1.

PRIMARY SOURCES are materials produced by people in groups involved in the event or topic
studied
2. TAPIS is a piece of white or red cloth used by the ancient Filipino women
3. HOMO ERECTUS PHILIPPINENSIS was found in Cagayan that have similar characteristics as the
Java Man
4. UMALOHOKAN is the town cryer
5. ISTOIA Greek word for “learnings”
6. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY has his own house and family
7. HISTORY is the study of the past, present and future
8. TUMARAMPUK worked once a week for his masters
9. BALIGYA is the term used for barter system
10. BATLHALA is the superior being
11. BIGAY-SUSO is the gift that a man must give to the wet nurse
12. EPIC is a long poem narrating the heroic figure of a nation
13. SANDUGUAN is a ritual where alliance was sealed
14. TILLAGE SYSTEM is the land plowed and harrowed
15. PINTADOS are called for Visayan people when the Spaniards came
16. NOBLES belong to the highest social class
17. ALIBATA, SYLLABARY OR BAYBAYIN is the system of writing or alphabet
18. DOWRY OR BIGAY-KAYA is a gift that was required to give to the bride or groom
19. BARANGAY is the basic unit of government
20. KAINGIN SYSTEM is the land that was cleared by burning shrubs and bushes
21. The ancient Filipinos had a literature that maybe classified into ORAL and WRITTEN
22. BIAG NI LAM-ANG is the famous epic of the Ilocanos
23. KANGAN is the male upper clothing
24. DEPENDENTS are the members of the lowest class
25. PANGHIHIMUYAT is called when the man must give a gift to the parents of the girl
26. AYUEY worked three days a week for his master
27. LARAW is a mourning for a dead chieftain
28. IDIYANALE is the God of Agriculture
29. KALUMBIGA is a woman armlets
30. ANITO is called soul-spirits

SOCIAL CLASSES OF ANCIENT FILIPINO BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

PEOPLE 1. Executive
1. Nobles 2. Legislative
2. Freeman 3. Judiciary
3. Dependents

MAIN SOURCES OF LIVING OF THE

EARLY SETTLERS
1. Farming
2. Mining
3. Fishing
4. Poultry
CHAPTER 1 The earliest stone tools and animal fossils found in
History derived from a Greek noun istoia meaning Cagayan Valley in northern Philippines were dated
learning. back to at least 200,000 years ago. Although no
human fossils were found yet, the artifacts suggest
Greek philosopher Aristotle, history meant a their existence.
systematic account of a set of natural phenomena,
whether or not chronological factoring was a factor Cagayan Man or Homo Erectus Philippinensis
in the account. had similar characteristics as the Java Man of
Indonesia and Peking Man of China.
Latin word scientia (science) came to be used more
regularly to designate non-chronological systematic In 1962, a skull cap of man was discovered in the
accounts of natural phenomena. Tabon caves of Palawan. It had been in the
Philippines for at least 22,000 years. The cave
The word history was reserved usually for accounts where the Tabon Man was found was dated back to
of phenomena (especially human affairs) in half a million years old and had been occupied for
chronological order. more or less 50,000 years.

The word history now means “the past of mankind” A piece of charcoal which dated back 30,000 years
by its most common definition. was also found which may indicate the first use of
fire in the archipelago.
It is from historical sources that our history is
studied and written They hunted animals such as the pygmy elephant
and rhinoceros. The tagalog word for elephant is
Primary Sources are materials produced by people gadya.
or groups directly involved in the event or topic
being studied. 25,000 to 30,000 years ago, Negritos (Aeta, Ati,
Dumagat) came to the Philippines by crossing the
Secondary Sources simply defined by Gottschalk land bridges. They came from the south, by
as “the testimony of anyone who is not an Palawan and Borneo. Another Negrito migration
eyewitness-that is of one who was not present at the occurred a little later by way of Sulu and Mindanao.
event which he tells”. These are books, articles, and They used blow gun, bow and arrow. They
scholarly journals that had interpreted primary practiced dry agriculture similar to kaingin system
sources or had used them to discuss certain subject and their tools were made of stone.
of history.
Austronesians came to Southeast Asia by boats
CHAPTER 2 from Southern China. They had brown skin
Human evolution between 200,000 and 300,000 (kayumanggi) and an early Stone Age culture. Some
years ago. of them came to the Philippines from Indochina and
South China and they built their houses with
Ice Age cause the fell of Philippine for about 47.5 pyramidal roofs. They practiced dry agriculture and
meters below its level and it resulted in the produced yams, rice and gabe.
formation of “land bridges”.
By 500 to 800 B.C., the early Filipinos knew how to
First settlers, a small group of hominid, they were make copper and bronze implements. They irrigated
hunters and gatherers on an exploration trip.
their rice lands and built the first rice terraces in the and arrow, lance or spear, the wricker basket, hook
Philippines. and line, corrals and fish poison.
Mining was also another important industry before
The beginning of Christian era is in thirteen the coming of the Spaniards. (Miguel Lopez de
century. Legazpi)

The syllabary or alphabet came from India. Shipbuilding and logging were also thriving
industries. Morga testified that many Filipinos were
The foundation of Islam in Sulu and Mindanao. “proficient in building oceangoing vessels”. The
Filipino shipbuilders build all kinds of boats for
Agriculture was the main source of their travel, war and commerce. The Spaniards later
sustenance. classified these boats into banca, lapis, caracoa,
virey, prau and vinta.
Land cultivation as done in two ways:
 Kaingin System- the land was cleared by Goods were brought and sold through the barter
burning shrubs and bushes. The cleared land system called baligya.
was then planted to crops.
 Tillage System- the land was plowed and The ancient Filipinos were divided into social
harrowed, then followed by planting classes.
 Nobles- composed of the chiefs and their
Pigafetta, the historian of the Magellan expedition families, were the early society’s upper
which reached the Philippines in 152, said that he class. They were highly respected in their
found in Sugbu(Cebu) such foodstuffs as sorgo, community and usually carried the tittle of
orange, garlic, gourd, lemon, coconut, sugar cane Gat or Lakan.
and many fruits.  Freemen- regarded as the society’s middle
class during the ancient period of Philippine
Filipinos increased their crop production by history.
irrigating ditches. The rice terraces in Banawe,  Dependents- called alipin. The low social
Mountain Province attest to this ancient practice. status of the dependent was acquired by
The ditches of these rice terraces are stone-walled captivity in battle, by failing to pay one’s
and run for thousands of feet up to mountain side. debts, by inheritance, by purchase or by
pronounced guilty of a crime.
Ancient Filipinos engaged in industries such as
fishing, mining, shipbuilding, poultry and livestock Aliping Namamahay- had his own house and
raising, logging, pottery, and weaving. family.

Textiles like sinamay were woven with threads Aliping Sagigilid- had no house of his own, he
obtained from banana and cotton plats. lived with his master and could not marry
without the latter’s consent
Fishing was a common industry because most of
the settlements were along rivers and seas. Antonio Among Visayans, the dependents were of three
de Morga, a Spanish official in the judiciary who kinds:
wrote about the early Philippines. Various methods  Tumataban- who worked for his master
of catching fish were used, such as use of nets, bow when told to do so.
  Tumarampuk- who worked one day a week Each barangay was independent and was ruled by
for his master. chieftain. The primary duty of the chieftain is to
 Ayuey- who worked three days a week for rule and govern his people justly and to promote
his master. their welfare. People paid a tribute to him called
buwis or tax.
Dependents were further classified into three levels
or grades: The branches of government
 Full dependent(whose parents were both  Executive- head of the state
dependents)  Legislative- law maker
 One-half dependent(with one parent as Bicameral (two houses)
dependent) -Upper House (Senate)
 Semi-dependent(one parent being one-half -Lower House (Congress)
dependent and the other free)  Judiciary- supreme court

The Filipino women, before the arrival of the An alliance was sealed through a ritual called
Spaniards, enjoyed high position in society. Women sanduguan or blood compact. Having drunk each
were equal of men in ancient Filipino society. The other’s blood, the contracting parties then become
men respected the women and to show his respect, “blood-brothers”.
when accompanying women, usually walked behind
the latter part. This was done to show respect and to The chieftain of a barangay made the laws of the
protect them from any harm that may come from community. If elders approved the proposed law,
behind. the chieftain ordered a town cryer called
umalohokan. He uses a bell in one hand and ring it
A man could marry as many women as he could as he went along to call the attention of the people.
support.
Chieftain as “judge” and the elders of the barangay
The courtship before was long and difficult. as members of the “jury”. The difference were
resolved by arbitration. A board composed of elders
The man is required to give a dowry called bigay- from neutral barangays acted as arbiter.
kaya which usually consisted of a piece of land or
gold. The accuser and the accused face each other with
their witnesses. The man who had more witnesses
To the parents of the girl, the man must give a gift was usually judged to be the winner.
called panghimuyat.
-Dipping their hands into a pot of boiling water. The
To the girl’s wet-nurse, the man must also give a suspect whose hand was scalded the most was
gift called bigay-suso. judged guilty.
-The suspect whose candles died out first was the
The community called barangay was the basic unit guilty party.
of government. It consisted of 30-100 families. The -The suspects need to plunge into a deep river with
tagalog word “barangay” was derived from the their lances. The one who rises to the surface first
Austronesian “balangay”, a boat which transported was pronounced guilty.
the Austronesian immigrants to the Philippines. -The suspects chew uncooked rice. The one whose
saliva was thickest was the culprit.
The male clothing consisted of the upper and lower The syllabary consisted of seventeen symbols, three
part. of which are vowels (patinig), and fourteen are
The upper part was a jacket with short sleeves consonants (katinig).
called kangan. The color of the jacket indicated the
rank of the wearer: The ancient Filipinos had a literature that may be
-Chief wore red classified into written and oral.
-Lower in rank wore either blue or black
Oral Literature
The lower part clothing was called bahag. -sabi (maxims)
-bugtong (riddles)
Women wore saya or skirt. Among Visayans, this -talindaw (boat song)
lower part was called patadyong. -tagumpay (victory song)
-uyayi and hele (cradle song)
A piece of white or red cloth was called tapis, was -ihiman (wedding song)
usually wrapped around the waist or the chest. -kumintang (war song)

Men usually wore a headgear called putong, a piece In 19th century kumintang became a love song.
of cloth wrapped around the head. The color of During revolution, it disappeared and was replaced
putong showed the number of persons the wearer by the kundiman.
had killed.
-Red putong killed at least one man Written Literature
-Embroidered putong had killed at least seven -The former glorifies Ifugao history and its hero,
men Aliguyon.
-Alim tells the story of gods that resemble the Indian
The ancient Filipinos wore ornaments made of gold gods in the epic Ramayana.
and precious stones. -The epic of Ilocanos, Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of
Lam-ang).
Women as well as man wore armlets called -Bicolanos have their epic called Handiong.
kalumbiga, pendants, gold rings, earrings, leglets -Bantugan, Indarapatra and Sulayman, Bidasari,
and bracelets. and Parang Sabil (Muslim)

Visayans were the most tattooed people of the Filipino believed that the soul was immortal. They
Philippines. For this reason, Spanish missionaries also believed in life after death as evidenced by
called the Visayans, “pintados or painted people” manunggul jar, a container for bones of the dead.

Based on the testimony of the Spanish Jesuit Supreme being the called Bathalang Maykapal or
missionary, Father Pedro Chirino, there was simply Bathala.
hardly a man or woman who did not know how to
read and write. God of Agriculture- Idiyanale
God of Death- Sidapa
Our ancestors possessed a system of writing or God of Fire- Agni
alphabet called syllabary, baybayin or alibata God of Rainbow- Balangaw
where every letter is pronounce as a syllable. God of War- Mandarangan
Goddess of Harvest- Lalahon
God of Hell- Siginarugan
The soul-spirits called anito were venerated. This is People of Sulu called Buranun.
called the “Cult of the Dead”. The memory of dead
relatives was kept alive by carving image made of In a fit of jealousy, the Buranun massacred some
gold, stone and ivory. The image was called Orang Dampuans causing the others to flee and
larawan or likha among the Tagalogs, diwata return to Champa.
among the Visayans, bulol among Ifugaos.
The famous pearl of Sulu attracted another group of
The offerings or rituals were laid down by a woman people known as the Banjar of nearby Borneo. They
priest called baylana, babaylan or katalona and brought their beautiful princess to Sulu and offer
occasionally by male priest. her as a bride of Buranun prince.

Professional mourners were hired by the relatives Arab traders, who up to this point dominated the
of the dead person in order to show their deep Southeast Asian trading, were later barred from the
feeling of loss. central Chinese coast.

Former was called morotal and the latter was called The Chinese trade in the Philippines greatly
maglahi. improved during Ming Dynasty.

Mourning for a dead chieftain was called laraw. Emperor Yung-lo sent fleet vessels to the
Philippines, under the Command of Admiral
Wearing loud clothes was prohibited. Cheng Ho, to visit Lingayen, Manila Bay,
Mindoro, and Sulu.
CHAPTER 3
Two Reasons The Chinese emperor tried to impose its suzerainty
1. Enrich the Economy over Luzon by sending Ko-Ch’a-lao as governor.
2. Exchange of Culture
Description of the lucrative trade between China
Ancient Filipinos, just like Southeast Asian and the Philippines archipelago can be found in
neighbors, were expert seafarers and boat builders. Chao Ju-kua’s Chu fan-chi (1225)

O.W. Wolters said such a trade may have been Tint is a kind of Chinese silver money.
there as early as the third century, based on the
pearls and gold excavate in Funan. 8th century, a type of currency began to be used in
the form of barter rings.
Sulu was rich in pearls and gold was abundant in
the country. 12th century, gold coins (piloncitos) began to be
used as a medium of exchange.
Filipino historians and archeologist believed that
Filipino-Chinese trade contacts began around 19th China
century during Tang Dynasty.  Use of umbrellas, porcelain, gongs
 Manufacture of gunpowder
Between 900 and 1200 A.D., a group of people  Metallurgy
called Orang Dampuan from Southern Annam  Mining methods
(Vietnam), established trading posts in Sulu.  Culinary techniques
  Culture “Love of Family” –parents arrange  Animation
the marriage of their children
 Wearing white clothing, instead of black for Mosques and madrasahs (school).
mourning the death
 Fireworks Islam was introduced by Tuan Masha’ika a trader
from Malaya, and his companion Tuan Maqbalu
Malays were possible Hinduized Malays. Malays who came to Sulu in the 1240s.
professed the Hindu religion of India.
 Eating using hands According to Sulu genealogy called tarsila, his
wealth increased and with it, the status of Muslim in
Sanskrit, the ancient language of India. the communities were raised.
-Agama (religion)
-Pandita (priest or scholar) (1380) Missionary from Java, Karim ul’
-Tumbaga (copper) Makhdum arrived in Buansa (Sulu)
-Baginda (emperor)
-Sutra (silk) (1480) Rajah Baginda arrived from Sumatra.
-Indra Batara (Lord of the Universe)
-Idiyanale (God of Agriculture) Abu Bakr married rajah Baginda’s daughter,
-Agni (God of Fire) Paramisulu.

Hindu Goddess Padmapani was found in Butuan Serif Kabugsuan arrived from Jahore (West
and was dated to 300 A.D. Malaysia) and converted many inhabitants to
Islams. He became the first sultan of Maguindanao.
India
 Karma –came from Hinduism The rulers of the kingdom of Maynila were found
 Veil and Cord to be related by blood and marriage to the royal
house of Muslim Brunei.
Laguna Copperplate discovered in Pagsanjan,
Laguna river delta in 1986 is another evidence of The basic tenets of Islam are found in the Qur’an
this early Philippine contact with its Southern Asia (Koran), the holy book of the Muslims. Koran is
neighbors particularly in Malays and Indonesians. written in Arabic and it’s considered as the word of
the Supreme Creator Allah, as directly
The copperplate contains an inscription in an old communicated by the angel to the prophet of
Philippine language, stating the full payment of a Mohammad.
loan obtained by a woman trader from her contacts
in the nearby Indonesia. Shahada –declaration of faith in oneness of God
Mecca –prayer facing the East
The copperplate also shows shared knowledge in Salah –five times a day
metallurgy and its use in trade and commerce to Sawm –fasting
record transaction, as in this case, as certificate of Zakat –giving of alms
credit and loan payment. Hadjj –one-time pilgrimage to Mecca

Japan Sultanate governed a much larger territory through

 Technology a centralized network of officials with Sultan at the
top.
 Food
Sultan –with royal or Arab ancestry To avoid a possible war between the two great
Ruma Bichara –a council of elders composed of nations, Pope Alexander VI, a Spaniard, whose
datus family name Borja was Italianized into Borgia,
Panglimas –teachers issued a bull in 1493 dividing the world into two.
Waiir –first minister or datu
Majah Rajah –custom chief South and West –Spain
Rajah laut –chief of the seas North and East –Portugal
Qadi –chief interpreter of the Muslim adats
(traditions) and law, and the Muslim court (the Portugal provided a second bull because of the
Shariah) violation of the Spain in May 3, 1493.

CHAPTER 4 To avoid any conflict between the two nations, they

Tierra Incognita –Unknown Lands concluded the Treaty of Tordesillas on June 7,
1494.
Portugal was the first to send expeditions to the
East. Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese who sent to
Spain to offer his services to the Spanish King.
One of the most famous Portuguese navigators was
Prince Henry, who was called “The Navigator”. In His father-in-law and Don Juan de Aranda, a man
his desire to make Portugal a sea power, he sent an occupying a very high position in the Spanish India
expedition to the Azores, near the coast of Africa in House of Trade, Magellan was able to see King
1421. Charles I of Spain. The meeting between the two
was held in 1518.
The Portuguese navigator Bartholomew Diaz
discovered the Cape of Good Hope. Moluccas, then known as the Spice Islands.

Christopher Colombus, a native of Genoa, which Five ships:

later became a part of Italy, went to Spain and  Trinidad
offered his services to the King and Queen.  Concepcion
 Victoria
Christopher Colombus discovered North America  Santiago
in 1492 that he thought that is was Asia.  San Antonio

Amerigo Vespucci, also an Italian, was sent by the Islas de Ladrones (Islands of Thieves)
Spanish King and Queen to explore what Colombus
had founds. March 17, 1521 they reached Samar

Vicente Pinzon discovered Brazil in 1500 Magellan ordered his men to land at Homonhon
islet so the sick men could be taken care of.
Nunez de Balboa crossed what is now Panama and
discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513 Islet of Limasawa was ruled by Rajah Kulambu.

A sea rivalry resulted from the “discoveries” made

by Spain and Portugal.
Rajah Kulambu and Si Agu with Magellan, sealed 2. Cabot Expedition (1526-1530) –
their friendship with a blood compact. (First blood commanded by Sebastian Cabot
compact between Filipinos and Spaniards.) 3. Sayavedra Expedition (1527-1528) –
Father Pedro de Valderrama, who accompanied commanded by Alvaro de Sayavedra, which
the expedition, celebrated Mass near the seashore. reached Mindanao but did not succeed in
(The first Mass celebrated in the Philippines on settling in any of the islands.
Easter Sunday, March 31)
April 22, 1529, Spain and Portugal signed the
Archipelago of St. Lazarus was named after King Treaty of Zaragoza, under which Portugal won
Charles because it was on St. Lazarus day that he possession of the Moluccas after paying Spain the
found the island. sum of 350,000 gold ducats.

Enrique –Magellan Malay slave; ensure the people Spain (West); Portugal (East)
of Cebu that they came as a friend not an enemies.
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, brother-in-law of the
Rajah Humabon –Cebu Chieftain; who was given Viceroy of Mexico chose him to command the
the Christian name Carlos in honor of King Charles expedition.
of Spain. His wife was given the name Juana, in
honor of King Charles’ mother. Six ships; Villalobos left the Mexico on November
1, 1542, crossed the vast Pacific and reached
The infant Jesus is now the Patron of Cebu. Mindanao in February 1543.

Rajah Sulah asked Magellan’s help to defeat his Villalobos ordered his men to plant corn to feed
rival, Rajah Si Lapulapu, who refused to themselves (Starvation and Suffering), but the crop
recognize the King of Spain as his sovereign. failed; Villalobos was forced to send one of his
men, Bernardo de la Torre, to Tandaya (Samar) to
One of the three ships was burned because it get some food.
became useless.
Makandala –local chieftain who gave him enough
The Victoria was to sail to Europe by way of Africa food.
and succeeded in reaching Spain: commanded by
Sebastian del Cano Villalobos in his pleasure, named the islands of
Samar and Leyte, Felipinas in honor of Prince
The Trinidad was to return to Europe by way of Philip of Spain who become later on King Philip II.
Pacific, unfortunately it was captured by the
Portuguese. Villalobos was captured by Portuguese, they were
later set free and tried to sail for Mexico but died in
Magellan’s voyage across the Atlantic and the Amboina in 1546.
Pacific was the greatest single voyage ever known
to man in early modern times. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
Father Andres de Urdaneta –member of the
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION Loaysa expedition; pilot of the new mission said by
1. Loaysa Expedition (1525-1526) – the King.
commanded by Father Juan Garcia Jofre
de Loaysa
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi –appointed head of the The Portuguese captain, Gonzalo de Pereira,
expedition. harassed Legazpi by blockading Cebu in order to
starve the Spaniards.
Four ships and about 380 men, Legazpi sailed from
the Mexican port of Navidad on November 21, Legazpi succeeded in forcing Pereira in leaving the
1564. Philippines with the help of Cebuanos; they sailed
for Panay in 1569.
The expedition reached Cebu in February 1565.
Later, Legazpi sailed to Cibabao (Leyte) then to Captain Enriquez de Guzman sailed for southern
Samar. Luzon and reached Albay.

Bankaw –datu of Limasawa Juan de Salcedo –Legazpi younger grandson; led

the small expedition to North; few Spanish soldiers
Datu Si Katuna and Si Gala entered into a blood and 500 Visayans; sailed to Talim Islands and
compact with Legazpi. claimed it for Spanish.

Felipe de Salcedo –Legazpi’s grandson Manila was prosperous Muslim kingdom.

Father Uraneta –discovered a new route, which The Spanish forces were now divided into two:
the Manila galleons would follow in later years.  Headed by Martin de Goiti who succeeded
Mateo del Saz as Master of Camp.
Legazpi and his men entered Cebu harbor on April  Commanded by Salcedo
27. When they reached Batangas, Salcedo explored the
Bonbon River (Taal), Goiti explored Balayan. Two
Tupas –Cebuano chieftain; did not believe the proceeded to Manila by sea.
words of Legazpi that cause Cebuanos and Spaniard
in skirmishes (brief argument). Manila or Maynila was a thriving Muslim
kingdom ruled by Rajah Sulayman or Soliman.
Policy of Attraction –a promised not to harm any
of Cebuanos. Lantaka –native cannons

Si Makayo and Si Katapan –Tupas brothers Legazpi –governor and captain-general of the
islands which was equivalent to governor-general;
Land –donated by Tupas and other Cebuano first governor-general in the Philippines.
chieftains that was used as Spanish settlement.
Father Diego de Herrera, an Augustinian friar,
Fort San Pedro –fort was constructed and named suggested that they settle in Luzon instead because
by the Spaniards. of the scarcity of food in Panay.

San Miguel –Spanish settlement Rajah Sulayman gathered a force of fierce

warriors from the barangays of Pampanga and
Legazpi remembered the unharmed image of the Bulacan and they fought the enemy in the Battle of
Infant Jesus and renamed the settlement, “City of Bangkusay in Tondo; Legazpi took over Manila in
the Most Holy Name of Jesus.” 1571.
June 24, 1571 –Legazpi made Manila the capital
of the Philippines.

King Philip II later called Manila, “Distinguished

and Ever Loyal City”.

Ayuntamiento –City Government

 (2) Alcaldes or Magistrate –prove to judge

(local official)
 Alguacil Mayor or Chief Constable-
kontabol
 (12) Regidores or Legislative Council
Members
 Escribano or Court Clerk

Lakan Dula –Sulayman’s uncle

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi died because of heart

stroke on August 20, 1572.