swimming, run — running (For past, future and perfect continuous forms » 2.2, 2.4, 3.3, 4.1C, 4.3B, 4.4C.) @We often omit the pronoun and auxiliary (is or are) when we repeat the present continuous in the same sentence: James and Sally are spending the evening together, watching a new video. For information on ellipsis » 35.3A, B. The present continuous describes an action in progress at the moment of speaking or around the time of speaking. The action is likely to continue after the time of speaking, but is likely to stop at some point, i.e. it is temporary: 11) be with you in a minute. I’m just finishing something in the kitchen, We are staying with John to try and find out if his place really is haunted, Common adverbs with this form are now, just, still and at the moment. We're studying the writings of Gunter Grass on the German course now. We use live, work, study and stay in the continuous if the action is temporary: X She stays-in the Waldorf Astoria-on this visit to New York, doesn’t she? W She's staying in the Waldorf Astoria on this visit to New York, isn’t she? Compare: She always stays in the Waldorf Astoria on visits to New York. (» 1.10) @ An exception to the use of the present continuous to describe actions in progress is Here comes and There goes, which are always in the present simple: X Here is coming the postman. There is going the last bus. W Here comes the postman. There goes the last bus. Note the inversion of the verb and subject in these phrases. We also use the present continuous to describe things which are changing: British summers are getting hotter and winters are getting wetter. We do not use the present simple to express this: X British summers get hotter and winters get wetter. The present simple describes a regular event which we see as unchanging: We get a lot of rain during the winter in this part of the world. 471.2€ It is possible to use the present continuous to talk about repeated events or actions, Repeated usually if they happen within a temporary period: events I’m feeding the neighbour's cat this week while she’s in hospital. Compare this with the use of the present simple for repeated actions (> 1.1C) Graham’s a confirmed smoker. He smokes about fifty cigarettes a day. (repeated action over a long period of time, possibly most of Grahams life) Graham's having a tough time at the office at the moment and he's smoking about fifty cigarettes a day! (repeated action in a temporary period) We can use the present continuous with an adverb such as always, forever or continually to talk about repeated actions that happen very often, perhaps too often as far as the speaker is concerned The baby’s always making cute little gurgling noises, The neighbours are forever slamming doors and shouting during the night. I'm always forgetting people's birthdays. It’s so annoying. 1.2D You may hear the present continuous used in sports commentaries, when the action is Series of in progress throughout the time of speaking: events They're now entering the back straight and El Garrouj is starting to pull away (... and he crosses the line two seconds ahead of his closest rival ... > 1.1D) 1.2E We can use the present continuous with the present simple to give more immediacy to Other uses a past narrative. We use the continuous for actions which form a background, i.e. they started before the actions within the narrative There's an old woman with thick glasses who's serving the hot drinks, so | go up to her and ask ... (She started serving before the action of the narrative.) The present continuous can also express arrangements in the future (> 4.3A) )ONEE]:«-VERBS RARELY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS 1.3A There are a number of verbs in English which we rarely use in a continuous tense. They Verbs of often describe states of being, thinking, possessing or feeling, believing, Most people aren't believing -in the existence of UFOS. having, _ # Most people don’t believe in the existence of UFOs. liking, ete. The most common of these verbs are: verbs of existing or being be, consist of, contain, exist verbs of possessing belong to, have (= own}, include, lack, own, possess verbs of feeling or wanting adore, desire, despise, detest, dislike, envy, hate, like love, need, pity, prefer, trust, want, wish verbs of thinking or believing believe, doubt, expect, feel (= think), forget, imagine, intend, know, realise, recognise, remember, see (= understand), suppose, think, understand verbs of appearance appear, resemble, seem other verbs concern, depend, deserve, fit, matter, measure, mean, mind, weigh 1.3B It is possible to use many of the verbs in 1.3A in the continuous, but the verb either Using these _ has a different meaning or expresses a temporary action: verbs inthe ‘ls Maria ready yet?’ ‘No, she’s having a shower.’ (= is taking) continuous Now that there's electricity in the village, Santos is thinking of getting his house connected. (= is considering)1.3C Sense verbs 1.3D Performative verbs This table shows some of the common differences in use: verb _use in present simple use in present continuous be Your son is a very obedient Your son is being very obedient at the child, isn’t he? ‘moment. (= is behaving obediently) have They're very rich. They have ‘I’m having a really good time, thanks. three homes and a yacht. (= am experiencing) think 1 think that the worla'’s 'm thinking of contributing to Oxfam. problems are getting worse. (= am considering) mean The sign means ‘slow down’. You're always meaning to call us, but you never do. (= are intending) ‘appear It appears the police have The Philharmonic are appearing at the hnot started the investigation. Palladium. (= are performing) weigh She weighs 70 kilos. 1’m weighing the ingredients for the cake. {= action of weighing) @ Some verbs of feeling can be used in both the simple and the continuous with no change in meaning: My wrist hurts/is hurting again ~ | must go to the physiotherapist. | think those mussels may have been off. Do you feel/Are you feeling OK today? We do not usually use the continuous form with verbs which describe a sense or a form of perception, e.g. hear, notice, see, smell, taste: xX F'm-noticing that your wife doesn’t come to the wine tastings Doesn't she drink? V I notice that your wife doesn’t come to the wine tastings. Doesn't she drink? With verbs which describe a sense, we usually use the simple form or can/could + the verb when we do not deliberately use the sense, i.e, the use is involuntary: Can you smell the fertiliser? We're really in the countryside now! With smell and taste, we can use the continuous for a deliberate action: 1 (can) taste cream in this. (there is cream in the dish; involuntary action) I'm tasting the cream. (the cream might be off; intentional action) @ We usually use the verbs see and hear only in the involuntary sense, unless they have a different meaning, e.g. I’m seeing a new man at present (= going out with) We use look at, watch or listen to for an intentional action: Can-you-keep-the noise down? I’m hearing the-afternoon play. Can you keep the noise down? I’m listening to the afternoon play. We use performative verbs in the first person actually to perform an action, i.e. saying J apologise performs the action of apologising: (On behalf of the company, | apologise for any inconvenience caused. When these verbs ‘perform’ the function they express, they do not usually take the continuous: Railtrack apologises for the disruption to services over the last three months. By saying this, the function of apologising is performed. However, if we use the verb to describe the action rather than to do it, we can use the continuous: The Railtrack chief executive was apologising profusely for the inconvenience. Common performative verbs are: accept, agree, apologise, congratulate, declare, deny, disagree, forbid. forgive, guarantee, insist, invite, order, predict, promise, recommend, refuse, request, suggest, thank, warn. » Pages 70 and 71 for Round up of present and past tenses 49Practice Aeneas 1 Write the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete this dialogue. Use the present simple or the present continuous. is on page 354 SARAH Welcome to the programme. This afternoon I (1) ........ (stand) in the middle of the northern Black Forest, Germany, with Rainer Sanger, from Friends of the Forest rainer Good afternoon, Sarah. sara Rainer, you're very concerned about this area of the forest, aren't you? Can you tell us why? rainer Yes, Much of the forest was wiped out in the hurricane last winter, as you can see. Many of the trees are dead, and more (2) (die) because of the irreversible damage. We at Friends of the Forest (3) ........ (believe) that the authorities (4) (not/do) enough right now to restore this beautiful forest to its former state. sara But they (5) (clear) the dead trees away, aren’t they? | saw some men on the way here RAINER Of course, but they (6) ........ (do) that every year. It's the normal procedure. We need more trees now, but they (7) (not/plant) any new trees to replace those that died sara | see, But you have approached the authorities about this, | (8) ....... (understand). RAINER We have tried, but each time they (9) (say) that they haven't got enough money to restore the forest as quickly as we'd like. They (10) (always/use] money as the excuse. It's getting really frustrating! sara But it’s not just an excuse, is it? They clearly (11) (not/have) enough money for everything, and the hurricane was an unforeseen occurrence. naier Of course, we appreciate that, and the point is that actually, we (12) (not/ask) for much money. We would just like their guidance - we can provide volunteers to work on the forest. sanati Oh, | see. Well, that's somewhat different. Now Rainer, could you tell us . Underline the correct verb form in italics for each sentence. | The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao houses/is housing Spain's largest collection of Modern Art. 2 We try out/are trying out a new paper supplier at the moment. The old one was too expensive. 3 The children don’t eat/aren't eating sweets and chocolate before they go to bed at night. It’s bad for their teeth. 4 These animals display/are displaying a great deal of aggression if disturbed. 5 We currently show/are currently showing the film ‘Star Wars’ at all Odeon cinemas in the region 6 Quick! Get rid of all the mess! Here come/are coming Mum and Dad! 7 The weather forecast says there'll be wind from the north-west tonight. That always brings/is bringing snow with it at this time of year. 8 The rubbish collectors come/are coming on Fridays in this area. They don’t take/aren't taking rubbish not left in black plastic bags. 9 You always complain/are always complaining and it really gets on my nerves! Why can't you just accept things and relax? 10 Does the orchestra play/ls the orchestra playing at the Town Hall this week? I'd really like to see their new concert 11 Swimming providestis providing exercise for more muscle groups than any other physical activity. 12 What do you consider/are you considering to be the lowest price they'll sell the house for? 505 Rewrite these sentences from newspaper articles as headlines to the articles. Use the underlined words and phrases to help you. 0 ‘The chief inspector of prisons last night called ; Bins aicapere lgarcia Prisons chief calls for release of Bulger killers | A High Court judge has blocked the proposed 4 The private member’s bill on fox-hunting did baa et onary ativerts not achieve the support needed last night 10 become law. 2 ‘The chief of police admitted that errors were 5 made during the Chinese President's visit to ‘The government of India has snubbed the the UK, ope.on the eve of his visit to the country, as they have refused his invitation to attend a multi-faith gathering. 3 Radio 1, the BBC's pop music station, has outshone all its commercial radio rivals in a recent poll. © Makers of the latest Leonardo DiCaprio film are facing a huge protest from locals ovei their treatment of a beach used for filming, 4 DHE Complete this newspaper report. Write the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present simple or present continuous. It’s summer. A man is out for a quiet walk. He’s walking along a country road and he a) (mind) his own business when he (2) ........ (be knocked down) and seriously injured by a minivan. The man, a writer of thrillers and horror fiction, (3) ........ (survive) but he (4) .sue. (become) obsessed with the vehicle that maimed him. He doesn’t bear a grudge against the driver. Instead, he (5) ....... (buy) the minivan and (6) .. hide) it. This sounds like the plor of a Stephen King thriller, but itis in fact the latest chapter in the writer’s real life. King has bought the van and he (7) ...«: (intend) to take a sledgehammer to it. At present King (8) ........ (recover) from his injuries at home, where he (9) ....... (suffer from) a broken hip, a fractured leg and a collapsed lung. The story is uncannily like the plot of his novel Thinner (written several years previously), in which the victim's family (10) .... (put) a curse on the driver. King, however, (11) ....« (demand) only the withdrawal of the driver’s licence. As for the minivan, we (12) ... (not know) if King will actually carry out his revenge or if he is simply hatching the plot for a new novel! 515 Read each pair of sentences below, A and B. The sentence which follows each pair is related to . one of the sentences in the pair. (For example, it could come after the sentence or describe the | sentence.) Write the letter of the correct sentence in the box. 0 A Steven's a difficult child. B Steven's being difficult. He isn’t usually difficult. 1A This salmon weighs more than six kilos. B We're weighing the salmon to put a price on it. This is a characteristic of the salmon. oO 2 A I invite everyone present to the opening of the new superstore B I'm inviting everyone to the opening of the new superstore. I’m offering this invitation to you now. oO 3 A The dance group appears to have arrived at the theatre, B The dance group is appearing at the theatre There are performances every evening a 4 A Mmm, | taste cinnamon in this. Lovely B I'm tasting it to see if there’s enough cinnamon in it I need to check the quantity of cinnamon. oOo 5 A | think house prices will rise again next year. B I'm thinking of selling my house next year. This is my opinion. oO 6 A My sister has a baby. B My sister's having a baby. My sister's pregnant. oO 7 A | smell lavender. Is there a bush in the garden? I'm smelling the lavender. It’s a very strong variety. The smell has just come to my attention. Oo He has a fantastic power shower in the main bathroom, Why don’t you wait in the living room? Oo 9 A We guarantee that your children will be supervised by experienced instructors. B | 8 A He's having a shower. . B B My husband and | are guaranteeing the loan for Mrs Knight. The company takes full responsibility. oO 10 A Is this an inadequate explanation or am | being stupid? B I'm sorry, | don’t understand. Am I really so stupid? Is this a permanent characteristic of mine? Oo ; 526 In about half of the lines of the following text there is an error in the use of the present forms. For each numbered line (1-22), underline the error and write the correct form. Some lines are correct. Indicate these with a tick (7). The exercise begins with two examples (0 and 00). 0 Every year more and more tourists are visiting the lonian Islands, and most are Bo 00 enchanted by these lush green islands in a turquoise sea. Many now think are, move thinking. about the possibility of owning property in this warm, unspoilt corner of Europe. Appeals the idea to you? If so, read on! Imagine yourself standing on a wide terrace high on a cliff above the clear lonian Sea, the island of Zakynthos in the distance. The sun is beating down and you are hearing the cicadas and the sound of waves lapping gently against the golden sand below. You can smell the heady scent of jasmine. You walk down a steep, stony path to the beach and there is lying the turquoise sea, right in front of you. We're inviting you to share this 9 experience with us. 10 We currently develop a complex of luxury apartments just outside 11 Lourdas, in the south of Cephalonia. Cephalonia is the largest and the 12 most varied of the lonian Islands, and Lourdas is a traditional Greek 18 village with a variety of shops and tavernas. Behind the village the 14 mountains are rising steeply and goats roam freely. From the village a 15 road winds down to Lourdas Bay. The wide sweep of the bay shelter a 16 long sandy beach which is almost totally uncommercialised, although 17 local developers build a range of bars and tavernas on a strip of land 18 behind the beach. 19 We have completed our show apartment and we now show prospective 20 purchasers the apartment, either in person at the site, or at our 21 London office, on video. To take part in this once-in-a-lifetime offer, 22. phone us now and talk to one of our sales representatives ew HOHRUNn= 532.18 Form 2.18 Past actions and states 2.28 Form Past tenses We often use the past simple tense for single completed events and past states and we use the past continuous for temporary or interrupted actions. We use the past perfect tense for actions which happened before a time in the past. This unit looks at the differences between the past and the past perfect tenses and used to/would + infinitive. (For uses of the present perfect tense for past time » 3.1, 3.2. For past forms which refer to the future (future in the past) » 5.3.) PAST SIMPLE Most verbs add -ed to the base form to make the past simple tense. The past simple tense form is the same for all persons (except with the verb be): watch - I/he/shelit/welyoulthey watched; be - I/he/shefit was, welyoulthey were Note the following spelling rules with -ed endings: + Base forms ending in a single stressed vowel and a consonant (except W, x or y), double the consonant, ¢.g. hug + hugged. In British English, but not US English, we often double final consonant , e.g. label —+ labelled. + Base forms ending in a consonant and y, change y to /, e.g, copy ~ copied. + Irregular verbs do not form the past tense with -ed, e.g. go -* went. ‘We do not use the past form of the verb in questions and negatives; we use did (not) + infinitive, We usually use the contracted form didn’t in speech and informal writing: X ‘Did you saw anything suspicious?’ ‘No, didn’t saw anything.” ¥ Did you see anything suspicious?’ ‘No, | didn’t see anything.’ We use the past simple to describe single completed actions in the past: Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 8c Holland was occupied by the Germans in 1940. If the context is clear, it is not necessary to give a past time reference: Caesar's troops failed to defeat the indigenous tribes (in 55 8c). We use the past simple for actions which happened at the same time and also for repeated actions: When we got to the junction | took the left turn while Micky took the right. (two actions at the same time) My brother applied for a visa six times before he got one. (repeated actions) We use the past simple for sequences of actions. Sometimes the actions follow immediately after each other, or one action causes a result: Silverman ran to the car, jumped in and raced off into the night. (sequence of actions) Walll Street traders lost a fortune when the Asian markets collapsed. (= The markets collapsed with the result that the traders lost a fortune.) We use the past simple to describe states in the past: We lived just outside Oxford in the nineties, but we didn’t have a car. (For a contrast of the past simple and the present perfect » 3.1B, 3.2) PAST CONTINUOUS We form the past continuous with was or were and the present participle (» 1.2A) of the main verb: What were the children doing while ail this was going on?2.28 Actions in progress 2.2¢ Interrupted actions 2.2D Other uses ‘There are some verbs which we rarely use in the continuous tenses, including the past fe continuous. (For more information about this » 1.34, B, C.) ‘The past continuous describes an action in progress at a point of time in the past, i.e. the action began before this point of time and continued after it. We didn’t hear the intruder because we were sleeping on the top floor that night. At the time of our arrival the city was going through a period of rapid expansion. We often use the past continuous to show that a past action was temporary, or was changing or developing: During my training | was earning a lot less than my wife. (a temporary situation) His symptoms were becoming more pronounced each day, (a changing situation) ‘We can use the past continuous to describe an ongoing action which forms the background or setting to past events. We often use the past simple for an action that happened against this background: Darkness was descending over the hushed city as James staggered back to college. (darkness was descending = background; James staggered = action) We can use the past continuous for two actions in progress at the same time: We were watching the sky and listening for the first sounds of the dawn chorus. We usually use the past simple for repeated actions in the past (> 2.1B), but we can use the past continuous if we want to emphasise that the repeated actions took place over a temporary and limited period of finished time: She received chemotherapy on a weekly basis. (a repeated action) For the first three months she was receiving chemotherapy on a weekly basis. (repeated action, but only for three months) We use the past continuous to contrast an ongoing action with a single event which interrupts it. We use the past simple for the single event: Elizabeth was hunting when messengers arrived with the news of Mary’s plot. Seventy cars were crossing the bridge when the pier collapsed into the river. @ if the background action finishes just before the event which interrupts it, we prefer to use the past perfect continuous (» 2.44, B). Compare these examples: Jane opened the door to let Philip in. 1 He was running in the rain. 2. He had been running in the rain. We can use the past continuous to describe past arrangements; the arranged event may or may not have taken place. This use is similar to the ‘future in the past’ (» 5.3): Nancy was taking the next flight to Paris so she had to cut short the interview. (© Nancy had an existing arrangement to take a flight to Paris.) We can make requests, suggestions and questions more tentative and polite by using the past continuous. We often use the verbs think and wonder: We were wondering if you would like to join us, (= Would you like to join us ...?) Were you planning on going somewhere else later? (= Are you planning on ...2) 55Form 2.38 Actions and states before a time in the past 2.3C Sequence in the past 2.3D Unfulfilled intentions 2.48 Form 56 PAST PERFECT We form the past perfect with had and a past participle, which is the same for all persons. By the end of the fourth day we had exhausted most of our rations. J wasn’t convinced that she had exhausted ail of the possibilities at that stage. Regular verbs have a past participle form which is the same as the past tense form (i.e we add -ed to the base form > 2.1A). Irregular verbs, e.g. see, often have a past participle form, e.g, seen, which is different from the past tense form, ¢.g. saw. We often use the contracted form of had (‘d] in spoken English: We were exhausted; we'd been up all night with the baby, We use the past perfect to describe an action which is completed before a time in the past. We can include a specific time reference By the time the UN task force arrived, the rebel forces had taken the province. We can use the past perfect for repeated actions: The new owners found that the timbers had been patched up several times. We also use the form to describe a state which existed before a past event: At the time of her trial last year Hinkley had been in prison for eight months. We can use the past perfect to make a sequence of events clear. We use the past perfect for the earlier action and the past simple for the later. Compare: When we got back the babysitter went home. (sequence: 1 we got back, 2 the babysitter went home) When we got back the babysitter had gone home. (sequence: 1 the babysitter went home, 2 we got back) We can use just or already with the past perfect to show that the earlier action was recent or earlier than expected: We wanted to talk to the babysitter but she'd just left When we got back we found that the babysitter had already gone home. We can use the past perfect or the past simple with time conjunctions, e.g. after before, as soon as, then: She ushered me out of the room as soon as | paid/had paid my subscription. @ With before + past perfect the action in the past simple happens first: | eft university before I'd taken the final exams. We can use this for a past action which prevented a later action from happening: ‘She sacked him before he’d had a chance to explain his behaviour. @ We don't usually use the past perfect if the sequence is obvious (> 2.1B) [I had opened the door and let him in.) ¥ | opened the door and let him in. We often use the past perfect to describe the cause of a past event: David didn’t join the band as he'd signed up with a rival label. We use the past perfect with verbs such as hope, expect, want, plan, think about, wish to describe past intentions which were unfulfilled: They had hoped to get to the summit but Travers fell il! at base camp. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ‘We form the past perfect continuous tense with had been and the present participle: The lake was near bursting point as it had been raining heavily for weeks. The passive form of the past perfect continuous (had been being + past participle) is almost never used. We prefer an active form, using an ‘empty' subject if necessary: [The unemployment figures had been being underestimated for decades. | v They had been underestimating the unemployment figures for decades.2.48 Uses 2.4 Contrast with other forms 2.5A Form and meaning 2.5B Past habits 2.5¢ Past states There are some verbs which we rarely use in the continuous tenses, including the past perfect continuous. (For more information about this » 1.3, B, C.) We use the past perfect continuous to describe an ongoing situation or action which continued up to, or stopped just before, a time in the past (> 2.2C): He had been working for over an hour before the auditors turned up. We often use this tense to explain a past result, e.g. a situation or an appearance: The few survivors looked painfully thin. They had been living on meagre rations since the accident. (= They looked thin because they had been living on meagre rations.) We use this tense when we want to focus on duration: Kubrick had been trying to get the film made for more than twenty years. The eager fans had been waiting in line for over six hours. We do not mention the number of times that we have done an action when we use the past perfect continuous X Jil had only been watching TV twice that week. W Jill had only watched TV twice that week. (repeated action - past perfect simple) @ We don't usually use the past perfect continuous for completed actions, or actions and background situations still continuing at the same time as the past simple narrative: X She found-her desk-was-empty: security had been removing everything. ¥ She found her desk was empty; security had removed everything. (completed action = past perfect simple) [We had been living in New York when John was made redundant] / We were living in New York when John was made redundant. (an ongoing situation which forms the background = past continuous) USED TO/WOULD Used to is followed by an infinitive. Notice the spelling in questions and negatives: It used to take me over an hour to get to work, Supermarkets didn’t use to be open on Sundays in Britain. Did you use to get free milk at school? @ Don't confuse used to + infinitive with be/get used to (+ verb -ing) which means “belbecome accustomed to’ Tused to live alone. (=| lived alone at a time in the past.) He wasn't used to living on his own. (= He wasn't accustomed to it.) She's getting used to the new technology. (= She is becoming accustomed to it.) Both forms describe actions which happened regularly in the past but no longer happen (or vice versa) or now happen with more or less frequency: They used to get paid every three months. (Now they get paid weekly.) We would get up early every Sunday to go to church. (We don’t now.) To avoid confusion with other uses of would, we usually mention the past time or situation He would give her a lift to work in the days before she passed her test. (For other uses of would » 10.4, 10.5, 10.6; > 18.2B, 18.3B, 18.4, 18.5.) We use used to to describe past states which have changed: Lithuania used to be part of the Soviet Union, (\t isn’t now.) There didn’t use to be any crime around here in the old days. (There is now.) @ We cannot use would for past states: X France would be a monarchy-but- now it’s @ republic. W France used to be a monarchy but now it’s a republic. » Pages 70 and 71 for Round up of present and past tenses 5758 Practice ns aE Match the underlined phrases (1-10) with the explanations (A-E). Each explanation matches two phrases. ‘They ran the same test eight times before they found the bug in the software. 1 2. Food was in short supply throughout the war. 3 It was quite unnerving. The lights flickered while a freezing wind blew through the room. 4 Claire jumped out of her chair, ran to the balcony and grabbed the screaming child. 5 Lorenzo the Magnificent died in Florence in 1492. 6 Diplodocus dinosaurs dominated the Triassic period. 7 We had a busy morning. Steve answered the phone calls and | dealt with the e-mal 8 The Court of Appeal rejected his case on technical grounds. 9 I'm sick of it, | can't tell you how many times we tried to contact them. 10 I threw open the doors and walked out into the bright morning sunshine. ‘A Assingle or completed action in the past. B_ A sequence of actions in the past. C Two actions which happened at the same time in the past D_ Repeated actions in the past. E Astate in the past Complete the sentences with suitable verbs from the box. Use the past simple or past continuous. announce blow collapse cook decide feel getup have hit leave live manage mention press run into see setoff settle down soar spend stand take 1... at the bus stop when | the speeding car slam into the lamp post. 2 The icy wind ......... through the trees as we on our journey into the forest. 3 Brad exhausted so he conto the sofa, the button on the remote control and for an evening vegetating in front of the box. The twins ......... the afternoon shopping because they for their flatmates that evening. Unfortunately for us, we ......... on the wrong side of Miami when Hurricane Andrew the city, Share prices when the government ......... record growth figures. TV cusu early the next morning so | ......... to have an early night. They say that he .......... her because he found out that she an affair with his best friend My younger brother the driving test five times before he ...... 0 pass. |... Clare at the supermarket the other day and she that you might be looking for work as Bon ro3 DARE PA Choose the best sentence (A or B) to illustrate each picture. 1 A [felt sick when I ate the pudding, 5 A The show started when we got there. B | felt sick when I'd eaten the pudding. B The show had started when we got there, 2 A When we returned to our hotel room, the 6 A | hoped to get a good result. maid made the bed B I had hoped to get a good result. B When we returned to our hotel room, the maid had made the bed. 7 A watched TV when Jane called round. B I was watching TV when Jane called round. 3 A Lexplained to my host that I'd been repairing the car. B | explained to my host that I was repairing the car. 8 A Carrie was excited because she was travelling to Jamaica. B Carrie was excited because she had travelled to Jamaica 4 A By the time we arrived at the zoo the elephants were having their bath B By the time we arrived at the zoo the elephants had had their bath 594 EEE Underline the most suitable verb form in italics. 1 So | turned/had turned on my heels and walked out of the shop in disgust. 2 When we got to the station the train had just leftijust left, so we missed our connection. 3 The mechanics had been taking/had taken the engine apart several times before they were able to locate the source of the mysterious rattle. By 1492 the Spanish had expelled/had been expelling the Moors from the mainland entirely. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the children had eaten/had been eating everything! Our lead actor turned up and he was word perfect; apparently he was practising/had been practising his lines all day. 7 The children wanted to go to the circus but their father already booked/had already booked tickets for the ice-skating spectacular. 8 Debbie couldn't understand why her computer crashed; it had been working/was working perfectly for as long as she could remember. 9 My niece's riding accident was rather a setback because she hoped/had hoped to pursue a career as a ballet dancer. 10 Mrs Lawson arrived at casualty in quite a state; she sufferedi/had been suffering from severe stomach pains for hours. 5 Ce In about half of the lines of the following text there is a mistake in the use of past forms, used to ‘or would. For each numbered line (1-18) underline the mistake and write the correct form. Some lines are correct. Indicate these with a tick (V). The exercise begins with two examples (0 and 00). oan Anne Frank © Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who was living with her family in Amsterdam 00 when the Germans were invading Holland in 1940. The German authorities 1 introduced harsh anti-Jewish laws and started to deport Jews to concentration 2 camps in Eastern Europe. In July 1942 Anne's father did hear a rumour that he 3 was going to be arrested by the police and the family resolved to find a hiding 4 place. They moved into an attic above Mr Frank's office and build @ bookcase 5 to disguise the entrance to the secret apartment. Friends would bring food to the 6 1 8 family each morning, and they use to keep up to date with the news by listening to the BBC on a small radio. Anne would have no friends her own age, so she confided her feelings to a diary. In August another Jewish family joined the 9 Franks with their sixteen-year-old son Peter. Peter was telling Anne that the 10 Germans had been sending Jews to concentration camps and killing them. Anne 11 and Peter were becoming very fond of each other in the cramped conditions of 12 the secret apartment and had helped each other with their lessons. But somebody 13 had given away the family’s secret. The German police had been watched the 14 hiding place for several days and on August 14th 1944 they burst in and arrested 15 all the occupants. The Germans were sending Anne to the Belsen concentration 16 camp and she was killed in February or March 1945, only a month or six weeks 17 before the British army arrived. Anne’s father was taken to Auschwitz and 18 survived the war. He found Anne’s diary and had published it in 19476 conpiste the text by writing the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Read through the whole yefore you begin as you may need to use passive forms and used to/would in your answers. THE TRUE STORY OF TREASURE ISLAND ee Island is one of the best known and most loved children’s adventure stories. It (1) .--r- (be) first published in 1883 but remains popular to this day. People (2) «nn» (think) that the story was solely the work of Stevenson's imagination, but recent research has uncovered the true origin of this thrilling tale of hidden treasure and bloodthirsty pirates. Treasure Island's author, Robert Louis Stevenson, (3) sss (be) a Scotsman born in Edinburgh in 1850. Although he (4)... (live) abroad for many years, in 1881 he returned to the land of his birth for a holiday. With him (5) ....0. (be) his American wife Fanny, whom he (6) (meet) five years earlier in France, and his stepchildren from Fanny's fret marriage, The location of their holiday was Braemar in the rugged Scottish Highlands. “The family soon settled into a relaxing routine. Each morning Stevenson (7) »--=~ {get up) early and take them out for long walks over the hill They (8) vanes (enjoy) this for several days when the weather suddenly took a turn for the worse. Trapped indoors by the heavy rain, Robert's twelve-year-old stepson, Lloyd, (9) «---- (become) incressingly bored and restless. Desperate to keep the boy amused, Robert (10) --nna, (get out) some drawing paper and asked the boy to do some painting: ‘After he (11) we (paint) for several hours the boy (12) --mw. (rerum) £6 his stepfather with beautiful coloured map of a tropical island. Robert noticed that his seepson (13) u--nn (dtaw) a large cross in the middle ofthe island ‘What's that?” he scked, “That's the buried treasure, said the boy. The thitry-one-year-old author suddenly had a Hash of laspitation, He (14) ue (fecently ask) to Contribute storics *0 children’s magazine published by his friend 'W E Henley and he (15) ~~ (begin) to see the germ of an adventure story in the boy’ picture. While the rain (16) (beat down) on the roof of his rented holiday cottage the author (17) ow (sit down) by the cer corte a story. He would make the hero a twelve-year-old boy, just like his own stepson. But who would be the villain of the piece? voc the last Four years Healey (18) «<%~ (Bublish) Robert's svoriesin:bis maganines and the two had become good friends. But there was something unusual about Henley; as a young man one of his legs (19)... (amputate) and he walked around with the 8 tek an eotficial srondien top, Robert (20) ena (liar wns) po inelle such 9 a aacter in a tory and thus Long John Silver, the pirate with a wooden leg, was born. So, thanks to a rainy September in Scotland, a publisher with a wooden leg, and the amotiveness of a twelve-year-old American boy, we have one of the greatest adventure stories in the English language. 61BAA Form 3.1B Ongoing states and actions 62 Past to present tenses English uses the present perfect tenses (simple and continuous) to talk about actions and states which start in the past but which have a link with the present. This unit looks at the present perfect simple and continuous and compares the present perfect and the past simple, (For a detailed explanation of the past simple > 2.1.) PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE We form the present perfect simple with has/have and a past participle (> 2.3A): There has been a serious decline in the number of people qualifying as teachers Have the printers finished the new brochure yet? We usually contract has/have in speech and informal writing: The film’s already started ~ we'd better hurry, In negative sentences, we usually contract not in speech and informal writing: I've been to the shops today and they haven't started the summer sales yet. Remember that a lot of English verbs have irregular past participles, e.g, bring ~* brought, take ~+ taken, meet -» met, seek —* sought, swing —* swung. @ Be careful not to drop the have with the present perfect: X I never been to Madame Tussaud's. v I’ve never been to Madame Tussauds. We use the present perfect simple to talk about states that started in the past and are still continuing in the present: The manor house has stood on this spot for over two hundred years. (It is still here.) We often use the prepositions for (+ period of time) and since (+ point in time): X The centre of the island has not been inhabited since fifty years: w The centre of the island has not been inhabited for fifty years. X The centre of the island has not been inhabited for (the earthquake of}- 1952. W The centre of the island has not been inhabited since (the earthquake of) 1952. @ We do not use the present simple or continuous with for and since when we refer to a state that began in the past: X My family livestis-tiving in this. country since 1978, X My family liveslis living in this country for over twenty years. My family has lived in this country since 1978/for over twenty years. @ In the examples above since is a preposition. When we use it as a conjunction, we usually use the past simple after it: You've been really moody ever since that letter arrived. What's wrong? @ The present continuous + for expresses a present situation continuing in the future: We are staying here for another three montis. (> 4.38) We also use the present perfect to talk about actions which happened in the past but may happen again in the future. The period of time in which the action took place is unfinished, so it may be repeated. The action may have happened only once: I’ve only been to Hong Kong once, but I'd love to go again. (My life is still continuing, so I may go to Hong Kong again.) Or it may have happened several times (i.e. a repeated action): NASA has sent probes to various planets in the solar system. (and may send more) Sometimes we know the time is not ‘finished’ because of the time phrases we use: This channel has shown about four wildlife documentaries this week!BAC Adverbs. often used with the present perfect 3.1D Present relevance 3.1E Other uses Compare these two sentences: Pe John Grisham has written some of the most successful legal thrillers. Agatha Christie wrote a huge number of thrillers. In the first example the author is still alive and is able to write more successful books: in the second the author is dead and therefore can't write any more books: X Agatha Christie has written a huge number of thvillers We use the present perfect after superlatives, e.g. the best/worst, the greatest, ordinal numbers, e.g. the first (second, third), the only, often followed by ever: It's the worst sports programme | have ever seen and the first | have ever written to complain about! ‘Many people consider Kennedy to be the greatest President the USA has had. A number of adverbs are commonly used with the present perfect as described in 3.1B: ever, often, seldom, never, so far, already, yet. stil: The Prime Minister has seldom been put in such a difficult position, J have never experienced any racism in athletics We've received over 20,000 entries for the competition se far. Only halfway through the financial year and British Aerospace has already announced that its pre-tax profits will be down by seventy per cent. “Have they announced the date yet?’ ‘No, they still haven't made up their minds.” @ We use already with the affirmative but yet with the negative and in questions: X We've yet seer the film but they haven't seen it already. v We've already seen the film but they haven't seen it yet. @ itis possible in US English to use the past simple with these adverbs: We already saw the film but they didn't see it yet. We can use the present perfect simple to talk about an action completed in the past which has some relevance to the present, e.g. there is a present result of the action: The avalanche has devastated the skiing industry in the area. (result = the skiing industry is still having big problems) We often use this form to talk about recent actions We can start the interviews now, as all the candidates have arrived. ‘Has the government put up the minimum wage?’ ‘Yes, it’s £4 per hour now.’ ‘Common adverbs with the present perfect in this use are just, recently and lately: Has tie sports centre increased its membership fees lately? We use just with very recent actions: I’ve just made a nice pot of tea. Would you like a cup? The wedding of Paul McCartney and Heather Mills has just taken place in Ireland. @ We do not use the present perfect with a definite time in the past (except with since or for » 3.1B). We usually use the past simple (» 2.1B) when we give a time: XX Ms Brown has arrived half an-hour ago. She’s waiting-in-the staff room. Ms Brown arrived half an hour ago. She's waiting in the staff room We can use the present perfect when the time is indefinite, i.e. when no time is stated especially when the past action has some relevance to the present: Ms Brown has arrived. She's in the staff room and is ready to see you now. As the present perfect simple expresses relevance to the present, news broadcasts and reports often use it to introduce a story, before moving into past tenses: Former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere has died at the age of 77 in a London hospital. He came to London in Similarly, we often use it to introduce a new topic of conversation: I’ve heard from Maurice - he’s been in Australia for the last two months. In time clauses (e.g, after, when) we use the present perfect with future reference: We'll make a move as soon as the rain has stopped. paEZ] present PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE ~ DIFFERENCES present perfect past simple 3.2A Unfinished statefaction (> 3.18) Finished statelaction (> 2.18) Spain has governed the enclave of Spain governed the state of Wester Ceuta since 1580. Sahara from 1958 to 1976. . 3.2B Unfinished time (b> 3.18) Finished time (> 2.18) I haven't seen Keith this morning yet. I didn’t see Keith at all this morning. {it’s stil morning.) {it's now afternoorvevening.) 3.2C Present relevance (b 3.1D) No present relevance (» 2.18) | The Indian Government has imposed a The Indian Government imposed a ban on ban on tiger hunting to prevent the tiger hunting a few years ago. extinction of tigers 3.2D__ Indefinite time (» 3.1) Definite time (b 2.18) I've been to Eurodisney twice. | went to Eurodisney in 1999 and 2000. 3.2E We use the past simple, not the present perfect, to correct an incorrect belief or Beliefs and expectation, or to confirm a correct one: expectations ‘The area is far more rugged and-wild than | have expected. W The area is far more rugged and wild than | expected. X She is just as beautiful-as-|-have imagined. v She is just as beautiful as | imagined. (For a full description of uses of the past simple » 2.1B.) REE]: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 3.3A We form the present perfect continuous with has/have + been + a present participle Form (ing form): Bob Geldof has been doing a lot of work for charities since the mid- eighties. What on earth have you been doing to that child? 3.3B We use the present perfect continuous Ongoing to talk about an ongoing state or action states and which began in the past and is still actions continuing or has just finished Women have been speaking out on | this issue for some time, with mixed results. ‘Where have you been?’ ‘I've been talking to Jenny.” It is common to use since or for with this use of the present perfect continuous: I’ve been looking into the possibility of early retirement since the reorganisation, The simple form of the present perfect often focuses on the fact that an action Is completed, while the continuous focuses on the fact that it is still ongoing: + Simple: I've learnt how to play chess. (= | can play chess now.) + Continuous: I’ve been learning how to play chess. (= I'm still learning.) We use the continuous to focus on the duration of an action so we do not mention the number of times that we have done the action. With repeated actions we use the present perfect simple: X I've been-calling-you five times this morning. Where have you been? v I've called you five times this morning. Where have you been? jou baen dewng tO that ehld?3.3C Present relevance 3.4A 3.4B 3.4C 3.4D The use of the present perfect continuous can suggest that the state or action may change, i.e. it is temporary. Compare this with the present simple: We subscribe to one of the satellite TV companies. (unlikely to change) We've been subscribing to one of the satellite TV companies. (not a fixed situation ~ we may change) With the adverbs /ately or recently, we use the present perfect continuous to talk about new developments which may be temporary Helen's been spending a lot of time at the club lately. (= She didn’t use to.) @ We use the present perfect continuous + for, not the present continuous, to specify the duration of an activity which started in the past and is still continuing X Lam learning how to play chess for three years-now: v Ihave been learning how to play chess for three years now. @ We do not usually use the present perfect continuous in the passive: X The patient's heart rate has been being monitored continuously. v The nurses have been monitoring the patient's heart rate continuously. We can use the present perfect continuous to explain a present result, e.g. a situation or an appearance. The focus is on the activity rather than the result. In this case, we don’t usually use a time adverb: This test result is much better. It's clear you've been revising. 'm sorry the hall is in suich a mess. We've been decorating. Compare these examples of the present perfect continuous and simple We have been trialling the new software prior to its release on the Tiavsory the hal Sin ‘open market. uch amass. We've We have completed the new Ea! software trial and are now ready to release it (result) PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS - DIFFERENCES present perfect simple present perfect continuous Completion (» 3.18) Continuation (> 3.3B) This country has welcomed several This country has been welcoming political hundred refugees from Kosovo in the refugees for many years. last few weeks. Repeated action (> 3.1B) Duration of action (> 3.3B) She has played with the symphony She has been playing with the symphony orchestra three times this Season. orchestra all season. Permanent situation (> 3.1B) Temporary situation (p> 3.3B) People have eaten a lot less meat over People have been eating less meat recently the last twenty years or so, because of the crisis, Focus on present result (»» 3.1D} Focus on the activity (» 3.3C) ve done the accounts ~ here they are. I've been doing my accounts ail afternoon. » Pages 70 and 71 for Round up of present and past tenses 65Practice fe 1 az Choose the phrase or sentence (A or B), which correctly continues the text or dialogue. iey to these exercises is on page 354 © Only halfway through the football season and Manchester United yet again leads the Premier League. The situation could easily change, however, as A... most teams played only a third of their games so far. most teams have played only a third of their games so far. 1 ‘I must remember to call my parents before | go away on Thursday. | haven't even told them about the trip yet.” A ‘Didn't you see much of them lately, then?" B ‘Haven't you seen much of them lately, then?” 2. ‘What do you think of our new Finance Director? A ‘He's the most obnoxious person | ever met!’ B ‘He's the most obnoxious person | have ever met! 3 We won't be able to move back into our house for a while. A Our tenants are living there for six months. B Our tenants have lived there for six months. 4 Today we're previewing the new album by the top Swedish band The Cardigans, who, as I'm sure you all know, are coming to the UK on tour next month. A The group released three albums so far. B The group has released three albums so far. 5 Another earthquake has hit the north-west of Turkey, bringing further devastation to the area east of Istanbul, which is still suffering from the August earthquake, A The latest tremor measured 7.2 on the Richter scale, B The latest tremor has measured 7.2 on the Richter scale. 6 Pipeworks regrets the current inconvenience to residents of Kelvin Close. ‘A We have lowered the water pressure to allow essential repairs. B We lowered the water pressure to allow essential repairs. 7 Investigators into the recent air crash have released their findings, which show a fault in the engine cooling system of the aircraft. All major airlines A... grounded aircraft of the same type for thorough checks. B .., have grounded aircraft of the same type for thorough checks. 8 The seventeenth-century writer Cervantes is often considered the father of the modern novel. Most people only connect the name with Don Quixote, though Cervantes A... was a prolific writer. B ... has been a prolific writer. 9 ‘With so much money being poured into medical research every year, you'd think that more breakthroughs would be made “But breakthroughs are being made. A Didn't a Colombian scientist discover a cure for malaria last year? B Hasn't a Colombian scientist discovered a cure for malaria last year?" 10 Most visitors to the prison are pleasantly surprised by the environment. A It is far more open and greener than they have imagined. B It is far more open and greener than they imagined.2 EEF For each of the sentences below, write another sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the inal sentence, using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way. 0 There's a cake in the oven. Baked vec. be just baked. a. cake, 1 Most ofthe workers started here in 1996, when the factory opened. since 2 The guest performers are all here now, arrived 3 We visited the new theme park three times last summer and we intend to go this summer too. have 4 Everyone in my family knows the basics of First Aid learnt er 5 The latest novel by the young Indian writer Arundhati Roy is stunning, It's her best to date. ever 6 There is no decision from the panel yet about the technical irregularities. decided 3 EEE Match each sentence (A and B) in the pairs below with its meaning. 0 A I've been reading the book you lent me on genetics. I've read the book you lent me on genetics. ve finished the book. I'm still reading the book. B 1 2 1 A The firm gives company cars to junior managers, B The firm has been giving company cars to junior managers. 1 2 This is the company's usual policy. It's unlikely to change. Oo This isn’t the company's usual policy. It may change. oO 2 A Something has been killing the rabbits in the woods B Something has killed the rabbits in the woods. 1 There are no rabbits left in the woods. a 2 There are some rabbits left in the woods. ag 3 A Monsanto has placed some adverts in the national press. B Monsanto has been placing adverts in the national press. 1 This was a one-off publicity move, Oo 2 This is a continuing publicity campaign. Ey 4 A ‘Hi, Fiona, What a mess! Have you been decorating?’ B ‘Hi, Fiona. This room looks great! Have you decorated it?" 1 Fiona is in the midale of decorating Oo 2 Fiona isn’t decorating any more oO 5 A A group of us have learnt how to play bridge B A group of us have been learning how to play bridge 1 We're still learning. bs 2 We can play it now. [| o7CALL ae Complete the text with phrases from the box. contained existed has been trying found has been. has discovered Palacontologists in New Mexico (1) Period. The palaeontologists, from Canada, (2) has allowed have been found walked have been digging have unearthed were discovered has produced perished the remains of at least one dinosaur from the late Jurassic in a formerly unexplored part of the Morrison Formation ~ a vast fossil bed ~ for the last eight months. Early last week one of the group (3) -...... a section of rock which (4) dinosaurs. Since then, the group (5) a number of bones from one, or possibly more, large herbivorous to release the bones from the rock and piece them together. The palaeontologists believe that the bones may form a whole dinosaur family. It is possible that the whole family (6) .. while trying to protect the young from predators. According to Bryce Larson, the group's leader, the bones are from a large brachiosaurus. These animals (7) that ever (8) For a long time the Morrison Formation (11) . world, Since the first bones (12) more than any other fossil bed, (14) .... there in 1877, it (13) approximately 150 million years ago and are counted amongst the largest dinosaurs the Earth. Other brachiosaurus remains (9) bones are very large and may prove to come from the largest dinosaur anyone (10) in the Morrison, but these latest .. to date, ‘one of the most productive fossil beds in the tonnes of material. The Morrison, Us an insight into the late Jurassic period in North America. It seems that the latest find could reveal even more about the giants of the Jurassic. 5 Read this biography from a movie magazine. Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simple or present perfect (simple or continuous). ‘Mel Gibson (1) (be) a major film star now for more than Pee twenty years. In this time he (2) Lad peta (become) one of the most respected Hollywood actors and he (3)... (now start) a successful career in film directing, as well, Gibson (4) in 1956 but his family (5) .. Australia in 1968. He (6)... (complete) his school education in Sydney and (7) ....« (begin) his acting career there, in the National Institute of Dramatic Art. He (8) .....« (appear) in several ‘Australian TV series, but (9) -.... (ged his big break in 1979, in a film called Mad Max. He (10) ...- (since/make) two more ‘Max’ films. . (be born) in the United States (move) to He (11) «x. (go on) to make several other successful films in Australia, for example, Gallipoli, before he (12) -... (move) to Hollywood. Gibson (13) ....-. (make) more than thirty films, many of which (14)... (be) great commercial successes. He (15)... (never/be) afraid to take on challenging roles, such as Hamlet and The Man without a Face, which also 6) (mark) his directorial debut. He a7) (direct) films for the last few years. To date he (18) (direct) three successful films. Unusually for the turbulent world of Hollywood romance, Gibson (19) ...... (live) with the same woman for over twenty years ~ his wife Robyn, whom he (20) .....-«. (marry) in 1980. Up to the present time, they have seven children.6 You have been asked to prepare a short biography of Bruce Willis for a movie magazine. Read the notes below and write one sentence only for each numbered set of notes. Use the past simple and present perfect (simple or continuous) of the verbs in brackets, and appropriate linking words or phrases. You may add words and change the form of the words given in the notes, but do not add any extra information. The first point has been expanded for you as an example (0). (You may also wish to use the biography in Exercise 5 to help you.) __—_ 0 Bruce willis — (be) major US film & TV star — almost 20 years 1 (become) one of most highly paid tollywood actors; (write) Filuscripts | 2 | born Germany 1955 father in US army k mother German | 3 family (move) back to USA (New Jersey) 1957 4 (0) Montclair State College New Jersey - (get) role in play Heaven and Earth’; (leave) school & (start) acting 5 1st main role = David Addison in Moonlighting’ (hit TV show); (win) Emmys and Golden Globe awards for role 6 ast hit film = Die Hard’, 1988; (wake) two sequels since then 7 (star) mainly violent action films since Die Hard’, also (wake) different types of film — Twelve Monkeys’ (1995), The Sncth Sense’ (1999) 8 (make) 40+ films, many (be) commercial success 9 | (have) severe stutter ever since childhood; acting (help) him subduc it — not a problem in front of audience 10 (be) married — Demi Moore 10 years - separation 1998; (have) 3 children together 0... Brece Willis has beens anager Awmentcat fluc asd, television stax for almost twenty years Me 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g 10 6970 Round up: Units 1-3 Present and past tenses form present simple present continuous past simple past continuous past perfect simple past perfect continuous used to + infinitive use truths and facts repeated events/actions series of events actions true at time of speaking temporary actions states in a process of change repeated events/actions within a temporary time series of events in progress at time of speaking completed past actions past states actions in progress at a time in the past past temporary/ changing situations past background situations: Past interrupted actions past arrangements actionsistates before a time in the past an earlier action in a past sequence Unfulfilled intentions an ongoing situation up to or just before a time in the past past actions which no longer take place past states which no longer exist example British people drink a lot of tea. The Blairs take their summer holiday in Tuscany. You cross the road, go through a gate 1'll be with you in a minute. I’m just fishing something in the kitchen She's staying in the Woldorf Astoria this time. British summers are getting hotter. I'm feeding the neighbour's cat this week while she’s in hospital They're now entering the back straight Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 8c. The Incas didn't have a written script. We didn't hear him come on the top floor that night. His symptoms were becoming more pronounced as time went by. Night was falling over the beleaguered city. '@ we were sleeping They were crossing the bridge when the earthquake struck, Nancy was taking the rn By the third month the r province. When we got back is had taken most of the sitter had gone home. They had hoped h the summit but Travers fel il. He had been dreading this meeting for weeks. Did you use to get free milk at school? Lithuania used to be part of the Soviet Union. 1.1B 1.1c 11D 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.2¢ 1.20 2.18 2.18 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.2¢ 2.2D 2.38 23¢ 2.3D 2.43 2.5B 2.5¢form would + infinitive present. present perfect continuous use past actions which no longer take place ongoing states and actions ongoing times, or actions which may be repeated in the future with superlatives with adverbs past action with present relevance (e.g. result) recent actions with time clauses ongoing states and actions ongoing actions/states which are temporary or may change focus on the duration of a continuing action recent actions explaining a present result (focus on the activity) example We would get up early every Saturday. The manor house has stood on this spot for over two hundred years. This channel has shown four wildlife documentaries sso far this week. Grisham has written some of the most successful legal thrillers. It's the worst sports programme | have ever seen. J have seldom experienced racism in athletics. The power surge has broken my computer. ve just made a cup of tea. We'll make a move as soon as the rain has stopped. Women have been speaking out on this issue for some time. She’s been drinking a lot less recently, I've been learning to play chess for three years now. I’ve been talking to Jenny. I'm sorry the hail is in such a mess. We've been decorating 258 3.1B 3.1B B.C 3.1D 3.1D BAE 3.38 3.3B 3.38 3.3C 3.3C 772 41 willfwon't + infinitive 4.1B be going to + infinitive 4.1 will/won't be + verb -ing The future (1) English does not have a ‘future tense’, but uses a variety of forms to talk about the future. The choice of form often depends on whether we are making a prediction, expressing an intention or talking about an arrangement. This unit looks at the use of will, be going to and present tenses to talk about the future. (For other ways of talking about the future » Unit 5.) PREDICTION We use will/won't (the future simple) to talk about predictions which are based on guesswork, analysis or judgement. We use will/won't with all persons and with personal and impersonal subjects: + Personal: We'll still be here in twenty years + Impersonal: Will interest rates rise in the next few weeks? We often use will to predict an event which we think will happen because similar events have happened in the past: He'll be in prison for a long time. (Similar crimes have attracted long sentences.) The laptop battery will give you about two hours’ continuous use. (This is what previous batteries have done.) We can use shall/shan’t with | and we, although this is becoming dated now: 1 shall never get the hang of these new WAP phones. O We do not use shail/shan't with he, she, it, you, they for predictions: He shall like the idea, 1'm sure. He will like the idea, |'m sure. We also use be going to + infinitive to make a prediction, especially if there is evidence in the present to justify the prediction: The Roses are already a popular band and they are going to be massive! X Look at those black clouds. It will rain W Look at those black clouids. It’s going to rain @ It is possible to use will with present evidence, but we usually use an adverb: Look at the sky. It will probably/ definitely rain later. With be going to there is often a strong link with the present, and the prediction is often about the near future: Look out! You're going to spill the wine! [ac clude gang "0 ain, We use will/iwon't be + verb ~ing (the future continuous) for a temporary action in progress at a particular point in the future This time next Tuesday afternoon I'll be lying on the beach! past present future T T NOW (this Tuesday afternoon) (next Tuesday afternoon) —Il be lying on the beach Compare this with the present continuous for a temporary action in the present: It'S Tuesday afternoon and I’m lying on the beach.41D willfwon't have + past participle; will/won't have + been + verb “ing 4.28 will/won't + infinitive 4.28 be going to + infinitive bord @ Note that we do not usually use the passive with this form: X The proposal will be being presented at-the next meeting v The chairman will be presenting the proposal at the next meeting. @ We do not use the verb be in the continuous: X Shelley will be being in Morocco this tine tomorrow. w Sheliey will be in Morocco this time tomorrow. We can also use will/won't be + verb -ing (and will/won't + infinitive) to make a prediction’ about something we believe to be the case now (» 18.1C) You can't interrupt her now. She'll be getting ready to go on stage, won't she? ‘What's that noise?’ ‘It'll be Ron next door. He's learning to play the trumpet.’ We use williwon't have + past participle (the future perfect) to make predictions about actions which we expect to be completed by a particular time in the future: He'll have had the operation by May and should be a lot fitter then past present future f T 1 Now (the operation) May ‘We usually use a time adverb/phrase (such as soon, by then, within the next week) with this kind of prediction. The times can be very close to ‘now’, €.8. You can have my report by the end of the morning. In fact, I'l have finished it within the next hour. We use willlwon't have + been + verb -ing to talk about an action which is still ongoing at a point in the future, to focus on the duration of the action We'll have been living in this house for twenty years in December. With verbs such as live, work, stay, which contain the idea of contin use will/won't have + past participle We'll have lived in this house for twenty years in December. @ We rarely use this form in the passive: X By July the house will have been being built for a-year. 7 By July they will have been building the house for a year. ty, we can also DECISIONS AND INTENTIONS We often use will/won’t + infinitive (the future simple) to talk about a decision made at the time of speaking: ‘Oh, our guests are here. I'll go and sort out some drinks for them. You look tired. 1’ll cook dinner tonight. (> 18.44) In questions asking about decisions, we can use shall (with / and we only): Shall | see you next week, then? In speech we stress will/won't to indicate determination, especially when the action is decided on or the determination is strengthened at the time of speaking: J will come with you at the weekend, whatever my parents say! After what has just happened, | won't believe a word you say again. @ We do not usually contract will to 'i/ with this use, as we usually stress the auxiliary verb, but we can make the contraction when we stress an adverb: He'll never agree to that! We use be going to + infinitive for intentions (je. for actions that have already been decided on) He is going to study environmental law next year. 734.30 Present continuous 4.3B willfwon't be + verb -ing We can use be going to for impersonal intention, e.g. of an authority: The Government is going to increase VAT in the budget. @ We usually avoid be going to with the verbs go and come: I’m going to go home now. Are you going to come?) W'm going home now. Are you coming? We stress be or not to express determination about something we have already decided on: Tam going to leave. I'm not going to stay here forever, so don’t try to make me! ARRANGEMENTS We use the present continuous (> 1.2) to describe an event in the future which has already been arranged by the time of speaking: We're seeing a musical at the theatre next week. (= We've got the tickets.) Compare this with the use of be going to: We're going to see a musical at the theatre sometime next week. (not arranged yet; the focus is on our intention) We usually use the present continuous for future events which involve other people and where we have made some form of commitment, e.g. by buying tickets. However, we can also use this tense for arrangements that don’t involve other people. In this case, we see it as an ‘arrangement’ the speaker makes with him/herself: I’m staying in tonight. I've got loads of paperwork to do. ‘The focus here is on the ‘arrangement’, i.e. there Is no suggestion that the speaker Wants to stay in, which is the case when we use be going to. Compare: ’m going to stay in tonight. (focus on intention) We also use the present continuous for impersonal plans Computer City has announced that it is opening four new shops next month. @ We cannot use this tense with events which are beyond human control, e.g. the weather, because these events are predictions, not intentions or arrangements (> 4.1): X It’s snowing tomorrow. W/It’s going to snow tomorrow./It will snow tomorrow. We can also use will/won't be + verb ~ing (the future continuous) to talk about events that are a result of or part of an arrangement made in the past: “How about joining us at the cottage this Sunday?’ ‘Oh, we can't. We'll be coming back from Edinburgh on Sunday. We're visiting Julianne.” Trains won't be running between East Putney and Putney Bridge this weekend due to essential track repairs. With this structure the future event is seen as arranged, so we use this as a tactful way of asking about someone's plans or refusing an invitation: Will you be staying long? I'm sorry, I can't come to your wedding as I'll be working on that day. There is, in fact, little difference between this and the use of the present continuous for arrangements, The use of willfwon't be + verb -ing acts to distance the arrangement a little, making it more fixed and less ‘open to changeOTHER FUTURE MEANINGS 44 Timetables 448 Routine events in the future 4.4C Qualifying future forms 44D Time clauses We can use the present simple to talk about timetabled events: The tour departs on October I Ith for 15 days and costs £495. The car comes at eleven to collect the guest speakers and they arrive at the hall at eleven thirty. We use will/won’t be + verb -ing for future events we see as certain because they are part of a routine, especially when the event continues for a period of time, e.g. a festival, a meeting: Winston will be performing with his steel band every night of the music festival. We'll be having our weekly meeting tomorrow so I'll present your proposal then. The focus in the last example is on the routine nature of the weekly meeting. Compare this with the use of other future forms (all correct English). The present continuous focuses on the arrangement rather than the routine: We're having our weekly meeting tomorrow instead of Friday this week. The present simple presents the meeting as part of a timetable: We have our weekly meeting tomorrow so I'll present your proposal then. We also often use will/won’t be + verb -ing to say that an event is inevitable: ll be seeing Mr Kennedy at the court tomorrow ~ he’s always there on Thursdays — so we can discuss your case briefly then. We use will/won't to express statements of fact about the future: Next week I'll be 21 The sun will rise at 5.30 tomorrow morning. We can make predictions, intentions or decisions stronger or weaker by using certain adverbs, for example definitely, certainly, probably, possibly (» 24.3C): She'll definitely make a foo! of herself. The lecture probably won't start on time - they rarely do here. I'm definitely going to look for another job now! I certainly won't give you a lift to the station ~ it's only down the road! We can show our attitude to the future event by using an introductory verb, for example think, expect, hope, doubt, suppose, promise, guarantee: J expect she'll call us from the airport The Association guarantees that 500 tickets will be available an the day. We usually show negative meaning (e.g. / won't pass the exam) at the beginning of the sentence with the introductory verb: think 1 won't pass the exam.) v1 don’t think I'll pass the exam In time clauses (starting with when, after, as soon as, once, untif), we do not use will/won't, but we use a present form: x Won't the park look good once the new-trees will reach maturity? v Won't the park look good once the new trees reachthave reached maturity? Effective penal reform will not be achieved until the government takes it seriously. » Pages 86 and 87 for Round up of future forms 75= 76 Practice 1 See Complete the dialogues according to the cartoons and using the verbs in brackets. Use will/won’t, willlwon’t be + verb -ing, will/won't have + past participle or be going to, © ‘Can you come to a meeting at three this 4 ‘Is that the phone again?” afternoon? . It's all right Mum. | (answer) it!” ‘Sorry. | ...votvt have fecshedt ... (finish) all this work by three.” i" \f I ib’ 5 ‘What is it?” He's got a gun. He says he (shoot) 1 ‘What can you tell me about my future? someone!’ ‘You (meet) a handsome young man! ft - Ma i) | iyaaLo sayy if yy 6 ‘Where's Mum with the shopping? I'm 2 ‘What's happening up there? starving! He (ump) off the building! She'll be back by eight. Wait and have dinner with us. “Eight! No way! | (die) of starvation by then!” 3 ‘Is it next week that you're on holiday? ‘Yes. This time next week | (sail) on the Mediterranean2 CARER In each of the sentences below, one or two of the options (A-C) are appropriate. Circle the letter for the option(s) you choose. 1 ‘Your son has been with his girlfriend for a long time. Any sign of wedding bells?” ‘Well, I'm not sure, but | think he ... her to marry him on their holiday next week A asks B will ask C is going to ask 2 ‘Can | have your report this afternoon?’ ‘This afternoon? Oh, | don’t think | ... by then. A 'Ilhave finished —B “mfinishing Cll be finishing 3 Look at the waiter. He’s carrying too much. He ... all those plates. A ’sdropping B 'sgoingto drop —_C ‘Il be dropping 4 ‘Do you want to go to the cinema tonight?’ ‘No, I'm too tired. | ... an early night.” A ‘mhaving —B willhavehad ~—C. "m going to have 5 Nobody supports my plan to climb Everest. But, believe me, |... It! A mgoingtodo B willdo —€ ‘li have done 6 ‘I'm really worried about Susan. What do you think has happened?” ‘Don't worry. She's probably just caught in traffic. I'm sure she ... here soon.” A willbe B isbeing —_C will be being 7 Here’s a letter from our holiday representative. They ... a reception in the bar tonight at eight. A are holding —-B-willhave held Care going to hold 8 It... all day on Sunday, so the party will be in the house, not in the garden. A will be raining Bis goingto rain C rains 3 ER For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the inal sentence, but using the word given. This word must not be altered in any way. The sentence must include a future form. © The manufacturers are certain of a high level of customer satisfaction with this product. guarantee The. manssfuctsarers guaenuitee that. custoners.wsll be sadisfied smith this product. 1 Let’s stop playing soon - our opponents have so many more points than we do. going 2 Our plane’s departure time is at 6.30 in the morning leaves 3 My ereat-grandmother celebrates her hundredth birthday next year. old 4 It's unlikely that humans will ever be able to live on the moon think 5 t's my parents’ twenty-fifth wedding anniversary next Saturday, married . 6 Come along next Monday afternoon ~ the band always records on Monday afternoons. will 7 We are one hundred per cent certain of the success of our proposal certainly 8 The government expects another six thousand people to be in work by the end of the summer found 9 Do you have any idea of your arrival time on Friday? arriving 10 Our daughter has got a role in the school production of Miss Saigon next month. appearing 7778 4 Complete the dialogue with verbs from the box. Use suitable forms with future meaning. PAM ALEX Paw JOHN PAM ALEX PAM JOHN Pa JOHN Pa ALEX PAM JOHN Pa arrive be (x3) ceme” finish (x2) have have to. meet (x2) pick up__ work Can we fix a time for the next meeting? How about the 12th? That's after the sales conference. \ thought something was happening on that day. Oh yes, you're right. The people from Head Office (0) ...... a7e.comeng, What time (1 ~ their plane) ........ at the airport? Can we have the meeting in the morning? No, it’s all arranged. | (2) them at half past ten, so I (3) ....... available at all that day. Well, let's have the meeting earlier in June, then. The sales conference (4) .......... on the third doesn’t it? Yes, but we need John’s annual figures for the meeting. How are they going, John? I'm afraid | haven't started them yet, but I (5) .........on them next week, gathering information (6 - they) ready early in June? Well, not really. 1 (7)... them by 10 June, but | don’t think they (8) ......... ready before then So, we're looking at the week starting the 17th. How about two o'clock on that day? Difficult. 1 (9) lunch with the sales manager of Bowman's. Could we make it three? John? Yes, but | (10) the children after school that week, as usual when the nanny’s away, so | an leave here at five thirty. Is that OK? I think so. Right, so we (12) at three o'clock on 17 June, in the boardroom. 5 Ce Match the sentences (1-9) with the replies (A-J), then complete the replies with the verbs in brackets. ° COI DH RUNH -zrommoom> There's someone at the door. Mum, | want to get away from John for a while. Can | come and stay with you and Dad? Anything interesting on the news? Can | come round and see you this evening? Have you got any plans for a new TV series? Is your steak tough again? Oh no! It’s nearly half past and my train's at quarter to! Have the management made plans to review salaries? Is the circus timetable sorted out for Saturday? Have you thought about your day off next week? Yes, they've started the Anglo-Irish tunnel and it Yes, the clowns .......... (Start) at eight and then it’s the lion tamer at half past. It is. This time 1 (complain) to the butcher. Don't get up. 1...... Lanawer...... (answer) it. No, sorry. | (watch) the football highlights tonight. They (look at) salaries as usual in the end-of-year review. Come on then. 1 (give) you a lift to the station. Oh yes, I ......... (Waterski) next Friday afternoon while you're all working. Yes. We (film) a new series next year. We've already found the locations and booked the Oo000o0o0008 (be) ready two months early. actors. J Of course, dear. How long do you think you (stay)?Read the article and decide which word or phrase below best fits each space. Circle the letter of the option you choose. The exercise begins with an example (0). Sewvouswn-o Naturewatch Mark Rawlings and his team are still in the Andes filming Penny, a puma. They have managed to get quite close to the big cat and gain her trust over the last summer, In this instalment of Mark's video diary, he describes how Penny is currently spending a lot of time with a mate, so Mark and his team are sure that she (0) ... cubs in the spring. If that is the case, they (J) ... much of her over the winter. In fact, they are unlikely t© see much of her until the winter (2) .. over anyway, as pumas, like most of the large cats, tend to hide away when the weather is bad, If Penny is pregnant, she (3) ... the cubs by early March ‘and they (4) .. the den about three months later. Although Mark doubts whether she (5)... out to hunt much in the next few months, he (6) ... until she (7) ... . Once the team (8) .. filming Penny, they (9) ... to North America to track down the grizzly bear, but Mark (10) ... such a pleasant assignment! Ahas is going to have Awill see B aren't seeing Ais B will be Ais having B will have had A are leaving B will leave A will come B is coming A stays B will have stayed A reappears B will reappear A will finish B_ have finished Aare going B are going to go A thinks it is B thinks that won't be will have had won't see is being will be having leave will have come is going to stay is going to reappear will have finished eo doesn’t think that will be5.1A be to + infinitive 5.1B be due to + infinitive 5.1C Expressing the near future The future (2) We commonly use will, be going to and present tense forms to talk about the future (> Unit 4). But we can use a number of other patterns, often with an infinitive, as well as verbs and adjectives that contain future meaning; these are described in this unit, along with ways of talking about the future when seen from a viewpoint in the past. EXPRESSIONS WITH FUTURE MEANING We use be to in formal English to talk about official arrangements in the future: The President is to hold an official reception for the visitors. This construction is common in writing, especially in news articles: Crash investigators are to release their findings to the press later today. @ The verb be Is often omitted in headlines: President to hold official reception. We often use be to in if clauses (> Unit 10) when we wish to say that the event in the if clause is dependent on the event in the main clause happening first: If British tennis Is to reach world standard again, both more money and more commitment will be necessary. (= More money and commitment must be given first, for British tennis to improve.) We can also use be (not) to + infinitive for formal commands and instructions: You are not to disturb the head teacher while the inspectors are here next week It is quite common to use the passive for instructions with be to: These pills are not to be taken with any other form of medicine. We can use be due to to talk about an event which forms part of a timetable (> 4.4A present simple). We usually use a time phrase with be due to: Carriageway repairs on this stretch of the motorway are due to start on 26th May. When we use be due to to talk about a future event, it is possible that the timetable may change, i.e. the event is not totally fixed, as is the case with be to: New measures to contain asylum seekers are due to come into force on Ist August but a case currently before the European court may delay this until the autumn. We use be about to to talk about an event that we intend or expect to happen in the near future. The event may or may not be planned, but we often use about to when evidence in the present indicates that it will happen (be going to » 4.1B) Ladies and gentlemen. Please take your seats. The performance is about to start. Hurry up, the driver says he can't wait any longer. He’s about to leave without us. We can stress that the future event is very imminent by adding just: Come on! The check-in desk is just about to close. Two other expressions used for talking about the near future are on the point of and on the verge of. These both mean that something is about to happen, They can be followed by either an -ing form or a noun. Don’t provoke your little brother. You can see he’s on the point of losing his temper. Because of the erosion of their habitats, some species are on the verge of extinction.5.1D Expressing probability and certainty 5.28 Main verbs 5.2B Modal verbs Some adjectives contain the idea of ‘in the near future’, e.g. imminent, forthcoming, impending. We tend to use these adjectives in more formal English A decision from the judges is imminent. We will return to the law court as soon as we have any further news. @ We use impending only in attributive position, i.e. before the noun: The sensation of doom was impending: No one could shake off the sensation of impending doom, @We co not usually use time adverbials (e.g. in an hour) with the expressions in 5.1C: X Come in. We're on the point of starting dinner in two minutes We use be likely to + infinitive to say that something in the future is probable: The payment is likely to take ten days. Please contact us if it does not arrive within that time. Be unlikely to + infinitive means that it is improbable that something will happen: They're unlikely to arrive before six. The traffic is always awful on Fridays. We can use be sure (bound/certain) to + infinitive to say that something is definitely going to happen The new timetable is sure to annoy some of the teachers when they see it. Your application is bound to fail if you don't get the divisional director's approval. In the negative we put not after the adjective: Don't worry about Dad ~ he’s sure not to find out about the loan. This can sound quite formal, so in casual speech we sometimes rephrase it: Don't worry about Dad — I’m sure he won't find out about the loan. @ We can use be sure to and be certain to as imperatives; we don't use be bound to in this way, Be bound to give me a call when you arrive at the hotel, Be sure/certain to give me a call when you arrive at the hotel. VERBS WITH FUTURE MEANING ‘Some verbs contain an implied future in their meaning, i.e. we understand that they relate to the future even though we do not use a future form: verbs structure examples decide, hope, verb +to0__| hope to see everyone at the next Open Day. intend, promise, + infinitive Do you swear never to reveal any of the secrets of the swear Magic Circle? anticipate, verb + noun’ We anticipate congestion on all major routes out of predict, -ing form London this weekend. envisage Do you envisage experiencing any difficulty with this ‘machine? ‘arrange, expect, verb + (noun) We're planning a stay of only three days. guarantee, plan, + to We expect to promote trainees within two to three undertake + infinitive years of qualifying. Many modal verbs can refer to the future, usually expressing a degree of possibility or probability (modal verbs » Units 16-18). Such financing opportunities may not be so readily available in the future. Rankin’s latest blockbuster might win the Golden Dagger award for crime fiction. Given their expertise and experience, the Swiss team should triumph in tomorrow's final, 81” ie 5.5 | 5.30 wastwere going to + infinitive 5.3B Other ways of expressing the future in the past FUTURE IN THE PAST Sometimes we need to describe the future from a viewpoint in the past. We often use waslwere going to to do this: I was going to get up early this morning but the alarm didn't go off! 11,30 p.m. 6am 9am yesterday today today T - t if a Q) @) (1) Lintend to get up early tomorrow - this is a future plan. (2) The alarm doesn’t go off. (3) I wake up late. My plan to get up early is now in the past. When we use was/were going to the plan is not usually fulfilled (i.e. it does not happen}: The fitness club was going to increase its annual subscription but so many members protested that it backed down. (It didn’t increase the subscription.) However, it is possible to describe a past intention that is fulfilled, This is made clear in the context: “Thanks for posting my letters.” ‘That's OK. | was going to post mine anyway.’ did post my letters.) While was/were going to is a very common way of expressing the future in the past, it is possible to transfer any form with future meaning to the past present/future form past form example present past We thought they were arriving before dinner, but continuous continuous they didn’t arrive until midnight. will/shall would The heating wasn't working and we hoped that the repairman wouldn't take long. will be + would be Little did we know that we would still be waiting in “ing form + -ing form three hours’ time. will have would have The Cabinet thought the crisis would have finished + past participle + past participle before the election. islare about wasiwere As he raised his arm she realised that he was about toldue to about tol to strike her again. due to islare to was/were to We were to arrive at the airport at nine, where we were to have been met by the tour guide. When we transfer present/future forms to the past, they keep the same meaning as they have in the present, that is we use the present continuous to talk about arrangements, so the past continuous also expresses arrangements: We were meeting them at the concert hall, but we didn’t know which entrance they were waiting at. (unfulfilled arrangement) @ With was/were (due) to + present infinitive, we don't know if the event happened or not: The Professor was to take up his chair in October. The exam results were (due) to arrive at the schoo! today. We can ring tomorrow to find out whether they have arrived. However, was/were (due) to + perfect infinitive tells us that the event did not occur: The exam results were (due) to have arrived at the schoo! today but apparently the exam board has not posted them yet. » Pages 86 and 87 for Round up of future formsPractice Fd tere ietentas barpan ees = Complete these two short texts using the most appropriate expressions with future meaning. Here in Augusta the final day of the US Golf Masters (1) ..... begin, and we could be Q) nee @ historic win, Tiger Woods, Who (3) ..... Start his bid for a place in the history books in forty minutes, could complete the grand slam - winning all four golf masters tournaments in one year. Woods starts today in the lead and he is (4)... give up that lead easily. This is going to be an exciting day, folks, so be (6) your place in front of the TV and settle down for a thrilling day's viewin ollywood’s king and queen ~ for, Scott's last film. Tom Cruise and Julia Roberts— | Filming (8) ...... start in September, 6) star opposite each other in | but because of other commitments the Ridley Scoit’s new blockbuster. two stars are (9) .....- join the set No interviews or press releases are | until next year. One thing is certain: (1) evn But rumour has it that the | with that combination of director and film will be another Roman epic, stars, the film is (10) ......... bea following hot on the heels of the success! Complete this conversation with phrases from the box. Use each phrase only once. anticipate are onthe point of expect guarantee to hopes to is about to islikelyto issureto plansto should, mary When do Brian’s exams start, then? ‘ANNA Well, he (1) start them. The first one is tomorrow in fact. mary Do you (2)........ him to do well? ANNA. We think he will, He’s taking nine subjects, and he’s quite optimistic. He (3) ........ pass at least six of them — he's very good at those six subjects. We think that he (4) ........ pass two of the others: French and art ~ he's studied very hard, but he’s not naturally gifted in those subjects! We've got no hopes at all for music. He (5) ........ fail it. I don’t know why the school entered him for it. mary What does he want to do next year? ANNA That depends. If he does well, he (6) ........ stay on at school for two years and study sciences. mary Can he stay at the same school? ANNA Well, that's the problem. No, he can’t, because his school only takes pupils up to sixteen. But we've just heard that they (7) opening the new sixth form college in Fareham. We (8) being able to send him there, but we don’t know for certain. Mary And if he doesn’t pass enough of the exams? ANNA Well, he might leave and look for a job. Sandy ~ you know, my elder sister ~ says she (9) have a vacancy for a trainee in her business, but obviously she can't (10) take him. We'll just have to see. 83= > 3 EEE For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the word or phrase given. This word or phrase must not be altered in any way. The exercise begins with an example (0). © The result of our appeal against the parking fine should arrive in the post tomorrow. er The.vesult of our, appeal agatust the parking fice is duce tomorrow: 1 Do not disturb the chimpanzees during feeding time. urbed .. 2 Turn that music down! It’s so loud that it'll definitely wake all the neighbours bound 3 Scientists in the human genome project feel that they are about to discover the secret of life. discovering. 4 Will you promise that you won't get drunk again tonight? not to 5 It is probable that the road-sweeping contract will be withdrawn from Dustbugs. likely to 6 Everyone in the village lived in fear of the voleanic eruption, which was imminent. impending : 7 The designer believes that he will be able to finish the specifications by tomorrow afternoon envisages .. 8 | really don’t think that the examiner will accept a handwritten script these days, unlikely to... : 9 Please make your purchases and proceed to a check-out. The store is going to close In five minutes, about 10 If we want medical research to provide cures forall known diseases, it must be adequately funded is ‘a Complete the lines of each dialogue, using was/were going to, was/were about to or was/were to and an appropriate ending. 0 ‘Look, the shoe shop has closed down. “Oh, that’s a pity. There was a pair of shoes in the window that | liked. I ...as,gadig to buy thene, 1 ‘Hi, Karen, It's Graham here.” Graham, | don’t believe it! You must be a mind reader! | was 2 ‘Where's Dad?" ‘He's gone back to work. They had an emergency at the factory. ‘Oh no! I've got some really tough maths homework and he was : 3 ‘Ms Sandford. This is the police. We're trying to trace Frank Simmonds. | gather he works for you." ‘Well, today was his first day. He was at nine this morning, but he didn’t turn up. 4 ‘Thanks for coming round. I'm sorry, but there’s a spider in my bath." ‘A spider! Is that all? | don’t believe it. And I'm starving! When you called we were have dinner. 5 ‘Where's Noel? | thought you'd invited him?’ ‘We did invite him and he was , but he has had to work late.— 5 EE J In this letter some of the lines have a word that must be corrected (example 0), some have a word that must be replaced (example 00), and some are correct (example 000). If a line is correct, put a tick (Vv). If a word must be replaced or corrected, underline that word, and write the new, correct word. VAGAS epee Brera Broadbank Hotel Cape perme Barton-on-Sea Hampshire Dear Guest 0 The Management of Broadbank Hotel wish to inform you that the hotel is too 00 close on 5 December this year. It is about to reopen next year as part of the 000 Value4U chain of hotels. As you know, the Lister family has been involved in Broadbank Hotel for 1 2 over twenty years now and the due closure is a blow to all of us. We realised 3 some months ago that we will need to find some kind of financial support for the 4 forthcoming season. We started to look at ways of doing this and we were go to 5 work with an investment company to upgrade the hotel with the addition of a 6 gym, swimming pool and sauna complex. We were on the verge of sign a 7 contract, which was to allowed us to retain control of the hotel, but we were 8 unable to complete the deal on time. We were likely to send Christmas cards as 9 usual to all our regular clients, with information about offers for the spring, but 10 of course, that is now not possible. Unfortunately, we are sure to be able (o set up 11 another hotel in the near future. 12 The Value4U chain envisages reopen the hotel by 1 March, and they 13. are about to contact you when that happens. It just remains for us to thank you 14 for your support in the past, and to wish you every success for the future. We 15 hoped to be able to write to you with news of a new venture at some point 16 in the not-too-distant future. 85Round up: The future use prediction personal impersonal prediction with present evidence prediction of an action in progress prediction of an action completed by a point in the future prediction of an action still ongoing at a point in the future Intention decision made at the time of speaking intention determination arrangements personal impersonal arrangement made in the past tactful queries/reason for rejection other future meanings ‘timetable’ future routine events statement of fact with adverbs to make stronger, etc with verbs of hope, doubt, etc. in time clauses Units form willfwon't be going to willlwon't be + verb -ing wiltiwon't have + past participle willlwon't have been + verb -ing willlwon't be going to willlwon't be going to present continuous willlwon't be + verb -ing present simple williwon't be + verb -ing willtwon't all forms all forms present simple Arand:S example He'll be in prison for a tong time. The war will be over next month Look at those clouds. It’s going to snow. This time tomorrow we'll be sitting in Tuscan cate. PI have finished this report by 3.30. She'll have been working there for 25 years next month, Il get the phone. They're going to take voluntary redundancy, J will give up smoking! Jam going to give up smoking! We're taking a month off in the summer. The bank is laying off 200 staft We'll be coming back from Edinburgh on Sunday. Will you be eating with us? 1'll be rehearsing tomorrow night. The Royal Train arrives at 5.45 p.m. Come for dinner ~ we'll be cooking for six anyway. He'll be 25 next week. I'l probably rain tomorrow. She’s definitely going to the party. We hope you'll be able to come, J expect they're going to increase tie rate in the budget. He'll stay until you get here. Il leave as soon as it stops raining. SAA GAA 4.1B 4.AC 41D 4.28 4.28 42 4.28 4.34 4.34 4.38 4.38 448 448 4.48 446 44C 44Duse expressions with future meaning official arrangements timetable immediate future probability/certainty verbs with future meaning main verbs modal verb future in the past form be to be due to about to on the point! verge of adjectives (unjlikely to bound/sure to decide, hope, promise, predict, etc. may, could, ete. was/were going to past continuous would would be + verb ing would have + past participle wasiwere about to wasiwere to wasfwere due to waslwere to have + past participle wasiwere due to have + past participle example They are to hold a secret meeting. We're due to collect her at five The check-in is about to close. The building project is on the point of completion, The decision is imminent. He's unlikely to recognise me. Your venture is bound to fail if you don’t prepare fully. They've decided rot to buy the house. They're predicting snow tomorrow. This move could lead to war. I was going to get up early this morning. We thought they were arriving before dinner. I had hoped you'd get here earlier We knew we would be waiting for ages. They thought the crisis would have finished before then. J was about to tell you when you interrupted We were to arrive at nine. The concert was due to start at half past seven. The Queen Mother was to have ‘accompanied the others, but she broke her hip the day before. | was due to have started the treatment yesterday but I couldn't get to the hospital because of the train strike. 5.1A 5.1B 5.1C 5.28 5.23 5.3A 5.33 5.3B 5.3B 5.38 5.3B 5.3B 5.3B 5.3B 5.3B 876.18 Using not with verbs 6.1B Using not before quantifiers and adjectives Negation There are many different ways of forming negatives in English. Although the most ‘common way is with not, we can also use adverbs, quantifiers and prefixes to make the meaning of a sentence or a word negative, NEGATIVE STATEMENTS: We use not/n’t with verbs to make the meaning of a sentence negative. We add an auxiliary (do, does, etc.) in the negative present simple and past simple of all verbs except be, and the negative imperative of all verbs. affirmative negative imperative Talk to met Don’t talk to me! be He's outside. He’s notiHe isn’t outside. We're waiting for you. We're not/We aren’t waiting present or past simple like Colombian coffee. I don't like Colombian coffee. They finished ear. They didn’t finish early. perfect tenses They have arrived. They haven't arrived They had seen the film. They hadn’t seen the film, modal verbs We must leave soon You mustn’t leave yet. infinitives: J told you to go. | told you not to go, X Holt youdon't-go- To stop now would be silly. Not to stop now would be silly, participles Having seen the film, | Not having seen the film. | understand the hype. don’t understand the hype. In short answers with verbs of thinking and believing, e.g. think, hope. believe, imagine, we often put not after the verb (» 35.2D) ‘Has Susannah decided to call her daughter Brittany after all?” X ‘Fdon'thope!’ ‘I hope not! We can use not in front of positive quantifiers (e.g. much, many, a lot of) to make the meaning of a clause or phrase negative: Not many people want to be referees ~ it’s a lot of hassle and not much money, We can use not (+ adverb) with adjectives to make the meaning negative: Howard found/thought the climb not (too) difficult but not (particularly) easy either. @ Putting not before an adjective weakens the adjective, but it does not give it the same strength as an adjective with the opposite meaning, e.g. not difficult does not have exactly the same strength of meaning as easy, particularly if we add an adverb after not like too or particularly: The maths exam was easy. The maths exam was not too difficult. (The speaker is more confident of passing the exam in the first example.) We can also use not before an adjective with a negative prefix (» 6.3C) Spanish has a tense system not dissimilar to that of English. (= a bit similar to) The tap water here is not unpleasant to drink now they've removed the fluoride. {= not awful, but not nice) ‘The descriptions above are much less positive than the following: Spanish has a tense system similar to that of English. The tap water here is pleasant to drink now they've removed the fluoride.6.1C Uses of no 6.1D Other no/not expressions 6.1E Negative transfer ie 5 We use no to introduce negative replies: “Have you been here before?’ ‘No, | haven't.” We do not combine no with a verb to make a negative statement: X Fhave-no been here before. I have not been here before. We usually use not + any with a noun to express an absence or lack of something: They won't get any help from Janice. However, we can use no in front of nouns, instead of not ... any or not ... a/an. They’! get no help from Janice. We can often use no + noun and not ... a/any + noun interchangeably, although no is usually more emphatic or more emotionally loaded than the neutral not ... a/any: There isn’t any reason to change policy at this stage. (neutral statement) There's no reason to change policy at this stage. (more emphatic statement) She’s not a dancer. (statement of fact about her job) She’s no dancer! (statement of opinion about her ability to dance) We can use no with different, good and with comparatives: Low-impact aerobics is basically no different from the normal type, but it’s kinder on the legs and feet. (= very similar to) Next-day courier is no faster than first-class post. (= isn’t (any) faster than) Come on! This café is no more expensive than the one down the road. Let's eat! (= This café charges the same prices as the café down the road.) There are a number of expressions which we use to give negative meaning to a sentence, e.g. never, neither ... nor, none, not only, not ... for, no sooner ... than: The English village is neither as pleasant nor as unchanging as it is believed to be. The German assault would have lasted longer if it hadn't been for the harsh Russian winter. @ English rarely uses a double negative, i.e. two words with a negative meaning in the same clause, as most people consider this to be incorrect: X Sorry, but | don't know nothing about that! ¥ Sorry, but | don’t know anything about that! | know nothing about that! But double negatives are possible if we intend to make an affirmative: | don't know nothing about Etruscan history ~ | know a little about it! (In spoken English, nothing is stressed in this sentence.) We can put not only at the beginning of sentences for emphasis (> 34.38) Not only did they monitor the landings, they also recorded all their dates and times. Note that we use question word order when we use not only in this way. When we use verbs like think, suppose and believe to introduce a negative idea, we prefer to make the introductory verb negative, not the verb in the subordinate clause UU think the later train won't be cancelled.) | don’t think the later train will be cancelled. If we make the subordinate verb negative rather than the introductory verb, it can express surprise or appear emphatic: I thought that you didn’t smoke! When did you start? © We do not use hope in this way: XX We don’t hope that the-reunion will be too painful for you. V We hope that the reunion won't be too painful for you With verbs such as seem, expect, appear + infinitive, we use either of these patterns: He doesn’t appear to be interested. He appears not to be interested. @ With introductory verbs such as tel! and ask + infinitive, we change the meaning when we make the introductory verb negative The doctor told me not to take the pills. (prohibition) The doctor didn’t tell me to take the pills. (= The doctor omitted to tell me ...)Cy GE] “NEGATIVE QUESTIONS 6.2A Form 6.28 Use Negative questions are formed by adding n't to a form of be or to the auxiliary (» 7.1) Haven't you seen Harrison Ford's new film yet? Isn’t the mayor opening the new supermarket after all? To be more formal, we can use not. We put this after the subject: Is the mayor not opening the new supermarket after all? We can use question words to introduce negative questions: Why hasn’t Stella contacted her solicitor yet? ‘We can use negative questions to check or confirm that something is true or has happened, or to ask for agreement. We expect a positive (yes) answer: Aren't you a member of a wildlife organisation? (=| think that you are.) We also use negative questions to check or confirm that something isn’t true, or hasn't happened. We expect a negative (no) answer: You were quick. Wasn't the hairdresser busy? (= | think she wasn’t busy.) Negative questions often express surprise that something isn’t true or hasn't happened: Haven't astronomers discovered a tenth planet? (= | thought that they had.) We can also use negative questions to express criticism or complaint, often with why: Didn't you remember to post the letter? Honestly, ! can't trust you to do anything! Why didn’t you tell me about your new boyfriend? We can answer negative questions with yes or no. If a full answer would use an affirmative verb, we use yes: ‘Hasn't the weather been dreadful recently?’ ‘Yes (it has been dreadful).” Ifa full answer would use a negative verb, we use no: ‘Wasn't the hairdresser busy?’ ‘No (she wasn't busy).” Both of these examples agree with the speaker. We can also contradict the speaker, but we would then soften the response with an explanation: “Hasn't the weather been dreadful recently?’ ‘Well, no, | think it’s been OK." “Wasn't the hairdresser busy?’ ‘Yes, she was actually, but she’s very fast!” We can use negative questions to try to persuade someone to do something: Won't you come with us to the beach tomorrow? It'll be fun, We also use this form of question to express opinions which expect agreement: Don’t you think that the new shopping centre is really ugly? RSET words WHICH CARRY NEGATIVE MEANING 6.3A Restrictive adverbs and quantifiers Many English words, such as few, little or rarely, have a negative or restrictive meaning (ie. they reduce the amount, frequency or degree of the word they qualify): type of word ‘examples ‘example sentences quantifiers few, little There are few people who believe you. I have little time to watch TV. adverbs of frequency rarely, seldom, The urban fox seldom ventures into gardens hardly ever during the day. adverbs of degree hardly, scarcely, It is hardly likely that a thug will barely wait politely for the police! ‘The meaning of few and littie is restrictive only without a/an. Compare: Water the fruit frequently as little rain fails at this time of year. (= almost none) You'd better take an umbrella with you; there’s always a little rain at this time of year. (= a small amount)6.3B Verbs 6.3C Prefixes As these restrictive words are negative in meaning, we use a positive verb with them: >. X Many managers don’t hardly prepare for meetings at all ¥ Many managers hardly prepare for meetings at all @ We also use an affirmative question tag with these words (» 7.2A) Higher-ranking police officers rarely meet the public these days, do they? We can put the adverbs of frequency from the table above before the verb for emphasis (> 34.3B} Rarely did the church bells in our village ring out for something like a wedding. Some verbs contain a negative meaning, e.g, fail, deny, avoid: 1 fall to understand your motivation for doing this. (= | don't understand) Joe denied copying the essay from his best friend. (= said he hadn't copied) @ These verbs can be made negative and they can take a negative question tag 7.24) The boy didn't deny copying the homework. Fran failed her driving test again, didn't she? He admitted it.) We can make verbs, nouns and adjectives negative, with a negative prefix: Incomplete information will delay payment of any benefit due. (= not complete) Look at these examples of negative prefixes: part of speech prefix examples verbs dis- dislike, disconnect, disappear, disapprove mis- misunderstand, misinform, mislead, misbehave un unlock, untie, unpack, uncork, uncover, uncoil de- dereguiate, defrost, decentralise, dethrone, devalue nouns anti anti-freeze, Antichrist, anti-perspirant, anti-climax non- nonsense, non-smoker, nonfiction, nonconformist ine injustice, inconvenience, inattention, inactivity dis- disadvantage, disinformation, dishonesty, disinfectant de- decentralisation, deforestation, decriminalisation adjectives anti: anti-clockwise, anti-smoking, anti-social in- (ik, ir-, im-) incomplete, inconvenient, insecure, incredible (illegal, illegible, irrelevant, irregular, impossible) dis- dishonest, disobedient, dissimilar, discourteous non- non-alcoholic, non-toxic. nonsensical, nonexistent un- unfair, uncomfortable, unlikely, unavailable, unusual We can use words with a negative prefix in negative clauses: + Negative verb: He reached down to the window, but didn’t unlock it when he heard the cry from outside. (= didn’t open it) + Negative noun: It isn’t anti-freeze, it’s anti-perspirant! + Negative adjective: Salaries here are not unlike those in the United Kingdom. (> 6.18) He's nat disobedient 1LF 92 nd Practice ee eres = Rewrite the underlined part of each sentence to make a meaningful negative alternative, There may be more than one way of rewriting some sentences. © ['lLaccept interruptions from you or anyone else while I'm speaking. AELEPE HO ULENKUPHIONS, Or: ... Lone accept aly Uber nupHsan,.... 1 We hope that the soldiers experience a lot of resistance when they enter the city. 2 After the images of the famine, Geldof urged the nation to turn their TVs off 3 In English, the subjunctive is usually different from the past tense 4 My brother's only just started his electronics degree, so he tried to repair the TV himself when it went wrong last week. 5 A great number of songhits are seen these days, owing to the erosion of their natural habitats. 6 In this modern city you get an impression of life in the pre-Capitalist era 7 Lwas willing to help the children, as they had to take responsibility for the schoolwork they brought home. 8 War crimes should be both commonplace and accepted in times of conflict. 9 The estimated fee for the project was unreasonable, but | decided to negotiate further. 10 | think that our company will be offering aid to the disaster zone this time. 11 Sarah has only had a few lessons on the guitar so she’s a good guitarist. 12. The new twin-turbo engine generates a lot of noise but is especially powerful 2 Complete the gaps to make negative questions. Use the appropriate form of one of the verbs from the box to form each question. Some of the questions start with Why and you may need to add other words. belong buy do give pear join take tell think © “What's Robbie Williams’ new single like?” _.. aaretd you beatae th........ ye? 'm amazed - it’s on the radio every five minutes!” 1 ‘slice has just applied to join the church choir.” | thought she joined last year.’2 ‘Mr Soames from Brent Trading is coming in on the 6th for a lunchtime meeting.’ D Really? eon sven YOUF holiday in that week?” 3 ‘Oh, you're back. ! was just about to do the washing-up.’ yet? I've been out for three hours!’ 4 ‘Joe and | are going to the jazz festival on Sunday. us?! “V'm busy on Sunday, I'm afraid, but thanks for asking 5 ‘Sorry, but I can’t come to your dinner party tomorrow, I'm double-booked.’ ‘ 7 I've already bought all the food! 6 ‘We need to get some flowers or something to take with us to the hospital.” FON, ceseseessrnee then? | thought you were going to do that during your lunch break.” a those hair extensions look awful on older women?” “No, actually, | don’t. In fact, I'm thinking of having some put in. 8 ‘I'm afraid we have some problems with the conference scheduled for Thursday as Harriet Ellis may arrive late.” ‘Oh, cow the plenary talk first thing in the morning?’ 5 For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the ginal sentence, but using the word given. This word must not be altered in any way. The exercise begins with an example (0). 0 Sending someone to prison for defending their own property isn’t fair. injustice... ending someoneto prison. for defending their. ewn: property ts an: dagustice, 1 Phil claimed that he had no involvement in the pensions scam. denied 2 Ino payment is forthcoming, we will be obliged to remove your connection to the electricity ‘supply. disconnect 3 Haraly anyone trom the housing cooperative showed any interest in joining the Neighbourhood ‘Watch scheme. few 4 The fundamental values of the two religions are fairly similar dissimilar 5 It isn't really possible to capture true colours with this type of video film. hardly 6 It appears that the director deliberately gave the investigators incorrect misinformed 7 It's best not to talk about topics like politics or religion on a first date. avoid 8 The fact that a great area of trees in the Brazilian rainforests has been cut down has hada devastating effect on the ecosystem, deforestation... 9 It isnt often that pop stars make it as actors, but Madonna has achieved this. rarely 10 Applications in which we are unable to read the writing will be automatically rejected illegible formation. 935 4 Complete the text using a negative form of the appropriate words from the box. advantage available convenience legal This rather (1) Customs officials last night (2} courteous possible cover credible __ intelligent usual story from yesterday's news may have escaped your attention. an attempt at (3) entry into Britain by an (4) group of immigrants: fieas. The fleas belong to the Cardoso Flea Circus of Australia, who are due to perform this evening at the Edinburgh Festival. The troupe (or the human part of it at least) feels that this is a highly (5) late stage, so despite the (7) way to treat artists, They feel that it is (6) for them to cancel the show at this of having lost their star performers, the show must go on. The flea trainer, Wyman Leung, is currently working with an alternative cast of fleas provided by Cambridge and Bristol Universities, although it is a huge (8) to have to work with ordinary cat fleas, rather than the elite strain of crossed cat and kangaroo fleas that were sent back to Australia. The circus didn't even bother trying to train the somewhat (9) Home Office spokespeople were all (10) 5 GE pulex irritans ~ the human flea. for comment. Complete the text below with a word or phrase from the box. few may not not recognising not unlike ase TEE = ‘ly a year ago not many people had heard of theatre director Sam Mendes. But since his debut film, American Beauty, won five Oscars in March 2000, (1) «self respecting cinema-goer would admit to (2) .. the name. (3) recent, films have received the accolades awarded this film by critics and audiences alike. misleading no not wishing no intention not for honcommittal not only unwilling (4) . is Mendes one of the ‘youngest first-time directors of a successful Hollywood film, he is also one of the youngest directors to run his own theatre, the Donmar Warehouse in London’s Covent Garden, The small entrance and warchouse-type interior of this theatre is (5) .- itis (6) wwe. the Royal Court Theatre of a few years ago, a theatre run by actors for actors and audiences, (7) accountants. Initially, Mendes had (8) going to Hollywood to direct a feature film, but when Steven Spielberg sent him the script of American Beauty, he was (9) to turn it down. After his Oscar success, the young director was (10) vane about his future. While (11) ._.- to desert his spiritual home, the Donmar, he (12) -.... be able to resist the temptation of another Hollywood film for long= Find and underline the mistakes in this dialogue. (The first one is given as an example.) Correct the mistakes. Loursa MARTIN LouIsA MARTIN Loursa, MARTIN Loursa MARTIN 13 Louisa, 15 MARTIN 19 Loursa 20 martin 22 Louisa 23° MARTIN 25 Louisa 27 Marin 28 Louisa 31 martin, 32. Louisa Hi, Martin, What's wrong? You look awful Oh, I've had that horrible flu. It lasted for ages. Didn't you go to the doctor? No, | did. | went last week, but my doctor doesn’t know Xs, 1 did, nothing, | asked for that new flu drug - what's it called? Do you mean Relenza? That's it. | asked but he wouldn't give me none Why? He said that the tests haven't hardly proved that it works Not for did he refuse to give me Relenza, but he wouldn't give me none other medicine. | think it’s because the surgery is over-budget and he doesn’t want to spend any more money! If that's the case, it’s really unhonest! Have you thought about complaining? No, what's the use? Complaints about doctors rarely have an effect, don't they? Anyway, I suppose there’s not much you can do about a virus, He said | should drink plenty of fluids and he didn't tell me to go out until | felt better. How are you feeling now? Not too bad, but | can’t taste hardly anything, Well, | think that's an effect of the flu and not a problem with my taste buds! ‘Oh, | don’t hope it is! It would be awful not to taste things, ve still got a few chest problems, too. | suppose | should stop smoking, What! Have you stopped smoking through this flu, then? You're crazy, Martin! I know. | guess I'll never be a no-smoker. Perhaps not. Anyway, it lasts a long time, this flu. Not many people don’t appreciate that. You think it's gone and you try to get back to normal, then it hits you again. Yes, you're right. Look, | must be going. | don’t hope it lasts much longer. ‘Bye! 95TAA Form TAB Use Questions ‘There is a range of issues to take account of in the use of questions in English; these include word order, word choice and intonation. This unit looks at these issues in relation to closed and open questions, tag questions, indirect questions and echo questions. (For negative questions » 6.2; for indirect questions » 9.3.) CLOSED AND OPEN QUESTIONS ‘Questions are either closed or open. Closed questions start with a form of main verbs be, an auxiliary verb (be, do, have) or 2 modal auxiliary verb (e.g, can, may, will) Js your brother staying with his friends in Oxford? Will you be away for long? Should your team really have spent £500,000 on one player? Open questions start with a question word (e.g. who, what, where, how): What time is Alison arriving this evening? With the simple tenses, do/does/did is used as an auxiliary: Does this box enable me to receive satellite TV as well as digital? When exactly did the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao open? Main verb be or an auxiliary verb usually precedes the subject (but > 7.1€): Have you registered the birth with the authorities yet? With more than one auxiliary verb, only the first one precedes the subject: X How jong had been you living there before the war broke out? v How long had you been living there before the war broke out? Will you have finished compiling the figures by the next meeting? With negative questions, we attach n't to the auxiliary verb (» 6.2A): Doesn't time fly quickly when you're having fun? We use closed questions when we want a simple yes/no answer: “Does your sister still ive in Canada?’ “Yes, she does,/No, not any more.’ We use open questions when we want to find out more information: ‘Why did she leave Canada then?’ ‘She couldn't stand the cold winters.” In conversation, we can use statement word order with closed questions, but not with ‘open questions, to check something we think we know or to express surprise. We usually give them a rising intonation You've sent the tickets? 7 You haven't sent the tickets? 7 Why not? x Why you haven't sent the-tickets? v Why haven't you sent the tickets? When we ask questions about opinions and feelings, we often omit that: Do you think (that) the nursery will give me a refund for when Elly was ill? We usually use the question word which when the answer will be one of a limited number of alternatives, usually known to both speaker and listener. We use what when there is no limit to the choice: Which cake do you want to try first? (limited choice of cakes) What cakes do you like best? (of all cakes; unlimited choice) When we use a preposition with a question word, we can either put the preposition before the question word (formal use) or at the end of the question (informal use} From whom did the defendant accept the payment? Who are you buying the bracelet for? When we precede who with a preposition, we change it to whom,7.1C Subject question words 7.1D Expressing emotion with questions 7.2A Form (basic patterns) Who, what and which can be the subject of a verb, as well as the object: subject object object subject Who invited Jack? (Meryl did.) Who did Meryl invite? (She invited Jack.) If the question word is the subject, the word order is the same as in a statement, i.e, the subject comes before the verb: Who has been drinking my wine? (who = subject) What happened at the end of the film? (what = subject) We use question word order with a subject question word when we are keen to return to a topic earlier in the conversation and want to get an answer: Well, what did happen at the end of the film? You still haven't told me. @ When we use who, what and which as subjects, we use a singular verb, even if they refer to a plural subject: “Who lives in that amazing chateau?’ ‘The old Count and Countess live there.’ We can add -ever to question words (except whose) to add a tone of annoyance or surprise to a question: Whatever have you done to your hair? It looks terrible! However did they manage to get that ship in the bottle? Another, more informal, way of adding surprise or annoyance is with Idiomatic phrases such as on earth, the hell, in heaven: Why on earth did John decide to study Chinese? Who the hell told you that you could take the day off? We use else with question words when we have some information but would like more. ‘I saw Elena yesterday. She said she'd retired last month.’ ‘Yes, I'd heard that. What else did she say?" It is quite common to use a question form when we don’t really want an answer. We call this a ‘rhetorical question’ and we use this kind of question when we want to express amazement or irritation with something Have you seen the price of fish at that supermarket? It’s outrageous. We use What's the point inluse of ... ? to suggest that a course of action is worthless: What's the point in writing to your MP? It won't make any difference. What's the use of explaining it all to you if you're not listening? TAG QUESTIONS Tag questions are the short questions which we often attach to the end of a sentence. We form tag questions with do/does/aid (in simple tenses), or the auxiliary verb. There are three main types of sentence + tag question: type sentence tag question mixed tag affirmative + negative tag You already know Harriet, don’t you? questions negative + affirmative tag She hasn't had the baby yet, has she? uniform affirmative + affirmative He arrived last night then, did he? tag questions tag If an affirmative sentence contains a negative or ‘restrictive’ adverb (e.g. scarcely, hardly » 6.3A), it takes an affirmative tag: There was hardly enough food for everyone at the wedding, was there? Most modal verbs, like auxiliary verbs, are repeated in the tag question: Tax returns can be submitted on-line now, can't they? Parents shouldn't expect their children to agree with their opinions, should they? 97rh 7.28 Form (exceptions and variations) 7.2¢ Use 7.2D Other functions of tag questions 98 There are a number of exceptions and variations in the form of the verb in tag questions: tag questions after .. example am I'm still part of the team, aren't 1? need He doesn't need to repeat the year, does he? (negative) (or: He needn't repeat the year, need he?) may!might It may!might be fine tomorrow, mightn't it? ought to We really ought to leave now, oughtn’t we?/shouldn’t we? Let's Let's try that new restaurant, shall we? Note the following contrasts: have (British English) Oliver has a lot of friends, hasn’t he?/doesn’t he? have (US English) Oliver has a lot of friends, doesn’t he? haa (past simple) Ali and Stefan had another baby last year, didn’t they? had (past perfect) You had met him before this evening, hadn't you? Generally the pronoun in the tag question matches the subject of the sentence This is a good example, isn’t it? (This and it are both singular.) Those are the flowers for Mum, aren't they? (Those and they are both plural.) Nothing ever happens when I'm away, does it? But notice these exceptions: Someone's been taking my food again, haven't they? Nobody has phoned, have they? We use mixed tag questions with a falling intonation, to ask for confirmation: It’s the first of May today, isn’t it?s (The speaker believes that this is true and uses a tag question to check.) With a rising intonation, mixed tag questions are a genuine request for information: You haven't talked to Jim yet, have you? 7 ‘We use uniform question tags (affirmative sentence + affirmative tag) to respond to something we have heardiseen, as in echo questions (»» 7.4B) ‘I'm sorry, but I’m going to have to cancel this evening. I'm still at work.’ ‘Oh, things are still really hectic, are they?’ 7’ (expressing sympathy) @ Be careful with this type of tag, as with a rising intonation it can express sarcasm: ‘Look. | only paid $120 for this dress - it was so cheap!” ‘Oh, $120 is cheap, ts it?" We answer mixed tag questions in the following way: + Affirmative tag: ‘John isn’t experienced enough to do this job, is he?" ‘No, I don't think he is.” (agreement)/“Actually, yes, he is.’ (contradiction) + Negative tag: ‘You're staying away for two weeks, aren’t you? “Yes, that’s right.’ (agreement)/'No, it’s three weeks.” (contradiction) We can also use tag questions for requests You'll bring me back some of those lovely sausages, won't you? You couldn't bring me back some of those lovely sausages, could you? The choice of tag question after imperatives depends on the function of the sentence: + Requests: Pick me up at eight, could you? + Invitations: Stay another night with us, won't you? + Commands: Turn the TV off, will you? Don't annoy Dont annoy Ruts will you?) Rufus, will you? “<ORBEA CUINDIRECT QUESTIONS 13A Form 7.38 Use 7.4 Form 7.4B Use An indirect question is one question within another question or a statement Can you tell me how long I'll have to wait to see the doctor? Introductory phrase incre question (How fong will I have to wait to see the doctor?) Common introductory phrases are Can/Could you tell me .... I'd like to know ..., Do you know ..., | wonder I'd like to know if that car is abandoned or not. Do you know which seats give the best leg room on this type of plane? @ In indirect questions we use a statement word order where the subject always precedes the verb or verb phrase: X Do you know where is the nearest bus stop? V Do you know where the nearest bus stop is? % Could you tell me when did he leave? v Could you teil me when he left? In indirect questions we can use whether instead of if. If we use or not to imply a choice, we can put it at the end of the clause containing the question, or after whether (but not after if) Do you know whether the date has been confirmed or not? I wonder whether or not Mum and Dad have got back from the Bahamas yet? Could you let me know if or not the gym is open-on-Sunday? ¥ Could you let me know if the gym is open on Sunday or not? We use the same indirect question patterns to report questions (> 9.3) The police officer asked the child whether she could remember her address. We usually use indirect questions to make a question more polite or more tentative: Do you know where | can find the Impressionist gallery? This is less abrupt than a direct question: Where can I find the Impressionist gallery? ECHO QUESTIONS We form echo questions with be, the auxiliary verb or a modal verb: ‘Vm going to Malaysia on business next week.’ ‘Are you (really)?° ‘They didn’t give the concert after all last night.’ ‘Didn’t they? Why not?” @ We con't form echo questions with question words (what, how, why, etc.) It is also possible to form echo questions by repeating the question but replacing part of it with a stressed question word: ‘Have you been to the Earth Centre?’ ‘Have | been to what?’I'Have | been where’ One of the main uses of echo questions is to show interest and to make a conversation flow’. We use a rising intonation: “We went to a really interesting play last night.’ ‘Did you?’ 7 They can often express surprise, especially with the word really or an exclamation: ‘We've had wonderful news. Jim’s just been promoted.’ ‘Has he really?'/'Has he? How fantastic!’ We use negative echo questions to show emphatic agreement with the speaker. Here we use a falling intonation ‘That was the best holiday we've ever had!" ‘Yes, wasn't it?’100 Practice vous r— Eee Write each question. Use the prompts in brackets and the replies to help you. © (own/white Cadillac/drive/around here) * Who..owts.the.wntute, cadillac. hed. dries. anowud: here. “Oh, | think the Americans from Harding Road own it.’ 1 [applicant/think/be/suitable?) *. Wel, | think both applicants are reasonable, but Stephen Wrigley appears the best for this particular post to me.’ 2 (give/pigsithat type of feed?) * "We'd only been giving them that particular type of pig feed for about two months. 3 (tell’youldivorce?) * “I think it was Susan who told me about it, but most people at college seem to know.” 4 [else/domoliday?) * "We didn't realy do much else on the holiday ~it was a really small resort. 5 (persuade/David/stay/team?) * "No, | dont think we could have persuaded him to stay any longer. The counter-offer was far too attractive.’ 6 (belpointicomplain/faulty goods?) * "There's every point in complaining! How else will shops know that their goods are faulty if people don’t complain?” 7 (watch/workil/be/scuba-diving?) * "Both of the watches are suitable for scuba-diving, but I think you'll find that the Timepiece is more reliable at greater depths.” 8 (accused/steal/getaway car?) * "Your honour, we believe that he stole the getaway car on behalf of the Presley gang, for the robbery of the computer warehouse.” 2 Complete each question with an appropriate question tag. is on page 356, 1 You'll be able to watch the children for half an hour while | fetch John from work, eee 2 ‘Ihope you're not doing anything tonight. I've just booked tickets for the circus.’ ‘Oh, there were tickets left, ...... soon? thought it would have sold out.” 3 The Consul had been quite cooperative up to this point, 4 We needn't register before the first talk, eat? 5 Be a good girl and pop to the shops for Me, ..... 2 We're completely out of cheese. 6 How can you think of marrying her? You've hardly known her five minutes, a; 7 No one was staffing the west turnstile at the time of the accident, .....eseicsesseesn? 8 Put some decent trousers on, 7 They won't let you into the restaurant in those old Jeans. It seems to me, Minister, that the Government has broken all its pre-election promises regarding © the Health Service, 2 10 ‘I'l help you with your homework if you want." ‘Oh, you can do CAICUIUS, «eee Dad?” 11 Mrs Allison did say that we could take dictionaries into the exam with us, 2 12 ‘Ryan didn’t go to work yesterday because he was ill.’ ‘Oh, he was ill, .... 2 | thought he was watching the football.”