CONTENTS

Inside a Unit x
Acknowledgments xvi
Credits xvii

UNIT 1 Customs and Traditions 2

The Present
LESSON 1: Simple Present: Statements and Questions 4
Reading: An Afar Wedding 4
1.1 Simple Present: Affirmative and Negative Statements 6
1.2 Simple Present: Questions and Answers 7
1.3 Frequency Adverbs with the Simple Present 8
3

For FM TOC.indd 2-3 8/12/14 6:40 PM

LESSON 2: Present Progressive and Simple Present 12

Reading: Diwali 12
1.4 Present Progressive: Affirmative and Negative Statements 14
1.5 Present Progressive: Questions and Answers 15
1.6 Action and Non-Action Verbs 16

Review the Grammar 20

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about a Tradition 22

UNIT 2 Survival 24
The Past
LESSON 1: Simple Past 26
Reading: The Lion Guardians Project, Kenya 26
2.1 Simple Past: Affirmative and Negative Statements 28
2.2 Simple Past: Questions and Answers 29

LESSON 2: Past Progressive and Simple Past 33 For FM TOC.indd 4-5 8/12/14 6:40 PM

Reading: Community Radio in Guatemala 33

2.3 Past Progressive: Affirmative and Negative Statements 35
2.4 Past Progressive: Questions and Answers 36

LESSON 3: Past Time Clauses 39

Reading: Surviving an Avalanche 39
2.5 Past Time Clauses with When and While 41
2.6 Past Time Clauses with When: Events in Sequence 42

LESSON 4: Repeated Past Actions: Used To and Would 46

Reading: Who Owns the Past? 46
2.7 Used To: Affirmative and Negative Statements 48
2.8 Used To: Questions and Answers 49
2.9 Would: Repeated Past Actions 50

Review the Grammar 53

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about a Difficult Experience 56

51106_GE2_FM_rev04.indd 3 8/13/14 5:26 PM

 UNIT 3  Health and Fitness 58
Nouns
LESSON 1:  Plural and Possessive Nouns; Another and Other  60
Reading:  Sangomas of Southern Africa  60
3.1 Spelling Rules for Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns  62
3.2 Possessive Nouns  63
3.3 Another and Other  64
For FM TOC.indd 6-7 8/12/14 6:40 PM

LESSON 2:  Count and Non-Count Nouns  68

Reading:  Superfoods  68
3.4 Count Nouns and Non-Count Nouns  70
3.5 More Non-Count Nouns  71

LESSON 3:  Quantity and Measurement Words  74

Reading:  The Science of Sports  74
3.6 Quantity Words with Count and Non-Count Nouns  76
3.7 Measurement Words with Non-Count Nouns  77

Review the Grammar  81

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write Opinion Paragraphs  84

UNIT 4  Going Places 86

Pronouns, Prepositions, and Articles
LESSON 1:  Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives  88
Reading:  Getting Around Mexico City  88
4.1 Subject and Object Pronouns  90
4.2 Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns  91
4.3 Reflexive Pronouns  92
For FM TOC.indd 8-9 8/12/14 6:40 PM

LESSON 2:  Prepositions of Time, Place, and Direction  96

Reading:  Diving in the Bahamas  96
4.4 Prepositions of Time  98
4.5 Prepositions of Place and Direction  99

LESSON 3:  Articles  103

Reading:  Andrew Skurka’s Alaska-Yukon Expedition  103
4.6 Indefinite and Definite Articles  105
4.7 Generalizations vs. Specific References  106

LESSON 4:  Articles with Place Names  110

Reading:  Greg’s and Maya’s Travel Blogs  110
4.8 The and No Article: Geographic Names  112
4.9 Other Uses of The and No Article with Place Names  113

Review the Grammar  116

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about a Place  118

iv  Contents
UNIT 5  A Changing World 120
The Present Perfect
LESSON 1:  Present Perfect:  Statements and Questions  122
Reading:  Asia’s Aral Sea  122
5.1 Present Perfect: Statements  124
5.2 Present Perfect: Questions and Answers  126
5.3 Using Adverbs with the Present Perfect  127
For FM TOC.indd 10-11 8/12/14 6:40 PM

LESSON 2:  Present Perfect with For and Since  130

Reading:  Paro, the Robot Seal  130
5.4 Present Perfect with For and Since  132
5.5 Present Perfect: Past Time Clauses with Since  133

LESSON 3:  Present Perfect and Simple Past  136

Reading:  The Composites  136
5.6 Present Perfect and Simple Past: Indefinite or Definite Past Time  138
5.7 Present Perfect and Simple Past: Incomplete or Complete Time  139

LESSON 4:  Present Perfect Progressive  144

Reading:  Good Times and Bad Times for the Inuit  144
5.8 Present Perfect Progressive: Statements  146
5.9 Present Perfect Progressive: Questions and Answers  147
5.10 Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect  148

Review the Grammar  151

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about Changes  154

UNIT 6  Appearances and Behavior 156

Adjectives and Adverbs
LESSON 1:  Adjectives  158
Reading:  Koalas Fight Back!  158
6.1 Adjectives  160
6.2 Nouns as Adjectives  161
6.3 Word Order of Adjectives  162
For FM TOC.indd 12-13 8/12/14 6:40 PM

LESSON 2:  Adverbs  165

Reading:  Moko —The Art of Maori Tattoos  165
6.4 Adverbs of Manner  167
6.5 Adverbs of Degree  168

Review the Grammar  172

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write a Description of an Animal  174

Contents   v
 UNIT 7  Tomorrow and Beyond 176
The Future
LESSON 1:  Future with Will and Be Going To  178
Reading:  A Star-Studded Trip You’ll Never Forget  178
7.1 Future with Will  180
7.2 Future with Be Going To  182

LESSON 2:  Using Present Forms to Express the Future  186 For FM TOC.indd 14-15 8/12/14 6:40 PM

Reading:  The Future of Work  186

7.3 Simple Present: Future Schedules  188
7.4 Present Progressive for Future Plans  189

LESSON 3:  Comparison of Future Forms; Future Time Clauses  192

Reading:  Fatima’s Blog: Ocean News and Views  192
7.5 Comparison of Future Forms  194
7.6 Future Time Clauses with After, As Soon As, When, Before  195

Review the Grammar  200

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about the Future  202

UNIT 8  Consumer Society 204

Comparatives and Superlatives
LESSON 1:  Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs  206
Reading:  What is a Consumer Society?  206
8.1 Comparative Adjectives  208
8.2 Comparative Adverbs  209
8.3 Completing Comparisons  210
For FM TOC.indd 16-17 8/12/14 6:40 PM

LESSON 2:  Comparisons with (Not) As . . . As and Less  213

Reading:  Online Reviews: ★ or ★★★★?  213
8.4 Comparisons with As . . . As  215
8.5 Comparisons with Less and Not As . . . As  216

LESSON 3:  Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs  220

Reading:  Mount Everest: The Highest Garbage Dump in the World?  220
8.6 Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs  222
8.7 More on Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs  223

Review the Grammar  227

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write a Product Review  230

UNIT 9  The Natural World 232

Conjunctions and Adverb Clauses
LESSON 1:  Conjunctions  234
Reading:  What’s for Dinner?  234
9.1 Conjunctions: And, Or, So, But  236
9.2 And + Too, So, Either, Neither  237

LESSON 2:  Adverb Clauses:  Cause and Contrast  242 For FM TOC.indd 18-19 8/12/14 6:40 PM

Reading:  Volcano Watching  242

9.3 Adverb Clauses: Cause  244
9.4 Adverb Clauses: Contrast  245

vi  Contents
 LESSON 3:  Adverb Clauses:  Future Conditional  250
Reading:  The Sounds of the Sea  250
9.5 Adverb Clauses: Future Conditional  252
9.6 Adverb Clauses: If and When  253

Review the Grammar  258

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about Causes and Effects  260

UNIT 10  Work and Play 262

Gerunds and Infinitives
LESSON 1:  Gerunds  264
Reading:  Jason deCaires Taylor  264
10.1 Gerunds as Subjects and Objects  266
10.2 Gerunds as the Object of a Preposition  267

LESSON 2:  Infinitives; Infinitives and Gerunds  271 For FM TOC.indd 20-21 8/12/14 6:40 PM

Reading:  The World’s Highest Skydive  271

10.3 Verb + Infinitive  273
10.4 Verb + Object + Infinitive  274
10.5 Verb + Gerund or Infinitive  275

LESSON 3:  More Uses of Infinitives  279

Reading:  Tiny Creatures in a Big Ocean  279
10.6 Infinitives of Purpose  281
10.7 Too + Infinitive  282
10.8 Enough + Infinitive  283

Review the Grammar  287

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write a Biography  290

UNIT 11  People and Places 292

Relative Clauses
LESSON 1:  Subject Relative Clauses  294
Reading:  Petra and the Bedul Bedouin  294
11.1 Subject Relative Clauses  296
11.2 Subject Relative Clauses: Verb Agreement  297

LESSON 2:  Object Relative Clauses  301 For FM TOC.indd 22-23 8/12/14 6:40 PM

Reading:  Lek Chailert and the Elephant Nature Park  301

11.3 Object Relative Clauses  303
11.4 Object Relative Clauses without Relative Pronouns  304

LESSON 3:  Relative Clauses with Prepositions and with Whose  308
Reading:  Cycling and the Isle of Man  308
11.5 Object Relative Clauses with Prepositions  310
11.6 Relative Clauses with Whose  311

Review the Grammar  314

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write a Classification Essay  316

Contents   vii
 UNIT 12  Art and Music 318
Modals: Part 1
LESSON 1:  Ability: Past, Present, and Future  320
Reading:  The Art of Trash  320
12.1 Ability: Can and Could  322
12.2 Ability: Be Able To  324
12.3 Past Ability: Could and Was/Were Able To  325
For FM TOC.indd 24-25 8/12/14 6:40 PM

LESSON 2:  Possibility and Logical Conclusions  330

Reading:  Old Meets New in Argentinian Music  330
12.4 Possibility: May, Might, and Could  332
12.5 Logical Conclusions: Must and Must Not  334

LESSON 3:  Permission and Requests  336

Reading:  After the Show  336
12.6 Permission: May, Could, and Can  338
12.7 Requests: Would, Could, Can, Will  339

Review the Grammar  344

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write a Review  346

UNIT 13  Sports 348

Modals: Part 2
LESSON 1:  Necessity and Prohibition  350
Reading:  I’m a Female Judo Player. Ask Me Anything!  350
13.1 Necessity: Must and Have To  352
13.2 Prohibition (Must Not, May Not, Can’t, Couldn’t) and
Lack of Necessity (Not Have To)  354
For FM TOC.indd 26-27 8/12/14 6:40 PM

LESSON 2:  Advisability and Expectation  359

Reading:  Man versus Horse  359
13.3 Advisability: Should and Ought To  361
13.4 Expectations: Be Supposed To  362

Review the Grammar  366

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write an Opinion  368

UNIT 14 Innovations 370

Verbs
LESSON 1:  Transitive and Intransitive Verbs  372
Reading:  Cars without Drivers  372
14.1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs  374
14.2 Direct and Indirect Objects with To and For  375
14.3 Direct and Indirect Objects: Word Order
with To and For  377 For FM TOC.indd 28-29 8/12/14 6:40 PM

viii  Contents
 LESSON 2:  Phrasal Verbs  382
Reading:  Podcast 23—Innovations: Wearable EEGs  382
14.4 Phrasal Verbs  384
14.5 Transitive and Intransitive Phrasal Verbs  385
14.6 Transitive Phrasal Verbs: Separable and Inseparable   386

Review the Grammar  390

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about an
Innovative Product  392

UNIT 15  Windows on the Past 394

Passive Voice and Participial Adjectives
LESSON 1:  Passive Voice  396
Reading:  The Moche of Northern Peru  396
15.1 Active and Passive Voice  398
15.2 Passive Voice: Present, Past, and Future Forms  399

LESSON 2:  Passive Voice with Modals; Using the By Phrase  404 For FM TOC.indd 30-31 8/12/14 6:40 PM

Reading:  A Treasure Ship Tells Its Story: The SS Republic  404

15.3 Passive Voice with Modals  406
15.4 Using the By Phrase  407

LESSON 3:  Participial Adjectives  413

Reading:  What’s New in Ancient Rome?  413
15.5 Past Participial Adjectives  415
15.6 Present Participial Adjectives  416

Review the Grammar  420

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about an
Important Memory  422

UNIT 16 Exploration 424

Noun Clauses and Reported Speech
LESSON 1:  Noun Clauses with That  426
Reading:  Discovering a Lost City  426
16.1 Noun Clauses with That  428
16.2 Noun Clauses with That: More Expressions  430

LESSON 2:  Noun Clauses with Wh- Words and If/Whether  434 For FM TOC.indd 32-33 8/12/14 6:40 PM

Reading:  The Voyage of the Kon-Tiki  434

16.3 Noun Clauses with Wh- Words  436
16.4 Noun Clauses with If/Whether  437

LESSON 3:  Quoted and Reported Speech  442

Reading:  Is Space Exploration Still a Good Idea?  442
16.5 Quoted Speech  444
16.6 Reported Speech  446
16.7 Reporting Verbs  447

Review the Grammar  453

Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about a Journey  456

Appendices  A1
Glossary of Grammar Terms  G1
Index  I1
Credits (cont’d)  C1
Contents   ix